Wind
Energy
Generation
June 18
2022
Wind energy, which is produced by wind power, refers to the process of
creating electricity using the wind, or air flows that occur naturally in the
earth's atmosphere. Modern wind turbines are used to capture kinetic energy
from the wind and generate electricity.
Final
Year
Project
Proposal
Final Year Project
Project Proposal
Wind Energy Generation
Shahzaib Hussain Khan
Sirzaib Anjum Abbasi
Asrar Zareen
1909-BSEL-063
1909-BSEL-064
2009-BSEL-068
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
ISRA University, Islamabad Campus
Supervisor
Engineer Fazal Subhan
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
ISRA University, Islamabad Campus
Saturday, 18𝑡ℎ Jun 2022
`
Final Year Project Proposal, Semester 6, 2022
Abstract:Wind is used to produce electricity using the kinetic energy created by air in motion. This is
transformed into electrical energy using wind turbines or wind energy conversion systems. Wind
first hits a turbine’s blades, causing them to rotate and turn the turbine connected to them. That
changes the kinetic energy to rotational energy, by moving a shaft which is connected to a
generator, and thereby producing electrical energy through electromagnetism.
The amount of power that can be harvested from wind depends on the size of the turbine and
the length of its blades. The output is proportional to the dimensions of the rotor and to the
cube of the wind speed. Theoretically, when wind speed doubles, wind power potential
increases by a factor of eight.
Wind turbines first emerged more than a century ago. Following the invention of the electric
generator in the 1830s, engineers started attempting to harness wind energy to produce
electricity. Wind power generation took place in the United Kingdom and the United States in
1887 and 1888, but modern wind power is considered to have been first developed in Denmark,
where horizontal-axis wind turbines were built in 1891 and a 22.8-metre wind turbine began
operation in 1897.
Wind-turbine capacity has increased over time. In 1985, typical turbines had a rated capacity of
0.05 megawatts (MW) and a rotor diameter of 15 meters. Today’s new wind power projects
have turbine capacities of about 2 MW onshore and 3–5 MW offshore.
Commercially available wind turbines have reached 8 MW capacity, with rotor diameters of up
to 164 meters. The average capacity of wind turbines increased from 1.6 MW in 2009 to 2 MW in
2014.
Wind power is one of the fastest-growing renewable energy technologies. Usage is on the rise
worldwide, in part because costs are falling. Global installed wind-generation capacity onshore
and offshore has increased by a factor of almost 75 in the past two decades, jumping from 7.5
GigaWatts (GW) in 1997 to some 564 GW by 2018, according to IRENA's latest data. Production
of wind electricity doubled between 2009 and 2013, and in 2016 wind energy accounted for 16%
of the electricity generated by renewables. Many parts of the world have strong wind speeds,
but the best locations for generating wind power are sometimes remote ones. Offshore wind
power offers tremendous potential.
2|Page
`
Final Year Project Proposal, Semester 6, 2022
Tables of Contents:Sr.
No
Contents
Page Number
1
Introduction
4
2
How do turbine works?
8
3
Types of turbine?
9
4
Applications of turbine
10
5
Advantages
13
6
References
14
3|Page
`
Final Year Project Proposal, Semester 6, 2022
Introduction:What Is Wind Power?
Wind power or wind energy describes the process by which the wind is used to
generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy
in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for specific
tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water), or can be converted into
electricity by a generator.
Wind Turbine Sizes and Applications
Wind turbines can provide energy for onsite use as well as for export for sale. The
energy needs will determine the size of the turbine.
Wind turbine economics are maximized when the project size is designed to match
the energy needs of the load while also monetizing economies of scale and
equipment track record. Residential onsite energy use requires a small turbine
(typically less than 10 kilowatts (kW)) that can generate the amount of power that
the home requires for daily operation. Midsize machines can produce enough
energy to match larger commercial onsite loads. Utility-scale machines that
maximize generation for the site infrastructure footprint and cost are best suited
for utility-scale projects.
Regardless of project size, projects connected to the electrical grid will require
utility approvals and may require grid impact studies before construction can
begin.
Residential-Scale Onsite Energy Use (<10 kW)
Residential, small turbines produce about as much energy as a home requires.
Because these turbines are generally installed on shorter towers, you need to get a
site evaluation in order to determine where to site the project to ensure it will
perform as designed. These wind turbines are purchased with cash, so while return
on investment can be important to consider, it is not always the deciding factor of
4|Page
`
Final Year Project Proposal, Semester 6, 2022
whether a project goes forward. Many states provide incentives for this class of
machine. Residential-scale wind turbines typically do not warrant a detailed onsite
resource assessment.
Small Commercial-Scale Onsite Energy Use (10-50 kW)
This class of wind turbine produces more power than the average house consumes
but can be well suited for small businesses; farms; ranches; facilities such as
schools, office buildings, or part of a campus; or a public load such as a hospital.
This turbine class typically incorporates a higher level of machine sophistication,
resulting in greater efficiency and power production but also requiring increased
maintenance. These turbines, however, typically require less maintenance than
larger machines. This class of machine can cost as much as a house and is the
smallest project size that might be financed, which would require a lender review.
Projects of this size may also trigger the need for onsite resource assessment, but
often projects can move forward by using nearby measurements and experienced
siting and project modeling.
Commercial Onsite Energy Use (50-250 kW)
This wind turbine class produces commercial quantities of power and can be well
matched with campuses, larger facilities, communities, and larger municipal public
loads. This wind turbine class shares many technical and operational attributes of
utility-scale machines and is often installed on towers that require special permits
and coordination with other regulatory organizations or agencies. These turbines
often represent a substantial capital investment and thus require corporate or
institutional approvals. It is not unusual for facility managers to partner with
financial players while developing projects of this size. These projects require
experienced and detailed project modeling using onsite or nearby wind resource
data.
Large Commercial or Industrial Energy Use (500 kW-1.5
MW)
This wind turbine class is at the top end of the midsize machines and is well suited
for communities and very large onsite industrial loads and can even form the basis
of small wind farms in certain situations. This machine class is typically
indistinguishable from utility-scale turbines on a technology basis. The towers
often exceed 200 feet, which need to be fitted with obstruction lighting. Projects
of this size warrant community involvement and endorsement or approval at all
levels. This class, except in very unusual situations, is typically financed through
5|Page
`
Final Year Project Proposal, Semester 6, 2022
commercial lenders with their own due-diligence requirements and therefore
require feasibility studies and onsite resource assessment campaigns.
Utility-Scale Energy Use (1.5-7.5 MW)
Utility-scale wind turbines, while also occasionally installed at the point of use, are
generally installed in large groups producing energy for sale. These are highly
efficient, state-of-the-art wind turbines that operate with exceptionally high
availability rates and generate cost-competitive electricity at power plant scales.
These large turbines have rotors measuring more than 250 feet in diameter and
are installed on tall towers that require aviation obstruction notification and
lighting. Because of their size and the scale of the installations, utility-scale wind
turbines require environmental, utility, and public coordination at the highest
levels. Utility-scale wind farms require exacting resource assessments, legal and
financial due diligence, utility integration, and financing typical of very large capital
investments installations, such as airports.
6|Page
`
Wind Energy Data
7|Page
Final Year Project Proposal, Semester 6, 2022
`
Final Year Project Proposal, Semester 6, 2022
Wind Energy Data
How Do Wind Turbines Work?
Wind turbines work on a simple principle: instead of using electricity to make
wind—like a fan—wind turbines use wind to make electricity. Wind turns the
propeller-like blades of a turbine around a rotor, which spins a generator, which
creates electricity.
Wind is a form of solar energy caused by a combination of three concurrent
events:
1. The sun unevenly heating the atmosphere
2. Irregularities of the earth's surface
3. The rotation of the earth.
8|Page
`
Final Year Project Proposal, Semester 6, 2022
Wind flow patterns and speeds vary greatly across the United States and are
modified by bodies of water, vegetation, and differences in terrain. Humans use
this wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even
generating electricity.
The terms "wind energy" and "wind power" both describe the process by which
the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. This mechanical
power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a
generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.
A wind turbine turns wind energy into electricity using the aerodynamic
force from the rotor blades, which work like an airplane wing or helicopter rotor
blade. When wind flows across the blade, the air pressure on one side of the blade
decreases. The difference in air pressure across the two sides of the blade creates
both lift and drag. The force of the lift is stronger than the drag and this causes the
rotor to spin. The rotor connects to the generator, either directly (if it’s a direct
drive turbine) or through a shaft and a series of gears (a gearbox) that speed up
the rotation and allow for a physically smaller generator. This translation of
aerodynamic force to rotation of a generator creates electricity.
Types of Wind Turbines
The majority of wind turbines fall into two basic types:
1. HORIZONTAL-AXIS TURBINES
2. VERTICAL-AXIS TURBINES
1. Horizontal-Axis Turbines
Horizontal-axis wind turbines are what many
people picture when thinking of wind turbines.
Most commonly, they have three blades and
operate "upwind," with the turbine pivoting at
the top of the tower so the blades face into the
wind.
9|Page
`
Final Year Project Proposal, Semester 6, 2022
2. VERTICAL-AXIS TUURBINE
Vertical-axis wind turbines come in several varieties, including the eggbeaterstyle Darrieus model, named after its French inventor.
These turbines are omnidirectional, meaning they don’t need to be adjusted to
point into the wind to operate.
Applications of Wind Turbines
Modern wind turbines can be categorized by where they are installed and how
they are connected to the grid:
1) LAND-BASED WIND
2) OFFSHORE WIND
3) DISTRIBUTED WIND
10 | P a g e
`
Final Year Project Proposal, Semester 6, 2022
1) LAND-BASED WIND
Land-based wind turbines range in size from
100 kilowatts to as large as several megawatts.
Larger wind turbines are more cost effective
and are grouped together into wind plants,
which provide bulk power to the electrical grid.
2) OFFSHORE WIND
Offshore wind turbines tend to be massive,
and taller than the Statue of Liberty.
They do not have the same transportation
challenges of land-based wind installations, as
the large components can be transported on
ships instead of on roads.
These turbines are able to capture powerful
ocean winds and generate vast amounts of
energy.
11 | P a g e
`
Final Year Project Proposal, Semester 6, 2022
3) ONSHORE WIND
WHEN WIND TURBINES OF ANY SIZE ARE INSTALLED ON THE "CUSTOMER" SIDE
OF THE ELECTRIC METER, OR ARE INSTALLED AT OR NEAR THE PLACE WHERE
THE ENERGY THEY PRODUCE WILL BE USED, THEY'RE CALLED "DISTRIBUTED
WIND.
MANY TURBINES USED IN DISTRIBUTED APPLICATIONS ARE SMALL WIND
TURBINES. SINGLE SMALL WIND TURBINES—BELOW 100 KILOWATTS—ARE
TYPICALLY USED FOR RESIDENTIAL, AGRICULTURAL, AND SMALL COMMERCIAL
AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS.
SMALL TURBINES CAN BE USED IN HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEMS WITH OTHER
DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES, SUCH AS MICROGRIDS POWERED BY DIESEL
GENERATORS, BATTERIES, AND PHOTOVOLTAICS.
THESE SYSTEMS ARE CALLED HYBRID WIND SYSTEMS AND ARE TYPICALLY USED IN
REMOTE, OFF-GRID LOCATIONS (WHERE A CONNECTION TO THE UTILITY GRID IS
NOT AVAILABLE) AND ARE BECOMING MORE COMMON IN GRID-CONNECTED
APPLICATIONS FOR RESILIENCY.
12 | P a g e
`
Final Year Project Proposal, Semester 6, 2022
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
 Wind energy is environment friendly as no fossil fuels are burnt to generate
electricity from wind energy.
 Wind turbines take up less space than the average power station.
 Modern technologies are making the extraction of wind energy much more
efficient. Wind is free, so only installation cost is involved and running costs
are low.
 Wind energy is the most convenient resource to generate electrical energy
in remote locations, where conventional power lines cannot be extended
due to environmental and economic considerations.
Disadvantages
 The main disadvantage of wind energy is varying and unreliable wind
speed. When the strength of the wind is too low to support a wind
turbine, little electricity is generated.
 Large wind farms are required to generate large amounts of electricity, so
this cannot replace the conventional fossil fueled power stations. Wind
energy can only substitute low energy demands or isolated low power
loads.
 Larger wind turbine installations can be very expensive and costly to
surrounding wildlife during the initial commissioning process.
 Noise pollution may be problem if wind turbines are installed in the
densely populated areas.
13 | P a g e
`
Final Year Project Proposal, Semester 6, 2022
REFFERENCES
 N. El Bassam, in Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid
Communities (Second Edition), 2021
 Abdul R. Beig, S.M. Muyeen, in Electric Renewable Energy
Systems, 2016
 Windexchange,
https://windexchange.energy.gov/what-is-wind
 IRENA international Renewable Agency,
www.irena.org/wind
 Office of Energy Efficiency And Renewable Energy,
www.energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work
14 | P a g e