STS REVIEWER MIDTERM 2. Anthropological Definitiontechnology is a human activity. TOPIC 1 Technology as a Way of Revealing - • ➢ Art- a continuous expression of skill and imagination. ➢ Technology- is applied science. Its purpose is for practical and industrial use. It aims to improve life by making tasks more efficient, convenient, and timely. ➢ Questioning- the act of asking questions. It is to satisfy one’s curiosity regarding a certain matter. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) - German philosopher Taught at the University of Freiburg - Joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) and remained to be a member until it was dismantled toward the end of World War II Explains the definitions of technology in his treatise “The Question Concerning Technology” (‘1977) - - “Science and Technology must be taken part as pat of human life that merits reflective and meditative thinking.” ❖ THE ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY 1. Instrumental Definition- technology is a means to an end • Heidegger put forward the ancient concepts aletheia, poiesis, and techne. Aletheia- means unhiddeness or disclosure. Techne- the root of technology; means skill, art, or craft. ❖ POIESIS AS TECHNOLOGY’S WAY OF REVEALING • - - Poiesis- the act of bringing something out of concealment Technology is a form of poiesis- a way of revealing that unconceals the truth. For Aristotle, poiesis means making or producing something for a purpose. It is sometimes used to refer to poetry and composition. ❖ MODERN TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES FORTH - Heidegger characterizes modern technology as a challenging forth since it is very aggressive in its activity. - It makes people think how to do things faster, more effectively, and with less effort - Reduces objects as standing-reservesomething to be disposed of by those who enframes them-humans. With modern technology, revealing never comes to an end. - BRINGING FORTH River Forest Stones Mountains CHALLENGING FORTH Windmill Air pollution Usage of hydrogen dams Waste management ✓ Art is the saving power ✓ Questioning as the Piety of Though - Piety- means obedience and submission. TOPIC 2 The Good Life Bringing forth- humans only give form to what already exists without disruption and control; growing things of nature Challenging forth- humans control the productive process. ❖ ENFRAMING AS MODERN TECHNOLOGY’S WAY OF REVEALING Enframing- a way of ordering (or framing) nature to better manipulate it. - By putting things in a frame, it becomes much easier for humans to control it according to their desires. ❖ ASSUMPTION FOR THE ULTIMATE GOOD • Pleasure • Wealth • Fame and Honor ✓ Which, the real ultimate good is HAPPINESS – living well and doing well Eudaimonia - 1. Calculative Thinking- human desire to put an order to nature to better understand and control it. (it calculates, plans, and investigate) 2. Meditative Thinking- human allow nature to reveal itself to them without the use of force or violence. ✓ People want control and afraid of unpredictability, so calculative thinking is more often used. Enframing is done because people want security. ✓ Enframing blocks poiesis. Happiness or welfare, human flourishing or prosperity Transcends all aspects of life for it is about living well and doing well in whatever one does Happiness is unique to humans for it is a uniquely human function Arete - Excellence of any kind - Moral virtue ❖ Two Types of Virtue - There is no need to posit immaterial entities as sources of purpose. 1. Intellectual Virtue - Only material entities matter. - Virtue of thought - - Achieved through education, time, and experience Matter is what make us attain happiness. - This belief aims that comfort, pleasure, and wealth, are the only highest goals. - Acquired through self-taught knowledge and skills Key Intellectual Virtues i. ii. Wisdom- guides ethical behavior Understanding- gained from scientific endeavors and contemplation ii. - Led by Epicurus The end goals of life is acquiring pleasure - Life is about obtaining and indulging in pleasure because life is limited. - “Eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we die” - If the pleasure is finally gained, happiness remains fixed. 2. Moral Virtue - Virtue of character - Achieved through habitual practice Key Moral Virtues i. ii. iii. Generosity- developed by repeatedly unselfish Temperance- developed by repeatedly resisting and foregoing every inviting opportunity Courage- developed by repeatedly exhibiting the proper action and emotional response in the face of danger. ➢ SCHOOL OF THOUGHT WHICH AIM FOR THE GOOD AND HAPPY LIFE iii. - MATERIALISM Led by Democritus and Leucippus STOICISM (orig. term: Apatheia) - Led by Epicurus One must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic - Happiness can only be attained by a careful practice of apathy. iv. THEISM - Finding the meaning of life using God as a fulcrum of their existence. - v. i. HEDONISM - The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the communion with God. HUMANISM Human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape their own lives - The freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to legislate his own laws; free from shackles of a God that monitors and controls. ➢ UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (UDHR) - The human person has the autonomy to make choices which may enable the flourishing of his/her society. - Human rights should be integral to the journey toward the ultimate good. They should guide humans not only to flourish as individual members of society. - A human rights-based approach to science, technology, and development sets parameters for the appraisal of how science, technology, and development promote human well-being. Thus, the discussion of human rights in the face of changing scientific and technological contexts must not serve as merely decorative moral dimension of scientific and technological policies. - We become more rational when we are able to value and apply the principles of logic and science in our lives. - are the freedoms everyone is entitled to and guaranteed by virtue of being human, TOPIC 3 When Technology and Humanity Cross Technology (Greek word: techne- art and logos- word) - Is a discourse of art ( Buchanan, 2010) - The good life entails living in a just and progressive society whose citizen have the freedom to flourish ➢ ETHICAL DILEMMAS FACED BY TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS i. - ii. - Ethical Dilemma A situation in which a difficult choice has to be made b/w two courses of action, either which entails transgressing a moral principle. Moral Dilemma People, essentially the children who are not capable yet of rationally deciding what is right and wrong, are freely exposed to different things on television, mobile phones, laptops, or computers. - - outlines inalienable human rights that are vital and necessary in the pursuit of good life, explicates the fundamental human rights in 30 articles. THE ARTICLES Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience or under any other limitation of sovereignty Article 3 Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and the security of a person Article 4 No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 5 No one shall be subjected to torture or Article 2 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Article 6 Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other Article 7 status. Furthermore, no distinction All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing
