The issue of constitutional and human rights discourse has been utterly and persistently
absent in these enclaves. In a perplexing political delineation of the Indian subcontinent, the
residents had been notably pushed beyond the scope of constitutional compass and legal
entitlement. A very long time of their perpetual statelessness might be evaluated retroactively
as a case of rights deprivation and abandonment that was mismanaged and neglected. It is
acceptable to regard this statelessness as a profound and long-lasting wrong. The inhabitants
had been unwitting victims of a harsh historical trajectory. While the rest of the subcontinent
celebrated their encounter with freedom and modernity, these people were left precariously
adrift in a condition of statelessness for over seven decades. Interestingly, while the 'to be
septuagenarian soon' Indian democracy stands with its procedural success and due credit,
cases like the lives of the discussed dwellers continue to pique the interest of social science
students and compels one to critically examine the significance of our democratic and
constitutional ethos.
As previously stated, the bulk of low-income members are digitally disconnected. As the
COVID-19 epidemic compelled more people to utilize technology, the digitally unconnected
community fell further behind. Digital isolation is frequently caused by a lack of basic
educational proficiency and difficult economic situations (as presented in Figure 2, Figure 3
and Figure 4). Pottery makers, enclave area members, and tea garden employees, for
example, mentioned being completely separated from technology usage due to their lack of
literacy and inability to acquire cell phones. It refers to a community that is digitally
unconnected and so isolated from many types of assistance.
According to the studies, 55% of the population is classified as extremely poor. The
government should assist in their development, improve food security, and improve the
nutrition of those living in enclaves.
According to the findings of this study, the majority of the elderly (71.5%) in Chitmahal
districts were neglected and mistreated in some way. They were mistreated psychologically
(50.4%), monetarily (60.4%), physically (1.5%), and emotionally (1.5%). The majority of
them were neglected by family members, which was particularly common in homes with low
monthly income and spending. The common significant factors for different types of abuse
and neglected status of the aging peoples of Chitmahal areas in Bangladesh are age of elder
people, educational level, previous and present occupation of respondents, ownership of
house, monthly family income and expenditure, people's participation in social occasion. The
total findings revealed a tight association between the elderly's mistreated and neglected
status and their socioeconomic, educational background, and family economic state. This
information must be effectively exploited in the development of appropriate social and
motivational programs for senior families in the Chitmahal districts and throughout the
country by NGO's and government efforts. The majority of them were ignored by family
members and outsiders. The study also revealed that the elderly are vulnerable to elder
neglect and abuse due to their age, illiteracy, former and current employment of respondents,
people's respect in social occasions, and the uttermost economic dependency of the already
impoverished family. The total data appear to indicate a tight association between senior
abuse and neglect and their socioeconomic, educational, and family economic circumstances.
There was also a strong correlation observed between senior neglect and food intake
opportunities and food requests met by family members. This knowledge must be
scientifically applied in the development of appropriate social and motivational programs for
senior families in the Chitmahal districts and across the country by Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGO's) and government initiatives. We should remember that elderly people
realize the value of "being" above "having." Human cultures would be better off if they
learned to capitalize on the charismas of old age. (Awal, Majumder, & Md., 2020)
The issue of constitutional and human rights discourse has been utterly and persistently
absent in these enclaves. In a perplexing political delineation of the Indian subcontinent, the
residents had been notably pushed beyond the scope of constitutional compass and legal
entitlement. A very long time of their perpetual statelessness might be evaluated retroactively
as a case of rights deprivation and abandonment that was mismanaged and neglected. It is
acceptable to regard this statelessness as a profound and long-lasting wrong. The inhabitants
had been unwitting victims of a tragic historical trajectory. While the rest of the subcontinent
celebrated their encounter with freedom and modernity, these people were left precariously
adrift in a condition of statelessness for over seven decades. Interestingly, while the 'to be
septuagenarian soon' Indian democracy stands with its procedural success and due credit,
cases like the lives of the discussed dwellers continue to pique the interest of social science
students and compels one to critically examine the significance of our democratic and
constitutional ethos.
On average, schooling in Chitmahal is not adequate. They were truly educated deprived. The
citizens of the enclaves are likewise worried about their children's education. The entire
educational system is in disarray. They are economically poor because they lack working
opportunities. They are battling for their life, and the government should pay greater attention
to them in areas like as education, law and order, local administration, health, and
communication. Otherwise, they will be unable to enter the mainstream. Education was a
lofty goal for most enclave residents, and it was difficult to achieve.
As a result, the literacy rate was extremely low. However, the situation has altered
considerably after the enclaves were merged with the main territory of Bangladesh. These nostate residents have finally received their identification as well as other benefits as citizens of
the country. The government, community members, and non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) are currently creating educational facilities for the people in these locations. Students
attend school in all enclaves, and opportunities for higher education are now available.
However, in other cases, the amenities supplied to enclave children are insufficient in
comparison to mainland youngsters. Furthermore, the survey showed that improved
infrastructure is one of the most important demands for the growth of enclave children's
education.
Thirty-two percent of inhabitants live in straw and mud wall dwellings with side walls made
of tin, bamboo, or other low-cost materials, while impoverished households (29%) have walls
made of jute sticks. Agriculture, especially agricultural day labor, is the primary source of
income in these areas (80%). Non-farm activities (20%) are primarily restricted to retail sales
and rickshaw van hauling. There are no formal educational institutes sponsored by the
government or the private sector in unified enclave areas, but people in enclave areas have
recently built new structures with signboards on their lands with their own money in the hope
that their relatives and peers will get jobs if the government approves the scheme. In the
consolidated enclave zones, there are no community clinics or primary healthcare facilities.
The majority of respondents (76%) seek treatment from the village doctor and Kobiraj,
followed by the upazilla health care center (13%), and the community clinic (5%). Ninetytwo percent of home births were attended by family or midwives. Almost 92% of females
married before the age of 18. According to the survey, 88% of respondents were victims of
dowry, yet there is no eve-teasing in the united enclaves because to strong familial and
societal bonds. The main challenges with their livelihoods include a lack of irrigation
infrastructure and quality agricultural supplies, a lack of training, and a lack of marketing
facilities for agricultural products. The principal challenges of united enclaves include
insufficient assistance and training in agriculture, livestock, and fisheries, a lack of healthcare
centers and educational institutions, poor road transit infrastructure, and insufficient
agricultural credit facilities. To enhance the lives of people in united enclaves, it is necessary
to provide excellent agricultural inputs and irrigation infrastructure, agricultural product
marketing facilities, contemporary farming training, and agricultural financing with reduced
interest rates. Landless individuals may benefit from group or community-based fish, poultry,
or cow farming. To develop a micro or small business venture, low-cost financing is required.
Various government entities have taken various steps to enhance the lives of those living in
united enclaves. However, government programs will not be sufficient to fulfill the diverse
requirements of individuals living in cohesive enclaves. Private sector involvement would
solve a variety of development requirements in the area.
In the consolidated enclaves, about 80% of the population is impoverished. Education, health,
and sanitation are all major issues. Many people own homestead land but lack the funds to
build a house. Before the handover, many enclave people resided in Bangladesh and in
enclaves. Some people acquired land in Bangladesh before national identity cards were
required for land registration. Agriculture provides the majority of the area's income (80%),
including agricultural day labor. Non-farm activities (20%) are primarily restricted to retail
sales and rickshaw van hauling. There were no formal educational institutes sponsored by the
government or private sector in unified enclave areas, but many people in enclave areas built
such structures on their lands with their own money in the hope that their relatives and peers
would get jobs if the government approved the scheme. The lack of a community clinic or
basic healthcare services drives them to seek treatment from local physicians and Kobiraj.
Except in a few cases, almost 92% of births were attended by relatives or midwives at home,
resulting in a higher infant and mother death rate. The rate of early marriage is greater than
the national average. Dowry is a common problem in cohesive enclaves, but there is no eveRing Slab with a standard barrier. Ring Slab with 56% wall, 7% open, and 37% teasing as a
result of their strong familial and societal bonds. Inadequate irrigation infrastructure and
agricultural inputs such as quality seed, fertilizer, and pesticides, as well as a lack of training
and marketing facilities for agricultural inputs, are important issues affecting their
livelihoods. Inadequate support and training in agriculture, livestock, and fisheries sectors for
farming or other income-generating activities, a lack of healthcare centers and educational
institutions, poor road transportation facilities, and insufficient loan facilities for agriculture
or any farming, as well as problems with unified enclaves. Despite the fact that the studied
region has several livelihood challenges, growth prospects are many. Initiatives may have
been launched to make high-quality agricultural input available to farmers in united enclaves.
A solar irrigation system may be installed in the united enclaves regions to improve irrigation
and agriculture output. Improved seed supply is required for increased yield. In united
enclave regions, agricultural extension staff should be appointed/deputed. Training,
especially for women, in cow rearing can help animal production. Landless individuals may
benefit from group or community-based fish, poultry, or cow farming. To develop a micro or
small business venture, low-cost financing is required.
Interest-free loans might also be explored for the education of children from low-income
households, as well as the formation of IGAs for women. Technical education can be fostered
among boys and girls in united enclaves through the interest-free education loan plan. Youth
training program to prepare them to be self-employed. After training, poor families might be
given cows and interest-free loans. Establishment of a sales center or guarantee of fair farm
produce prices to producers It is necessary to build private community healthcare clinics.
Women would get skill development training, while men would receive awareness training
on pregnancy and delivery care. Various government entities have taken various steps to
enhance the lives of those living in united enclaves. However, government programs will not
be sufficient to fulfill the diverse requirements of individuals living in cohesive enclaves.
Private sector intervention can meet a variety of development requirements in the area. (A. K.
M. Zakaria, 2020)
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