Levels of Organization Major organ systems of the body Organ Systems Do Not Exist in Isolation • Although the nervous system is so amazing, it cannot function independently – Relies upon supports other systems 1 Cor 12:12-30 • Now the body is not a single part, but many. • But as it is, there are many parts, yet one body. The eye cannot say to the hand, “I do not need you, “nor again the head to the feet, “I do not need you.” Indeed, the parts of the body that seem to be weaker are all the more necessary,and those parts of the body that we consider less honorable we surround with greater honor, and our less presentable parts are treated with greater propriety, whereas our more presentable parts do not need this. • But God has so constructed the body as to give greater honor to a part that is without it, so that there may be no division in the body, but that the parts may have the same concern for one another. If one part suffers, all the parts suffer with it; if one part is honored, all the parts share its joy Health and DiseaseExtremes of a Continuum Good Health Serious Illness We are all somewhere on the line between health and illness (midpoint), and more specifically between the midpoint and good health. Homeostasis and Disease • Homeostasis – all cells, tissues, organs, and systems work to maintain equilibrium –physiology- is the study of normal, healthy bodily function • Disease – disequilibrium –Pathology- study of the nature and cause of disease Pathophysiology • To study the physiology of altered health states • Relies on a thorough understanding of human anatomic structure and physiologic function • Related sciences – Pathology – Morphology – Histology – Microbiology Levels of Prevention • Understanding the mechanisms of disease aids health care providers in disease prevention – Primary prevention • Prohibiting the disease from occurring. – Secondary prevention • early detection and treatment – Tertiary prevention • Rehabilitation of the patient after detection of disease Concept Map Pathogenesis • Origination and development of illness or disease • Composed of – Risk factors (predispose to a particular disease) • Cogenital and Acquired – Precipitating factors (triggers) – Etiology (cause of diesease) • Specific (pathogen), non-specific (multifactorial), • Idiopathic, Nasocomial, Iatrogenic Clinical Manifestations • Signs (objective) vs. Symptoms (subjective) – Symptomatic (with symptoms and/or signs) – Asymptomatic disease (without symptoms and/or signs) • Local (confined) vs. systemic (not confined) • Acute (short-term) vs. chronic (long-term) • Remissions (symptom-free) vs. exacerbations (symptoms flare) • Syndrome- compilations of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disease. Diagnosis, Prognosis, Treatment • Medical Diagnosis: determination of the nature and cause of a patient’s illness. • Clinical history, physical exam, laboratory and diagnostic tests. Prognosis: forecast or prediction concerning the eventual outcome of the disease Excellent or poor • Treatment: measures to relieve symptoms Specific (antibiotic) or symptomatic treatment (alleviate symptoms) Global Health • Epidemiology – Incidence vs. prevalence – Morbidity vs. mortality • Classification of global disease – Endemic – Epidemic – Pandemic Human Diversity • Consider how the following impact the pathogenesis of disease: – Age – Gender – Race – Ethnicity – Socioeconomic status – Locale Screening Tests Screening Tests for Detection of Disease • Should target high incidence groups • Identify characteristic manifestations • Few false positive and false negative – Too sensitive and too specific • Cost effective • Genetic diseases – Dominant or recessive Ionizing and non-ionizing Diagnostic Tests/Procedures 1. Clinical laboratory tests - Determine the concentration of constituents in blood and urine - Evaluate function of organs. 2. Tests of electrical activity - 3. Record electrical impulses associated with bodily functions and activities Radioisotope studies – Administration of substance (radioisotope) to evaluate organ function 4. Cytologic and histologic examinations – Abnormal cells have structural and cellular patterns recognized by the pathologist Diagnostic Tests/Procedures 5. Endoscopy Tubular instrument to examine interior of body 6. Ultrasound Mapping of echoes produced by high-frequency sound waves transmitted into the body 7. X-ray examination (radiograph) X-rays are passed through body; rays leaving body expose an x-ray film. Sometimes contrast agents are used (Barium and Iodine) Diagnostic Tests/Procedures 7. Computed tomography (CT) – 8. Production of images of body in cross section by rotating x-ray tube around patient at various levels Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – 9. Similar to CT scan but uses non-ionizing radiation to construct images based on density of tissues Positron emission tomography (PET) – Injection of biochemical compound into patient, and assessing its distribution and metabolism by measuring the radiation produced T1 images https://www.radiologymasterclass.co.uk/tutorials/mri/t1_and_t2_images Inside and Outside fMRI • Looks at regions that are active during different tasks – Doesn’t show structure, must superimpose on a MRI • Highlights regions that are activated only for a specific task (measures blood flow) – Moving a finger – Performing a calculation – Speech Gamma Knife surgery • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXTxB d1AZYU • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JI305S p_UoU DeepGestalt, outperformed clinicians in identifying a range of syndromes in three trials and could add significant value in personalized care, according to the study published Monday in the journal Nature Medicine.
