CE0003 Engineering Drawing and Plans BUILDING DRAWINGS LESSON 6 OBJECTIVES ■At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to: − Interpret the symbols and conventions used in working drawings − Formalize the symbols and conventions used in working drawings BUILDING DRAWINGS Building Drawings BUILDING DRAWINGS Introduction A building project requires a complete set of specialized drawings known as a Project Set. These drawings are used by a range of different people like civil engineers, architects, builders, plumbers, electricians and joiners. Project Set includes: Location Plans Site (or block) plans Floor plans Sectional views Elevations Schematic diagrams Illustrations BUILDING DRAWINGS Introduction As a result of many different companies and professions using the project set, all the drawings must be in a standardized format using the same symbols and conventions. BUILDING DRAWINGS Location Plan The location plan identifies the location of a “new” building related to other buildings and the surrounding area. It also helps the builders to plan the layout of the building. An example of a location plan is shown below. BUILDING DRAWINGS Location Plan As you can see, neighboring building, their boundaries and roads and street names are among the information shown. A direction arrow will also be given and indicating where north is. The scale of the drawing depends on the size of the whole building scheme, but is normally 1:1000 or 1:1250. BUILDING DRAWINGS Site or Block Plan Site plans show the site boundary and the outline of the proposed development. Other information can include, trees, drainage, the north pointing arrow and contour lines. The scale of a site plan depends on the size of the building, but usually 1:200. BUILDING DRAWINGS Floor Plan This type of views shows the internal layout of a building. It allows us to see the arrangement of the rooms, the position of windows and doors as well as the thickness of internal and external walls, etc. Floor plans are used by builders, plumbers, electricians and joiners to help plan the construction work and cost of materials. The scale of this type of view depends on the size of the building, but is usually around 1:50. BUILDING DRAWINGS Elevations Elevations are orthographic projections of a building which are produced by an architect or a designer. They are used to show what style the building is. Elevations are also used to show the external appearance and details of a building, for the style of roof to the position and style of windows and doors. BUILDING DRAWINGS Sectional Views A cross section through the side of a building like the one shown below, gives builder, joiners and roofers all the information about how the building should be constructed. For example, details like the choice of materials, the design of the foundations and how all the different parts fit together should all be shown on this type of view. As there may be many different people working with these views, it is important that the correct symbols and conventions are used throughout. BUILDING DRAWINGS Illustrations It is common to but a house these days, before the construction of the house is complete. Rendered illustrations, like the ones shown below, are produced by an architect or graphic designer to promote the house and give potential buyer an idea of what it will look like when it’s complete. The aim is to make the image look realistic and attractive to clients; this can be done by creating a pleasant surrounding. These illustrations are easier for the public to understand as there are not technical graphics to over complicate them. Nowadays, technology has advanced to allow 3D animation “walk through” videos, to give an even clearer representation of a building. BUILDING DRAWINGS Illustrations BUILDING DRAWINGS Schematic Diagrams Heating engineers, electricians and plumbers all work from drawings called schematic diagrams. They are used to present complex 3D installations in an easy to read 3D format. An example of a simplified solar power heating system is shown as a pictorial view on the left and as a basic schematic diagram below. BUILDING DRAWINGS Common Symbols used for: BUILDING DRAWINGS Floor Plan Used by builders, plumbers, bricklayers, electricians and joiners. Location Plan Shows the surrounding housing and environment in the immediate area close to the proposed site. BUILDING DRAWINGS Site Plan Shows trees, contour lines and boundaries related to the proposed plot site. Two Point Perspective View Used to promote and sell house BUILDING DRAWINGS Types of Construction Drawings BUILDING DRAWINGS The building of any structure is described by a set of related drawings that give the builder a complete, sequential, graphic description of each phase of the construction process In most cases, a set of drawings begins by showing the location, boundaries, contours, and outstanding physical features of the construction site and its adjoining areas. Succeeding drawings give instructions for the excavation and disposition of existing ground; construction of foundations and superstructure; installation of utilities, such as plumbing, heating, lighting, air conditioning, interior and exterior finishes which is required to complete the structure. http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf BUILDING DRAWINGS The engineer works with the architect to decide what materials to use in the structure and the construction methods to follow. The engineer determines the loads that supporting members will carry and the strength qualities the members must have to bear the loads. The engineer also designs the mechanical systems of the structure, such as lighting, heating and plumbing systems. The end result is the architectural and engineering design sketches. These sketches guide draftsmen in preparing the construction drawings. http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS Construction or working drawings furnish enough information for the builder to complete an entire project and incorporate all five main groups of drawings such as: Architectural (A) Structural (S) Plumbing (P) Mechanical (M) Electrical (E) http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS In drawings for simple structures, the drawing grouping may be hard to discern because a single drawing may contain both the electrical and mechanical layouts. In complicated structures, a combination of layouts is not possible because of overcrowding. In this case, the floor plan may be traced over and over for separate drawings for the electrical and mechanical layouts. http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS Construction drawings consists mostly of right angle and perpendicular views prepared by draftsmen using standard technical drawing techniques, symbols and other designations. The first section of the construction drawings consists of the site plan, plot plan and floor plans. In this case, the floor plan may be traced over and over for separate drawings for the electrical and mechanical layouts. http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf FIVE MAIN GROUPS OF DRAWINGS ARCHITECTURAL (A) Site Plan Floor Plans Interior/Exterior Elevations Sections http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf FIVE MAIN GROUPS OF DRAWINGS Site Plan Site plan shows the contours, boundaries, roads, utilities, trees, structures and any other significant physical features on or near the construction site. It shows the locations of proposed structures in outline. It also shows corner locations relative to reference lines, shown on the plot, that can be located at the site. http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf FIVE MAIN GROUPS OF DRAWINGS Site Plan http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf FIVE MAIN GROUPS OF DRAWINGS Floor Plan Floor plans are views of a building as though cutting plans were made through the building horizontally. An architectural or structural floor plan shows the structural characteristics of the building at the level of the plane of projection. A mechanical floor plan shows the plumbing and heating systems and any other mechanical components other than those that are electrical. An electrical floor plan shows the lighting systems and any other electrical systems. http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf FIVE MAIN GROUPS OF DRAWINGS Floor Plan It shows the way a floor plan is developed from elevation, to cutting plane to floor plan. http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf FIVE MAIN GROUPS OF DRAWINGS Floor Plan It is a floor plan showing the lengths, thicknesses and character of the outside walls and partitions at the particular floor level. It also shows the number, dimensions, and arrangement of the rooms, the widths and locations of doors and windows, and the locations and character of bathroom, kitchen and other utility features. http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf FIVE MAIN GROUPS OF DRAWINGS Elevations Elevation shows the front, rear and sides of a structure, as it would appear projected on vertical planes. Studying the elevation drawing gives you a working idea of the appearance and layout of the structure. http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf FIVE MAIN GROUPS OF DRAWINGS Elevations The figure shows the elevations for a small building. http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf FIVE MAIN GROUPS OF DRAWINGS Sections Sections provides important information about the heights, materials, fastening and support systems and concealed features of a structure. The cutting plane is not necessarily continuous but as with the horizontal cutting plane in building plans, may be staggered to include as much construction information as possible. Like elevations, sectional views are vertical projections. It also detail drawings drawn to large scale. This aids in reading provides information that cannot be given on elevation or plan views. Sections are classified as typical and specific. http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf FIVE MAIN GROUPS OF DRAWINGS Sections The figure below shows the initial development of a section and how a structure looks when cut vertically by a cutting plane. http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf FIVE MAIN GROUPS OF DRAWINGS STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS (S) Structural drawing is a type of engineering drawing with a plan or set of plans and details for how a building or other structure will be built. Structural drawings are prepared by registered professional engineer’s and based on information provided by architectural drawings. Structural drawings are primarily concerned with the load – carrying members of a structure. http://www.navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch3.pdf FIVE MAIN GROUPS OF DRAWINGS STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS (S) https://www.fiverr.com/canojl/draw-your-structural-plans FIVE MAIN GROUPS OF DRAWINGS PLUMBING PLANS (P) Plumbing plans is a type of technical drawing that shows the system of piping for fresh water going into the building and waste going out, both solid and liquid. https://www.conceptdraw.com/examples/residential-plumbing-plan-drawings EXERCISE 1 Study the building drawing opposite. 1. Identify the symbols A-E on the Floor Plan of the Kitchen. EXERCISE 1 Study the building drawing opposite. 2. Identify the symbols F-H on the floor plan of the bathroom. EXERCISE 2 State the type of view shown at A, B and C. EXERCISE 2 State the type of view shown at A, B and C. EXERCISE 2 State the type of view shown at A, B and C. ASK ANY QUESTION RELATED TO OUR TOPIC FOR TODAY. Do the Exercises on Building Drawings REFERENCES Bethune, J. D. (2008). Engineering graphics with AutoCAD 2009. Prentice Hall Press. Jensen, C. H., Helsel, J. D., & Dennis, R. (2008). Engineering drawing and design. McGraw-Hill. Simmons, C. H., Maguire, D. E., & Phelps, N. (2012). Manual of Engineering Drawing: Technical Product Specification and Documentation to British and International Standards. Butterworth-Heinemann.
