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BTEC Higher National Diploma in Computing
Mr. Rajitha Karunaratne
Unit 02:
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Networking
LAN Design & Implementation for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS
BW Hasintha Nayanajith
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Student Name/ID
BW Hasintha Nayanajith (E128066)
Unit Title
Unit 02:
Assignment Number
1
Assessor
2022 Aug 20
Date Received
1st submission
Submission Date
Networking
Date Received 2nd
submission
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LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols.
Pass, Merit & Distinction P1
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M1
LO2 Explain networking devices and operations.
Pass, Merit & Distinction
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P4
M2
D1
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M3
D2
M4
D3
LO3 Design efficient networked systems.
Pass, Merit & Distinction
Descripts
P5
LO4 Implement and diagnose networked systems.
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P8
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This is my first assignment as an undergraduate and I did my best to complete it on time
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Hasintha Nayanajith
2022 Aug 20
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HND COM Networking
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Pearson Higher Nationals in
Computing
Unit 02: Networking
Assignment 01
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HND COM Networking
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Higher National Diploma in Computing
Assignment Brief
Student Name /ID Number
BW Hasintha Nayanajith (E128066)
Unit Number and Title
Unit 2: Networking
Academic Year
2021/22
Unit Tutor
Assignment Title
LAN Design & Implementation for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS
Issue Date
Submission Date
2022 Aug 20
IV Name & Date
Submission format
The submission should be in the form of an individual report written in a concise, formal business style
using single spacing and font size 12. You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and
subsections as appropriate, and all work must be supported with research and referenced using Harvard
referencing system. Please also provide an end list of references using the Harvard referencing system.
The recommended word count is 3,000–3,500 words for the report excluding annexures,
although you will not be penalised for exceeding the total word limit.
Unit Learning Outcomes:
LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols.
LO2 Explain networking devices and operations.
LO3 Design efficient networked systems.
LO4 Implement and diagnose networked systems.
Assignment Brief and Guidance:
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Scenario
SYNTAX SOLUTIONS is a privately owned, well-known Software company located in Colombo. The
Management of SYNTAX SOLUTIONS has purchased a 3-story building in the heart of Matara. They
are planning to make it one of the state-of-the-art companies in Matara with the latest facilities.
It is expected to have nearly 150 employees in Matara branch.
Department
Number of Users
Customer Care
10
Sales and Marketing
20
Finance
25
Legal
5
HR
10
Developers
55
Network Team
5
Server Room
Servers +ISP connections
Foll ow i ng r equir ements ar e g iv en by the Manag ement.

All the departments must be separ ated with uni que subnet and sho uld no t
communicate with each o ther unless ther e is a speci al r equir ement .

19 2.16 8.10. 0/24 is giv en and sho uld be use d fo r all the departments except the
server room . IPs sho uld assign usi ng DHCP .

ERP and CRM Sy stems need to be im plem ented in M atara branch in local serv ers.

N umber of s erv ers requir ed for the Server r oom need to be decided by the
Netwo rk designer and sho uld be assigned with 10.25 4.1. 0/24 subnet. (Uses static
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I Ps )

Hig h l ev el of r edundancy is expected in netwo rk design to eliminate single po int
o f failures and traffic bottle necks.

Sal es and Mar keti ng Team need to access Netwo rk reso urces usi ng WI FI
co nnectiv ity .

Pr oper methods fo r netw or ki ng monitoring and tr oubl eshooting need to be
established.

All possible netw or k sec ur ity mechanism s sho uld be im plemented.
Assume yo u have been appo inted as the new netwo rk co nsultant o f SYNT AX SOLUTI ONS .
P repare a netwo rk architectural design and im plement it with yo ur suggestio ns and
recommendatio ns to meet the com pany requirements.
(No te: Cl ea rl y state you r a ssump tion s. Y ou a re allow ed to d esign th e n etwo rk a cco rding
to you r a ssump tion s, bu t main requi remen ts sho uld n ot b e viol ated)
Ac tiv ity 01

D iscuss the benefits and co nstraints o f different netwo rk system types that can be
im plemented in the Matara branch and the m ain IEEE Ethernet standards that can
be used in above L AN and WLAN design .

D iscuss the im po rtance and impact o f netwo rk to po lo gies and netwo rk proto col
suites while com paring the main network to po lo gies and netwo rk proto co l suites
that are used in netwo rk design using exam ples . Recomm end suitable netwo rk
topolo gies and network proto co l suites fo r above scenario and justify yo ur answer
with v alid po ints.
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Ac tiv ity 02

D iscuss the o perating principles o f network dev ices (Ex: Ro uter, Switch, Etc.) and
server ty pes that can be used fo r abov e scenario while explo ring different servers
that
are
available
in
to day’s m arket
with
their specificatio ns . R ecommend
server/ servers fo r the abov e scenario and justify your selectio n with v alid po ints .

D iscuss the inter -dependence o f wo rkstatio n hardware with networking so ftware and
prov ide exam ples fo r netwo rking so ftware that can be used in abov e netwo rk design.
Ac tiv ity 03

P repare a written netwo rk design plan to m eet the
abov e-m entio ned
user
requirements including a blueprint drawn using a mo deling too l. ( Ex: M icroso ft Visio ,
EdrawM ax).
Support yo ur answer by pro viding the VL AN and IP subnetting scheme for the above
scenario and the list of dev ices, netwo rk com po nents and software used t o design the
netwo rk for abo ve scenario and while justifying yo ur selectio ns.

Test and ev aluate the proposed design to meet the requirem ents and analy se user
feedback by using a user feedback fo rm .

Install and co nfigure Netwo rk services , devices and applications (Ex: VL AN,D HCP ,
D NS,Pro xy , Web, Etc.) acco rding to the pro posed design to accom plish the user
requirements and design a detailed M aintenance schedule for abov e Netwo rk.
*N ote: - Scr een s hots of C onfig ur ati on scri pts shoul d be pr esented.
Ac tiv ity 04

Im plement a networked system based o n yo ur prepared design with v alid evidence s
and recommend po tential future enhancements fo r the networked system with valid
justificatio ns to yo ur recommendatio ns. Use critical reflection to critically ev aluate
the design, plan, co nfiguration, and testing o f yo ur network while justifying with v alid
co nclusio ns.
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
D evelo p test cases and co nduct verificatio n (Ex: Ping, extended ping, trace ro ute,
telnet, SSH, etc.) to test the abov e Netwo rk and analyse the test results against the
expected results.
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Acknowledgement
The success of this Report is the result of many people's efforts. The author owes a great debt of
gratitude to his class instructor, Mr. Rajitha Karunarathna, for countless instances of timely
guidance and encouragement. He gave the author the direction she needed to finish the report. The
author expresses his gratitude to Dr. Dayan, Mr. Sachithra Wanninayake, and Miss Jeewanthi
Marasinghe for giving him the ideal environment in which to complete this work.
The author thanks all of the staff members for their cooperation and assistance and offers his deep
gratitude. A big thank you as well to Google and the other sources the author used for this study.
Last but not least, he extends his gratitude to everyone who helped him complete this assignment
successfully, especially his friends.
The author believes that readers will understand that he has done his best to portray the wide range
of opinions and the depth of knowledge that have been so kindly given to him. The report's content,
as well as any mistakes or false statements of fact or opinion it may include, are entirely the author's
responsibility.
Regards,
The Author,
Hasintha.
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Table of Content
Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 17
1.1
Network System Types & Standards ............................................................................. 17
1.1.1
Brief introduction about computer network systems .............................................. 17
1.1.2
Peer-to-Peer............................................................................................................. 17
1.1.3
Client-Server ........................................................................................................... 18
1.1.4
Comparison of peer-to-peer and client-server models (Point, n.d.) ....................... 19
1.1.5
Standardization ....................................................................................................... 20
1.1.6
IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers ......................................... 21
1.1.7
IEEE 802 Standards ................................................................................................ 21
1.1.8
Usage of IEEE Standards ........................................................................................ 21
1.2
Network Topologies ....................................................................................................... 21
1.2.1
Physical Topology .................................................................................................. 22
1.2.2
Advantages & Disadvantages of Physical Network Topologies ............................ 23
1.2.3
Logical Topology .................................................................................................... 24
1.2.4
Usage of Network Topologies ................................................................................ 25
1.3
Network Models ............................................................................................................. 26
1.3.1
Why network models? ............................................................................................ 26
1.3.2
ISO OSI Model ....................................................................................................... 27
1.3.3
Layers of OSI Model .............................................................................................. 27
1.3.4
TCP/IP Model ......................................................................................................... 29
1.3.5
Comparison between OSI Model and TCP/IP Model............................................. 29
1.3.6
TCP/IP Model for Protocols ................................................................................... 30
1.4
Network Protocols .......................................................................................................... 31
Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 35
2.1
Network Devices & Server Types .................................................................................. 35
2.1.1
Hub.......................................................................................................................... 36
2.1.2
Router...................................................................................................................... 37
2.1.3
Switch ..................................................................................................................... 37
2.1.4
Advantages and Disadvantages of Hubs, Routers and Switches ............................ 38
2.1.5
Difference between Hub, Switch and Router ......................................................... 39
2.1.6
Usage of Network Devices for SYNTAX SOLUTION ......................................... 39
2.1.7
Network Security .................................................................................................... 39
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2.1.8
2.2
Server ...................................................................................................................... 41
Networking Software ..................................................................................................... 47
2.2.1
Networking Software .............................................................................................. 48
2.2.2
Compatibility .......................................................................................................... 48
Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 49
3.1
Design of Networked System......................................................................................... 49
3.1.1
VLAN ..................................................................................................................... 49
3.1.2
IP Subnetting ........................................................................................................... 50
3.1.3
Wireshark ................................................................................................................ 51
3.1.4
FileZilla ................................................................................................................... 51
3.1.5
PuTTy ..................................................................................................................... 51
3.1.6
Networked Diagram for Matara Branch ................................................................. 52
3.2
User Feedbacks about Networked System ..................................................................... 52
3.3
Installing and Configuring the Network Services and Applications .............................. 55
3.3.1
Windows Server ...................................................................................................... 55
3.3.2
DHCP Server .......................................................................................................... 57
3.3.3
Active Directory...................................................................................................... 59
3.4
Network Maintenance .................................................................................................... 62
3.4.1
Network Maintenance Schedule ............................................................................. 62
Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 66
4.1
Implement the Networked System based on Prepared Design ...................................... 66
4.2
Design Test Case Table .................................................................................................. 67
4.3
Potential Future Enhancement ....................................................................................... 68
4.3.1
Upgrading the cables in the system ........................................................................ 68
4.3.2
Improving the Quality of the Network.................................................................... 68
4.3.3
Enhancing the Security of the Network .................................................................. 69
4.3.4
Scalability ............................................................................................................... 69
Author Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 70
References ..................................................................................................................................... 71
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Figure 1.1.1 Peer-to-Peer Network ............................................................................................... 17
Figure 1.1.2 A Client-Server Network .......................................................................................... 18
Figure 1.2.1 Types of Physical Network Topologies (Wikipedia, 2022) ..................................... 23
Figure 1.2.2 Virtual LAN Network ............................................................................................... 25
Figure 1.3.1 Use of Network models ............................................................................................ 26
Figure 1.3.2 The TCP/IP model compared with the OSI model (Admin, 2013) .......................... 30
Figure 1.4.1 Example IPv4 Address ............................................................................................. 34
Figure 1.4.2 Example IPv6 Address (Anon., n.d.) ........................................................................ 34
Figure 2.1.1 A Hub........................................................................................................................ 36
Figure 2.1.2 A Router.................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 2.1.3 A Switch. .................................................................................................................. 38
Figure 2.1.4 Firewall ..................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 2.1.5 Proxy Server ............................................................................................................. 41
Figure 2.1.6 PowerEdge R830 Server ........................................................................................... 42
Figure 2.1.7 Specifications of PowerEdge R830 (Anon., n.d.) ..................................................... 43
Figure 2.1.8 PowerEdge R240 Rack Server.................................................................................. 43
Figure 2.1.9 PowerEdge R240 Specifications (Solutions, 2020) .................................................. 43
Figure 2.1.10 PowerEdge R7515 Server ....................................................................................... 44
Figure 2.1.11 PowerEdge R7515 Specifications (Technologies, n.d.) ......................................... 44
Figure 2.1.12 Fusion Server Pro 1288H V5 Rack Server ............................................................. 45
Figure 2.1.13 Fusion Server Pro 1288H V5 Rack Server (Alibaba, n.d.) ..................................... 45
Figure 2.1.14 System requirements of MySQL and Oracle databases. ........................................ 47
Figure 3.1.1 Design of Networked System of Matara branch SYNTAX SOLUTION ................ 52
Figure 3.3.1 Windows Server 2012............................................................................................... 55
Table 1.1-1 Comparison of Peer-to-Peer & Client-Server Network System Types ..................... 19
Table 1.2-1 Advantages & Disadvantages of Physical Network Topologies ............................... 23
Table 1.3-1 TCP/IP Layer Functions (Campus, n.d.) ................................................................... 29
Table 1.3-2 Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP Models ......................................................... 30
Table 1.4-1 Advantages and disadvantages of FTP ...................................................................... 31
Table 1.4-2 Advantages and disadvantages of SMTP .................................................................. 32
Table 1.4-3 Advantages and disadvantages of HTTP ................................................................... 32
Table 1.4-4 Difference between TCP & UDP .............................................................................. 33
Table 1.4-5 Difference between IPv4 & IPv6 ............................................................................... 35
Table 2.1-1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hubs, Router and Switches. ............................... 38
Table 2.1-2 Difference between Hub, Switch and Router. ........................................................... 39
Table 3.1-1 IP Subnetting Scheme for Matara branch - SYNTAX SOLUTION ......................... 50
Table 3.4-1 Network Maintenance Schedule ................................................................................ 63
Table 4.2-1 Testcase table of Matara branch of SYNTAX SOLUTION ...................................... 67
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Chapter 1
1.1
Network System Types & Standards
1.1.1 Brief introduction about computer network systems
A computer network is a set of autonomous computer devices interconnected in various ways to
exchange information through common conventions, known as protocols, over a mutual
communication medium. Computer networks help network users share the resources like files,
documents, images, videos, music, etc.…. and connect.
1.1.2 Peer-to-Peer
Peer-to-Peer networks are more commonly implemented where less than about ten computers are
involved and where strict security is not necessary. All the computers have the same status,
hence the term ‘Peer’, and they communicate with each other on an equal footing (Campus, n.d.).
Peer-to-Peer is a simple type of network model where computers can communicate with one
another and share what is on or attached to their computer with other users (Alpern &
Shimonski, 2010).
Figure 1.1.1 Peer-to-Peer Network
Characteristics of Peer-to-Peer
01. Small number of nodes (more often less than ten) are connected and all of them store data
using individual security and share those data and information such as documents, images,
music, videos and printers etc.… with other connected nodes.
02. All the connected computers in this type of network share resources, so resource sharing
capacity increases when the number of connected computers is are increased.
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03. Each connected computer in this network manages itself. So, the network is quite easy to
set up and maintain when compared with the client-server network.
04. Major disadvantage in a peer-to-peer network is less security, because all the connected
computers act as servers as well as clients.
05. Modern operating systems like Windows and Mac use peer-to-peer to networking system.
(T4Tutorial, n.d.)
1.1.3 Client-Server
Client-Server networks are more suitable for larger networks. A central computer called
‘Server’, act as the storage location for files and applications shared on the network. This server
is higher than average performance computer. The server also controls the network access of
the other computers which are referred to as the ‘Client’ computers. Furthermore, the clientserver paradigm is a distributed application structure that divides tasks or labor between
servers, who supply a resource or service, and clients, who request that service. The server
computer accepts the request and responds the clients with desired information by sending
requested data packets when a client computer send data requests over communication
medium. Email, the World Wide Web, and other client-server models are examples.
Figure 1.1.2 A Client-Server Network
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Characteristics of Client-Server
01. In client-server network system, the client sends a request to the server computer and the
server accepts the requests and returns the data packets requested to the client. But not like
peer-to-peer model, client do not share any of its assets with one another; only the server
does.
02. The server uses a system-based priority to responds the requests coming from client
computers because the server can only accommodate a limited number of client requests at
a time.
03. Both the client and the server follow a common communication protocol which available in
the application layer, so they can interact with each other easily. (Meador, 2020)
1.1.4 Comparison of peer-to-peer and client-server models (Point, n.d.)
Table 1.1-1 Comparison of Peer-to-Peer & Client-Server Network System Types
Basic Comparison
Client Server Network
Peer-to-Peer Network
Basic
In a client-server network, In a peer-to-peer network,
there is a specific server and clients are not distinguished;
specific clients connected to every node act as a client and
the server.
Expense
A Client-Server network is A
more expensive to implement.
Stability
server.
Peer-to-Peer
is
less
expensive to implement.
It is more stable and scalable It is less stable and scalable, if
than a peer-to-peer network.
the number of peers increases
in the system.
Data
In a client-server network, the In a peer-to-peer network, each
data is stored in a centralized peer has its own data.
server.
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Server
A server may get overloaded A server is not bottlenecked
when many customers make since the services are dispersed
simultaneous service requests.
among numerous servers using
a peer-to-peer network.
Focus
Sharing the information.
Service
The
server
provides
Connectivity.
the Each node has the ability to
requested service in response both
to the client's request.
Performance
request
and delivers
services.
Because the server does the Because resources are shared
bulk of the work, performance in a big peer-to-peer network,
is unaffected by the growth of performance will likely to
clients.
Security
suffer.
A Client-Server network is a The
network's
secured network because the deteriorates,
security
and
its
server can verify a client's susceptibility grows as the
access to any area of the number of peers rises.
network, making it secure.
1.1.5 Standardization
What is Standardization?
Networking standards define the rules for date communication required for the operation
of networking technologies and processes. Standers help to create and maintain open markets
and allow different vendors to compete on the basis of the quality of their products while being
compatible with existing market products.
The five most important organizations are,

American Nationals Standard Institute (ANSI)

Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers (IEEE)

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
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
Internet Engineering Task Force (TETF)

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
1.1.6 IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IEEE is an international organization responsible for developing and providing networking
technology specification for worldwide usage. It works only on innovation, education and
standardization in the field of electrical and electronic development.
1.1.7 IEEE 802 Standards
The IEEE 802 standards help ensure that internet services and technologies follow a set of
recommended procedures, so that network devices can all work together. Without these
standards, equipment suppliers can only connect network hardware to certain computers. It
would be much more difficult to connect to systems not using the same set of networking
equipment. Standardizing protocols help ensure that multiple types of devices can connect to
multiple network types. (Wikipedia, 2022)
Some of the best-known IEEE 802 Standards are,

IEEE 802.1 (LAN/MAN)

IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

IEEE 802.5 (Token Ring)

IEEE 802.11 (Wireless LAN)
1.1.8 Usage of IEEE Standards
As the network consultant of SYNTAX SOLUTION, I decided to use LAN (IEEE 802) for
design the interior network design of Matara branch. For that, I want to use LAN cabling
system (IEEE 802.7), Fiber Optics connection (IEEE 802.8), Giga-Ethernet (IEEE 802.3bk) as
well as I want to you WIFI (IEEE 802.11) and Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) to connect some
devices.
1.2
Network Topologies
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Network topology or network layout is the logical paths where data travels in a computer
network.
There are two forms of network topology.


Physical Topology.
Logical Topology
1.2.1 Physical Topology
This is the way of in which a network is laid out physically.
Types of Physical Topologies
01. Bus Topology - This one of the simplest forms of networking where all the connected
devices share single communication line or cable. A failure of a one connected device does
not affect the other devices but failure of the shared communication line (Back bone) can
make all other connected nodes stop functioning. (Campus, n.d.)
02. Mesh Topology - Here , a host is connected to one or multiple hosts. Mesh Topology
comes in two types called Full Mesh where all hosts have a point-to-point connection to
every other host in the network and Partial Mesh where not all hosts have a point-to-point
connection to every other host. (Campus, n.d.)
03. Star Topology – The centralized hub act as a single point of failure like the back bone
(shared communication line) Bus Topology. Every communication between hosts, takes
place only through the hub. (Campus, n.d.)
04. Ring Topology - Each device connected to this network have two neighbors to
communicate. All data travels in a ring , and a failure of that ring will bring the whole
network down.
05. Hybrid Topology - Hybrid is a combination of 2 or more topologies. As an example, Tree
Topology which is a combination of Bus and Star is a Hybrid Topology.
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Figure 1.2.1 Types of Physical Network Topologies (Wikipedia, 2022)
1.2.2 Advantages & Disadvantages of Physical Network Topologies
Table 1.2-1 Advantages & Disadvantages of Physical Network Topologies
Topology
Advantages
Disadvantages
Bus
Less Expensive.
No redundancy.
Suited for temporary networks.
No Security.
Node failures does not affect
Less Cable Length.
others.
Ring
Star
Cheap.
More expensive than bus.
Easy to reconfigure.
Unidirectional.
All nodes with equal access.
No Security.
Easy to design and implement.
Reconfiguration difficult.
Centralized administration.
Expensive.
Scalable.
Bottlenecks due to
overloaded hubs.
Mesh
Simplest.
Reconfiguration
Reliable.
extremely difficult.
Fault Tolerant.
Expensive and impractical
for large networks.
Issue with broadcasting
messages.
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1.2.3 Logical Topology
The term ‘ Logical Topology ’ is called to the logical paths where data travels in a computer
network. (Campus, n.d.)
Ethernet

Ethernet is a widely-deployed LAN technology hat was standardized in IEEE 802.3 in
1980. A network like Ethernet which share media files has a high probability of data
collision.

Ethernet use Carrier Sense Multi Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) technology to
detect collisions.

An Ethernet connector is a Network Interface Card equipped with 48-bits MAC address.

Traditional Ethernet uses 10BASE-T specification. It provides transmission speed of up
to 10 Mbps and uses Coaxial cable or CAT-5 Twisted pair cable with RJ45 connector.

Ethernet follows Star Topology with segment length up to 100 meters. All devices are
connected to a Hub/Switch in a Star fashion.

There are some versions of Ethernet based on the transfer speed.
I.
II.
III.
Standard Ethernet – 10 Mbps (IEEE 802.3)
Fast Ethernet – 100 Mbps (IEEE 803.2)
Giga-Ethernet – 1000 Mbps (IEEE 802.3ab & 802.3ah)
Reference - (Campus, n.d.)
Virtual LANs
VLAN is a solution to divide a single broadcast domain into multiple broadcast domains. Host
in one VLAN cannot speak to a host in another. By default, hosts are placed into the same
VLAN. VLAN is a Layer-2 technology which works closely on Ethernet. To route packets
between two different VLANs, a layer-3 device such as router is required.
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Figure 1.2.2 Virtual LAN Network
1.2.4 Usage of Network Topologies
There is no a topology that can select as the perfect one. So, deciding the best structure for your
company depends on the networks needs and scale. Because SYNTAX SOLUTION Matara
branch has several departments, I have chosen the Start Topology for each department.
Reasons to choose Star Topology for each department

Centralized control of network – A centralized Switch/Hub acta as the monitoring
agency of individuals nodes. We can enhance the capacity of Switch/Hub, if the
Switch/Hubs are bottlenecks.

Easy Manageability and Scalability – Star Fashion network have easy manageability
and scalability feature because of centralized control of network. If company needs to
add new computers/nodes to the network at future, it’s really easy add them without
affecting network performance.

Easy to Maintain – Each host/node in this network connected with a separate one
cable, Hence, configuration is simple and in case of failure of any node, it does not
affect the whole network. Furthermore, downtime of star topology is significantly lower
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when considering with other topologies because it is simple to understand and
troubleshoot.

High Performance Level – When comparing with other topologies, the performance of
this network is superior because data packets are sent to target node directly and avoid
unwanted traffic in the network.
But we need to connect all the departments with each other. Bus Topology is ideal for it.
o Bus Topology is easy to expand by joining two cables together.
And I use the Ring Topology for server room because these advantages it has.
o Control network between each workstation.
o A network server is not needed.
o Data can be transferred at high speed between workstations.
o Additional workstation can be added at future if needed, without affecting the
network performance.
1.3
Network Models
1.3.1 Why network models?
Network models are conceptual models that helps to explain the data communication within a
computer network.
Figure 1.3.1 Use of Network models
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There’re two main network models are discussed in computer networking. They are,
1. ISO OSI Model
2. TCP/IP Model
1.3.2 ISO OSI Model
Open system interconnection model is a conceptual model that covers all the aspects of network
communications. It was developed by International Organization for Standardization in 1994.
This is a model that allows any two different systems to communicate regardless their
underlying architecture. Furthermore, the OSI model is not a protocol but for understanding
and designing a network architecture that is interoperable, robust and flexible.
Benefits of OSI model are,
01. Reduce complexity.
02. Standardizes interfaces.
03. Facilitates modular engineering.
04. Ensures interoperable technology.
05. Accelerates evolution.
06. Simplifies teaching and learning.
1.3.3 Layers of OSI Model
The OSI model is a seven-layer architecture. It defines seven layers or levels in a complete
communication system. They are,
01. Physical Layer
02. Datalink Layer
03. Network Layer
04. Transport Layer
05. Session Layer
06. Presentation Layer
07. Application Layer
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01. Physical Layer
The physical layer coordinates the function required to transmit a bit stream over a physical
medium. The physical layer is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to
the next. (Campus, n.d.)
02. Datalink Layer
The three main functions of the datalink layer are to deal with transmission errors, regulate the
flow of data, and provide a well-defined interface to the network layer. The datalink layer is
responsible for transmitting frames from one node to the another. (Campus, n.d.)
03. Network Layer
Routing takes place in this layer. A router’s main job is to get packets from one network to
another. Another key aspect of routers is that each interface on a router has its own IP address.
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from original source to final
destination. (Campus, n.d.)
04. Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for end-to-end communication over a network. It provides
logical communication between application processes running on different hosts within a layered
architecture of protocols and other network components. Transport layer is responsible for
delivery of a message from one process to another. (Campus, n.d.)
05. Session Layer
Session layer responds to service requests from presentation layer and issue service requests to
transport layer. The major function of this layer is to create, maintain and terminate sessions.
Session layer is responsible for providing the mechanism for opening, closing and
managing a session between end-user application process. (Campus, n.d.)
06. Presentation Layer
This layer is responsible for how data is presented to the user. Data encryption is also one of the
functions of presentation layer to ensure the data security. The Presentation layer is used to
present data to the application layer in an accurate, well-defined and standardized format.
Also handles data compression and encryption. (Campus, n.d.)
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07. Application Layer
Function of application layer is to present data to users by enabling direct interaction between
user and software application. In other words, the application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user. (Campus, n.d.)
1.3.4 TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP Model allows us to determine how a particular computer should be connected to the
internet and how data should be transmitted between them.
Four layers of TCP/IP Model
Table 1.3-1 TCP/IP Layer Functions (Campus, n.d.)
TCP/IP Layer
Function
Example Protocols
Application
Represents data to the user
and controls dialogues.
Support communication
between diverse devices
across diverse networks.
Determine the best path
through the network.
Controls the hardware
devices and the media that
make up the network.
DNS, Telnet, SMTP, POP3,
IMAP, DHCP, HTTP, FTP
TCP, UDP
Transport
Internet
Network Access
IP, ICMP
Ethernet, Frame Relay
1.3.5 Comparison between OSI Model and TCP/IP Model
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Figure 1.3.2 The TCP/IP model compared with the OSI model (Admin, 2013)
OSI Model
TCP/IP Model
Refers to Open System Interconnection.
Refers to Transmission Control Protocol
Use the network layer to define routing
standards and protocols.
Uses only Internet layer.
Follows a vertical approach
Follows a horizontal approach.
Have 7 Layers
Have 4 Layers
Define after the advent of the internet
Define before the advent of the internet.
Minimum size of OSI header is 5 bytes
Minimum size of 20 bytes
Table 1.3-2 Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP Models
1.3.6 TCP/IP Model for Protocols
TCP/IP protocol is the ideal solution for the SYNTAX SOLUTION because, it is the Open
protocol standards, freely available and implemented independently of any hardware or operating
system unique to the device. Since it is so widely supported, TCP / IP is perfect to unite
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different components of hardware and software, TCP / IP can be accessed through an
Ethernet, a DSL link, a dial-up line, an optical network and virtually every other physical
transmission medium Standardized high-level protocols for reliable user services which are
commonly accessible. There for I recommend TCP/IP protocol for the SYNTAX SOLUTION
Matara Branch.
1.4
Network Protocols
All the networks must have a set of rules governing how to communicate and transfer resources
with each other and, this set of rules are simply called Network Protocols.
01. Application Layer Protocols
FTP – File Transfer Protocol
FTP is used to copy files from one host to another. It created two processes called control
process and data transfer process at both ends. Also, it establishes two connections. One is for
data transfer and another one is for control information. FTP uses port 21 for control
connection and port 20 for the data connection. (Campus, n.d.)
Table 1.4-1 Advantages and disadvantages of FTP
Advantages
Disadvantages
Enable sharing large files and multiple
directories at the same time.
FTP lacks security, data, username and
password transferred in plain texts making
them vulnerable to malicious actors.
Resume file sharing, if it was interrupted.
FTP lacks encryption capabilities.
Can recover lost data and schedule file
transfers.
SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
This is the standard protocol used for sending e-mail efficiently and reliably over the internet.
Furthermore, SMTP is a control oriented, text-based protocol and it provides notification
regarding incoming mails also. (Campus, n.d.)
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Table 1.4-2 Advantages and disadvantages of SMTP
Advantages
Disadvantages
Back and forth conversations between
servers can delay sending message, and also
Ease in installation.
increases the chance of the message not
being delivered
Connects to any system without any
Sometimes firewall can block the ports used
restrictions.
with SMTP.
It does not need any development from your
side.
HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
It is a communication protocol which defines the mechanism for communication between
browser and the web server. HTTP shows information in webpages while using the TCP port
80. (Campus, n.d.)
Table 1.4-3 Advantages and disadvantages of HTTP
Advantages
Disadvantages
Memory usage and CPU usage are lesser
HTTP lacks encrypting capabilities making it
because lower concurrent connections.
less secure.
Errors can be reported without closing the
Requires more power to establish
connection.
connections and transfer data.
Owning to lesser TCP connections, network
congestions is reduced.
02. Transport Layer Protocols
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol
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One of the most used protocol, TCP created a connection between source and destination
nodes before transmitting data and keeps it live until the communication is active. TCP breaks
large data into smaller packets and ensure that the data integrity is intact once it is
reassembled at the destination node. (Campus, n.d.)
UDP – User Datagram Protocol
With minimal overhead, without flow control or acknowledgement of received data, UDP
provides a connection between two processes at both ends of transmission. The minimal error
control is provided by ignoring received packets that fails the checksum test. (Campus, n.d.)
Difference between TCP and UDP
Table 1.4-4 Difference between TCP & UDP
Comparison
TCP
UDP
Speed
Slow
High
Connection Type
Connection-oriented protocol
Connectionless protocol
Reliability
Reliable protocol
Unreliable protocol
Acknowledge
Acknowledge segment
No acknowledge
03. Internet Layer Protocols
IP – Internet Protocol
Internet Protocol or IP Address helps to identify a device on an IP network. In other words, IP
address is just a n identity for the device. It is a unique address. There are 2 IP address versions.
01. IPv4
02. IPv6
01. IPv4 – Internet Protocol Version 4
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The IPv4 addresses are 32 bits in length and are typically communicated in a format called
dotted decimal. 32 binary bits are broken into octets and then converted into decimals. Ex:
x.x.x.x where x can be an any value between 0-255 (000000002-111111112).
Figure 1.4.1 Example IPv4 Address
02. IPv6 – Internet Protocol Version 6
This is an advanced version of IPv4 addresses. IPv6 was introduced due to the shortage of IP
addresses. IPv6 is a 128 bits hexadecimal address.
Figure 1.4.2 Example IPv6 Address (Anon., n.d.)
Difference between IPv4 and IPv6
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Table 1.4-5 Difference between IPv4 & IPv6
IPv4
IPv6
32 bits IP address
128 bits IP address
Binary bits are separated by a dot (.)
Binary bits separated by a colon (:)
Provides 12 fields in the header
Provides 8 fields in the header
Numeric Addressing
Alphanumeric addressing
Support broadcast
Does not support broadcast
Use for the designated network from host
Not Used
portion.
Chapter 2
2.1
Network Devices & Server Types
Network devices (Hardware devices) are required to build a communication and an interaction
among nodes/ hosts or among devices of a computer network. These devices are connected to
the network and transmit data over the network in a fast, reliable and correct manner. Some
devices such as NIC card, RJ45 connecter mounted to the connected devices while some others
like router, switch are part of the network.
Let’s explore at some of those devices I used to build the SYNTAX SOLUTION Matara branch
network design.
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2.1.1 Hub
Figure 2.1.1 A Hub
What is a Hub?
Hub is an electronic device used in LANs to link group of computers/devices. A Hub
interconnects two or more workstations into a LAN. When a workstation to a hub, the hub
immediately resends the data frames to all connecting links. (Campus, n.d.)
Bandwidth of Ethernet Hubs
Ethernet hubs vary in the speed they support. Original Ethernet Hubs offered only 10 Mbps
rated speeds. Newer types of hubs support 100 Mbps support and usually offers both 10 Mbps
and 100 Mbps capabilities. (Campus, n.d.)
Type of Ethernet Hubs
There 3 basic types of Hubs. They are,

Passive

Active

Intelligent
Passive Hubs do not amplify the electronic signals of incoming packets before broadcasting
them out to the network. Also called as Concentrator. (Campus, n.d.)
Active Hubs are do amplification like a Repeater. Some people use the term Multi-Port
Repeater to named Active hubs. (Campus, n.d.)
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Intelligent Hubs are an advanced version of Active hubs which are more important for
businesses. An intelligent hub is typically stackable and include remote management
capabilities via SNMP and VLAN (Virtual LAN) support. (Campus, n.d.)
2.1.2 Router
Figure 2.1.2 A Router
What is a router?
Routers are electronic devices used to ensure that messages are send to their intended
destinations. Router forwards data packets along the network. It is located at gateways and
connected to two networks. When data arrives from one of the segments, the router decides,
according to its routing table, to which segment to forward that arrived data. (Campus, n.d.)
How router works?
Routers are Layer 3 Network Gateway devices. They act as special-purpose computers which
contain a processor, digital memory and I/O interfaces. The router’s memory stores an
embedded operating system called Router Firmware ex: Cisco International Operating System.
That router firmware can specific applications on them and need much smaller amount of
storage space. (Campus, n.d.)
2.1.3 Switch
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Figure 2.1.3 A Switch.
What is a Switch?
A Switch, sometimes also referred to as Switching Hubs, Bridging Hubs or MAC Bridges is a
hardware device that centralize communication among multiple connected devices within one
LAN and it divides a LAN so that each node/host has its own segment. Switch filters traffic
based on MAC address and the received data will only be forwarded to the host with
destination MAC address. Switches can send and receive information at the same time (full
duplex) while Hub transfer data in half-duplex mode means one direction at a time. (Campus,
n.d.)
Network Switch Technology
While several kinds of Network Switches, Ethernet Switches are the most common type.
Mainstream switches generally support Gigabit Ethernet Speed per individual link while high
performance switches like those in data centers support 100 Gbps speed per individual link.
2.1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hubs, Routers and Switches
Table 2.1-1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hubs, Router and Switches.
Device
Advantages
Disadvantages
Specialized device connects more
Router
than one network.
No redundancy.
Hub
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Expensive.
Slower than devices because it
analyzes data transmission from
physical to network layer.
Hub is not so secure and safe.
It is half duplex.
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Used for connect the multiple
It will broadcast to all the ports.
devices.
Switch
Filtering data.
Connect two similar devices only.
Secure.
Looping when redundancy wire is
Port Information.
created.
2.1.5 Difference between Hub, Switch and Router
Table 2.1-2 Difference between Hub, Switch and Router.
Hubs
Switch
Router
Physical layer
Network , Data layer
Network layer
Broadcast messages
Multicast messages
Routes data as packets
Send data as bits
Sends data as frames
Send data as packets
Connect devices within the
same network
Does not store MAC Address
Connect devices to network
Connect two different
networks
Store MAC Address
Store MAC Address
2.1.6 Usage of Network Devices for SYNTAX SOLUTION
As the network consultant of SYNTAX SOLUTION, I have selected Switches and routers to use
as the network devices for network design of Matara branch. Routers are used to connect two
department LANs with each other at gateways as needed. Switches are used to build LANs in
each department. In addition, Switches exactly know the intended destination of a data frame.
So, a 10/100 Mbps Switch can allocate its full bandwidth to each of its ports unlike a hub.
2.1.7 Network Security
Both the hardware and the software components of a network system have their own
vulnerability to threats. The threat is a possible risk that might exploit a network weakness to
breach security and cause harm.
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Network security devices scan network traffic to identify and block attacks by correlating
network activity signatures with databases of known attack techniques. Following are the
Network Security Devices which are used for the security of network of Matara branch of
SYNTAX SOLLUTION.
01. Firewall
Figure 2.1.4 Firewall
The general purpose of a Firewall is to keep uninvited guests from browsing your network. A
firewall can be a hardware device or a software application and generally placed at the perimeter
of the network to act as the gatekeeper for all incoming and outgoing traffic. The firewall can
disallow some traffic or all traffic depending on the firewall policy of organization.
There are two types of firewall policies widely used.

Whitelisting – The firewall denies all connections except those specially listed as
acceptable.

Blacklisting – The firewall allows all connections except those specially listed as
unacceptable.
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02. Proxy Server
Figure 2.1.5 Proxy Server
Proxy Server act as an intermediary between the client and the server. When using a proxy
server, instead of directly requests information from the server, the client requests information
from proxy server, then the proxy server evaluates the request and perform the required
network transaction. While serving to control the complexity of the client requests, the proxy
server provides some additional benefits such as load balancing, privacy and security.
(Wikipedia, n.d.)
03. Intrusion Prevention System (IPS)
IPS monitors the network activities to find out malicious activities and then attempt to block or
stop them. Following are the detection methods of IPS.
01. Signature based detection.
02. Statistical anomaly-based detection
03. Stateful protocol analyze detection.
2.1.8 Server
A server is a computer designed to process requests and deliver data to other computers/clients
over a local network or the internet. The most typical use of the word ‘Server’ references the
very large, high-powered machines although any computer running a special software can
function as a server. In other words, servers are designed with more potent components than
individual workstations.
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Common Types of Servers
Servers are also classified according to their intended function. The following are only a few
examples of the server types.

Application Server – Occupy a large chunk of computing territory between database
server and user, and often connect both.

Mail Server – Facilitates the sending, receiving and storing the email messages.

FTP Server – Support the moving of files through files transfer protocol tools.

Web Server – Show pages and run apps in connecting web browsers.
Server Physical Types
At the hardware level, servers usually consist of a rack mount chassis which consist of a power
supply, a system board, one or more CPUs, memory, storage and a network interface.
Server Physical Types:

Rack Server

Tower Server

Blade Server
Different Servers Available in Market
01. PowerEdge R830 Rack Server
Figure 2.1.6 PowerEdge R830 Server
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Figure 2.1.7 Specifications of PowerEdge R830 (Anon., n.d.)
02. PowerEdge R240 Rack Server
Increase performance, ability to scale, and simplify your IT with an entry-level 1U rack
server designed for web hosting and multi-purpose applications.
Figure 2.1.8 PowerEdge R240 Rack Server
Figure 2.1.9 PowerEdge R240 Specifications (Solutions, 2020)
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03. PowerEdge R7515 Rack Server
Figure 2.1.10 PowerEdge R7515 Server
The Dell EMC PowerEdge R7515 is a single-socket 2U server designed to handle
workloads like software-defined storage, virtualization and data analytics.
Figure 2.1.11 PowerEdge R7515 Specifications (Technologies, n.d.)
04. Fusion Server Pro 1288H V5 Rack Server
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Figure 2.1.12 Fusion Server Pro 1288H V5 Rack Server
The Huawei Fusion Server Pro 1288H V5 is a 1U, 2-socket rack server. It is ideal for high density
deployment to process workloads generated by cloud computing virtualization, High
Performance Computing (HPC), and Big Data processing. It delivers superior performance and
excellent scalability while improving space utilization in data centers, driving down the
overall expenditure.
Figure 2.1.13 Fusion Server Pro 1288H V5 Rack Server (Alibaba, n.d.)
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Servers Selection Requirements
Unlike a workstation, which is dedicated to a single customer, multiple customers depend on a
server. Therefor reliability and uptime are high priority. When I invest effort in making a server
reliable, I look for features that will make repair time shorter, provide a better working
environment and use special care in the configuration process.
So, when choosing servers for Matara branch of SYNTAX SOLUTION, I have to pay my
attention for the following things.

Match the primary needs

Affordable

Choose best of bread

Buy the right operating system

Build in expansion and redundancy

Support and maintenance
As network consultant of SYNTAX SOLUTION, I decided to use three server computers for
Matara branch. SYNTAX SOLUTION is an IT company and it has lots of project files there.
So, I configure a Database Server with MySQL and Oracle Databases for Matara Branch. I
choose the Dell PowerEdge R830 Rack Server for as the Database Server because it fulfills the
system requirements of MySQL and Oracle databases.
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Figure 2.1.14 System requirements of MySQL and Oracle databases.
And also, I want to implement the DNS Server, DHCP Server and the Proxy and the Mail
Servers. For these, I choose Dell PowerEdge R7515 Rack Server because this server computer
has a powerful hardware. Therefore, it can manage all these services. Furthermore, I choose Dell
PowerEdge R240 Rack Server as the web server because it has lots of traffic and more load. So,
it should be a separated server computer.
2.2
Networking Software
Networking software helps administrators to deploy, manage and monitor network. It exposes
the inner-working of the network t administrators, while software application enables end users
to perform specific task. Network software is ‘Invisible’ to end users, it is simply used to
facilitate the access those users have to network resources, in a seamless way.
Some functionalities of network software include,

User Management – enables administrators to add or remove users from the network.

File Management – allow administrators to define the location of data storage and user
access to that data.
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
Enables virtualization of network
Network software allows multiple devices, such as desktops, laptops, mobile phones, tablets
and other system to connect with one another, as well as with other networks.
(Campus, n.d.)
2.2.1 Networking Software
Server OS
Server needs the server operating system to operate it. We need servers for the network of
SYNTAX SOLUTION Matara branch because we want to implement the DHCP, Mail Server
and Web Server in the company. There are many Servers Operating Systems in the world but I
have decided to use Microsoft Server 2019 for Matara Branch of SYSTAX SOLUTION.
Active Directory
This is the technology used by Microsoft to control computers and other devices within a
network. It is a primary feature of Windows Server OS. Active Directory helps network
administrators within a network to build and manage domains, users, and objects. For example,
an admin can build a group of users and give them special privileges on access to certain server
folders. Active Directory provides a way to organize a large number of users into logical
groups and subgroups as a network expands, while at the same time providing access control at
each level.
2.2.2 Compatibility
Compatibility is the ability to operate together on two systems without needing to be altered to
do so. Compatible software applications use the same data formats. Compatibility may refer to
the interoperability of any two products: hardware and software, same or different types of
products, or different versions of the same product. In the networking, following things should
be compatible.

Hardware: Applications to support various hardware configurations.
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
Operating Systems: The program for compatibility with various operating systems such
as Windows, Unix, Mac OS etc.

Software: The software designed to be compatible with other apps. MS Word application
for example should be compatible with other applications such as MS Outlook, MS
Excel, and VBA etc.
Without these compatibilities, lots of errors can be come. Few of them are,

Without minimum requirements for server OS, you install the OS for server it can be
crash.

And also, you install some servers without there are requirements it will be not work or
crash.

Your servers and clients are in deferent OS they are cannot doing some work properly.

Your routers, switches and other main networking devices are in deferent models, you are
face to big trouble in configure that.
Therefore, I have to select compatible devices as our requirements.
Chapter 3
3.1
Design of Networked System
3.1.1 VLAN
It is the virtualization of computers for networking. We use network virtualization with VLANs
on switches to allow the connection of multiple broadcast domains (LAN segments) on a single
switch. With VLANs we are splitting switch into multiple switches. We are doing this with the
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use of software but only on specialized hardware devices that are virtualization enabled. In the
Matara branch of SYNTAX SOLUTION which has seven branches, I implement seven V LAN
for them.
3.1.2 IP Subnetting
As the designer/consultant of network system of Matara branch, I have chosen 198.168.10.0/24
IP address and divided to subnet for the departments. I allocate the IP address for each
department based the number of users in the department. I configured the VLAN because it can
categorize many broadcast domains into number of logical subnets. In the VLAN a group of
users with the demand of high security can be included so that the external users out the VLAN
cannot interact with them. When it comes to logical classification of users in terms of function,
we can consider VLAN as independent from their geographic or physical locations.
Table 3.1-1 IP Subnetting Scheme for Matara branch - SYNTAX SOLUTION
Department Users VLAN
Subnet Net ID
Broadcast ID
IP Range
192.168.10.63
192.168.10.1-
Mask
Developers
55
VLAN
/26
192.168.10.0
10
Finance
25
VLAN
192.168.10.62
/27
192.168.10.64
20
Sales &
20
10
VLAN
/27
192.168.10.96
10
/28
192.168.10.128 192.168.10.143 192.168.10.129-
5
/28
192.168.10.144 192.168.10.159 192.168.10.145-
VLAN
192.168.10.158
/29
192.168.10.160 192.168.10.167 192.168.10.161-
60
Team
Legal
192.168.10.142
50
Care
Network
VLAN
5
VLAN
192.168.10.166
/29
192.168.10.168 192.168.10.179 192.168.10.169-
70
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192.168.10.127 192.168.10.95192.168.10.126
40
Customer
192.168.10.65192.168.10.94
30
Marketing
HR
VLAN
192.168.10.95
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I have already discussed about different network devices I have used in the network design of
Matara branch under Network Devices part above. So now I am going to discuss about
networking software that I have to use to design the network.
3.1.3 Wireshark
Wireshark is very famous Network Analyzer, an important tool for any qualified network
administrator. Following are some characteristics of Wireshark. (Wireshark, n.d.)

Track real time network traffic.

Helps with network troubleshooting issues.

Intercepts traffic and transforms the binary traffic to a readable format for users.
3.1.4 FileZilla
It is an Open-Source tool that allows users to transfer files to remote computer from a local
computer. Followings are some features of FileZilla.

Available in both the client and the server versions.

It can create and store a list of FTP servers and associated connection data and FileZilla
similar to a file manager, allowing a user to modify files and folders and providing a
drag-and-drop capability between local and remote directories.

FileZilla can Windows, Mac and Linux.

It supports protocols for FTP, SFTP and FTPS.
3.1.5 PuTTy
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PuTTy is a Terminal Emulator for Windows and Linux. It provides a text user interface to
remote computers running any of its supported protocols, including SSH and Telnet.
3.1.6 Networked Diagram for Matara Branch
Figure 3.1.1 Design of Networked System of Matara branch SYNTAX SOLUTION
3.2
User Feedbacks about Networked System
As the Network Consultant and the designer of the networked system of Matara branch, I have
created a customer feedback form to get the feedbacks of this networked system. Users have
left their feedbacks by representing their department. Following are the screenshots of their
responses.
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After analyzing the customer feedbacks, I think that the designed system is perfect as an
overall. But I have discussed with the users who has left some negative feedbacks for some
questions of the forum and got more details from them and did my best to make the networked
system a reliable, efficient one as much as I can.
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3.3
Installing and Configuring the Network Services and Applications
3.3.1 Windows Server
There are several Operating System vendors in the market such as Cisco, Microsoft, and Linux
etc. Based on our scenario, we are going to use the Operating System that is built by Microsoft.
There are several versions introduced by the Microsoft such as Windows server 2003, server
2008, server 2012 and Windows Server 2016. According to the scenario Matara of SYNTAX, I
suggest Windows Server Operating System 2012, the reason I did not choose the latest operating
system 2016, because it’s the latest version launched by the Microsoft, it includes some bugs,
and it crashes sometimes. Therefore, I highly recommend 2012 and we can have an error free
network.
Figure 3.3.1 Windows Server 2012
Steps to Install & Configure MS Server 2012
1. After boot the server .iso image file take the defaults on the Language screen, and click
Next.
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2. Then Click Install now on the install screen.
3. Then read License Agreement, Turn on Checkbox “I accept the license terms,” and then
click Next.
4. Click Custom: Install Windows only (Advanced).
5. Select the disk you will be installing on. If you do not want to change drive options
(optional), Click Next.
6. It will then start copying files. This will take a while (could be 20 mins or so depending
on hardware performance).It will reboot a couple times (automatically).
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7. Enter a new password for this computer. It must meet complexity requirements. Reenter the password in the second password box, and then click Finish.
8. Press Ctrl-Alt-Delete at the same time to get the login screen.
9. That’s all ,now you can experience windows server OS.
3.3.2 DHCP Server
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol used to provide quick, automatic,
and central management for the distribution of IP addresses within a network. DHCP is also
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used to configure the proper subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server information on the
device.
Steps to Configure DHCP Server
1. Go to “Server Manager” → Manage → Add Roles and Features.
2. Select the Role-based or feature-based installation option → click next.
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3. From the Roles lists, check the DHCP Server role → click Add Features on the popup
window.
4. Click Install. And finish the installation.
3.3.3 Active Directory
I have already mentioned and discussed about the Active Directory. It runs on Windows Server
and allows administrators to control network resource access and permissions. So, following is
how to configure the Active Directory.
Steps to Configure Active Directory
1. Server Manager, go to Manage, and click Add Roles and Features. It opens the Add
Roles and Features Wizard. Click Next.
2. Select Installation Type, select Role-based or feature-based installation and click next.
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3. Then Select a server from the server pool”. In Server Pool, ensure that the local
computer is selected and click next.
4. After then Select Active Directory Domain Services from Roles.
5. After these steps click Add Features and then click next.
6. Read the information in Active Directory Domain Services page and click next.
7. Confirmation page, click Install to install the roles, role services, or features on the
server.
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8. When the installation is completed, click on Notifications in Server Manager, and click
on the link Promote this server to a domain controller.
9. When the Active Directory Domain Services Configuration Wizard opens, select Add
a new forest and enter Root domain name. Then click Next.
10. Then verify NetBIOS domain name. Click Next.
11. Given Specify locations for AD DS Database folder, Log Files folder, and SYSVOL
folder.
12. The wizard will validate the prerequisites before installing AD DS. When all checks
are passed successfully, click Install.
13. When the installation is completed, click Close to finish the wizard.
14. Active Directory Domain Services have been successfully installed. Your machine will
be rebooted automatically.
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3.4
Network Maintenance
Network maintenance means you have to do what it takes in order to keep a network up and
running and it includes a number of tasks.

Troubleshooting network problems.

Hardware and software installation/configuration.

Monitoring and improving network performance.

Planning for future network growth.

Creating network documentation and keeping it up-to-date.

Ensuring compliance with company policies.

Ensuring compliance with legal regulations.

Securing the network against all kind of threats.
Completing all the above tasks surely make a good maintenance on any network and it helps to
keep the network in order for up and running. (Lessons, n.d.)
3.4.1 Network Maintenance Schedule
Once the network is implemented, maintenance is an important part to be considered.
According to SYNTAX SOLUTION network, the network maintenance should must be
performed in order to identify whether the network runs smoothly and efficiently. Performing a
scheduled maintenance will help to enhance the safety, and the long run of the network.
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Identifying the issues or making modifications on time and performing in a routine
maintenance in the network will be more productive to the business. Matara Branch technical
teams will be in-charge of the network maintenance for the company. Following snapshots
show the network maintenance schedule which was designed to cover every aspect of the
network in an efficient and effective manner.
Table 3.4-1 Network Maintenance Schedule
Action Required
Occurrence
Start Time
Date
Responsible
Personality
Hardware Maintenance
Identifying faults on the
Weekly
6.30 PM
01.09.2022
Engineer
components.
Hardware Termination.
Technical
Weekly
6.30 PM
02.09.2022
Technical
Engineer
Checking the cables
Weekly
6.30 PM
03.09.2022
Engineer
connected.
Check functionality of
Technical
Weekly
6.30 PM
03.09.2022
Technical
Engineer
other peripheral devices.
Taking Backups
Ensuring the backup is
Weekly
8.00 PM
04.09.2022
Admin
running as pre-scheduled.
Checking backup disks.
Network
Weekly
8.00 PM
04.09.2022
Network
Admin
Disks clean up.
Weekly
8.00 PM
04.09.2022
Network
Admin
Check backup logs for
Weekly
8.00 PM
04.09.2022
Network
Admin
errors.
Software Update
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Anti-Virus Update
Daily
10.00 PM
05.09.2022
Technical
Team
Check for any important
Weekly
10.00 PM
05.09.2022
Team
updates
Identifying useless
Technical
Monthly
10.00 PM
05.09.2022
Technical
Team
updates.
Event Logs and Services
Check System, Application
Monthly
8.30 AM
06.09.2022
Analyst
and security logs.
Troubleshoot any found
Monthly
8.30 AM
06.09.2022
Network
Admin
error events and warnings
Checking for security logs.
System
Monthly
8.30 AM
06.09.2022
System
Analyst
Network Performance
Monitor excess traffic
Daily
12.30 AM
06.09.2022
Engineer
utilization.
Network utilization rate.
Network
Weekly
1.00 AM
06.09.2022
Network
Engineer
Check the Up-time of
Monthly
8.30 AM
08.09.2022
Network
Engineer
servers, switchers and
router.
Check and monitor server
Weekly
2.30 AM
08.09.2022
Network
Engineer
performance through the
allocated software
Disk Management
Analyzing disk
Monthly
6.00 PM
08.09.2022
Admin
performance and usage.
Checking the capacity of
Monthly
6.00 PM
08.09.2022
System
Admin
the disks.
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Check for Disk
Monthly
7.00 PM
08.09.2022
Admin
Defragments
Clear unnecessary files.
System
Monthly
7.00 PM
08.09.2022
System
Admin
Security
Check for network
Weekly
7.30 PM
09.09.2022
Admin
security policies.
Check for password
Network
Weekly
8.30 PM
09.09.2022
Network
Admin
policies.
Perform security checks on Monthly
8.30 PM
09.09.2022
Network
Admin
applications and files if
required.
Checking the network and
Monthly
9.30 PM
09.09.2022
Admin
the server security level.
Enable and Check firewall
Network
Monthly
9.30 PM
09.09.2022
Network
Admin
& router logs.
Troubleshoot findings if
required.
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Chapter 4
4.1
Implement the Networked System based on Prepared Design
Implementing a designed network is one of the major criteria in a system network. Written plan
and the Cisco two played a major role in the network so far and has no exceptions when
implementing the network.
The above design is the Cisco design, which I have implemented while taking consideration of
the prepared written plan above. For the two routers I have used 1841 routers. In addition, for
the four switches I have used 2960-24TT switches. When considering the redesign, the
designer has used a serial cable to connect the two routers and I have implemented it in the
Cisco design. In addition, to connect the routers and switches, I have used fast Ethernet cables.
Just as the connectivity of routers and switches, the designer has used Ethernet cables to
connect switches with the end devices.
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4.2
Design Test Case Table
Test Results Against Expected Results
Table 4.2-1 Testcase table of Matara branch of SYNTAX SOLUTION
Tes
t
ID
01
Test Scenario
02
Ping to server
room
03
ping from
192.168.10.0/
26 network to
10.254.1.0/29
network
04
Pinging
among
VLANs with
different
switches
05
Client pc
getting IP
from DHCP
server
05
Access telnet
in Switch
Screenshot
ping from
customer care
department to
developer
department
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Expected
Result
Actual
Result
Pass/Fa
il
Packets:
Sent = 4,
Received
= 4, Lost
= 0 (0%
loss)
Packets:
Sent = 4,
Received
= 4, Lost
= 0 (0%
loss)
Packets:
Sent = 4,
Received
= 4, Lost
= 0 (0%
loss)
Packets:
Sent = 4,
Received
= 4, Lost
= 0 (0%
loss)
Packets:
Sent = 4,
Received
= 4, Lost
= 0 (0%
loss)
Enabling
access
verificatio
n
Packets:
Sent = 4,
Received
= 4, Lost
= 0 (0%
loss)
Packets:
Sent = 4,
Received
= 4, Lost
= 0 (0%
loss)
Packets:
Sent = 4,
Received
= 4, Lost
= 0 (0%
loss)
Packets:
Sent = 4,
Received
= 4, Lost
= 0 (0%
loss)
Packets:
Sent = 4,
Received
= 4, Lost
= 0 (0%
loss)
Access
verificatio
n enabled
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
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07
4.3
Check IP
configuration
in PC
Configure Configure Pass
d
Potential Future Enhancement
Technology is one most gradual development industry in this modern world. Day by day, there
are new technologies, which are rapidly being introduced. Especially, with the improvement in
technology, businesses can obtain a productive and efficient advantage. Based on the solution
that was provided to the Matara branch of SYNTAX SOLUTION, after some time, the current
technologies that are implemented will be outdated. By enhancing and upgrading these, a more
productive networking solution can be expected. The following section describes the
enhancements that should be implemented, when the company feels like they need an
improvement.
4.3.1 Upgrading the cables in the system
Currently, the network is running through coaxial cable within the building premises. In coaxial
cables, it will generate more heat. The company can enhance their network by modifying the
cables to Fiber Optic. These cables have the great capability of transmitting data in higher
bandwidths than the coaxial cables. In fiber optics, laser technology is being used to transmit
data from one destination to another. However, coaxial cables generate more heat, but in fiber
optics, it is ecofriendly and does not generate much heat. Based on the cost fiber optics are
quite expensive than coaxial cables.
4.3.2 Improving the Quality of the Network
When it comes to improving the quality of the network, this will enhance the state of the
network. That means by using branded and qualitative hardware components; it will help to
improve the quality of the network. The current using network hardware components in Matara
branch can be upgraded into higher performance devices that will make the network more
productive. Based on this, the company can replace their old routers with more powerful one;
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this will help to enhance the efficiency of the network. Maintenance is also a prominent process
that is mainly required for a network. A proper scheduled maintenance will help the network to
be free from issues.
4.3.3 Enhancing the Security of the Network
In a network, security is considered as an important factor. The information that is transmitted
and stored in the network should be more secured from hackers and other external parties who
tries to access the information without proper authentication. By creating a strong security
policy will help to protect the network. Network security policies are descriptive solutions,
which outline the policies such as who can access the network and what they can view / modify
and the limitations, and privileges they possess.
Face Recognition Security System & Bio-Metric Door Locks
If we consider the physical security of the network, it is highly important to protect the server
and other network devices confidentially. For this, the company can use ‘Face recognition
security systems’ for the server rooms, where the authenticated persons can access. By using
‘Bio metric door locks’, the company can enhance the physical security of the network within
the company premises.
4.3.4 Scalability
SYNTAX SOLUTION is an emerging IT company in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the growth of the
company will establish more branches with more employees. Based on this, there should be
more sub-network should be implemented which could cost the organization very high. In order
to overcome this situation, the company can implement Virtual Local Area Networks, which
will influence the business positively, where it can connect the branches virtually. When it
comes to scaling the network, Virtual Local Area Networks are more beneficial. The company
already has several Virtual Local Area Networks and they can build on that and enhance the
company by creating different Virtual LANs in different branches.
The above aspects are the main points when considering the fact about enhancing the company
further more. As a network engineer of the company, I think a designer can always think out
from the box and implement more efficient and effective methods to the network design.
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Author Conclusion
This assignment mainly includes the network solutions that are designed for Matara branch of
SYNTAX SOLUTION , by providing a reliable and efficient communication process based on
the identified requirements. As the Network Engineer of the company, I was required to design
and implement a network solution for the company.
In the first activity, I have briefly discussed the benefits and constraints of the different types of
network system and topologies, and I have justified a suitable network topology for Matara
branch. In addition, I have prepared a report on network related technologies and standards that
can be implemented to the solution and have discussed how they would affect the solution. In
that same activity, I have explained the roles of different protocols that would be employed to
the network solution of Matara branch, and I have briefly discussed how they enable the
effective utilization for the solution.
In the second activity, I have designed the comprehensive network solution for Matara branch
and I have explained how the design meets the requirements of the company. In addition, I
have discussed the role of software and hardware components that would be used in the
solution and how the components been utilized to create the network. In the same task, I have
briefly explained the types of servers that will be used in the solution, I have analyzed the
different types of servers in the market, and I have made the best selection.
As the second activity runs down deep, I have obtained the feedback from the users of the
network in Matara branch. Based on that I have briefly analyzed the feedback results and
summarized them by providing graphs.
In the third activity, I have put screenshots, and shown the test cases for the activities. In
addition, I have stated the enhancements that can be implemented to the network system of
Matara branch. The provided network solution of Matara branch can be considered a complete
network solution if the maintenance, backups, monitoring and other activities perform
efficiently and effectively.
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References
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Wikipedia, 2022. Wikipedia. [Online]
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Grading Rubric
Grading Criteria
Achieved
Feedback
LO1 : Examine networking principles and their protocols.
P1
Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types
and standards.
P2
Explain the impact of network topology, communication and
bandwidth requirements.
M1
Compare common networking principles and how protocols
enable the effectiveness of networked systems.
LO2 : Explain networking devices and operations
P3
Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and
server types.
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P4
Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with
relevant networking software.
M2
Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a
server, considering a given scenario regarding cost and
performance optimization.
LO 1 & LO2
D1 Critically evaluate the topology protocol selected for a given
scenario to demonstrate the efficient utilisation of a networking
system.
LO3 : Design efficient networked systems
P5
Design a networked system to meet a given specification.
P6
Test and evaluate the design to meet the requirements and
analyze user feedback.
M3
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Install and configure network services and applications on your
choice.
D2
Design a maintenance schedule to support the networked
system.
LO4 : Implement and diagnose networked systems
P7
Implement a networked system based on a prepared design.
P8
Document and analyze test results against expected results.
M4
Recommend potential enhancements for the networked
systems.
D3
Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid
conclusions.
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