Hasanboy Abdullayev
Husanboy Abdullayev
Wisdom
English-Uzbek
Essential
Dictionary
TОSHKENT
“DAVR PRESS” NMU
Ushbu toʿplamda kundalik hayotimizda eng koʿp qoʿllaniladigan inglizcha soʿzlar jamlangan. Shuningdek, ingliz tili grammatikasiga asoslangan holda sinonim va antonimlardan keng foydalanildi. Soʿzlarning maʾnolari keng qamrovli tarzda tushuntirildi.
Lugʿat maktab oʿquvchilari, litsey va kollej talabalari, oliy oʿquv
yurtlariga oʿqishga kirishga tayyorgarlik koʿrayotganlar, oliy
oʿquv yurtlarining talabalari, shuningdek, barcha ingliz tilini
mustaqil oʿrganuvchilar uchun moʿljallangan.
Barcha huquqlar amaldagi qonunlarga asosan himoyalangan.
“DAVR PRESS” nashriyot-matbaa uyining yozma ruxsatisiz ushbu nashrni qisman yoki to‘liq holda boshqa ommaviy axborot vositalarida elektron
yoki mexanik ko‘rinishda ko‘chirib bosish, magnit tashuvchi vositalarda
tarqatish qat’iy taqiqlanadi.
ISBN 978-9943-4886-5-6
© “DAVR PRESS” NMU, 2017
3
Bu kitob kim uchun va nima uchun?
Yaqinda ingliz tilshunoslari tomonidan bir tajriba o‘tkazildi. Tajribada har
xil sohadagi bir nechta odam tanlab olindi va kunning boshida ularga suhbatlarni yozib oluvchi moslamalar biriktirilib, ulardan odatdagidek erkin muloqot
qilishlari so‘raldi. Kun oxirida esa yozib olingan suhbatlar qayta eshitilib, ishlatilgan so‘zlar soni sanab chiqildi va ular o‘rtacha 8,000 ta so‘z va iboralarni
tashkil qildi. Tajriba shuni ko‘rsatdi-ki, ingliz tilidagi mavjud 600,000 dan ziyod so‘zlardan kundalik hayotda faqatgina 8,000 tasi faol ishlatiladi, xolos. Bu
lug‘atda esa boshqa yana uchrashi mumkin bo‘lgan faol so‘z va iboralar bilan
birga eng faol 10,000 dan ortiq so‘z va iboralar joy olgan.
Bu lug‘atni yaratishdan asosiy maqsadimiz, o‘quvchilarning qimmatli vaqt
va sa’y-harakatlarini, birinchi galda mana shu eng kerakli so‘zlarga qaratishdan
iborat. Biz dunyo tan olgan adabiyot va lug‘atlar ichidan eng faol 10,000 dan
ziyod so‘z va iboralarni ajratib oldik. O‘quvchilar bu so‘zlarni oson va yaxshi
eslab qolishlari uchun ular ishtirokidagi gap va misollar, shu bilan birga ularning sinonim va antonimlari ham berib o‘tilgan. Bu lug‘atning boshqa lug‘atlardan yana bir asosiy farqi — so’z va iboralarga izohlar berib o‘tilganidadir.
Izohlarda o‘rganuvchilarni qiynab kelayotgan savol va muammolar, jumladan,
so‘zning boshqa o‘xshash so‘zlar bilan farqi; rasmiy va norasmiy ko‘rinishlari;
qanday foydalanish qonun-qoidalari; ham grammatik, ham amaliy tushuntirishlar; Amerika va Britaniya shevalaridagi tafovutlar har qanday yoshdagi va
sohadagi odamlar tushuna oladigan sodda tilda yoritib o‘tilgan.
Bu lug‘at har qanday bosqichdagi ingliz tili o‘rganuvchilariga qisqa muddat ichida nafaqat so‘z boyliklarini keng qamrovda oshirishlariga, balki ularning asl ma’nolarini to‘liq anglab yetishlariga va ulardan to‘g‘ri va erkin tarzda foydalana olishlariga to‘laqonli ravishda yordam beradi.
Bir so‘z bilan aytganda, bu lug‘at zerikarli, qiyin bo‘lgan so‘z yodlash jarayonini qiziqarli, oson, samarali va maroqli mashg‘ulotga aylantiradi.
Tanlang, foydalaning, faqat olg‘a intiling va muvaffaqiyatga erishing!
Batafsil ma’lumot www.dictionary.wisdom.uz saytida
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Shaxsiy ma‘lumotlar
Ismingiz ........................................................................................
Familiyangiz ................................................................................
Otangizning ismi ..........................................................................
Uy manzilingiz .............................................................................
Telefon raqamingiz .......................................................................
Elekron pochtangiz ......................................................................
O‘quv dargohingiz .......................................................................
Ish joyingiz ...................................................................................
Qiziqishlaringiz ............................................................................
Shug‘ullanadigan sport turingiz ..................................................
Mutolaa qilgan kitoblaringiz .......................................................
5
Alifbo
A a .................................................[eɪ]
B b .................................................[biː]
C c .................................................[siː]
D d .................................................[diː]
E e .................................................[iː]
F f ..................................................[ef]
G g .................................................[dʒiː]
H h.................................................[eɪtʃ]
I i ...................................................[aɪ]
J j...................................................[dʒeɪ]
K k.................................................[keɪ]
L l ..................................................[el]
M m ...............................................[em]
N n .................................................[ɛn]
O o .................................................[əʊ]
P p .................................................[piː]
Q q.................................................[kjuː]
R r .................................................[ɑː, ar]
S s ..................................................[es]
T t ..................................................[tiː]
U u .................................................[juː]
V v .................................................[viː]
W w ...............................................[‘dʌbljuː]
X x .................................................[eks]
Y y .................................................[waɪ]
Z z .................................................[zɛd, ziː]
a
A
A
a ★ |eɪ| noaniq artikl; “a” noaniq artikli
undosh tovushlardan oldin ishlatiladi: • a
man/horse/unit • a UN declaration. “an” noaniq artikli esa unli tovushlar oldidan ishlatiladi: • an aunt/egg/hour/x-ray • an FM
radio. • an MP3 file 1 (hali tinglovchi yoki
o‘quvchiga noma’lum bo‘lgan, birlikdagi
sanaladigan otlar oldidan ishlatiladi), odatda, tarjima qilinmaydi, lekin “bir, bitta, qandaydir bitta, birorta” degan ma’nolarini tushunish mumkin • There’s a visitor for you.
• She’s a friend of my father’s (=dadamning
do‘stlaridan biri). • I have an idea. • Suddenly Ppeter saw an eagle • Mary lived in a nice
little house • We have a problem. • He’s a really nice man. • Take a look at this. • It needs
a good clean. • I haven’t got an umbrella. •
I’m just going to have a wash. • I want you to
meet a friend of mine. • There was a knocking at the door. • I have exciting news for
you. • You need a dictionary. • I haven’t got
an umbrella. • Children must be accompanied by an adult. ► a/an, the or zero article? Qisqacha va umumiy qilib aytganda,
noma’lum, sanaladigan va birlikdagi otlarga a/an artiklidan; (sanaladigan, sanalmaydigan; ko‘plikda yoki birlikda bo‘lishidan
qat’i nazar) aniq va ma’lum otlarga the artiklidan; sanalmaydigan noma’lum otlarga
yoki umumiy ko‘plikdagi otlarga esa zero
article dan foydalaniladi (ya’ni hech qanday artikl ishlatilmaydi): • I met a beautiful
lady on my way yesterday. (=Qandaydir bir
(men tanimagan, menga noma’lum) chiroyli
ayolni uchratdim). The beautiful lady was
wearing light in such cold weather (=O‘sha
(men kecha yo‘limda uchratgan) chiroyli
ayol shunday sovuq havoda yengil kiyinib
olgan edi). You know, beautiful ladies try to
show their beauty all the time. (=O‘zingiz
bilasiz-ku, chiroyli ayollar (hamma, butun
dunyodagi chiroyli ayollar) doim o‘z chiroylarini ko‘z-ko‘z qilishga harakat qilishadi).
2 sifat yoki aniqlovchi bilan kelgan sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan ham ishlatilishi
mumkin • Candidates must have a good
knowledge of chemistry. • Use a good cheese
to make the sauce. • He has a great love of
music. • He felt a sadness that won’t go away
• Plants won’t grow in a soil that contains
too much lime. • It’s a relief to know they’re
safe. • What a shame he couldn’t be there to
receive the prize! 3 biror turdagi narsa yoki
odamlar jamoasining har qanday bir vakili
haqida umumiy gap ketganda • A lion is a
dangerous animal. • A square has four sides.
• A child needs love and affection. • A teacher
needs to have a lot of patience. 4 biror narsa yoki shaxsni biror bir toifa yoki guruhga
tegishliligi aytilganda • Their new car’s a
BMW. • She’s a Buddhist. • He’s a teacher.
• Is that a Monet (=Monetning asarimi)? •
6
Experts think the painting may be a Picasso
• He’s a liar and a cheat. 5 ikki bir turdagi
narsalar jamlab aytilganida • Does everyone
have a knife and fork? • I’ll fetch you a cup
and saucer. 6 bir (one) sonining o‘rnida • A
thousand people were there. • You’ll have to
wait an hour or two. ► a/an or one? A/an
artikli one sonining o‘rnida faqat yaxlit sonlarga nisbatangina ishlatilishi mumkin: • a
thousand/hundred/million; boshqa murakkab sonlarga nisbatan esa doim one sonidan foydalaniladi, a artiklidan emas: • one
thousand one hundred twenty four (a thousand a hundred twenty four) Songa urg‘u
berilganda one va narsaning o‘ziga urg‘u
berilganda esa a(n) artiklidan foydalaniladi: • Could you bring a (one) cup of coffe?
• I asked you for (a) one cup of coffe not two.
Vaqtlarga nisbatan ham one so‘zidan ko‘ra
ko‘proq a/an artikllaridan foydalaniladi: •
I’d been reading this book for a day/week/
month/an hour. Artikl o‘rniga one soni,
asosan, urg‘uni yanada kuchaytirish maqsadida ishlatiladi va urg‘u one soniga tushadi: • Where have you been!? I’ve been
waiting for you for one hour! 7 vaqt, narx,
o‘lchov birligi, miqdor va darajalardan oldin (... -i/iga/da) = per • They cost 50p a kilo
(=kilosi). • I can type 50 words a minute (=bir
minutda/minutiga). • He was driving at 50
miles an hour (=soatiga). • I get paid once a
month (=bir oyda). ► “Bir oyda/yilda” kabi
so‘zlarda in predlogi ishlatilmaydi: • I come
to Wisdom three times a week. (... three times
in a week) 8 kimgadir o‘xshatilganda • She’s
a little Hitler. • She was hailed as a new Marilyn Monroe. • Already he is being hailed as
a young Albert Einstein. 9 (notanish kimsaga nisbatan) qandaydir, bitta • There’s a
Mrs Green to see you. (=Siz bilan qandaydir
Janob Grin ko‘rishmoqchi — u o‘zini Janob
Grin deb tanishtirgan va kotiba uni tanimaydi) • There is a Mr Tom Wilkins on the
phone. 10 (aniq bo‘lmagan vaqtlar oldidan)
qaysidir, bir • She died on a Tuesday. • We
arrived in England on a cold wet Sunday in
1963. • I can’t remember a Christmas like it.
• It’s been a very wet June. 11 (idishi bilan
nazarda tutilgan ichimliklar oldidan) bir,
bitta • Can I get you a coffee (=bir krushka
qaxva)? • Renwick went to the bar and ordered a beer. 12 oilaning bir a’zosi haqida
gap ketganda • One of his daughters had
married a Rothschild. • Remember you’re
an Osborne — it’s a name to be proud of. ►
Lekin butun oila nazarda tutilgan oila nomlari (ko‘pincha -s qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilgan
familiyalar) oldidan the artikli ishlatiladi,
a/an emas: • The Robertsons (=Robertsonlar oilasi) are on holiday. • Yesterday we met
with the Clintons.
7
above
she so angry about? • There’s something
abandon |əˈbændən| v 1 tashlab ketmoq,
strange about him. ► be about sth, convoz kechmoq = desert, leave (inf) walk out
cern, regarding or deal with sth? Yengil
on ≠ stay with • His mother abandoned
ma’no va vaziyatlarda ko‘pincha be about
him when he was five days old. • I’m sorry I
sth dan foydalaniladi. Rasmiy va jiddiy vaziabandoned you like that. • [~ sb to sth] The
yatlarda esa, asosan, concern va deal with
study showed a deep fear among the elderly
sth birikmalaridan foydalaniladi: • The stoof being abandoned to the care of strangers.
ry concerns a man who was a friend of mine.
2 to‘xtatmoq, oxiriga yetkazmaslik, chaKundalik hayotda esa, odatda, be about sth
la qoldirmoq, voz kechmoq, tugatmasdan
yoki (asosan BrEda) is/has to do with sth
tashlab qo‘ymoq = give up, drop, stop ≠
so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • The book is
keep, retain • The company has decided to
about women’s experiences of war. Rasabandon the project. • We abandoned the
miy vaziyatlarda gapning boshida About...,
idea of setting up a London office. • They
so‘zidan ko‘ra Regarding... yoki With regard
abandoned the match because of rain.
to... birikmalaridan ko‘proq foydalaniladi:
abbreviation |əˌbriːviˈeɪʃn| n qisqartma
• About my wages, I kindly request that you
= shortened form, short form, contraction
review the situation → Regarding to/With
≠ full form [~ of/for sth] • What’s the abregard to my wages, I kindly request that you
breviation for “Saint”? • AC is the standard
review the situation. 2 asosiysi, dardi, g‘ami,
abbreviation for “air conditioning”. ► Kunmaqsadi • Movies are all about making modalik hayotda be the abbreviation of/for
ney these days. • What was all that about? •
o‘rnida ko‘pincha be short for yoki stand
It’s all about money, and who’s got the most.
for iboralaridan foydalaniladi: • W.H.O. is
3 cha(masi),­ taxminan,­ atrofida = roughly,
short for “World Health Organization”. •
approximately: • It costs about $10. • They
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency
waited (for) about an hour. • He arrived (at)
Syndrome.
about ten. 4 deyarli = nearly • I’m just about
ABC |ˌeɪ biː ˈsiː| n sl (BrE) (AmE ABCs pl)
ready. • This is about the best we can hope
alif­bo­• Do you know your ABC? • He’s learnfor. • “Have you finished?” “Just about.” • It’s
ing his ABC at school.
just about the worst mistake anyone could
ability ★ |əˈbɪləti| n (pl -ies) qobiliyat,
make. 5 atrof(ida/iga) = around, round •
iste’dod, mahorat, salohiyat = capacity, talWe spent the whole afternoon walking about
ent ≠ inability • [~ to do sth] I admire his
town. • Books were scattered about the
ability to stay calm in difficult situations. •
room. • People were rushing about, trying to
The test measures your mathematical abilfind the driver. ● be about to do sth ★
ity. • I try to do my job to the best of my
ability. ► Ability so‘zidan keyingi kelgan
endi(gina) biror narsa qilmoqchi bo‘lmoq
fe’l­ doim­ infinitiv­ shaklida­ bo‘ladi:­ [ability­ • We were about to go home (=Endigina
+ to do sth] • Imagination is the ability to
uyga ketmoqchi bo‘lib turgan edik) when
make up pictures in your mind. (... ability of
you arrived. • I was just about to ask you the
same thing. do sth about sth (bo‘yicha)
making ...) • The ability to speak English has
nimadir qilmoq • If we don’t do something
become extremely important.
about it, the problem is going to get worse.
able ★ |ˈeɪbl| adj ● be able to qila olmoq,
• There’s nothing you can do about it now. •
uddalay olmoq, qo‘lidan kelmoq, uddasidan
What can be done about the rising levels of
chiqmoq = capable of, can ≠ unable, incapollution? how/what about? ★ -chi, -ga
pable • They weren’t able to find the house.
• Will you be able to come to the meeting?
nima deysan? • I’m not going. How about
• You must be able to speak French for this
you? • We can’t find a new chairperson for
job. • I haven’t been able to get any more
the club - What about Sarah? • How about
information. • I’m sorry that I wasn’t able
we go for a meal? • How about going for a
to phone you yesterday. ► be able to, can,
walk? • What about a break? • How about a
could or manage to? → can1
salad for lunch?
abolish |əˈbɑːlɪʃ| v rasman bekor qilmoq = above ★ |əˈbʌv| prep 1 -dan yuqori/tepa =
put an end to, get rid of ≠ retain, create •
over, higher (up) than ≠ below, under • The
This tax should be abolished. • Britain aboliplane was flying above the clouds. • She’s
shed slavery in 1807.
rented a room above a shop. • Her name
about ★ |əˈbaʊt| adv, prep 1 haqida,
comes above mine on the list. 2 oshgan,
yuqori = more than, over, greater than ≠ bebo‘yicha, borasida = regarding, concerning
low, less than • If you are above 18, you have
• He told me all about his operation. • What
to pay the full fare. • Inflation is above 6%.
do you want to speak to the doctor about?
• The temperature in the street was above
• I don’t know what you’re on about (=nima
30 degrees. • At prices above £20, nobody
deyotganingni). • He lied about his age. •
will buy it. ► above or over? Above va
About that car of yours, how much are you
over ikkalasi ham biror narsaning tepasida,
selling it for? • Tell me all about it. • What’s
A
abroad
A
muallaq turgan narsalarga nisbatan ishlatilishi mumkin: • They built a new room
above/over the garage. Lekin biror narsaning aynan tepasida emas balkim boshqa
yeridan/qismidan tepada bo‘ladigan bo‘lsa,
u holda over emas above ishlatiladi: • We
have got a little house above the lake (... over
the lake). Ammo ish harakatni ifodalab kelganda esa faqat over predlogidan foydalaniladi: • They jumped over the stream. Over
shu bilan birga “qoplash, o‘rash” ma’nolarida ham kelishi mumkin: • He put a blanket
over the sleeping child. • There is cloud over
the South of England. Above va over “...dan
yuqori, tepa” ma’nolarida ham kelishlari
mumkin. Above asosan balandlik, sath, darajalarning minimum yoki maksimumlariga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • 2 000 feet above
sea level • Temperatures will not rise above
zero tonight. Over esa asosan son, yosh, pul
va vaqtga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • He’s over
50. • It costs over £100. • We waited over 2
hours. ● above all ★ hammasidan ham,
eng asosiysi/muhimi, avvalambor = most
importantly, before/beyond everything,
first­ of­ all­ • Above all, I’d like to thank my
family. • Above all, I’d say I value kindness. ■
adv yuqori, tepa = overhead, on/at the top
• Put it on the shelf above. • Seen from above
the cars looked tiny. • A score of 70 or above
will get you an “A”. • The letter was sent to
the above address.
abroad |əˈbrɔːd| adv (asosan, BrEda) chetel, xorij = overseas, out of the country •
They’ve gone abroad on holiday. • to be/go/
travel/live abroad • She worked abroad for
a year. • He was famous, both at home and
abroad.
absence |ˈæbsəns| n |U,C| yo‘qlik, kelmaslik, qatnashmaslik, bor/mavjud bo‘lmaslik
= lack ≠ presence • [~ from …] She did not
explain her absence from the meeting. • repeated absences from school • Mark will be
in charge in my absence. • In the absence of
the chairman, his deputy took over.
absent |ˈæbsənt| adj kelmagan, yo‘q bo‘lgan
= away, off, out ≠ present • Ten of the staff
are absent with flu. • [~ from …] John has
been absent from school/work for three days
now. • We drank a toast to absent friends. •
A new manager was appointed during/in
her absence. ► Kundalik hayotda ish bilan
yoki ta’tilga ketgan shaxslarga nisbatan
absent so‘zi o‘rniga ko‘proq away so‘zidan
foydalaniladi: • He’s away at the moment.
He’s gone to Hawaii. Agarda bironta shaxs
o‘z o‘rnida bo‘lmasa, u shaxsga nisbatan
absent so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘pincha not there/
here so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • I called in
to see her but she wasn’t there. • I’m afraid
he’s not here at the moment. Can I take your
message?
8
absolute |ˈæbsəluːt| adj mutlaqo, to‘liq,
mutlaq, butunlay = complete, total ≠ partial,­ qualified­ • absolute confidence/trust/
silence/truth • There’s absolute rubbish on
television tonight. • He must earn an absolute fortune. • He’s an absolute idiot!
absolutely ★ |ˈæbsəluːtli| adv 1 mutlaqo,
butunlay, umuman = completely, totally,
definitely,­ exactly (inf) dead ≠ partially, in
no way • You’re absolutely right. • Are you
absolutely certain you saw him? • She absolutely adores you. • He’s an absolutely brilliant cook. 2 albatta, bo‘lmasamchi = yes,
indeed,­ of­ course,­ definitely,­ affirmative­
≠ by no means • Did you build it yourself?
- Absolutely! • “Can we leave a little early?”
“Absolutely!” 3 (inkor/bo‘lishsiz gaplarda)
umuman, hech ham • She did absolutely no
work. • He has absolutely no experience of
marketing. • “Are you too tired to continue?”
“Absolutely not!” • “Was it any good?” “No,
absolutely not.” ► absolutely, completely,
entirely, fully, totally, quite, perfectly or utterly? → perfectly
absorb |əbˈzɔːrb| v 1 shimib olmoq, singdirmoq, so‘rib olmoq = soak up, suck up ≠
exude • Salt absorbs moisture from the air.
• Plants absorb oxygen. • [~ sth into sth]
The cream is easily absorbed into the skin.
2 o‘zlashtirmoq, hazm qilish = digest, take
in • It’s hard to absorb so much information.
• It took me several days to absorb the fact
of her death.
abstract |ˈæbstrækt| adj mavhum, xayoliy =
theoretical, conceptual ≠ actual, concrete •
abstract knowledge/principles • Truth and
beauty are abstract concepts.
absurd |əbˈsɜːrd| adj bo‘lmag‘ur, safsata,
mantiqsiz = ridiculous (inf) crazy, daft ≠
reasonable, sensible • What an absurd
thing to say! • Of course it’s not true, what
an absurd idea. • Do I look absurd in this
hat? ► absurd or ridiculous? → ridiculous
■ adv absurdly = ridiculously • You’re behaving absurdly. • It was absurdly expensive.
abuse1 |əˈbjuːs| 1 |U| sl noto‘g‘ri foydalanish, suiiste’mol qilish = misuse • [~ of sth]
He was arrested on charges of corruption
and abuse of power. • What she did was an
abuse of her position as manager. • Drug and
alcohol abuse contributed to his early death.
2 xo‘rlash, toptash = mistreatment ≠ care •
Many children suffer racial abuse at school.
• sexual abuse • She suffered physical abuse
in prison. • A self-monitoring tax system is
clearly open to abuse (=himoyalanmagan,
toptash uchun ochiq). 3 so‘kish, tahqirlash,
kamsitish = insults ≠ compliment • “Idiot!”
is a term of abuse. • The people being arrested shouted abuse at the police.
abuse2 v 1 toptamoq, xo‘rlamoq = insult, be
rude to, mistreat ≠ look after, nurture • She
9
had been abused as a child. • All the children
had been physically and emotionally abused.
2 suiiste’mol qilmoq, noto‘g‘ri foydalanmoq = misuse • He abused his position as
finance director. • Morris abused the trust
the firm had shown in him. 3 haqorat qilmoq, so‘kinmoq • Many soldiers in Belfast
are verbally abused.
academic |ˌækəˈdemɪk| adj 1 ilmiy, o‘quv,
ta’limga xos = educational • The students
return in October for the start of the new academic year. • high/low academic standards
• an academic career • He possessed no academic qualifications. 2 o‘qishga qiziqadigan • She wasn’t very academic and hated
school.
accent |ˈæksent|, |ˈæksənt| n 1 sheva, talaffuz, aksent = pronunciation • He speaks
with an American accent. • a northern/Dublin/Indian/Scottish accent • a strong/broad
accent 2 urg‘u = stress • In the word “letter”
the accent is on the first syllable.
accept ★ |əkˈsept| v 1 qabul qilmoq,
olmoq = receive, take, get ≠ refuse, reject
• We hope you will accept this little gift. •
He asked me to marry him and I accepted.
• Do you accept credit cards? • Please accept my sincere apologies. • [~ sth from sb]
He is charged with accepting bribes from a
firm of suppliers. • [~ sth for sth] My article
has been accepted for publication. • [~ sb as
sth] He never really accepted her as his own
child. ► Kundalik hayotda mas’uliyat, ayb,
taklif yoki ishni qabul qilishga nisbatan
accept so‘zidan ko‘ra take fe’lidan ko‘proq
foydalaniladi: • They offered me the job and
I accepted. → They offered me the job and I
took it. • He decided to take her up on her
offer. 2 rozi bo‘lmoq, ko‘nmoq = say yes to,
agree to ≠ turn down, refuse • [~ sth] They
accepted the court’s decision. • He accepted
all the changes we proposed. • [~ sth from
sb] She won’t accept advice from anyone. •
It may take years to be completely accepted by the local community. ► accept or
agree? Biror ishni qilishga xohish, rozilik
bildirilganda agree fe’lidan foydalaniladi,
accept dan emas (ya’ni fe’llar bilan agree
ishlatiladi, accept faqat ot bilan ishlatiladi): • Some people readily agree to work at
weekends. (…accept to work at weekends.)
• Small communities may not accept this
this new regulation by a general European
system. (…may not agree this regulation…)
3 o‘z bo‘yniga olmoq = take on, undertake
≠ turn down, refuse • He accepts full responsibility for what happened. • You have
to accept the consequences of your actions.
4 ishonmoq, -deb bilmoq = believe, regard
as true (inf) buy, swallow ≠ reject, doubt •
The police refused to accept her version of
the story. • [~ sth as sth] Can we accept his
access
account as the true version? • [~ that…] I accept that this will not be popular. • I am not
prepared to accept that this decision is final.
• [it is accepted that…] It is generally accepted that people are motivated by success. • [it
is accepted to be, have, etc. sth] The workforce is generally accepted to have the best
conditions in Europe. 5 noiloj ko‘nmoq/qabul qilmoq = tolerate, endure, put up with,
bear, face up to • [~ sth] You just have to
accept the fact that we’re never going to be
rich. • [~ sth as sth] They accept the risks as
part of the job. • [~ that…] He just refused to
accept that his father was no longer there. 6
(o‘quvchi, ishchi, a’zo) qabul qilmoq, olmoq
• [~ sb] The college he applied to has accepted him. • [~ sb into sth] She was disappointed not to be accepted into the club. • [~ sb as
sth] The landlord was willing to accept us as
tenants. • [~ sb to do sth] She was accepted
to study music.
acceptable |əkˈseptəbl| adj 1 qabul qilsa
bo‘ladigan, to‘g‘ri, ma’qul = satisfactory,
adequate, reasonable (inf) OK ≠ unacceptable • Fighting in the street is not acceptable behaviour. • Smoking is becoming less
socially acceptable. • [~ to sb] The offer is
not acceptable to the vendor. • [~ to do sth]
It is perfectly acceptable to sample the food
before you buy. ► acceptable or proper?
Proper, asosan, biror narsani to‘g‘riligini
ma’qullashda, ko‘ngildagidek ekanini ifodalashda ishlatiladi: • I always cook a proper
evening meal; Acceptable esa ko‘pincha biror salbiy narsa yoki holatni ma’qullashda
yoki noma’qul ekanini ifodalashda ishlatiladi: • It is becoming more acceptable for
women to drink. • The air pollution exceeds
most acceptable levels by 10 times or more.
2 yetarlicha, o‘rtacha, chidasa bo‘ladigan =
bearable, tolerable • The food was acceptable, but no more. • Her performance was
acceptable, but not stunning.
acceptance |əkˈseptəns| n |U,C| qabul qilish, ko‘nish, rozi bo‘lish = receipt • Please
confirm your acceptance of this offer in writing. • The new laws have gained widespread
acceptance.
accepted |əkˈseptəd| adj qabul qilingan,
to‘g‘ri deb hisoblangan = recognized, usual
• Corruption was an accepted part of the political culture. • Having more than one wife
is a normal and accepted practice in some
countries.
access |ˈækses| n |U| 1 kirish yo‘li = entrance, entry, approach • The concert hall
has access for wheelchairs. • [~ to sth] The
only access to the farmhouse is across the
fields. • The police gained access through
a broken window. 2 kirish imkoniyati, bemalol foydalanish huquqi = (the) use of
• You need a password to get access to the
A
accessory
A
computer system. • The tax inspector had/
gained complete access to the company files.
■ v yo‘l topmoq/ochmoq = enter, approach
• She tried to access the address list. • The
database allows you to access the sales figures in a number of ways. ► Access fe’lidan
keyin to predlogi ishlatilmaydi, balki to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri to‘ldiruvchi keladi: • Anyone can
access the website. (... access to the website)
Lekin uning otlik ma’nosidagi access so‘zi to
predlogi bilan ishlatiladi: • Anyone has an
access to the website. (Anyone has an access
the website.)
accessory |əkˈsesəri| n (pl -ies) aksessuar, qo‘shimcha qism, birga yaxshi tushadigan/ishlaydigan narsa = attachment, extra,
adornment • car/kitchen/computer accessories • She wore a green wool suit with
matching accessories.
accident ★ |ˈæksɪdənt| n 1 falokat, baxtsiz
hodisa, avariya = crash, collision • to have a
car/road/traffic accident • a serious/minor
accident • a fatal accident • He was killed
in an accident. • The accident happened at
3 p.m. 2­ tasodif,­ tasodifiy­ hodisa = (mere)
chance, coincidence • I didn’t mean to break
it — it was an accident. • It is no accident
that men fill most of the top jobs in nursing.
● by accident ★ tasodifan, kutilmaganda, nogahon ≠ deliberately, on purpose • He
found the missing papers by accident. • We
met by accident at the airport. • I deleted the
file by accident.
accidental |ˌæksɪˈdentl| adj tasodifiy,­kutilmagan, rejalashtirilmagan = fortuitous,
chance ≠ intentional • Buy an insurance
policy that covers accidental damage. • His
death was not accidental. ■ adv accidentally tasodifan, bilmagan holda = by chance
• As I turned around, I accidentally hit him
in the face. • I accidentally knocked a glass
over.
accommodation |əˌkɑːməˈdeɪʃn| n |U|
(BrE) turarjoy = housing, shelter • Are you
still looking for accommodation? • rented/
temporary/furnished accommodation •
First-class accommodation is available on
all flights. ► Accommodation sanalmaydigan ot hisoblanadi va shuning uchun u
ko‘plikda va an artikli bilan ishlatilmaydi:
• Would you like me to book overnight accommodation for you? (accommodations /
an accommodation for you?) • The college
provides accommodation for students. (... an
accommodation for students) ► Kundalik
hayotda accommodation so‘zining o‘rniga,
ko‘pincha somewhere to live/stay jumlasidan foydalaniladi: • She’s trying to find
somewhere to live. • Have you found anywhere to stay yet?
accompany |əˈkʌmpəni| v (-ies, -ying, -ied)
1 (fml) sherik/hamroh bo‘lmoq, birga bor-
10
moq = go with, travel with, partner • She
accompanied me to the door. • Children
must be accompanied by an adult. ► Kundalik hayotda accompany so‘zining o‘rniga
ko‘pincha go with yoki come with sb jumlalaridan foydalaniladi: • Do you want me to
go with you to the station? • She came with
me to church. 2 birga bo‘lmoq/kelmoq =
go with, go together with • Each pack contains a book and accompanying CD. • A sore
throat may be accompanied by fever.
accomplish |əˈkɑːmplɪʃ| v amalga oshirmoq, bajarmoq, erishmoq = fulfill,­
achieve, succeed in (inf) pull off • The first
part of the plan has been safely accomplished. • We didn’t accomplish much at
work this week. • That’s it. Mission accomplished.
according to ★ |əˈkɔːrdɪŋ tə| prep 1 -ga
ko‘ra/asosan, ...aytishicha • According to
Mick, it’s a great movie. • According to the
police, the car was going too fast. • We
should try to play the game according to the
rules. ► According to boshqa insonlarning
gap­ va­ fikr-mulohazalari­ aytilganda­ ishlatiladi,­ shaxsiy­ fikrini­ ifodalashda­ emas:­ •
According to Rory, the training course was a
waste of time. (According to me, the training
course was a waste of time.) O‘zining­fikrini ifodalashda esa ko‘pincha I think, in my
opinion kabi birikmalardan foydalaniladi:
• In my opinion, the training course was a
waste of time. 2 -ga muvofiq­• The washing
machine was installed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. • Everything went
according to plan. 3 -ga qarab/qaraganda/
asosan • The teachers have separated the
children into classes according to their ages.
• You’ve been absent six times according to
our records.
account |əˈkaʊnt| n 1 bank hisobraqami
(abbr a/c) • I don’t have a bank account.
• to have an account at/with a bank • I’ve
opened an account with a building society.
• I need to draw some money out of my account. 2 yozib borish, hisoblash, qayd qilib
borish = financial­record,­ledger­• to do the
accounts • to keep the accounts up to date
• the accounts department • The accounts
showed a loss of £498 million. ● account
for sth ★ 1 vaziyatga sabab bo‘lmoq,
ko‘rsatib turmoq = explain, answer for •
The poor weather may have accounted for
the small crowd. • Recent pressure at work
may account for his behavior. 2 tashkil
qilmoq = constitute, make up, form • The
Japanese market accounts for 35% of the
company’s revenue. • Students account for
the vast majority of our customers. account
(to sb) for sth tushuntirib bermoq, sababini aytmoq = explain • Can you account for
your absence last Friday? • He was unable to
11
account for the error. on no account | not
on any account zinhor, hech ham = never,
under no circumstances • On no account
should the house be left unlocked. • These records must not on any account be changed.
take (sth) into account (shuningdek,
take, account of) ★ hisobga olmoq •
We have to take the weather into account.
• Britain’s tax system takes no account of
children.
accountant |əˈkaʊntənt| n hisobchi, buxgalter • We talked to the company’s chief
accountant.
accuracy |ˈækjərəsi| n |U| aniqlilik, to‘g‘rilik = correctness, precision ≠ inaccuracy •
He passes the ball with unerring accuracy.
• They questioned the accuracy of the information in the file.
accurate |ˈækjərət| adj aniq, to‘g‘ri = correct, precise ≠ inaccurate • Are the figures
accurate? • an accurate description/account/calculation • accurate information/
data • Accurate records must be kept. • My
watch is not very accurate. • [~ to do sth]
Would it be more accurate to say that the
plan failed? ► accurate, exact or precise?
→ precise1 ■ adv accurately • You need to
hit the ball accurately. • Have I described the
situation accurately?
accusation |ˌækjuˈzeɪʃn| n |C,U| ayblov,
ayblash, ayblov akti = allegation, charge,
claim • I don’t want to make an accusation
until I have some proof. • [~ of sth] accusations of corruption/cruelty/racism • [~
against sb] No one believed her wild accusations against her husband. • [~ that…] He
denied the accusation that he had ignored
the problems.
accuse |əˈkjuːz| v ayblamoq = blame for
(inf) point­the­finger­at­for­≠ defend absolve
[~ sb (of (doing) sth)] • The police accused
her of stealing the money. • Are you accusing
me of lying? • He’s been accused of robbery/
murder.
ache |eɪk| v og‘rimoq = hurt • I’m aching
all over. • [~ from sth] Her eyes ached from
lack of sleep. • (fig) It makes my heart ache
to see her suffer. ■ n og‘riq • Mummy, I’ve
got a tummy ache. • Muscular aches and
pains can be soothed by a relaxing massage.
• (fig) an ache in my heart. ► Bu so‘z tana
a’zolarining og‘rig‘ini ifodalab, qo‘shimcha
tarzda ham kelishi mumkin: • headache/
stomache/toothache/backache/heartache
achieve ★ |əˈtʃiːv| v erishmoq, yetishmoq
= attain, reach (inf) wrap up • Have you
achieved all your aims? • The company has
achieved great success in the USA. • She finally achieved her ambition to visit South America. ► Kundalik hayotda achieve so‘zining
o‘rniga, ko‘pincha, get fe’lidan foydalaniladi:
• He got good grades in his final exams. ►
acquisition
achieve or reach? Maqsad, orzu, niyat va
omadga erishish ma’nosida, asosan, achieve
fe’lidan foydalaniladi: • What are the qualities a person needs to achieve success? (...
to reach success?); Reach esa, asosan biror
bir narsaga masofaviy jihatdan erishish,
yetishishga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • I cannot
reach the table. • He did not stop until he
reached the door.
achievement |əˈtʃiːvmənt| n erish(il)gan
yutuq = attainment, accomplishment •
An Olympic silver medal was a remarkable
achievement for such a young player. • She
is very modest about her achievements. •
They were proud of their children’s achievements. ► achievement or accomplishment? Achievement, asosan, kasbiy, sport,
akademik va shu kabi sohalardagi (ayniqsa
qiyinchilik bilan erishilgan) yutuq va muvaffaqiyatlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • It
was a great achievement that a month later a global agreement was reached. • The
Conference will be a celebration of women’s
achievements; Accomplishment esa ta’kidlashga arziydigan, ko‘zga ko‘ringan ishga
nisbatan ishlatiladi: • For a novelist, that’s
quite an accomplishment.
acid |ˈæsɪd| n kislota = acidic ≠ sweet •
acetic/hydrochloric/lactic acid • The acid
burned a hole in her coat. • Vinegar is an
acid. ► sharp, bitter, pungent, sour or
acid? → bitter
acknowledge |əkˈnɑːlɪdʒ| v 1 tan olmoq,
qabul qilmoq, deb hisoblamoq = admit,
accept ≠ reject, deny • [~ doing sth] She
didn’t acknowledge receiving my letter. • [~
that…] I did not acknowledge that he had
done anything wrong. • [~ sth to be, have/as
sth] He is widely acknowledged to be/as the
best player in the world. • It is generally acknowledged to be true. 2 ta’kidlamoq • She
acknowledged that she had seen me there.
acquaintance |əˈkweɪntəns| n tanish =
contact • Claire has a wide circle of friends
and acquaintances. • He’s just a business acquaintance. • I bumped into an old acquaintance on the train. ► Kundalik hayotda acquaintance so‘zining o‘rniga, ko‘pincha, sb I
know jumlasidan foydalaniladi: • I got the
job through somebody I know.
acquire |əˈkwaɪər| v (fml) orttirmoq, egallamoq, bor bo‘lmoq = obtain, come by, get
≠ lose, get rid of • He acquired the firm in
1978. • I was wearing a newly/recently acquired jacket. • I’ve suddenly acquired a
stepbrother. ► Kundalik hayotda acquire
so‘zidan ko‘ra get fe’li ko‘proq ishlatiladi: •
Where did you get that tie? • He soon got a
reputation for being unfriendly.
acquisition |ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn| n 1 olingan/erishilgan narsa = obtaining, purchase • His
latest acquisition is a racehorse. • I like your
A
across
A
earrings - are they a recent acquisition (=yaqinda olinganmi)? 2 orttirish, egallash •
The acquisition of huge amounts of data has
helped our research enormously.
across ★ |əˈkrɔːs| |əˈkrɑːs| adv, prep 1 (narigi) tomon, uzra, bo‘ylab • Don’t run across
the road without looking to see if there is any
traffic coming. • There’s a bank right across
the street. • I drew a line across the page. •
It’s too wide. We can’t swim across. • When
my name was called, he looked across at me.
• Voting took place peacefully across most
of the country. ► across or through?
Agarda qandaydir yuzaning narigi tomoniga to‘g‘ri chiziq bo‘ylab, hech qanday
to‘siq, burilish yoki aylanmalarsiz o‘tiladigan bo‘lsa, u holda across predlogidan
foydalaniladi: • We walked across the ice. •
We drove across the desert. • There’s a bank
right across the street. Bundan tashqari har
qanday suv (river, lake, sea kabi) havzalarini kesib o‘tganda doim across predlogidan
foydalaniladi: • The river is too wide to
swim across; Agarda qandaydir yuzaning
narigi tomoniga to‘g‘ri chiziq bo‘ylab emas,
balkim yo‘ldagi to‘siqlarni oralab, burilib,
qayrilib yoki aylanib o‘tiladigan bo‘lsa, u
holda through predlogidan foydalaniladi:
• I walked through the wood/crowd. • We
drove through several towns. ► across or
over? Ko‘pincha uzun yo‘l, yo‘lak, daryo
kabi narsalarning “narigi tomoniga, narigi
tomonida” ma’nolarida ikkala predloglardan ham foydalanish mumkin: • His house
is just over/across the street. • Try to jump
over/across the stream. Lekin biror baland
narsaning, asosan, to‘siqlarning “narigi
tomoni” ma’nosida esa, odatda, faqat over
predlogidan foydalaniladi: • Why is that
woman climbing over the wall (…across the
wall)? Ammo biror katta tekislik yoki yuzaga nisbatan, asosan, across ishlatiladi: • It
took him two weeks to walk across the desert (…over the desert). 2 ko‘ndalang(iga) •
Someone’s parked right across the entrance
to the driveway. • The yard measures about
50 feet across. ● across from narigi tomonida, ro‘parasida • There’s a school just
across from our house.
act ★ |ækt| n 1 bajarilgan ish = deed, action • [~ of sth/sb] The simple act of telling someone about a problem can help. •
The murder was the act of a psychopath. ►
Kundalik hayotda act so‘zidan ko‘ra thing
to do so‘zlaridan ko‘proq foydalaniladi: • a
thoughtless/kind/stupid thing to do 2 tasdiqlangan qonun, akt = law • an act to ban
the sale of weapons • an Act of Congress •
the Banking Act 2009 3 o‘zini biror ko‘yga
solish, rol o‘ynash = pretense, show (inf)
put-on • Don’t take her seriously — it’s all
an act. • You could tell she was just putting
12
on an act. 4 sahna ko‘rinishi, akt = division,
performance • Act 2 of the play takes place
in the garden. • The show includes acts by
several young singers. ■ v 1 o‘zini tutmoq,
harakat qilmoq = take action, behave • You
will have to act quickly if you want to stop
the fire. • She acted in a very responsible
way. • She acted without thinking. • [~ like
sb/sth] Don’t be so silly - you’re acting like
a child! • [~ as if/though…] She was acting
as if she’d seen a ghost. ► Kundalik hayotda act fe’lidan ko‘ra ko‘proq do fe’lidan foydalaniladi: • They acted correctly in telling
her. → They did the right thing in telling
her. • We have to act now → • We have to do
something now. ► act or behave? Behave
asosan axloq-odob normalariga, ya’ni yurish-turish va o‘zini qanday tutishga urg‘u
beradi: • behave well/sensibly • He’d behaved badly. • I couldn’t believe these people
were behaving in this way; act esa, asosan,
huquqiy normalarga, ya’ni huquq va adolat
nuqtayi nazardan biror narsaning qanday
bo‘lishiga yoki biror shaxs qanday o‘zini
tutishiga urg‘u beradi: • act fairly/unlawfully • All citizens have a duty to act responsibly
and show respect to others. 2 o‘zini biror
ko‘yga solmoq, rol o‘ynamoq = pretend •
[~ sb] He’s been acting the devoted husband
all day. • [~ adj] I decided to act dumb. 3 rol
ijro etmoq = perform, play • Have you ever
acted? • [~ sth] Who’s acting (the part of)
Hamlet? • The play was well acted. ► act,
play or perform? → play5 ● act as sb/sth
1 sifatida xizmat qilmoq • The thick curtain
acts as a screen to cut out noise from the
street. • My brother speaks French - he can
act as interpreter. 2 o‘zini tutmoq • She’s
been acting very strangely.
acting |ˈæktɪŋ| n |U| rol o‘ynash = drama, the
theater • She started her acting career while
still at school.
action ★ |ˈækʃn| n 1 |U| harakat, chora, tadbir = deed, move, measures • So what’s the
plan of action? • Her quick action saved the
child’s life. • Each of us must take responsibility for our own actions. • military action
• soldiers killed in action • She was looking
forward to putting her ideas into action
(=amalda sinamoq). ► action or act? Ular
ma’no jihatdan deyarli bir xil, faqat action,
ko‘pincha, take fe’li bilan keladi, act esa unday emas: • Firefighters took action immediately. (Firefighters took act immediately.);
Act, ko‘pincha, of bilan keladi, action esa,
odatda, of bilan ishlatilmaydi: • He showed
us a heroic act of bravery. (... a heroic action
of bravery.) 2 sahna ko‘rinishi • The action
of the play takes place in a flat in London. • I
like films with plenty of action. • The action
opens (=boshlanadi) in a barbershop. 3 sud
ishi = lawsuit, suit • to bring an action for
13
damages against someone • He is considering taking legal action against the hospital.
• The matter is now the subject of a court
action (=sud ishi). • The students agreed to
drop their action (=da’vosini qaytib olishga
ko‘nishdi). • The sisters brought a libel action (=sudga berishdi) against the newspaper.
activate |ˈæktɪveɪt| v harakatga keltirmoq,
ishlatib yubormoq = operate, switch/turn
on • The burglar alarm is activated by movement.
active ★ |ˈæktɪv| adj faol, harakatchan, aktiv = energetic, lively (inf) on the go ≠ passive, inactive • active involvement/participation/support/resistance • Although he’s
nearly 80, he is still very active. • Before our
modern age, people had a more physical and
active lifestyle. • She takes an active part in
school life.
activist |ˈæktɪvɪst| n aktivist, faol, aktiv, jamoatchi • He’s been a trade union/party activist for many years.
activity ★ |ækˈtɪvəti| n (pl -ties) 1 |U|
harakat, faoliyat = bustle, hustle and bustle
• The streets were noisy and full of activity. •
These environmental changes are the result
of human activity. 2 |C|, (odatda, ko‘plikda
ishlatiladi) mashg‘ulot, faoliyat = pursuit,
occupation, interest, hobby, pastime • Regular physical activity helps to control your
weight. • The club provides a wide variety of
outdoor/sporting activities including tennis,
swimming and squash. • He was found guilty
of illegal/criminal/terrorist activity.
actor |ˈæktər| n aktyor • She is one of the
country’s leading actors. • “Who’s your favourite actor?” “Robert de Niro.’
actual |ˈæktʃuəl| adj asl, haqiqiy, o‘zi = real,
true, genuine ≠ notional • It looks quite
small but the actual height is 5 metres. • Her
actual words were much stronger. • The actual cost was higher than we expected. • The
wedding preparations take weeks but the
actual ceremony takes less than an hour. ●
in actual fact, aslida • James looks younger than his wife but in actual fact he is five
years older. • I thought the work would be
difficult. In actual fact, it’s very easy.
actually ★ |ˈæktʃuəli| adv 1 o‘zi, aslida,
aslini olganda = really, in (actual) fact, literally, truly • It looks quite small, but actually
it is over 5 metres high. • He said he was ill,
but actually he wanted to go to the football
match. • So what actually happened? • It
was actually quite fun after all. • Actually,
I’m busy at the moment — can I call you
back? 2 (kimnidir xatosini to‘g‘rilaganda)
to‘g‘rirog‘i, aslida • We’re not American,
actually. We’re Canadian. • They’re not married, actually. • “Disappointed?” “No, actually I’m rather glad.’
addition
ad |æd| n (inf) reklama • If you want to sell
your car quickly, put an ad in the paper.
adapt |əˈdæpt| v 1 moslashtirmoq, o‘zgartirmoq = modify, alter, change • [~ sth for sth/
sb] She adapted the story for TV. • The car
has been adapted for disabled drivers. • [~
sth to do sth] These styles can be adapted to
suit individual tastes. • [~ sth (for sth) (from
sth)] Three of her novels have been adapted
for television. 2 moslash(tir)moq, ko‘nikmoq = adjust to • It’s amazing how soon you
adapt. • [~ to sth] We’ll all have to learn to
adapt to the new system. • [~ yourself to sth]
It took him a while to adapt himself to his
new surroundings.
adaptation |ˌædæpˈteɪʃn| n moslash(tir)ish, moslashuv, o‘zgar(tir)ish, adaptatsiya =
alteration,­modification,­adjustment­• [~ to
sth] Evolution occurs as a result of adaptation to new environments. • He’s working on
a screen adaptation of his latest novel.
add |æd| v 1 qo‘shmoq = amount to, come to
• Next add the flour. • [~ sth to sth] Interest
is added to the account monthly. • Shall I add
your name to the list? • [~ A to B] Add 9 to
the total. • [~ A and B together] If you add
all these numbers together it should make
fifty. 2 qo‘shimcha qilmoq • [+ speech] “And
don’t be late,” she added. • [~ sth (to sth)] I
have nothing to add to my earlier statement.
• [~ that…] He added that they would return
a week later. ● add (sth) up hammasini
qo‘shib hisoblamoq • Add up all the money I
owe you. • She added the bill up. add up to
sth 1 hammasi bo‘lib … bo‘lmoq = amount
to, come to • The numbers add up to exactly
100. 2 sabab bo‘lmoq, olib kelmoq, keltirib
chiqarmoq = amount to, constitute • Rising
prison population and overcrowding add up
to a real crisis.
addicted |əˈdɪktɪd| adj berilgan, mukkasidan ketgan • She says she’s unable to give up
smoking; she’s completely addicted. • [~ to
sth] He’s addicted to computer games.
addiction |əˈdɪkʃn| n |U,C| mukkasidan
ketish, berilish = dependency • [~ to sth]
He is now fighting his addiction to alcohol.
• There is a growing problem of drug addiction in our cities.
addition |əˈdɪʃn| n 1 |U| qo‘shish • You don’t
need a calculator to do a simple addition. •
The children are learning addition and subtraction. 2 |C| qo‘shimcha, qo‘shilgan narsa
yoki odam = adding [~ to sth] • the latest
addition to the family • He showed us the
additions to his collection of paintings. • [~
of sth] The addition of networking facilities
will greatly enhance the system. ● in addition (to) ★ -ga qo‘shimcha tarzda, (shu)
bilan birga = additionally, as well, what’s
more, besides, as well as • There is, in addition, one further point to make. • In addition
A
additional
A
14
to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy
and a castle in Scotland.
additional |əˈdɪʃənl| adj qo‘shimcha = extra, added (inf) bonus • additional resources/funds/security • The new factory will
create an additional 400 jobs. • Additional
information can be obtained from the centre. ► Kundalik hayotda additional so‘zidan
ko‘ra extra so‘zidan ko‘proq foydalaniladi: •
He gets extra money from his parents. • Does
anyone have an extra pen?
address ★ |əˈdres| |ˈædres| n 1 manzil,
adres = house, apartment • What’s your
name and address? • Is that your home address? • He had given a false address to the
police. • What’s your email address? 2 murojaat, nutq = speech, lecture, talk • The president is to deliver a televised address to the
country. ► address or speech? → speech
■ v |əˈdres| 1 nomiga yozmoq/jo‘natmoq
= direct, send • [~ sth to sb/sth] Address
your application to the Personnel Manager.
• That letter is addressed to me - don’t open
it! 2 murojaat qilmoq = talk to, call • [~ sth
to sb] Any questions should be addressed
to your teacher. • The judge should be addressed as “Your Honour”.
adequate |ˈædɪkwət| adj yetarlicha, keraklicha, talabga javob beradigan = sufficient,­
enough, acceptable (inf) OK, so-so • Have
we got adequate food for twenty guests?
• I didn’t have adequate time to prepare. •
The room was small but adequate. • [~ for
sth] The space available is not adequate for
our needs. • [~ to do sth] The existing law
is adequate to deal with the problem. ■ adv
adequately • The programme is adequately funded at this time. • Are you adequately
insured?
adjective n sifat • In the phrase “a big black
cloud”, “big” and “black” are both adjectives.
adjust |əˈdʒʌst| v 1 mosla(shtir)moq, o‘zgartirmoq, to‘g‘rilamoq = modify, alter, regulate • If the chair is too high you can adjust
it to suit you. • [~ sth to sth] Adjust your language to the age of your audience. • [~ for
sth] The figures have been adjusted for inflation. ► Kundalik hayotda uskunalarning
ovoz va yorug‘lik moslamalarini sozlashga
nisbatan adjust fe’lidan ko‘ra ko‘proq turn
up (=balandlatmoq)/ turn down (=pasaytirmoq) jumlalaridan foydalaniladi: • Please,
can you turn it up? It’s my favourite song.
2 ko‘nikmoq, moslashmoq = adapt to, become accustomed to, get used to • They’ll
be fine — they just need time to adjust. • [~
to sth] After a while his eyes adjusted to the
dark. • [~ to doing sth] It took her a while
to adjust to living alone. • [~ yourself to sth]
You’ll quickly adjust yourself to student life.
► Bu ma’noda kundalik hayotda adjust
(to) fe’lidan ko‘ra get used to birikmasidan
ko‘proq foydalaniladi: • You’ll soon adjust.
→ You’ll soon get used to it.
administration |ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃn| n (BrEda
shuningdek, (inf) admin) |U| tashkillashtirish, tashkiliy ishlar, boshqaruv = management, direction • Administration costs
are passed on to the customer. • I work in the
Sales Administration department. ► administration or government? → government1
administrative
|ədˈmɪnɪstreɪtɪv|
adj
ma’muriy, tashkiliy = managerial, management • an administrative job/assistant/
error • This software claims to reduce administrative costs.
administrator |ədˈmɪnɪstreɪtər| n administrator, tashkiliy ishlar bilan shug‘ullanuvchi
xodim = manager, director, executive (inf)
boss • She works as a school administrator.
admiration |ˌædməˈreɪʃn| n |U| hurmat, havas, maftun bo‘lish, qoyil qolish = respect • I
gazed at her in admiration (=maftun bo‘lib).
• [~ for sb/sth] I have great admiration for
her as a writer. ► admiration or respect?
→ respectn
admire |ədˈmaɪər| v 1 qoyil qolmoq, havas/
hurmat qilmoq = esteem , approve of, respect, think highly of ≠ despise, disapprove
of • [~ sb/sth] I really admire your enthusiasm. • I really admire the way she brings up
those kids all on her own. • [~ sb/sth for sth]
Нe was admired for his skill as a violinist. ►
admire or respect? → respectv 2 maftun
bo‘lmoq, bahra olmoq = delight in, appreciate, take pleasure in • I’ve just been admiring your new car. • Let’s just sit and admire
the view.
admission |ədˈmɪʃn| n 1 |U,C| qabul qilish,
kirish, ruxsat berish = entry, entrance • [~
to sth] Admission to the exhibition is free on
Sundays. • the university admissions policy/
office • She failed to gain admission to the
university of her choice. • The admission
charge/fee is £2. • No admission to the park
between 11 pm and 6 am. 2 tan olish = confession, acknowledgment • [~ that …] Her
admission that she had taken the money led
to her arrest. • [~ of sth] Her silence was taken as an admission of guilt/defeat.
admit ★ |ədˈmɪt| v (-tt-) 1 tan olmoq = confess ≠ deny • He admitted his guilt/mistake.
• [~ doing sth] They admitted stealing the
car. • She admitted making a mistake. • [~
to sth] Don’t be afraid to admit to your mistakes. • [+ speech] “I’m very nervous,” she
admitted reluctantly. • [~ to doing sth] She
admits to being strict with her children. • [~
(that)…] They freely admit (that) they still
have a lot to learn. • I must admit, I didn’t
actually do anything to help her. • Admit it!
I’m right, aren’t I? • [~ to sb that…] I couldn’t
admit to my parents that I was finding the
course difficult. • [be admitted that…] It was
15
generally admitted that the government had
acted too quickly. • [be admitted to be, have,
etc. sth] The appointment is now generally
admitted to have been a mistake. ► admit
or concede? Admit, ko‘pincha, noto‘g‘ri
qilingan ish yoki yo‘l qo‘yilgan shaxsiy xatolarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • She admits
to being strict with her children. O‘zi qilgan
xato va kamchiliklarni emas, balki muayyan
bir vaziyat yoki holatdagi haqiqat va faktlarni tan olishga nisbatan esa concede
ishlatiladi: • He was forced to concede (that)
there might be difficulties. 2 (aybini) bo‘yniga olmoq = confess to • [~ to sth] He refused
to admit to the other charges. • [~ to doing
sth] She admitted to having stolen the car.
• [~ sth] She admitted theft. • [~ doing sth]
She admitted having driven the car without
insurance.
admittedly |ədˈmɪtɪdli| adv (shuni) tan
olish kerak-ki…, to‘g‘risini aytish kerak(ki),
• Admittedly, it is rather expensive but you
don’t need to use much. • Admittedly, Venice
wasn’t a very big place, but there was little
chance of meeting her again accidentally.
adore |əˈdɔːr| v yoqtirmoq • It’s obvious that
she adores him. • I simply adore his music! •
[~ doing sth] She adores working with children ► adore or love? Adore love so‘zidan
ko‘ra norasmiyroq hisoblanadi va undan
ko‘ra kuchliroq hissiyotni ifodalaydi.
adult |ˈædʌlt| |əˈdʌlt| n 1 voyaga yetgan
odam, katta odam, ulg‘aygan = mature,
grown-up • Some children find it difficult
to talk to adults. • Children must be accompanied by an adult. • Why can’t you two act
like civilized adults? ► adult or grownup? Grown-up, ko‘pincha, bolalar tomonidan yoki bolalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: •
Ask a grown-up to help you (=Bolalarga
qarata aytilyaypti - “Kattalardan yordam
berishlarini so‘rang”) Adult deyilganda esa,
ko‘pincha, o‘spirinlar tushuniladi. 2 voyaga yetgan hayvon • The adults have white
bodies and grey backs. ■ adj voyaga yetgan,
ulg‘aygan • She was born in Vietnam but
has spent most of her adult life in the US. •
an adult tiger • preparing young people for
adult life • the adult population ► adult or
mature? Adult, asosan, jismoniy jihatdan
voyaga yetganligini ifodalaydi; mature esa,
ko‘pincha, aqlan va ruhan voyaga yetganligini ifodalaydi: • an adult male/elephant •
adult education (=o‘spirinlar uchun, bolalar
uchun emas) • a mature conversation (=kattalar suhbati) • a mature attitude (=kattalarcha yondashish)
advance |ədˈvæns| n 1 olg‘a yurish/siljish
= progress • The police have made some advances in their fight against crime. • Nothing
could stop the advance of the flood waters.
2 rivojlanish = breakthrough, development
advantage
• [~ in sth] Recent advances in medical science mean that this illness can now be cured.
• We live in an age of rapid technological
advance. ■ v 1 olg‘a yurmoq/siljimoq/qadam bosmoq = move forward, proceed ≠
retreat • The troops were finally given the
order to advance. • [~ on/towards sb/sth]
The mob advanced on us, shouting angrily.
2 rivojlan(tir)moq = progress, develop •
Our knowledge of the disease has advanced
considerably over recent years. • [~ sth]
This research has done much to advance
our understanding of language learning. ■
adj oldindan = early, prior • She made an
advance payment of £3000. ● in advance
(of sth) ★ oldindan = beforehand, before •
If you’re going to come, please let me know
in advance. • They asked us to pay £200 in
advance. • The rent is due one month in advance.
advanced |ədˈvænst| adj 1 ilg‘or,
zamonaviy, rivojlangan = new, modern •
advanced technology • advanced industrial societies • Sweden has a reputation for
advanced and stylish design. ► modern
or advanced? → modern 2 oliy, yuqori =
higher-level ≠ primitive • He’s studying advanced mathematics. • She’s studying for an
advanced degree.
advantage ★ |ədˈvæntɪdʒ| n |C,U| yaxshi jihat, ustu(vor) tomon, foydali xislat =
benefit,­ value,­ good­ point­ ≠ disadvantage,
drawback • Being able to drive a car is an
advantage. • Knowledge of two foreign languages is an advantage in this job. • [~ over
sb] The home team always have an advantage over their opponents. • It would be to
your advantage (=Bu seni foydangga xizmat
qilishi mumkin) to prepare questions in advance. • A small car has the added advantage of being cheaper to run. • [~ of (doing)
sth] She had the advantage of a good education. • One advantage of/One of the advantages of living in the country is the fresh air.
• Each of these systems has its advantages
and disadvantages. ► “Yaxshi(gina) ustunlik” ma’nosida a good advantage dan emas
a big/great/real advantage kabi sifatlardan
foydalaniladi: • For a goalkeeper, it’s a big/
great/definite advantage to have big hands.
(... a good advantage ...) ► advantage or
benefit? Benefit deyilganda foyda, ya’ni
qilingan ishdan keladigan manfaat tushuniladi: • For maximum benefit, use your
treatment every day; Advantage deyilganda
esa biror bir shaxs, narsa, vaziyat yoki holat
ustidan ustunlik va qulay vaziyatlar borligi
tushuniladi: • They are deliberately flouting the law in order to obtain an advantage
over their competitors. ● take advantage
of sth/sb ★ foydalanib qolmoq = exploit,
use • If you’re too trusting, other people will
A
adventure
A
take advantage of you. • We took full advantage of the hotel facilities. • I think she takes
advantage of his good nature.
adventure |ədˈventʃər| n sarguzasht, qiziq
voqea = excitement, thrill, risk • She had
some exciting adventures in Egypt. • We got
lost on the Metro - it was quite an adventure.
• a sense/spirit of adventure • Sam won’t
come - he’s got no sense of adventure (=sayohatga toqati yo‘q).
adverb |ˈædvɜːrb| n (grammar) ravish • In
the phrase “she smiled cheerfully”, the word
“cheerfully” is an adverb.
adverse |ˈædvɜːrs| |ədˈvɜːrs| adj (holatlarga
nisbatan) teskari, istalmagan, kutilmagan,
noqulay = unfavorable, harmful, dangerous
≠­favorable,­beneficial­• an adverse reaction
• adverse change/circumstances/weather conditions • They fear it could have an
adverse effect on global financial markets.
• This drug is known to have adverse side
effects. ■ adv adversely • Her health was
adversely affected by the climate. • A lot of
companies have been adversely (=salbiy) affected by the recession.
advert |ˈædvɜːrt| n (BrE) (inf) (advertisement) reklama • the adverts on television
advertise |ˈædvərtaɪz| v reklama qilmoq,
e’lon bermoq = publicize, make public,
make known (inf) push, plug • We advertised the concert quite widely. • If you want
to attract more customers, try advertising in
the local paper. • [~ for sb/sth] The company is advertising for secretaries. • [~ sth (as
sth)] The cruise was advertised as the “journey of a lifetime”.
advertisement ★ |ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt| n
reklama, e’lon = ad, advert, announcement,
notice, commercial (inf) plug • You should
put an advertisement in the local paper to
sell your car. • a television/newspaper advertisement for a new car • She scanned the
job/property advertisements in the paper. ►
advertisement or advertising? Axborot
vositalari orqali qo‘yiladigan reklamalarga
nisbatan advertisement ishlatiladi: • Miss
Parrish recently placed an advertisement in
the local newspaper; umumiy reklama sohasiga, sanoatiga va reklama qilish jarayoniga nisbatan esa advertising ishlatiladi: •
She works for a big advertising agency. (...
for a big advertisement agency.)
advertising |ˈædvərtaɪzɪŋ| n |U| reklama
(qilish) • They spent millions on the advertising campaign. • Cigarette advertising has
been banned. • Val works for an advertising
agency. • Fiona works in advertising. ► advertising or advertisement? → advertisement
advice ★ |ədˈvaɪs| n |U| maslahat = guidance, counseling, information [~ on/about
sth] • Let me give you some advice about
16
health issues. • Ask your teacher’s advice/
Ask your teacher for advice on how to prepare for the exam. • Follow your doctor’s
advice. • Take my advice. Don’t do it. • I took
his advice and left. • A word of advice: look
at the small print in the contract very carefully. • Can I give you a piece of advice? • [~
to do sth] My advice is to go by train. • [~
that …] He ignored the doctor’s advice that
he ought to lose weight. ► Advice sanalmaydigan ot hisoblanadi, shuning uchun u
hech qachon ko‘plikda va noaniq (a/an) artikl bilan ishlatilmaydi: • Naomi Wolf gave
me some advice in her book. (... an advice in
her book.) • They were always there to give
practical advice. (... practical advices.) Lekin
kam uchrasa-da quyidagi so‘z birikmalarida advice artikllar bilan ishlatilishi mumkin: • a word of advice, a piece of advice, a bit
of advice. ► advice or advise? Bu so‘zlarni adashtirib yubormang: advice (maslahat) ot, advise esa (maslahat bermoq) fe’l
hisoblanadi: • I will think about your advice.
(... your advise) • I advise you to see a lawyer. (I advice you ...) ● on the advice of
sb maslahatiga ko‘ra/amal qilib • She applied to York University on the advice of her
teacher. • She is acting on the advice of her
lawyers. Solishtiring: • We were advised to
seek legal advice.
advise ★ |ədˈvaɪz| v 1 maslahat bermoq =
advocate, recommend, suggest • [~ sb] She
advised us when to come. • [~ sb against
(doing) sth] I would strongly advise against
going out on your own. • [~ sth] I’d advise extreme caution. • [+ speech] “Get there early,”
she advised (them). • [~ sb (not) to do sth]
Police are advising people to stay at home.
• I’d advise you not to tell him. • [~ that sb/
sth (should) be/do sth] They advise that a
passport be carried with you at all times. • [it
is advised that sb/sth (should) be/do sth] It
is strongly advised that you take out insurance. • [~ doing sth] I’d advise waiting until tomorrow. ► advise or recommend?
Advise (maslahat bermoq) recommend
(tavsiya qilmoq) fe’lidan ko‘ra kuchliroq hisoblanadi: • Police are advising fans without
tickets to stay away. (Police are recommending ...); Recommend, asosan, yengil foydali tavsiyalarda ishlatiladi: • I recommend
reading the book before seeing the movie. (I
advise reading ...) Yomon narsalar bo‘lishidan, yomon oqibatlarga olib kelishidan
ogohlantirilganda esa, asosan, advise fe’lidan foydalaniladi: • I would advise against
going out on your own. (I would recommend
against ...) ► advise or advice? → advice 2
ko‘mak/maslahat bermoq • [~ sb on/about
(doing) sth] She advises the government
on environmental issues. • [~ sb wh…] The
pharmacist will advise which medicines are
17
safe to take. • Your lawyer can advise you
whether to take any action.
adviser (shuningdek, advisor) |ədˈvaɪzər|
n maslahatchi • [~ to sb (on sth)] She acts
as an adviser to the President on education.
• She is the party’s main economic adviser.
► adviser or consultant? Adviser, odatda, tashkilot tomonidan chegaralanmagan
muddatga ishga yollangan ishchi hisoblanadi; consultant esa biror bir muayyan ish,
tajriba yoki loyihaga ma’lum bir muddatga
yollangan ishchi hisoblanadi.
advocate |ˈædvəkeɪt| v (fml) xayrixohlik
bildirmoq, ma’qullamoq, qo‘llab-quvvatlamoq, yoqlamoq = recommend, prescribe,
support • [~ sth] The group does not advocate the use of violence. • [~ sb doing sth]
Many experts advocate rewarding your child
for good behaviour. • [~ that sb/sth (should)
be/do sth] The report advocated that all
buildings be fitted with smoke detectors. ■
|ˈædvəkət| n advokat, vakil = champion, upholder ≠ critic • [~ for sth/sb] an advocate
for hospital workers • [~ of sth/sb] She’s a
passionate advocate of natural childbirth.
► advocate, lawyer, barrister, attorney or
solicitor? → lawyer
affair |əˈfer| n 1 ish, muammo = business,
concern, matter • It’s an affair for the police.
• His business affairs were very complicated.
• That’s his affair - it’s nothing to do with me
(=buni menga aloqasi yo‘q). • What I do in
my spare time is my affair. 2 masala, ishlar
= transactions, concerns, matters • Are you
interested in foreign affairs (=tashqi ishlar)?
• Women had little role in public affairs. •
He’s always meddling in (=aralashmoq) other people’s affairs. 3 voqea, tadbir = event,
incident • The party is just a family affair. •
The newspapers exaggerated the whole affair wildly.
affect ★ |əˈfekt| v 1 ta’sir qilmoq/ko‘rsatmoq, o‘zgarish olib kelmoq = have an effect
on,­influence,­move,­touch­• How will these
changes affect us? • Your opinion will not affect my decision. • The south of the country
was worst affected by the drought. • I was
deeply affected (=chuqur ta’sirlandim) by
the film. ► affect or effect? Bu so‘zlarni adashtirib yubormang. Affect “ta’sir
ko‘rsatmoq” fe’li bo‘lsa, effect “ta’sir, samara” ma’nolarini bildiruvchi ot hisoblanadi.
Solishtiring: • Does television affect children’s behaviour? (Does televisoin effect ...)
• Does television have an effect on children’s
behaviour? (Does television have an affect
on ...); Effect fe’l shaklida kamdan kam keladi va uning fe’llik ma’nosi (erishmoq) affect
fe’lidan butunlay farq qiladi: • They hope to
effect a reconciliation. (... to affect a reconciliation.) 2 shikastlamoq, ziyon yet(kaz)
moq = attack, hit • It’s a disease which af-
afraid
fects mainly older people. • Rub the cream
into the affected areas. ► affect, touch or
move? → touch
affection |əˈfekʃn| n yoqtirish, yaxshi
ko‘rish, muhabbat = fondness, love • She
always spoke of him with great affection. •
Children need lots of love and affection. • He
didn’t show his wife any affection. • [~ for
sb/sth] I have a great affection for New York.
► affection or love? → love
afford |əˈfɔːrd| v qurbi/puli yetmoq = pay
for, spare • I don’t know how he can afford
a new car on his salary. • [~ to do sth] We
can’t afford to go abroad this summer. • She
never took a taxi, even though she could afford to. • [~ sth to do sth] He couldn’t afford
the money to go on the trip. ● can’t afford
yo‘l qo‘ya olmaslik • I can’t afford a delay of
more than three weeks. • [~ to do sth] We
cannot afford to ignore this warning.
afraid ★ |əˈfreɪd| adj be ~ 1 qo‘rqmoq =
frightened,­scared,­terrified (inf) scared stiff,
in a cold sweat ≠­brave,­confident­• Don’t be
afraid. • He was/felt suddenly afraid. • [~ of
sb/sth] I’ve always been afraid of heights/
spiders/flying. • It’s all over. There’s nothing to be afraid of now. • [~ of doing sth] I
started to feel afraid of going out alone at
night. • [~ to do sth] She was afraid to open
the door. ► afraid, frightened or scared?
Scared qolganlaridan ko‘ra norasmiyroq
hisoblanadi va kundalik hayotda ko‘proq
ishlatiladi: • I’m scared of heights. U, ko‘pincha, kichik qo‘rqinchlarni ifodalaydi. Afraid
va frightened esa, odatda, scared dan ko‘ra
kuchliroq qo‘rquvni ifodalaydi. Xavf-xatardan, jarohatlanish yoki aziyat chekishdan
qo‘rqilgan holatlarda, odatda, [afraid/
frightened/scared + of sb/sth/doing sth]
yoki­[afraid/frightened/scared­+­to­do­sth]­
ketma-ketliklardan foydalaniladi. Odam va
uning xavfsizligiga unchalik xavf tug‘dirmagan, asosan, kelajakda biror noxushlik
sodir­ bo‘lishidan­ qo‘rqilganda­ esa­ [frightened/scared + about (doing) sth] ko‘rinishidan foydalaniladi. Afraid ot bilan to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri kela olmaydi, u ot bilan doim of
predlogi orqali bog‘lanadi: • a frightened
child • a scared expression (an afraid child/
expression). Rasmiy va yozma ingliz tilida
ko’pincha afraid va frightened so‘zlaridan
foydalaniladi: • Many generations have been
afraid of nuclear power. 2 xavotirlanmoq,
xavotirda bo‘lmoq, qo‘rqmoq = reluctant,
hesitant ≠­ confident­ • [~ of doing sth] She
was afraid of upsetting her parents. • [~ to
do sth] Don’t be afraid to ask if you don’t
understand. • There’s no need to be afraid.
● I’m afraid (that) ★ … (salbiy holatlarga)­afsuski,­menimcha,­mening­fikrimcha,­...­
deb qo‘rqaman = I’m sorry/sad ≠ pleased
• You can’t see the boss - I’m afraid he’s ill. •
A
after
A
I’m afraid that all the cakes have been sold.
• Have you got a pocket calculator? - No, I’m
afraid not. • I don’t agree at all, I’m afraid. •
I’m afraid (that) we can’t come this evening
after all. • “Does this mean I’ve got to leave?”
“I’m afraid so (=afsuski shunday).”
after ★ |ˈæftər| prep 1 -dan keyin/so‘ng
• We’ll leave after lunch. • They arrived
shortly after 5. • [~ doing sth] After winning
the prize she became famous overnight. •
You shouldn’t go swimming straight after
a big meal. • After an hour I went home. •
We don’t let the children go out alone after dark. • He’s the tallest, after Richard. •
I’ll never forgive him after what he said. •
Some people believe in life after death. •
Let’s meet the day after tomorrow/the week
after next. • After you with the paper (=sen
o‘qib bo‘lgandan keyin olsam maylimi?). •
“Can I pour you some coffee?” “Oh no, after
you (=sizdan keyin).” ► after or in? Ish
harakatni hozirdan boshlab hisoblab qanchadan keyin sodir bo‘lishi aytilganda in
ishlatiladi: • I’ve just come home. I’ll call you
in two days (=ikki kundan keyin - hozirdan
ikki kun o‘tib.) Ish harakatni amalga oshishi
hozirdan boshqa vaqtdan hisoblab aytilganda esa after ishlatiladi: • I came home on
Tuesday and he called me in two days (=ikki
kundan keyin – o‘shandan ikki kun o‘tib) (…
in two days). Solishtiring: • I’m going to London in a week (=bir haftadan keyin ketaman
- hozirdan bir hafta o‘tib) and will be back
after a week (=bir haftadan keyin qaytaman
- yetib borgan kunimdan bir hafta o‘tib). ►
after, then, after that or afterwards?
Ikkita ish harakat ketma-ket sodir bo‘lganda birinchi sodir bo‘lgan ish-harakatga
doim after ishlatiladi, undan keyingi sodir
bo‘lgan ish-harakatga esa then, after that
yoki afterwards so‘zlaridan biri ishlatiladi.
Soddaroq qilib tushuntirilganda “-dan keyin/so‘ng” ma’nosida after, “undan keyin/
so’ng” ma’nosida esa then, after that yoki
afterwards ishlatiladi: • After seeing the film
we went to the restaurant (=Kino ko‘rganimizdan keyin/so‘ng biz restoranga bordik) •
We saw the film and afterwards/then/after
that we went to the restaurant (=Biz kino
ko‘rdik va undan keyin restoranga bordik)
2 orqasidan, ketidan • Shut the door after
you, please. • I’m always having to clean up
after the children. • We ran after him, but he
escaped. • They spoke one after the other. ■
conj keyin, so‘ng • After the snow fell, the
motorways were blocked. • Phone me after
you get home. • After winning the prize she
became famous overnight. • We named the
baby “Ena” after her grandmother. • I’ll call
you after I’ve spoken to them. ● … after…
★ har …, … ketidan …, -dan –ga • I’m sick
of doing the same thing day after day. • I’ve
18
told you time after time not to do that. • Year
after year prices keep going up. • We’ve had
meeting after meeting to discuss this point.
after all ★ 1 shuncha ishlardan keyin, axiyri, va nihoyat • Everything was all right after
all. • So you made it after all! • Maybe she
was right after all. 2 axir, nima bo‘lganda
ham = above all, most important (inf) when
all is said and done, at the end of the day
• He should be OK; after all, he is eighteen
now. • He should have paid. He suggested
it, after all. • I’m not really ambitious. After
all, money isn’t everything. be after sb/sth
ketiga/payiga tushmoq, istamoq • The police are after him. • I’m after a tie to go with
this shirt. • I’m sure she’s after my husband.
• He’s after Jane’s job. ■ adv o‘tib, keyin •
That was in 1996. Soon after, I heard that
he’d died. • I could come next week, or the
week after. • And they all lived happily ever
after.
afternoon ★ |ˌæftərˈnuːn| n |U,C| tushdan
keyin • What are you doing tomorrow afternoon? • He always has a little sleep in the
afternoon. • There is an afternoon flight to
Paris. • (Good) Afternoon, everyone. • Where
were you on the afternoon of May 21? •
Come over on Sunday afternoon. • The baby
always has an afternoon nap. • We met in the
early afternoon.
afterwards |ˈæftərwərdz| (asosan, BrEda)
(AmEda, odatda, afterward) adv undan keyin, shundan so‘ng • We’ll have lunch first
and go shopping afterwards. • Afterwards
she was sorry for what she’d said. • They
separated, and soon/shortly afterwards
Jane left the country. • She died not long afterwards. ► afterwards, then, after that or
after? → after
again ★ |əˈɡen| |əˈɡeɪn| adv 1 yana, qayta =
once more • Could you say it again, please? •
When will I see you again? • You’ll soon feel
well again. • This must never happen again.
• Once again, the train was late. • If he does
it again I’ll have to tell him. • He was glad
to be home again. • What did you say your
name was again? ► Again gapda, odatda,
to‘ldiruvchidan keyin keladi, fe’ldan keyin emas: • I hope you will visit us again. (I
hope you will again visit us). Agarda gapda
to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lmaydigan bo‘lsa, u holda
again, odatda, gapning oxirida keladi: • It’s
raining again. 2 qaytib • Never do it again. •
She spends two hours a day getting to work
and back again. ● again and again yana
va yana, qayta va qayta, ko‘p marta = repeatedly, over and over (again), often • The
police officer asked the same question again
and again. • I’ve told you again and again
not to do that. all over again hammasini
boshidan • I’ll have to write it all over again
19
against ★ |əˈɡenst| |əˈɡeɪnst| prep 1 qarshi = opposed to ≠ in favor of • England is
playing against South Africa tomorrow. • It’s
hard cycling uphill against the wind. • They
went against his advice. • That’s against the
law. • Are you for or against the death penalty? • The evidence is against him. • They got
married against her parents’ wishes. • [~ doing sth] She is against seeing him. 2 (yuzaga
yopishib/tegib ma’nosida) -ga = touching
• He was leaning against the wall. • She hit
her head against the low doorway. • The
rain beat against the windows. ● have sth
against sb/sth adovat, xusumat • I think
he’s got something against artists. • I have
nothing against Tom personally.
age ★ |eɪdʒ| n 1 |C,U| yosh • He left school
at the age of 18. • She needs more friends
of her own age. • children from 5-10 years
of age • Young people of all ages go there to
meet. • When I was your age I was already
married. • [at ~] He started playing the piano at an early age. • At what age did you
start playing the piano? • Children over the
age of 12 must pay full fare. • She was beginning to feel her age (=yoshi o‘tayotganini
his qilardi). • There’s a big age gap between
them (=yoshida katta farq bor). • the wisdom that comes with age ► age or old? Biror odamni necha yoshligi so‘ralganda yoki
aytilganda, yosh son bilan ifodalanganda,
asosan, old­ishlatiladi:­[be­+­number]­• He
is thirty five.­[be­+­number­+­years­old]­• He
is thirty five years old. (He is thirty five years
age.) • How old are you? Yosh so‘ralganda
ba’zan “What is your age?” ham ishlatilishi
mumkin, lekin bu usul juda ham noodatiy
va rasmiy hisoblanadi. Yoshlar sonsiz ishlatilganda va ayniqsa, ular solishtirilganda
doim age­ ishlatiladi:­ [be­ +...age] • When
I was your age (... your old), I was already
married. • The two boys were the same age
(the same old). 2 davr, asr, payt • middle age
• 15 is an awkward age. • the nuclear age
• the age of the computer • Wine improves
with age. ► age, time, day or epoch?
Age (era, davr) va epoch (epoxa) asosan,
o‘tmishdagi zamonlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi. Hozirgi zamonlarga nisbatan esa, odatda, day yoki time so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi:
• these days • modern times Ular o‘tgan zamonda shaxslar davlarini ifodalab kelishi
ham mumkin: • The battle happened in King
Alfred’s days/times. ● ages ★ (inf) ancha
vaqt • I’ve been waiting here for ages. • It
took us ages to get served. • Carlos left ages
ago. for your age yoshiga nisbatan/qaraganda • He was tall for his age. • You’re very
grown up for your age. She’s only four, but
she’s big for her age. under age balog‘atga
yetmagan • It is illegal to sell cigarettes to
children who are under age.
ago
aged |eɪdʒd| adj yoshli, yoshda(gi) • They
have two children aged six and nine. • She
died last year, aged 83.
agency |ˈeɪdʒənsi| n (pl -cies) agentlik =
business, organization • an advertising/
employment/estate/travel agency • You can
book at your local travel agency.
agenda |əˈdʒendə| n ish/kun rejasi = list of
items, schedule, plan • For the government,
education is now at the top of the agenda •
In our company, quality is high on the agenda.
agent |ˈeɪdʒənt| n agent,­ vakil,­ filial = representative, agency • an insurance agent •
Please contact our agent in Spain for further
information. • We’re acting as agents for Mr
Watson.
aggression |əˈɡreʃn| n |U| tajovuz(korlik),
tashlanish, urushqoqlik = hostility • The
research shows that computer games may
cause aggression. • [~ towards sb/sth] So far
they had shown no aggression towards him.
aggressive |əˈɡresɪv| adj 1 tajovuzkor,
urushqoq, hujumkor = hostile, belligerent
≠ meek, friendly • He gets aggressive when
he’s drunk. • a dangerous aggressive dog •
Men tend to be more aggressive than women.
2 tirishqoq, qaytmas • A good salesperson
has to be aggressive in today’s competitive
market. • They are very aggressive in their
strategy. ■ adv aggressively • “What do
you want?” he demanded aggressively. •
They played more aggressively (=hujumkor
o‘ynashdi) in the second half.
ago ★ |əˈɡoʊ| adv oldin = in the past, before,
earlier • He phoned a few minutes ago. • The
letter came a few days ago. • two weeks/
months/years ago • This all happened a
long time ago. • They moved to a new house
some time ago. • She was here just a minute
ago. • Long ago/A long time ago, there lived
a girl called Cinderella. • How long ago did
you buy it? • It was on TV not (so) long ago. •
It’s not that long ago (=ko‘p (vaqt) bo‘lgani/
o‘tgani yo‘q) that they met! ► ago or before? Biror bir ish-harakatni hozirdan
boshlab qancha muddat oldin bo‘lib o‘tgani
aytilganda ago ishlatiladi: • We went to
Madrid two years ago. Biror ish-harakatni
hozirdan emas, balkim boshqa zamondagi ma’lum, muayyan bir vaqtdan boshlab
qancha vaqt oldin bo‘lgani aytilganda esa
before ishlatiladi. Solishtiring: • We went to
Madrid before 2006/ten years ago. (... ago
2006.) • When I met her then her husband
had died many years before. (... many years
ago) • I remembered that I had worked with
her ten years before. Hozirdan hisoblab
aytilganda ago doim qiymatlar bilan keladi;
before esa tartib son bilan ifodalangan va
boshqa vaqt birliklari bilan keladi: • I saw
him last time two days/a few weeks ago. (...
A
agree
A
20
is still largely based on traditional methods
two days/a few weeks before) • I saw him
in some countries.
last time before Sunday/September/summer/5 p.m/2015 (ago Sunday/September/ ahead |əˈhed| adv 1 oldin(-da/-ga) = forward • Our team was losing, but now we are
summer/5 p.m/2015)
agree ★ |əˈɡriː| v 1­ ko‘nmoq,­ fikriga­ ahead again. • Run on ahead and find some
seats for us. • You need to go straight ahead,
qo‘shilmoq, ma’qullamoq = be of the same
and then turn left. • You need to work hard
mind/opinion, see eye to eye ≠ disagree,
to keep ahead. 2 oldindan = in advance, bediffer • When he said that, I had to agree.
forehand • My diary is filled with appoint• [+ speech] “That’s true”, she agreed. • [~
ments for six weeks ahead. • We try to fill
with sb (about/on sth)] He agreed with
the vacancies at least three weeks ahead. •
them about the need for change. • [~ with
The party was planned weeks ahead. 3 (inf)
sth] Most of the group agreed with her sugoldinda, qarshi(si/miz)da = in front of, begestion. • [~ to sth] After some discussion he
fore, waiting for • We’ve got a lot of hard
agreed to our plan. • [~ (that)…] We agreed
work ahead. • Problems may lie ahead. •
(that) the proposal was a good one. • “It’s
Ahead of us was a steep hill. • [~ of sb/sth]
terrible.” “I couldn’t agree more! (=mutYou have a mass of work ahead of you.
laqo qo‘shilaman)”. • [be agreed (on/about
sth)] Are we all agreed on this? • [be agreed aid |eɪd| n |U| yordam, ko‘mak = assistance,
support, help, relief • aid to the earthquake
(that…)] It was agreed (that) we should hold
zone • This job would be impossible without
another meeting. 2 kelishmoq, kelishib/
the aid of a computer. • Did you learn any
belgilab olmoq • [~ on sth] Can we agree on
first aid at school? • [~ to sth/sb] The UN
a date? • [~ sth] They met at the agreed time.
provided emergency economic/humanita• Can we agree a price? • They left at ten, as
rian/emergency aid to the country. • About
agreed. • [~ to do sth] We agreed to meet on
a fifth of the country’s income is in the form
Thursday. • [~ wh…] We couldn’t agree what
of foreign/overseas aid. • [~ to doing sth]
to do. 3 rozi bo‘lmoq, xo‘p demoq = consent
A thesaurus is a useful aid to writing. ►
to, assent to (inf) OK ≠ reject • I asked for
aid or relief? Aid asosan qiyin ahvoldagi,
a pay rise and she agreed. • [~ to sth] Do
qashshoq davlat, tashkilot yoki odamlarga
you think he’ll agree to their proposal? • [~
qilinadigan moddiy, kerakli jihoz va xiz(that)…] She agreed (that) I could go early.
matlar bilan ta’minlash kabi yordamlarga
• [~ to do sth] She agreed to let me go early.
nisbatan ishlatiladi: • Regular flights are
► Agree fe’li ot bilan kelganda u with predcarrying humanitarian aid to Cambodia.
logi bilan ishlatiladi: [agree­+­with­+­n] • I
Relief esa asosan urush yoki tabiiy ofatdan
do not agree with this policy. (I do not agree
aziyat chekayotgan odamlarga nisbatan
to/about/for this policy.) • I agree with
qilingan ham moddiy, ham boshqa, ya’ni
this opinion to some extent. (I agree to this
oziq-ovqat va dori-darmonlar bilan, yoropinion ...) [agree­+­with­+­doing­sth]­• As a
damchi kuchlar bilan ta’minlashga nisbatan
non-smoker, I agree with banning smoking
ishlatiladi: • Relief agencies are stepping up
in restaurants. (... I agree banning ...) Fe’l
efforts to provide food, shelter and agriculbilan­ kelganda­ esa­ undan­ so‘ng­ infinitiv­ tural equipment. ■ v ko‘mak/yordam berkeladi,­ gerundiy­ emas:­ [agree­ +­ to­ do­ sth]­ moq = help, assist, facilitate • [~ sb (to do
• Do you agree to study abroad? (Do you
sth)] This feature is designed to aid inexperiagree studying abroad) ► agree or accept?
enced users. • [~ sb/sth in (doing) sth] They
→ accept
were accused of aiding (him in) his escape. •
agreement |əˈɡriːmənt| n kelishuv, bitim =
[~ sth] Aided by heat and strong winds, the
contract, compact, treaty ≠ disagreement •
fire quickly spread. • [~ sb (with sth)] Words
The two sides failed to reach agreement. • [~
will be displayed around the room to aid stuwith sb/sth] We signed an agreement with
dents with spelling.
the Italian company. • [~ on sth (between A aim ★ |eɪm| n (ko‘zlangan) maqsad = point,
and B)] They have broken (the terms of) the
objective, intend • His aim is to do well at
agreement on human rights. • Agreement
school and then go to university. • She went
between the two sides is still a long way off. •
to London with the aim of (=maqsadida) find[~ to do sth] They had made a verbal agreeing a job. • Our main aim is to increase sales
ment to sell. ● in agreement (with sb/sth)
in Europe. • She set out the company’s aims
fikriga­ qo‘shilmoq • Are we in agreement
and objectives in her speech. ► aim, objecabout the price? • The whole family was in
tive, goal or target? Goal, odatda, shaxs
agreement with her about/on what they
yoki tashkilotning uzoq muddatli maqsashould do. • We discussed the plan with them
di, rejasiga nisbatan ishlatiladi. • The goal
and they are in agreement.
is to raise as much money as possible. Taragriculture |ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər| n |U| qishloq
get esa shaxs yoki ma’muriyat tomonidan
xo‘jaligi = farming, cultivation • Agriculture
qo‘yilgan/belgilangan maxsus, muayyan
21
bir reja yoki topshiriqlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • The car met its sales target in record
time. • They are school leavers who failed to
reach their target grades. Odam yoki tashkilotlarning biror ish qilishidan ko‘zlangan maqsadni ifodalashda object yoki aim
so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • The institute
was opened with the object of promoting
scientific study. • The aim of the festival is
to increase awareness of Hindu culture and
traditions. ► purpose or aim? Purpose
qilinayotgan ishning sababini, nima uchun
qilinayotganini ifodalaydi: • The purpose
of the occasion (=Bu tadbir uyushtirilishining sababi) was to raise money for medical
supplies. Aim esa, asosan, qilinayotgan ishning maqsadini, undan nima ko‘zlanganini
ifodalaydi: • The aim of the festival (=Festivaldan ko‘zlangan maqsad) is to increase
awareness of Islamic culture and traditions.
■ v 1 maqsad/niyat qilmoq, ko‘zlamoq •
We aim to go on holiday in June. • He has
always aimed high. • [~ for sth] We should
aim for a bigger share of the market. • [~
at sth] The government is aiming at a 50%
reduction in unemployment. • [~ to do sth]
They are aiming to reduce unemployment
by 50%. • [~ at doing sth] They’re aiming at
training everybody by the end of the year. 2
qaratilgan, yo‘naltirilgan • [~ at doing sth]
These measures are aimed at preventing violent crime. • [~ sth at sb] The book is aimed
at very young children. 3 o‘qtalmoq, mo‘ljalga olmoq • [~ at sb/sth] I was aiming at the
tree but hit the car by mistake. • [~ for sb/
sth] Aim for the middle of the target. • [~ sth
(at sb/sth)] The gun was aimed at her head.
ain’t |eɪnt| qisqartma shakli (non-standard)
1 “am not, is not, are not” so‘zlarining qisqartmasi • Things ain’t what they used to be.
• He ain’t going. 2 “has/have not” so‘zlarining qisqartmasi • I ain’t got no money.
• You ain’t seen nothing yet. • I ain’t done
nothing wrong.
air ★ |er| n 1 havo, dam = sky, atmosphere
• Let’s go out for some fresh air. • I need to
put some air in my tyres. 2 the air osmon •
I kicked the ball high in/into the air. • Spicy
smells wafted through the air. • Music filled
the night air. 3 samolyot, parvoz • It only
takes three hours by air. • air travel/traffic •
A surprise air attack was launched at night.
■ adj • new air routes ● in the air nafasi,
ruhi • There’s romance in the air. • Love/
Change/Spring is in the air. on air­efirda­•
We will be back on air tomorrow morning
at 7. • The programme first went on the air
28 years ago. up in the air hali noma’lum,
hozircha aniq emas • Our travel plans are
still up in the air. • The whole future of the
project is still up in the air.
alien
aircraft |ˈerkræft| n (pl aircraft) samoviy
kema, samolyot • The passengers got into/
boarded the aircraft. • fighter/transport/
military aircraft • They came under attack
from enemy aircraft.
airline |ˈerlaɪn| n |C| (ham birlik, ham ko‘plik
fe’li bilan kelishi mumkin) havo yo‘llari •
Australia’s national airline • He’d always
wanted to be an airline pilot.
airport ★ |ˈerpɔːrt| n aeroport • an international airport • a military airport • The
plane landed at Heathrow Airport. • an airport terminal/runway • Her family went to
see her off at the airport.
alarm |əˈlɑːrm| n 1 |U| vahimaga tushish,
xavotir olish = fear, anxiety ≠ calmness,
composure • The doctor said there was no
cause for alarm. • “What have you done?” Ellie cried in alarm (=vahimaga tushib). 2 signal, trevoga • An alarm will sound if someone touches the wire. • She decided to sound
the alarm. 3 signalizatsiya = warning, alert
• a burglar/fire/smoke alarm • The cat set
off the alarm (=ishga tushirib yubordi). • A
car alarm went off (=ishlab ketdi) in the middle of the night. ● alarm (clock) budilnik •
My alarm clock went off at 7.30. • I’ve set the
alarm for 7.30. ■ v cho‘chitmoq, vahimaga
solmoq = frighten, scare, panic, worry • I
don’t want to alarm you, but there’s a police
car parked outside your house. • The captain
knew there was an engine fault but didn’t
want to alarm the passengers.
album |ˈælbəm| n 1 albom • a stamp/photograph album • We’ve put the best wedding
photos into an album. 2 qo‘shiqlar dastasi,
albom • The band plan to release their new
album next week. • His latest album comes
out in the spring.
alcohol |ˈælkəhɔːl| |ˈælkəhɑːl| n |U| 1 spirtli
ichimlik, alkogol mahsuloti = liquor, strong
drink (inf) booze • They will not serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 18. • I used to
drink alcohol, but I don’t any more. 2 spirt •
Wine contains about 10% alcohol. • I could
smell the alcohol on his breath. • He pleaded guilty to driving with excess alcohol. •
low-alcohol beer • alcohol-free beer
alcoholic |ˌælkəˈhɔːlɪk| |ˌælkəˈhɑːlɪk| adj
spirtli, alkogolik • alcoholic beverages/
drinks/liquor • Could I have something
non-alcoholic, like orange juice, please?
alert |əˈlɜːrt| adj hushyor, e’tiborli = watchful, sharp (inf) heads-up ≠ inattentive • Try
to stay alert while driving at night. • Two
alert scientists spotted the mistake. • [~ to
sth] Parents must be alert to the symptoms
of the disease.
alien |ˈeɪliən| adj yod, g‘ayritabiiy, begona =
unfamiliar, hostile, strange ≠ familiar • an
alien culture • [~ to sb/sth] When I first went
to New York, it all felt very alien to me. • The
A
alive
A
concept is totally alien to her. ■ n 1 begona
kishi, chet el fuqarosi = foreigner, nonnative
• Illegal aliens are usually deported to their
country of origin. 2 o‘zga sayyoralik = ET •
an alien spacecraft • In the movie aliens invade Earth.
alive |əˈlaɪv| adj hayot, tirik (holatda) = living, live ≠ dead • We don’t know whether
he’s alive or dead. • Doctors kept the baby
alive for six weeks. • I was glad to hear you’re
alive and well. • She had to steal food just to
stay alive. • We should keep the tradition
alive. ► alive, living or live? → living ● to
come alive jonlanmoq • The game came
alive in the second half. • The city centre really comes alive at the weekend.
all ★ |ɔːl| det 1 hamma • He has lost all his
money. • They all/All of them like coffee. •
Did you pick all (of) the tomatoes? • Where
are all the children? • All the people you invited are coming. • You’ve had all the fun and
I’ve had all the hard work. • It’s all about
money these days. • I’ve heard it all before. ►
all, everybody/everyone or everything?
Odamlar yoki narsalarga nisbatan “hamma,
hamma narsa” ma’nolarida, mos ravishda,
everybody(one) va everything olmoshlaridan foydalaniladi, all olmoshidan emas: •
Everybody stood up. (All stood up) • Everyone
is here (All are here) • Everything was stolen.
(All were stolen). Bu vaziyatlarda all olmoshini ham ishlatish mumkin, faqat all ana
shu nazarda tutilayotgan otlar bilan kelishi
kerak bo‘ladi. Everybody(one) va everything
olmoshlari esa buning aksi, ulardan keyin
hech qachon shaxs yoki narsalar kelmaydi
va ular doim birlikda ishlatiladi: • All the
people stood up (Everybody people stood up)
• All (of) the students are here (Everyone are
here) • All the money was stolen. (Everything
money was stolen) All yolg‘iz holda, odatda,
kelishiklar bilan qo‘llaniladi: • All I have is
yours. or Everything is yours. (All is yours)
• She lost all (that) she owned. or She lost
everything she owned. (She lost all) All olmoshi bunday holatlarda, ko‘pincha, salbiy
ma’noda, ya’ni “boshqa hech narsa” ma’nosida ishlatiladi: • This is all I’ve got (=Menda
bori shu — boshqa hech narsam yo‘q) • All
I want is a place to sleep (=Men faqat uxlash
uchun boshpana xohlayman xolos — boshqa hech narsa kerak emas) 2 butun, bo‘yi •
He’s worked hard all year. • She was unemployed for all that time. • Hannah didn’t say
a single word all the way back home. ► all
or whole? Vaqtga nisbatan “butun, bo‘yi”
ma’nolarida ikkala olmoshdan ham foydalanish mumkin, faqat aniqlovchilar (the, my,
this ...) all olmoshidan keyin kelsa, whole
olmoshidan­oldin­keladi:­[all­+­det­+­n] yoki
[det­ +­ whole­ +­ n] • Julia spent all the/this
summer at home. (... the all summer ...) or
22
Julia spent the/this whole summer at home.
(... whole the summer ...) • I have been waiting for you all my life or I have been waiting
for you my whole life. Lekin vaqtni ifodalamagan boshqa narsalarga “butun” ma’nosida faqat whole so‘zidan foydalaniladi, all
so‘zidan emas: • She missed the whole lesson (... all the lesson) • The whole audience
(=butun auditoriya - auditoriyadagi hamma
odamlar) applauded him. (All the audience
...) • As far as I know, the whole family (=butun oila - oilaning hamma a’zolari) has gone
to the picnic (... all the family ...) Sanalmaydigan otlar bilan esa ushbu ma’noda, ko‘pincha all so‘zi ishlatiladi: • She has drunk all
the milk (... the whole milk) ■ adv 1 hamma
yoq, hammasi • The ground was all white after the snow had fallen. • A strange woman
was dressed all in black. • “It was a dreadful
experience.” “Never mind, it’s all over. • The
baby got food all over her dress. 2 butunlay, butkul • If people want more freedom of
choice, then I’m all for it • I forgot all about
her birthday. • You shouldn’t be sitting here
by yourself, all alone. • The Princess lived all
alone/by herself in the middle of the forest.
3 faqat … xolos (boshqa hech narsa …), -gan
yagona narsa • All I want is peace and quiet.
(=Men faqat tinchlik va osyishtalik xohlayman holos, boshqa hech narsa kerak emas)
• All I’m asking for is a little respect. • All I
knew was that she was a schoolteacher. •
All you need is a hammer and some nails. •
And now it’s raining - that’s all I need! ● all
along boshidanoq, har doim • I realized it
was in my pocket all along. • Chapman had
known all along that the plan wouldn’t work.
• We had to admit that Dad had been right
all along. all at once 1 birdan(iga) • All at
once she lost her temper. • All at once there
was a loud crashing sound. 2 bir paytning/
vaqtning o‘zida = at the same time • I can’t
do everything all at once — you’ll have to
be patient. • There were too many things
happening all at once - I couldn’t take it all
in. all by yourself ★ 1 o‘zi(m/ing), hech
kimning yordamisiz • You can’t do it all by
yourself. 2 yolg‘iz, o‘zi(m/ing) • I’m all by
myself this evening - my girlfriend’s gone out.
all right ★ yaxshi, bo‘laveradi, hammasi
joyida • Is the coffee all right? • She was ill
yesterday but she’s all right now. • I hope the
children are all right. • “How was your trip?”
“All right.” • Are you feeling all right? • We’ve
got to get up early, all right? • “Can you do
it?” “Oh, all right.” • “I’m really sorry.” “That’s
all right, don’t worry.” • All right class, turn
to page 20. ► allright or alright? BrEda, odatda, allright ishlatiladi. Alright esa,
ko‘pincha, AmEda uchraydi. all round 1
umuman olib qaraganda • All round it’s not
a bad car. • It was a nasty business all round.
23
2 hamma atrofdagi • There were smiles all
round. • He paid for drinks all round. all the
same baribir • I’m not really keen on horror
films, but I’ll go with you all the same. (not)
at all ★ 1 (inkor gaplarda) umuman, hech
ham • I don’t like him at all. • This restaurant
isn’t at all expensive. • She hardly eats anything at all. • “Will it bother you if I smoke?”
“Not at all.” 2 o‘zi, umuman (olganda) • Do
you sing at all? (=o‘zi sen umuman kuylaysanmi?) • I’ll come in the morning if I come
at all (=agar o‘zim keladigan bo‘lsam). for
all I know bilishimcha, men bilganim • He
might be a murderer, for all we know. not
at all arzimaydi • “Thanks very much for
your help.” “Not at all, it was a pleasure.” •
“Thanks a lot.” “Not at all.” that’s all shu xolos, hammasi/bori shu • I was just trying to
make suggestions - that’s all. • That’s all for
now, folks.
allegation |ˌæləˈɡeɪʃn| n dalil/isbotsiz
ayblash, ayblov = claim • to investigate/
withdraw an allegation • She denied the
latest allegations. • [~ of sth] Several newspapers made allegations of corruption in the
city’s police department. • [~ of sth against
sb] The teacher made serious allegations
against a colleague. • [~ about sb/sth] The
committee has made serious allegations
about interference in its work. • [~ that…]
There were allegations that the film encouraged violence.
allege |əˈledʒ| v (ko‘pincha, majhul nisbatda
ishlatiladi) (fml) isbotsiz/asossiz gapirmoq,
dalilsiz ayblamoq = claim • [~ (that)…] The
prosecution alleges (that) she was driving
carelessly. • [it is alleged (that)…] It is alleged that he mistreated the prisoners. • [be
alleged to be, have, etc. sth] He is alleged to
have mistreated the prisoners.
alleged |əˈledʒd| adj isbotsiz/dalilsiz
ayblangan • the alleged attack/offence/
incident • The girl gave evidence in court
against her alleged attacker.
alliance |əˈlaɪəns| n ittifoq(lik) = association, union • The three smaller parties have
forged/formed/made an alliance. • [~ with
sb/sth] Some of us feel that the union is in
alliance with management against us. • [~
between A and B] the possibility of a political alliance between the two parties
allocate |ˈæləkeɪt| v ma’lum bir maqsad
uchun ajratmoq, taqsimlamoq • [~ sth for
sth] A large sum has been allocated for buying new books for the library. • [~ sth to sb/
sth] The committee allocates funds to universities. • [~ sb/sth sth] The project is being
allocated more resources.
allow ★ |əˈlaʊ| v 1 ruxsat/ijozat bermoq,
yo‘l qo‘yib bermoq = permit, let ≠ forbid,
prevent • [~ sb to do sth] His parents won’t
allow him to stay out late. • I’m not allowed
along
to drive my dad’s car. • [~ sth to do sth] He
allowed his mind to wander. • [~ yourself to
do sth] She won’t allow herself to be dictated to. • [~ sth] Smoking is not allowed in the
hall. • [~ sb/yourself sth] You’re allowed an
hour to complete the test. • I’m on a diet but
I allow myself an occasional piece of cake. •
[~ sth] No dogs allowed (=itlarni olib kirish
ta’qiqlanadi). • [~ adv/prep] The prisoners
are allowed out of their cells for two hours
a day. ► Allow fe’lidan keyin, odatda, gerundiy­keladi:­[allow­+­doing­sth]­• We do
not allow smoking in the hall. Lekin agar u
shaxs bilan keladigan bo‘lsa, u holda undan
so‘ng­infinitiv­ishlatiladi:­[allow­+­sb­+­to­do­
sth] • We do not allow the visitors to smoke
in the hall. ► allow or permit? → permit 2
yetarlicha ajratmoq/olib qo‘ymoq [~ for
sth] • How much time would you allow for
the trip? • You need to allow three metres of
fabric for the dress. • We allowed for living
expenses of £20 a day. ● allow for hisobga
olmoq, inobatga olmoq • It will take about
an hour to get there, allowing for traffic delays. • All these factors must be allowed for.
allowance |əˈlaʊəns| n 1 ruxsat berilgan/
ajratilgan pul = permitted amount/quantity • a weekly allowance • an allowance of
$20 a day • a clothing/living/travel allowance • She receives a monthly allowance of
£500. • She spends her allowance on clothes.
• The company gives me a travel allowance.
2 berilgan ruxsat, ijozat • The baggage/luggage allowance for most flights is 20 kilos.
almost ★ |ˈɔːlmoʊst| adv 1 deyarli, desa
ham bo‘laveradi = nearly, (just) about (inf)
pretty, near • “Are you ready?” “Almost! I’m
just putting my shoes on.” • I like almost all of
them. • She’s almost as tall as I am. • They’ll
eat almost anything. • Dinner’s almost ready.
• It’s almost time to go. • Almost no one believed him. • Almost all the passengers on
the ferry were French. • Almost everything
was lost in the fire. 2 oz/sal qoldi, bir baxya
qoldi • He slipped and almost fell. • A taxi
almost hit him as he was crossing the street.
alone ★ |əˈloʊn| adj, adv 1 yolg‘iz, o‘zi(m/
miz) = by oneself, on sb’s own, lonely ≠ with
others, accompanied • I don’t like travelling
alone. • It’s hard bringing up children alone.
• She was sitting all alone in the hall. • I’ve
been so alone since you went away. • Finally the two of us were alone together. • Carol
felt all alone in the world. • I’ve been so alone
since you went away. ► Kundalik hayotda
alone so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq by yourself yoki
on your own jumlalaridan foydalaniladi: •
She lives by herself/on her own. 2 faqat =
only • She alone knew the importance of the
message.
along ★ |əˈlɔːŋ| |əˈlɑːŋ| prep 1 bo‘ylab, yoqalab • They walked slowly along the road.
A
alongside
A
• I looked along the shelves for the book I
needed. • She ran along the pavement. •
Walk along the street until you come to the
post office. • I was just driving along when
I caught sight of my brother. 2 biror narsa bo‘layotgan joyga bormoq • John came
along after about five minutes. • Is it ok if I
bring a friend along? • Why don’t you take
your guitar along? 3 (biz/sizlar) bilan birga • We’re going for a swim. Why don’t you
come along? • I’ll be along in a few minutes. •
I’ll bring some food along and we can have a
picnic. 4 oldinga, olg‘a • We were just walking along, chatting. • He pointed out various
landmarks as we drove along. • The book’s
coming along nicely. ● along with sb/sth
bilan birga(likda), bir qatorda = together
with, as well as • She lost her job when the
factory closed, along with hundreds of others. • I was chosen, along with twelve other
artists.
alongside |əˌlɔːŋˈsaɪd| |əˌlɑːŋˈsaɪd| prep 1
bir qatorda, yonma-yon, oldida = together
with • A police car pulled up alongside us. •
Much of the land alongside the river is below
sea level. • Most of the staff refused to work
alongside the new team. • Children’s prices
are shown alongside adult prices. 2 birgalikda, bilan birga • Traditional beliefs still
flourish alongside a modern urban lifestyle.
• The new pill will be used alongside existing
medicines. ■ adv yonma-yon • Nick caught
up with me and rode alongside.
aloud |əˈlaʊd| adv ovozini chiqarib, baland
ovozda = out loud ≠ silently • He read the
letter aloud to us. • “What am I going to
do?” she wondered aloud. ► aloud, loudly or
loud? → loud
alphabet |ˈælfəbet| n alifbo­ • Alpha is the
first letter of the Greek alphabet. • How
many letters are there in the Uzbek alphabet?
alphabetical |ˌælfəˈbetɪkl| adj alifbo­ tartibida • The words in the dictionary are in
alphabetical order. • The files are arranged
in alphabetical order. ■ adv alphabetically • filed/listed/stored alphabetically • The
books should be ordered alphabetically by
subject. • I’ve arranged the pictures of the
animals alphabetically from aardvark to
zebra.
already ★ |ɔːlˈredi| adv 1 allaqachon = by
this/that time, by now/then • I’ve already
done my shopping. • It was already past ten
o’clock when he arrived. • We got there early but Mike had already left. • “Lunch?” “No
thanks, I’ve already eaten.” • Put your wallet
away. I’ve already paid for everything. ►
Already gapda, odatda, asosiy fe’ldan oldin;
modal fe’l, ko‘makchi fe’l va to be fe’llaridan
keyin keladi: • We already have enough supermarkets in this town. (We have already
24
enough ...) • They had already voted for
him at the first ballot. • There are already
enough supermarkets here. (There already
are enough ...) • He was already rich. Lekin
urg‘uni kuchaytirish uchun ba’zan u gap
boshida ham kelishi mumkin: • Already, he
has a luxurious, secluded villa in the swish
community of Formello.2 birpasda = as early as this/that • Is it 10 o’clock already? • Are
you tired already? I don’t believe it! • Have
you eaten all that food already? 3 shundoq
ham, shusiz ham = as it is • We must hurry
- we’re twenty minutes late already. • There
are far too many people already. We can’t
take any more. • Look, I already have enough
problems as it is.
also ★ |ˈɔːlsoʊ| adv shuningdek, ham = too,
as well, besides (inf) and all • She’s a photographer and also writes books. • She’s fluent in French and German. She also speaks
a little Italian. • I’m cold, and I’m also hungry and tired. • Peter Wilson, also known
as “the Tiger”. • She was not only intelligent
but also very musical. ► also, as well or
too? Bu so‘zlarning ma’nolari deyarli bir
xil, ular, asosan, gapda keladigan o‘rinlariga
ko‘ra bir-biridan farq qiladi. Also olmoshi,
asosan asosiy fe’llardan oldin yoki to be
fe’llaridan (am, was, will be ...) keyin keladi:
[subject­+­also +verb] • I like dogs, but I also
like cats. (... I like also cats.) [subject­+­be­+­
also + complement] • I like dogs, but I am
also fond of cats. (... I also am fond of cats.)
Bundan tashqari also va as well butun gapga urg‘u berib, vergul bilan ajratilgan holda
ham­ kelishi­ mumkin:­ [Also + comma (,)] •
It’s a nice house, but it’s very small. Also, it
needs a lot of repairs.­[comma­(,) + as well]
• It is most often diagnosed in women in
their thirties and forties, although I’ve seen
it in many younger women, as well. Lekin bu
rasmiy vaziyatlarda va yozma ingliz tilida
doim ham to‘g‘ri deb hisoblanaverilmaydi;
rasmiy vaziyatlarda, odatda, ularning o‘rniga moreover yoki furthermore so‘zlaridan
foydalaniladi: • It was also a highly desirable political end. Furthermore/Moreover,
it gave the English a door into France; too
va as well olmoshlari esa ushbu ma’noda
ko‘proq og‘zaki nutqda ishlatiladi va doim
gapning­ oxirida­ keladi:­ [clause­ +­ too/as
well] • “I’m going home now.” “I’ll come too.”
• The museum provides hours of fun and a
few surprises as well. Bundan tashqari qisqa javoblarda also emas, asosan, too yoki as
well olmoshlaridan foydalaniladi: • “She’s
nice” “I think so too” (I also think so) • “I’ve
got a headache” “I have as well” (I also have)
• “I’m going home” “Me too” or “I am as well”
(Me also/I’m also) Lekin­ biror­ inkor­ fikrga­
yana­ boshqa­ bir­ inkor­ fikr­ qo‘shiladigan­
bo‘lsa, u holda not...either birikmasidan foy-
25
always
dalaniladi:­[(-) + (-)] • She hasn’t phoned yet
ajratilgan holda keladi: • “Nice day, isn’t it?”
and she hasn’t written either. Agarda biror
“Yes, it is. Bit cold, though.” Bundan tashqari
ijobiy­fikrga­salbiy­fikr­qo‘shiladigan­bo‘lsa,­ as va even so‘zlari bilan ham faqat though
u holda not ...as well yoki not...too lardan
so‘zi ishlatiladi, although emas. As though
foydalaniladi:­ [(+) + (-)] • You can have a
“huddi, -dek” ma’nolarida ishlatiladi: • She
burger, but you can’t have fries too/as well.
doesn’t look as though she’s listening. (... as
alter |ˈɔːltər| v 1 o‘zgar(tir)moq = change,
although she’s listening.) Even though esa
become different ≠ stay the same • We’ve
urg‘u va mubolag‘ani yanada kuchaytirishhad to alter some of our plans. • Prices did
da, “hatto(ki) …-ga qaramasdan” ma’nosida
not alter significantly during 2007. • He had
ishlatiladi: • Even though everyone played
altered so much I scarcely recognized him.
well, we lost the game. or We lost the game,
► alter or change? → change 2 o‘zgartireven though everyone played well; Although,
moq, o‘zgartirish kiritmoq = change, make
though, even though so‘zlari doim ega-kechanges to ≠ preserve • We can have the
simli gap bilan ishlatiladi, ot yoki olmosh
dress altered to fit you. • The landscape has
oldidan­ emas:­ [(al)though/even though +
been radically altered, severely damaging
subject + v] • Although the sun was shining
wildlife.
it wasn’t that warm. (Although the sun it
alteration |ˌɔːltəˈreɪʃn| n o‘zgar(tir)ish,
wasn’t sthat warm.) • I like him even though
o‘zgartirish kiritish = change, adjustment •
he makes me angry sometimes. (... even
major/minor alterations • They are making
though his making me angry sometimes.)
some alterations to the house. • The King‘s
Ot va olmoshlarlar oldidan ularning o‘rniga
Arms pub is to undergo extensive alterations.
in spite of yoki despite so‘zlaridan foydala• She made some alterations in the design.
niladi: [in­spite­of/despite­+­noun/pron] •
alternative |ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv| n (o‘rnini bosa
We went out in spite of the rain. (We went
oladigan, qo‘shimcha) narsa, chora, imkoniout although/though the rain) • We underyat, yo‘l = option, choice • Can you suggest
stood him despite his bad accent. Solishtian alternative? • Now that she’s ill, do we
ring: • He passed the exam in spite of his bad
have any alternative to calling the holiteachers and He passed the exam although
day off? • We had no alternative but to fire
bad teachers taught him. • We lost the game
Gibson. ► option, choice or alternative?
despite his help and We lost the game even
→ choice1 ■ adj (shuningdek, alternate,
though he helped us.
asosan, AmEda) boshqa, o‘rnini bosadigan, altitude |ˈæltɪtuːd| n balandlik = height • We
are flying at an altitude of 6 000 metres. •
muqobil = different, other, standby • Do you
Snow leopards live at high altitudes.
have an alternative solution? • We are now
looking for an alternative method. • Elec- altogether |ˌɔːltəˈɡeðər| adv 1 butunlay,
umuman, to‘liq = completely, totally, entricity companies were criticized for failing
tirely, absolutely • I don’t altogether agree
to develop alternative energy sources.
with you. • I am not altogether happy about
although ★ (AmEda shuningdek (inf) althe decision. • It was an altogether differtho) |ɔːlˈðoʊ| conj 1 -ga qaramasdan, (bo‘l)
ent situation. 2 hammasi bo‘lib, jami = in
sa ham, bo‘lsada = in spite of/despite the
all • The food was £10 and the drinks £5,
fact that, though • Although it was freezso that makes £15 altogether. • You owe me
ing, she didn’t put a coat on. • Although
£68 altogether. 3 umuman olganda/aytthe sun was shining, it wasn’t very warm. •
ganda, hammasini hisobga olganda = on
Although in poor health, she continued to
the whole, overall, all in all • The food was
carry out her duties. • Although small, the
good and we loved the music. Altogether it
kitchen is well designed. 2 lekin, shunday
was a great evening. • He’s bad-tempered,
bo‘lsada • I felt he was wrong, although I
selfish and altogether an unpleasant man.
didn’t say so at the time. • He’s rather shy,
► altogether or all together? Bu so‘zlar
although he’s not as bad as he used to be.
bir-biriga o‘xshash bo‘lsa-da, ular har xil
► although, (even) though, in spite of
ma’nolarni anglatadi. Altogether “jami/
or despite? Although va though ma’nolari
hammasi bo‘lib” degan ma’noni bildiradi: •
deyarli bir xil faqat og‘zaki nutqda ko‘proq
We have invited fifty people altogether. BrEthough ishlatiladi. Gapda ular quyidagi
da uni yana “butunlay” ma’nosi ham mavtartibda­ kelishlari­ mumkin:­ [(al)though
jud: • I am not altogether convinced by this
+ clause, + clause] • Although/though I
argument; Alltogether esa “hamma(miz)
don’t agree with him, I think he is honest.
birgalikda” yoki “hammasini birga” degan
[clause,­ +­ (al)though + clause] • I’ll talk
ma’nolarni bildiradi: • Let’s sing “Happy
to him, although/though I don’t think it’ll
Birthday”. All together now! • Can you put
do any good. Though yana (ayniqsa og‘zayour books all together in this box?
ki nutqda) “lekin, har holda” ma’nolarida
ham kelishi mumkin va bunday holat- always ★ |ˈɔːlweɪz| adv 1 (har) doim, dolarda, odatda, u gap oxirida, vergul bilan
imo = every time, each time, all the time ≠
A
a.m.
A
never, seldom • She is always late for work. •
Always lock your car. • She always arrives at
7.30. • We’re not always this busy! • There’s
always a pen in my handbag. • There will always be a demand for English teachers. ►
Always asosiy fe’llardan oldin, ko‘makchi,
modal yoki to be fe’llaridan esa keyin keladi:
• I always forget my mobile phone number.
(I forget always ...) • She is always late for
meetings. (She always is late for meetings.) •
Education in Britain has always been considered some of the best in the world. (Education in Britain always has been ...) 2 butun
umr, har doim = forever, for always, for good
(inf) for keeps ≠ never • Did you always want
to be an actor? • I’ll always love you. • Pat
has always loved gardening. • This painting
is very good — Ellie always was very good
at art. 3 qachon qarama -gani –gan, -veradi = continually, continuously, constantly
(inf) 24-7 ≠ never • She’s always criticizing
me. (=U qachon qarama meni tanqid qilgani-qilgan/qilaveradi.) • That phone’s
always ringing. • Why are you always complaining about my cooking? • She’s always
asking me to lend her money. ● as always
★ (har) doimgiday • As always, Polly was
late for school. • As always, her father was
there to meet her. can/could always do
sth, there’s always… (xushmuomalalik
bilan taklif berganda) -sang ham bo‘laveradi, -shing ham mumkin, xohlagan payt …
mumkin = as a last resort, no matter what
• You could always try ringing again. • If it
doesn’t fit, you can always take it back. • If
he can’t help, there’s always John.
a.m. (AmEda shuningdek A.M.) |ˌeɪ ˈem|
abbr tushdan keyingi • I have to catch the
7 a.m. train to work every day. • Work starts
at 9 am. ► a.m. or p.m.? a.m kechki soat
00:00 dan kunduzgi 12:00 gacha bo‘lgan
vaqtni ifodalaydi; p.m esa kunduzgi 12:00
dan tungi 00:00 gacha bo‘lgan vaqtni ifodalaydi: • My work begins at 9 a.m and finishes
at 6 p.m.
amateur |ˈæmətər| |ˈæmətʃər| n havaskor
= nonprofessional, nonspecialist ≠ professional • The tournament is open to both
amateurs and professionals. • This work
was done by a bunch of amateurs! ■ adj 1
ko‘ngilchog‘lik/ochish uchun qilin(adi)gan
• an amateur photographer • amateur athletics 2 havaskorlarga xos, havaskorlarcha
• The performance sounded very amateur,
I’m afraid.
amaze ★ |əˈmeɪz| v ajablantirmoq, hayron/
hayratda qoldirmoq = astonish, astound,
surprise • These guys continue to amaze
with their excellent music. • [~ sb wh…] It
amazes me how you can put up with living in
such a dirty house. • What amazes me is that
they never get tired. • [it amazes sb that…] It
26
amazed her that he could be so calm at such
a time. • [it amazes sb to­ see,­ find,­ learn,­
etc.] It amazes me to think that Anna is now
in charge of the company. ► amaze or astonish? → astonish
amazed ★ |əˈmeɪzd| adj be ~ hayron/qoyil
qolmoq, ajablanmoq = astonished, surprised • [~ at sb/sth] I was amazed at her
knowledge. • [~ by sb/sth] We were amazed
by his generosity. • I was amazed by how
well he looked. • [~ (that)…] Frankly, I was
amazed that he was interested. • [~ how…]
She was amazed how little he had changed.
• [~ to­see,­find,­learn,­etc.] We were amazed
to find that no one was hurt. • I was amazed
to hear that Chris had won first prize.
amazing ★ |əˈmeɪzɪŋ| adj ajoyib, hayratlanarli, ajablanarli = astonishing, incredible
• That’s amazing, isn’t it? • Her story was
quite amazing. • [~ how…] It’s amazing how
quickly people adapt. • an amazing achievement/discovery/success/performance • [~
(that)…] It’s amazing that no one else has
applied for the job. • The new theatre is going to cost an amazing (=juda katta) amount
of money. • [~ to­ see,­ find,­ learn,­ etc.] It’s
amazing to think that the managing director is only 23. ■ adv amazingly 1 hayratlanarliligi shundaki • Amazingly enough, no
one noticed. 2 ajoyib darajada • The food
was amazingly good.
ambassador |æmˈbæsədər| n elchi = envoy
• She’s been appointed British ambassador
to the UN. • The King sent an ambassador to
Paris.
ambition |æmˈbɪʃn| n 1 orzu, tilak = aspiration, intention, goal • His great ambition is
to ride on an elephant. • I had no idea about
Jesse’s political/literary/sporting ambitions.
• [~ of being/doing sth] She never achieved
her ambition of becoming a famous writer.
• [~ to be/do sth] I’ve always had a burning
(=juda kuchli) ambition to be a film director.
► ambition or aspiration? Aspirations
(orzu-tilaklar) ko‘pincha ko‘plikda keladi va
ambition dan ko‘ra kengroq qamrovga ega:
• We have to fulfil the needs and aspirations
of our pupils. Ambition (orzu) esa, asosan,
bir muayyan kasb yoki soha bilan bog‘liq
bo‘ladi: • Her ambition was to become a
model. 2 dalda, undaydigan narsa = drive,
determination • motivated by personal ambition • She was intelligent but suffered from
a lack of ambition.
ambitious |æmˈbɪʃəs| adj 1 orzumand =
aspiring, determined ≠ lazy • They were
very ambitious for their children. • I am very
ambitious. Nothing means more to me than
winning. • She’s a great student — dedicated, hardworking and ambitious. 2 ko‘p narsani talab qiladigan = difficult­≠ easy • Jog-
27
ging every morning? That’s very ambitious,
isn’t it?
ambulance |ˈæmbjələns| n tez yordam
(mashinasi) • When she fell down the stairs,
her husband called an ambulance.
amend |əˈmend| v o‘zgartirish/tuzatish
kiritmoq = revise, alter • He asked to see the
amended version. • In line 20, “men” should
be amended to “people”.
amendment |əˈmendmənt| n o‘zgartirish,
tuzatish • to introduce/propose/table an
amendment • [~ to sth] She made several
minor amendments to her essay.
among ★ |əˈmʌŋ| (shuningdek, amongst
|əˈmʌŋst|) prep 1 orasida • He was standing
among a crowd of tourists. • I found the letter
amongst his papers. • It’s OK, you’re among
friends now. • A British woman was among
the survivors. 2 o‘rtasida • They divided the
money up among their three children. • Let’s
share the cake among us. • Discuss it among
yourselves first. • The problem is causing
widespread concern among scientists.
amount |əˈmaʊnt| n |C,U| 1 pul, miqdor,
summa = quantity • The amount in my
bank account has reached £1000. • You will
receive a bill for the full amount. • Small
amounts will be paid in cash. 2 miqdor =
quantity, number, total • We spent a large
amount of time just waiting. • [~ of sth]
We’ve had an enormous amount of help
from people. • The server is designed to store
huge amounts of data. ► amount of, deal
of, number of, lot(s) of or quantity of? →
number (of) ● amount to tashkil qilmoq
= add up to, come to, constitute • My year’s
savings amount to less than £1000. • His
earnings are said to amount to £300 000 per
annum.
amuse |əˈmjuːz| v 1 kuldirmoq, kulgisini
qistatmoq/keltirmoq = entertain, make
laugh, delight ≠ bore, depress • My funny
drawings amused the kids. • This will amuse
you. • [it amuses sb to do sth] It amused him
to think that they were probably talking
about him at that very moment. ► Kundalik hayotda amuse fe’lidan ko‘ra sth is funny
birikmasidan ko‘proq foydalaniladi: • The
joke really amused them. → They thought
the joke was really funny. 2 vaqtini chog‘
o‘tkazmoq, bilan ovunmoq/chalg‘imoq =
occupy, engage • How can we amuse the
children on the journey? • [~ yourself] The
children amused themselves quietly while
their parents talked.
amused |əˈmjuːzd| adj kulgisi qistamoq • [~
at/by sth] We were all amused at his stories.
• [~ to­see,­find,­learn,­etc.] He was amused
to see how seriously she took the game.
amusement |əˈmjuːzmənt| n 1 hayron
qol(dir)ish = enjoyment, pleasure • Her eyes
twinkled with amusement. • [~ at sth/sb] She
and
could not hide her amusement at the way he
was dancing. • Much to her amusement, the
band played “Happy Birthday to you!”. 2
vaqti chog‘lik, ovunish, ko‘ngilochar ish
= entertainment, pleasure, leisure, relaxation, fun • They had planned several visits
for the guest’s amusement. • The cats are a
constant source of amusement to us.
amusing |əˈmjuːzɪŋ| adj kulgili,­ kayfiyatni­
ko‘taradigan, ajoyib = entertaining, funny,
enjoyable ≠ boring, solemn • I didn’t find
the joke at all amusing. • an amusing story/
game/incident • She writes very amusing letters. ► Kundalik hayotda ko‘pincha amusing
so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq funny so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • Someone told me a really funny joke.
► amusing, funny, humorous or comic?
Amusing bu so‘zlar ichida eng umumiy va
keng ma’noga egasi hisoblanadi, chunki u
kulgi va xushchaqchaqlikni; kulgili voqea-hodisa, mashg‘ulot va holatlarni ifodalashi
mumkin: • an amusing party/game/evening
(a funny/humorous/comic party/game/evening.) Humorous asosan kulgiga moyil shaxs
va narsalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • He was
quite humorous, and I liked that about him.
Comic esa, odatda, kulgili asarlarga nisbatan
ishlatiladi va odatda shaxslarni tasvirlashda
ishlatilmaydi (comic actor/writer kabi shaxslar bundan mustasno): • The novel is comic
and tragic. • Grodin is a fine comic actor. Funny har qanday kulgili narsani, odam, hazil,
hikoya va boshqalarni ifodalashi mumkin: •
I’ll tell you a funny story. • Children get some
very funny ideas sometimes!
analyse (BrE) (AmE -ze) |ˈænəlaɪz| v tahlil
qilmoq, sinchiklab ko‘rmoq/tekshirmoq •
[~ sth] The job involves gathering and analysing data. • The first step is to define and
analyse the problem. • [~ wh…] We need to
analyse what went wrong.
analysis |əˈnæləsɪs| n (pl analyses
|əˈnæləsiːz|) |U,C| tahlil, tekshirish, ko‘rib
qilib chiqish = examination, investigation
• to make an analysis of the sales or a sales
analysis • to carry out an analysis of the
market potential • They were doing some
type of statistical analysis. • The blood samples are sent to the laboratory for analysis.
ancient |ˈeɪnʃənt| adj qadimiy, eski, qadimgi = of long ago, early, old ≠ recent,
new • He was riding an ancient bicycle. •
an ancient city/book/tradition • ancient
monuments/ruins/woodlands • He’s ancient — he must be at least fifty! • The
law protects ancient monuments and old
churches. • This philosophy dates back to
ancient Greece. • People have lived in this
valley since ancient times.
and ★ |ənd| |ən|; yoki |d| undosh tovushlaridan keyin |n|; kuchli talaffuz qilinganda
|ænd| conj 1 va • We were wet and tired. •
A
angel
A
He was tall, dark, and handsome. • All my
uncles and aunts live in the country. • Miss
another class and you’ll fail. • “We talked
for hours.” “And what did you decide?” • “I’m
sorry.” “And?” “And I promise it won’t happen
again.” • I cooked lunch. And I made a cake.
► Rasmiy vaziyatlarda va yozma nutqda
gapni And bilan boshlamagan ma’qulroq:
• And now we come onto the issue of homelessness. → We now come onto the issue of
homelessness. 2 -ib/-ab, va • He knocked on
the door and went in (=eshikni taqqillatib
ichkariga kirdi). • We stopped and bought
some bread (=to‘xtab non sotib oldik). • Sit
down and tell me all about it. • I’ll come and
see you soon. • Shall we go and have a cup of
coffee? ► Go, come, try, stay kabi fe’llardan
keyin buyruq gaplarda ishlatilganda ko‘pincha and bog‘lovchisi tushirib qoldiriladi: •
Go (and) get me a pen please (=borib ruchka olib kel). • Come (and) sit down next to
me (=yonimga kelib o‘tir). • Wait and see
what happens. • (inf) Try and get (=olishga
harakat qilib ko‘r) some tickets for tonight’s
performance. 3 qo‘shmoq • 5 and 5 makes
10. • What’s 47 and 16? When numbers (but
not dates) are spoken, and is used between
the hundreds and the figures that follow 4
(raqamlar oldidan) ► Sonlarda and, asosan
yuzlik va o‘nlik sonlarini bog‘lash uchun
ishlatiladi (yillarda and deyarli ishlatilmaydi): • 2 264 — two thousand, two hundred
and sixty four, lekin • 1964 — nineteen sixty-four. (nineteen and sixty-four.) ● … and
… ★ 1 (fe’llar bilan kelganida) qayta va
qayta, rosa • He tried and tried but without
success. (U muvaffaqiyatsiz tarzda qayta
va qayta/rosa harakat qilib ko‘rdi) • We
laughed and laughed (=Rosa kuldik). 2 (qiyosiy sifatlar bilan kelganida) borgan sari,
...-dan... • The pain got worse and worse.
(=Og‘riq borgan sari kuchyib borardi) •
More and more people (Ko‘pdan ko‘p odamlar) are losing their jobs. • The sound grew
louder and louder.
angel |ˈeɪndʒl| n farishta = messenger of
God, saint ≠ devil • She looks like an angel.
• John is no angel, believe me. • Mary’s children are little angels.
anger |ˈæŋɡər| n |U| jahl, g‘azab = rage ≠
pleasure • He managed to control his anger.
• Jan slammed her fist on the desk in anger
(=jahl bilan). • Jenny often feels anger, but
doesn’t show it. • He was trembling with anger. • [~ at sb/sth] He was filled with anger
at the way he had been treated.
angle |ˈæŋɡl| n 1 burchak, tomon = corner •
She planted the tree in the angle of the two
walls. • The photo was taken from an unusual angle. • The tower is visible from every
angle/all angles. 2 boshqacha yondashish/
qarash = perspective, point of view, view-
28
point, standpoint • We need a new angle for
our next advertising campaign. • Try looking
at the problem from another angle/from my
angle.
angrily |ˈæŋɡrəli| adv jahl/g‘azab bilan • He
swore angrily. • “Don’t do that!” she shouted
angrily.
angry ★ |ˈæŋɡri| adj (-ier, -iest) 1 be ~ jahli
chiqmoq = mad, annoyed ≠ pleased • Her
behaviour really made me angry. • There’s
no point in getting angry. • [~ with/at sb]
I got really angry with her. • [~ with/at sb
about/for sth] I was very angry with myself
for making such a stupid mistake. • [~ at/
about/over sth] He felt angry at the injustice
of the situation. • I don’t understand what
he’s angry about. ► angry or mad? → mad
2 jahli chiqqan • Some of the parents looked
extremely angry.
animal ★ |ˈænɪml| n hayvon = creature • I
love having animals as pets. • This product
has not been tested on animals. • Beth is an
animal lover. • Football hooligans are just
animals.
anniversary |ˌænɪˈvɜːrsəri| n (pl -ies) yubiley • He bought her a diamond ring on their
tenth wedding anniversary. • Tomorrow is
the thirtieth anniversary of the revolution.
announce ★ |əˈnaʊns| v 1 e’lon qilmoq,
bildirmoq, xabar bermoq = make public,
make known • [~ sth] They haven’t formally
announced their engagement yet. • (fig) A
ring at the doorbell announced Jack’s arrival. • [~ that…] We are pleased to announce
that all five candidates were successful. • [it
is announced that…] It was announced that
new speed restrictions would be introduced.
► Odatda, announce fe’lidan so‘ng shaxs
ishlatilmaydi:­ [announce­ +­ sth]­ • They announced their decision. (They announced us
their decision) Lekin to‘ldiruvchidan so‘ng
shaxs­ kelishi­ mumkin:­ [announce­ +­ sth­ +­
to sb] • She was planning to announce her
engagement to Peter. ► announce or declare? Declare asosan mavjud ma’lumot
yoki xabarni tasdiqlashda, rost yoki yolg‘on
ekanligini muhokama qilishda ishlatiladi: •
The painting was declared to be a forgery. (...
announced to be a forgery) • Glasses of Madeira wine were brought to us. We declared
it delicious. (We announced it delicious). Announce esa hali hech kimga ma’lum bo‘lmagan, yangi ma’lumot yoki xabarlarni e’lon
qilishda ishlatiladi: • He announced his retirement from international football. (He declared ...) • They haven’t formally announced
their engagement yet. (... declared their
engagement yet.) 2 (asosan, ovoz kuchaytirgich orqali) e’lon qilmoq, ovoza qilmoq •
[~ sth] Has our flight been announced yet? •
[+ speech] “Now boarding flight 897, destination Seattle,” the loudspeaker announced.
29
• [~ that…] They announced that the flight
would be delayed. • [+ speech] “I’ve given up
smoking,” she announced.
announcement |əˈnaʊnsmənt| n e’lon =
statement, report • [~ to sb] The managing
director made an announcement to the staff.
• a formal/an official/a public announcement • [~ that…] They heard the announcement that the mayor was resigning.
annoy |əˈnɔɪ| v 1 g‘ashini keltirmoq, jahlini
chiqarmoq = irritate, make angry/cross
(inf) aggravate ≠ please, gratify • Their
rude behaviour really annoyed us. • I’m sure
she does it just to annoy me. • [it annoys sb
when…] It really annoys me when people
forget to say thank you. • [~ sb to do sth] It
annoys me to see him getting ahead of me.
• What annoyed him most was that he had
received no apology. ► Kundalik hayotda
annoy bilan bir qatorda get on sb’s nerves
(asabini o‘ynamoq, asabiga tegmoq) birikmasi ham keng ravishda ishlatiladi: • She
got on his nerves with her stupid questions.
2 g‘ashiga tegmoq, bezovta qilmoq = bother • He swatted a fly that was annoying him.
• I’m sorry - is my cough annoying you?
annoyed |əˈnɔɪd| adj 1 be ~ g‘ashi kelmoq,
jahli chiqmoq = angry, irritated • [~ with sb
for (doing) sth] We were all annoyed with
him for forgetting. • [~ with sb (at/about
sth)] He was beginning to get very annoyed
with me about my carelessness. [~ that…] I
was annoyed that they hadn’t turned up. •
[~ to­find,­see,­etc.] He was annoyed to find
himself going red. ► annoyed or irritated?
→ irritated
annoying |əˈnɔɪɪŋ| adj g‘ashga/jig‘iga tegadigan, jahlni chiqaradigan, asabni o‘ynaydigan = irritating • This interruption is very
annoying. • The baby has an annoying cough
which won’t go away. • What’s really annoying is that we made the same mistake last
time. • It’s annoying that we didn’t know
about this before. • How annoying! I forgot
to buy the milk. ► annoying or irritating?
Irritating ko‘pincha odamlar va ularning
xulq-atvori va o‘zlarini tutishlariga nisbatan ishlatiladi; annoying esa bulardan
tashqari xafa qiladigan vaziyat va holatlarga ham ishlatilishi mumkin.
annual |ˈænjuəl| adj 1 (har) yillik, yilda bir
marta bo‘ladigan = yearly, once-a-year • an
annual meeting/event/report • The school
trip has become an annual event. 2 har/bir
yillik • an annual income/subscription/budget • I get annual interest of 6% on my savings account. ■ adv annually har yili • The
exhibition is held annually. • The dictionary
is published annually.
another ★ |əˈnʌðər| det, pron 1 yana (boshqa) = one more, a further • He’s bought another car. • “These sandwiches are delicious.”
answer
“Would you like another?” • “Finished?” “No,
I’ve got another three questions to do.” • The
room’s too small. Let’s see if they’ve got another one. • She’s going to be another Madonna. • For another £30 you can buy the
model with remote control. • Just think, in
another three months it’ll be summer again.
• [~ of sb/sth] They are having another of
their parties. • Another 2,000 nurses are
needed in hospitals. 2 boshqa(si) • We need
another computer. • I don’t like this room.
I’m going to ask for another. ● another
time boshqa safar • “Won’t you join me for
lunch?” “Another time, Nick, I’m really busy
right now.” • Let’s do it another time. and
another thing va yana bir gap, aytgancha
• And another thing. You were late for work
again this morning. • And another thing what about that £10 you borrowed from me?
one after another birin-ketin, ketma-ket •
Small businesses have been collapsing one
after another. • I’m not surprised he’s feeling
ill - he was eating one ice-cream after another! one another ★ bir-biri • We all try and
help one another. • I think we’ve learned a
lot about one another in this session. • Liz
and I have known one another for years. ►
one another or each other? Ularning
bir-biridan deyarli farqi yo‘q. Lekin ko‘p
kishiga nisbatan ko‘pincha one another
birikmasidan; ikki kishiga nisbatan esa,
odatda, each other birikmasidan foydalaniladi: • The children used to tease one another. • My parents always help each other.
answer ★ |ˈænsər| n 1 javob = reply, response (inf) comeback ≠ question • I’ll give
you a definite answer tomorrow. • The answers are at the back of the book. • [~ to sth]
Do you know the answer to question 12? • I
wrote to her in May but I never got an answer.
• She had no answer to the accusations. ►
answer, response or reply? Bu so‘zlarning ma’no jihatdan bir-biridan unchalik
katta farqi yo‘q, faqat response so‘zi answer
va reply so‘zlaridan ko‘ra bir oz rasmiyroq
hisoblanadi. Shuning uchun u ko‘pincha
yozma va rasmiy vaziyatlarda ishlatiladi: •
There has been no response to his remarks
from the government. • We received 400
applications in response to one job ad. 2 yechim, chora = solution, remedy, key • There
is no easy answer. • This could be the answer
to all our problems. • The obvious answer
would be to cancel the party. 3 (qo‘ng‘iroqqa) javob • I phoned his office but there was
no answer. • I rang the bell, but there was
no answer. ■ v javob bermoq/qaytarmoq =
reply, respond • I repeated the question, but
she didn’t answer. • You haven’t answered
my question. • He never answers my letters.
• His mother usually answers the phone. •
I knocked and a young man answered the
A
ant
A
door. • [~ sb] Come on, answer me! Where
were you? • He answered me with a smile. •
[+ speech] “I’d prefer to walk,” she answered.
• [~ sb + speech] “I’d prefer to walk,” she
answered him. • [~ (sb) that…] I could only
answer that I’d seen them leaving together. •
[~ sb sth] Answer me this: how did they know
we were here? ► answer, response or reply? Agarda bu fe’llardan keyin shaxs yoki
narsa keladigan bo‘lsa, u holda reply va respond fe’llari doim to predlogi bilan, answer
fe’li esa to predlogisiz ishlatiladi: [reply/
respond + to sb/sth] • He was gone before
we could reply to his last remark (... answer
his last remark) • She could not get Robert to
respond to her words. (... answer her words).
[answer­ +­ sb/sth]­ • I knew Ben was lying
when he answered me. (... answered to me) •
Just answer the question. (Just answer to the
question.) Bu so‘zlar ko‘p hollarda bir-birining o‘rnida ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin quyidagi hollar bundan mustasno: • answer the
phone/door/sb’s prayers (reply/respond to
the phone/the door/sb’s prayers) • answer/
respond to a call (reply to a call)
ant|ænt| n chumoli • an ant colony • The ant
is a form of insect.
anticipate |ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt| v 1 kutmoq,
ko‘zlamoq, ko‘zda tutmoq = expect, foresee, predict • We don’t anticipate any major
problems. • Are you anticipating a lot of people at the party tonight? • [~ doing sth] They
anticipate moving to bigger premises by the
end of the year. • [~ sth doing sth] I don’t anticipate it being a problem. • [~ that…] We
anticipate that sales will rise next year. • [it
is anticipated that…] It is anticipated that
inflation will stabilize at 3%. ► anticipate
or expect? Ularning orasida unchalik katta farq yo‘q, faqat anticipate expect fe’lidan
ko‘ra biroz rasmiyroq hisobanadi va shuning uchun u rasmiy hujjat va suhbatlarda
ko‘proq foydalaniladi. 2 oldindan ko‘rmoq,
oldindan his qilmoq va unga tayyorgarlik
ko‘rmoq • It’s always best to anticipate a
problem before it arises. • [~ wh…] Try and
anticipate what the interviewers will ask.
antique |ænˈtiːk| adj antiqa/antikvar narsa
• He collects antiques. ■ adj • an antique
Chinese vase
anxiety |æŋˈzaɪəti| n (pl -ies) |U| hayajon,
xavotir, g‘am, tashvish = worry, concern ≠
calmness [~ about/over sth] • Children normally feel a lot of anxiety about their first
day at school. • Waiting for exam results is a
time of great anxiety. • Her son is a source of
considerable anxiety. ► anxiety, concern or
worry? → worryn
anxious adj 1 be ~ hayajonlanmoq, xavotir
olmoq = worried, concerned ≠ carefree, unconcerned • [~ about sth] He seemed anxious about the meeting. • [~ for sb] Parents
30
are naturally anxious for their children. 2
hayajonli/xavotirli • There were a few anxious moments in the baseball game. • an anxious look/face/expression 3 juda xohlamoq,
intilmoq • [~ to do sth] She was anxious to
finish school and get a job. • [~ for sth] There
are plenty of graduates anxious for work. •
[~ for sb to do sth] I’m anxious for her to do
as little as possible. • [~ that…] She was anxious that he should meet her father. ► anxious, worried or nervous? Xavotir olmoq
ma’nosida bu so‘zlar orasida worried juda
ko‘p qo‘llaniladi: • I was worried that you
had forgotten our date. • It’s awful if you are
worried about money; Anxious esa, asosan,
kuchli hayajon va qo‘rquvni ifodalaydi: •
A lot of employees are anxious about their
jobs. • Anxious relatives waited for news;
Nervous esa asabiylashishni bildiradi: • Everyone feels nervous before an exam. • The
thought of going into hospital was making
me nervous. ■ adv anxiously hayajonlanib,
intiqib, orziqib • They are waiting anxiously
for the results of the exam. • We waited anxiously by the phone. • Tomorrow the children
will receive their anxiously awaited (=orziqib kutgan) presents.
any ★ |ˈeni| det 1 (so‘roq gaplarda) noma’lum qiymatni ifodalab, odatda, tarjima
qilinmaydi; lekin “birorta, biroz bo‘lsa ham”
ma’nolarini tushunish mumkin • Have you
got any money left? • Is there any food for
me? • Will any of your friends be there? • Are
there any stamps? • She asked if we had any
questions. • I need some stamps. Are there
any in your bag? • Are there any other questions? ► any or some? Qiymat ifodalanib
kelinganida darak gaplarda, odatda some,
inkor va so‘roq gaplarda esa any ishlatiladi:
• I’ve got some paper if you want it. • I don’t
have any choice. • Is there any wine left?
Lekin ijobiy javob kutilgan savol va takliflarda,­ so‘roq­ gap­ bo‘lishiga­ qaramasdan­
some so‘zi ishlatiladi: • Would you like some
milk in your tea? • I’ve got plenty of paper
— would you like some? • Didn’t you borrow
some books of mine? • Can I have some more
coffee? 2 (inkor gaplarda) hech qanday/qanaqa(ngi)/qancha, umuman • I haven’t seen
any of his films. • I tried to get a ticket but
there weren’t any left. • She spent hardly any
of the money. • Can you lend me some money? - sorry, I haven’t got any. • You can’t go
out without any shoes. • She spent hardly any
of the money. 3 (darak gaplarda) xohlagan,
ista(l)gan, har qanday • Take any book you
like. • It’s a very simple test - any fool could
pass it. • “Which colour do you want?” “Any
of them will do.” • Pick any design you want
- they’re all the same price. • Any child who
breaks the rules will be punished. • If you
need any help, just let me know. ■ adv 1
31
ozgina (bo‘lsa) ham, umuman = at all, in
the least • He wasn’t any good at French. •
Is your father feeling any better? • This radio isn’t any good - I’ll have to buy another.
2 (not) boshqa • I don’t want any more. • I
can’t run any faster. • I used to walk to work
every day, but not any longer. ● any number of sb/sth juda ko‘p • His shop stocks
any number of different kinds of pasta. •
She’s written any number of good stories. •
There could be any number of reasons why
he’s not at home. not any more/longer ★
boshqa, bundan buyon, endi • Sarah doesn’t
live here any more. • I won’t talk to you any
more. • She couldn’t wait any longer. any
more/better/bigger etc oldingi/hozirgi
holatidan ko‘ra, undanda • Are you feeling
any better? • The army couldn’t advance any
further. • If your headache gets any worse,
you should see a doctor.
anyone ★ |ˈeniwʌn| (shuningdek, anybody) pron 1 (savollarda) kimdir, birortasi
• Is anyone there? • Is there anybody who
can help me? • Did anyone see you? • Does
anyone else want a drink? 2 (inkor gaplarda) hech kim • I haven’t spoken to anyone
all day. • I didn’t know anybody at the party.
• Hardly anyone came. • I went to the bar
but there wasn’t anyone there. 3 (darak
gaplarda) xohlagan/har qanday odam, kim
bo‘lishidan qat’i nazar • Anyone can learn
to ride a bike. • Anybody can use the pool —
you don’t need to be a member. • Anybody
can see that it’s wrong. • The exercises are
so simple that almost anyone can do them. •
I need some time to myself, the same as anybody else. ► Anyone dan so‘ng doim birlik
fe’li ishlatiladi • Hardly anyone was paying
attention to him. Anyone dan so‘ng of predlogi ham, hech qanday ot ham ishlatilmaydi: • I don’t know anyone. (I don’t know anyone of them/people.) Lekin uni o‘rniga any
(of) dan foydalanish mumkin: • I don’t know
any of them/any people.
anything ★ |ˈeniθɪŋ| pron 1 (savollarda) biror (narsa), nimadir • Would you like a drink
or anything? • Would you like anything else
(=yana biror narsa) to eat? • Have you got
anything less expensive? • Did you do anything interesting at the weekend? • Do you
know anything about cricket? ► something
or anything → something
2 (inkor gaplarda) hech narsa, hech nima
• We didn’t have anything to eat for three
days. • Don’t do anything until we get there.
• I didn’t know anything about computers
till I started this job. • It was so dark I could
hardly see anything at all. 3 (darak gaplarda) xohlagan/ista(l)gan/har qanday narsa,
nima bo‘lsa ham • You can buy anything
you want on the Internet. • Let me know if
anything happens, won’t you. • Pigs will eat
apartment
almost anything. • She could be anything
between 30 and 40.
anyway ★ |ˈeniweɪ| (shuningdek, anyhow)
(AmEda, shuningdek, (inf) anyways) adv 1
uni ustiga, baribir = besides • It’s too expensive and anyway the colour doesn’t suit you. •
It’s too late now, anyway. 2 baribir, shunday
bo‘lsa-da • The water was cold but I took a
shower anyway. • I’m afraid we can’t come,
but thanks for the invitation anyway. • This
idea probably won’t work, but let’s try it
anyway. 3 xullas, shunday qilib = well • Anyway, in the end we decided to stay at home.
• Anyway, let’s forget about that for the moment. • Anyway, I must be going now. 4 shundoq ham, baribir • Of course I don’t mind
taking you home - I’m going that way anyway. • “Sorry about the stain.” “Never mind,
I was going to have it cleaned anyway.” 5
to‘g‘rirog‘i, aniqrog‘i • She works in a bank.
She did when I last saw her, anyway. • It was
all Kevin’s fault. That’s what I think anyway.
anywhere ★ |ˈeniwer| (AmEda, shuningdek,
anyplace) adv 1 (inkor gaplarda) hech qayer • I’m not going anywhere today. • I can’t
see your wallet anywhere. • I don’t have anywhere to stay. • He’s never been anywhere
outside Britain. 2 (savollarda) biror joy Did
you go anywhere interesting? • Is there anywhere where I can sit down? • Do you know
anywhere I can buy a second-hand computer? • Have you been anywhere else in Spain?
3 (darak gaplarda) xohlagan joy(-ga/-da),
qayer(-ga/-da) bo‘lsa ham • You can sit anywhere you like. • Put the chair anywhere. •
An accident can happen anywhere. • You can
buy clothes like these anywhere.
apart |əˈpɑːrt| adv 1 ajralgan, orasida …
farq/masofa bor = away/distant from each
other • The two villages are about six miles
apart. • Their birthdays are only three days
apart. • I can’t tell the twins apart. • She
keeps herself apart from other people. • A
couple of men started fighting and we had
to pull them apart. 2 bo‘lak-bo‘lak, qismlarga (bo‘lmoq/ajratmoq), parchalarga = to
pieces/bits • He took the watch apart. • The
whole thing just came apart in my hands. •
My jacket is so old it’s falling apart. • When
his wife died, his world fell apart. ● apart
from ★ -dan tashqari/boshqa, -ni hisobga
olmaganda = except for, but for (inf) outside
of • I’ve finished apart from the last question.
• I’m feeling fine, apart from a slight cold. •
Apart from their house in London, they also
have a villa in Spain.
apartment |əˈpɑːrtmənt| n turarjoy, yashash joy = pad • I share an apartment
with two friends. • Colin lives in a one-room
apartment with his pet turtles. ► apartment or flat? Apartment, asosan, AmEda,
flat esa BrEda ishlatiladi: • a one-/two-/
A
ape
A
three-bedroom flat/apartment. BrEda ham
apartment ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin u
odatda oddiy turarjoylardan ko‘ra kattaroq,
yaxshiroq, qulayroq va ancha qimmatroq
bo‘lgan uy-joylarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.
ape |e͟ɪp| n maymun • the theory that man is
descended from the apes • He has spent his
whole life learning the apes in the jungle. ►
ape or monkey? → monkey
apologize (BrEda, shuningdek, -ise)
|əˈpɑːlədʒaɪz| v kechirim/uzr so‘ramoq = say
(sb is) sorry [~ (to sb) (for sth)] • He shouted
at her and then apologised. • She apologised
for being late. • Why should I apologize? •
Go and apologize to her. ► Og‘zaki nutqda
apologize so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq (I’m) sorry
yoki tell sb you are sorry jumlalari ishlatiladi: • I’ve already said (I’m) sorry. • I’ve already told him I’m sorry.
apology |əˈpɑːlədʒi| n |C,U| (pl -ies) uzr [~
(to sb) (for sth)] • to offer/make/demand/
accept an apology • You owe him an apology
for what you said. • We received a letter of
apology. • Please give the chairman my apologies. (=Iltimos, boshliqqa uzrimni yetkazib
qo‘ying)
appalling |əˈpɔːlɪŋ| adj (AmE, (fml) or BrE)
juda og‘ir/yomon, achinarli, xunuk • The
prisoners were living in appalling conditions. • She suffered appalling injuries. ►
appalling, terrible or awful? → awful
apparent |əˈpærənt| adj 1 yaqqol, aniq,
ravshan = evident, plain ≠ unclear, obscure
• [~ (from sth) (that)…] It was apparent from
her face that she was really upset. • [~ (to
sb) (that)…] It was apparent to everyone
that she was annoyed. • The difference in
quality was immediately apparent. • He left
suddenly, for no apparent reason. ► apparent, evident, clear, obvious or plain? →
clearadj 2 -bo‘lib tuyuladigan/ko‘rinadigan
= seeming • There is an apparent mistake in
the accounts.
apparently |əˈpærəntli| adv aftidan, ko‘rinishidan = seemingly, it seems (that) • Apparently they are getting divorced soon. •
Apparently it’s going to rain today.
appeal |əˈpiːl| n 1 rasmiy so‘rov, talab, appellyatsiya = retrial • The police have made
an appeal for witnesses. • The hospital is
launching an appeal to raise £50,000. 2
jalb qilish, o‘ziga tortish = attraction • The
programme has a very mass/wide/popular appeal. • The Beatles have never really
lost their appeal. 3 zudlik bilan biror narsa
uchun qilingan so‘rov, o‘tinch = plea • [~ (to
sb) (for sth)] to launch a TV appeal for donations to the charity • [~ to sb to do sth]
The police made an appeal to the public to
remain calm. 4 appellyatsiya, qayta ko‘rib
chiqish davosi • The case went to the court
of appeal/the appeal court. • [~ against sth]
32
She has lodged an appeal (=appellyatsiya
berdi) against the severity of the fine. ■ v 1
sudga da’vo qilmoq, appelyatsiya bermoq
[~ (to sb/sth) (against sth)] • He has appealed against the sentence. • She appealed
to her former husband to return their baby
son. 2 jalb qilmoq, qiziqtirmoq = attract,
be attractive to, interest • [~ to sb] These
CDs appeal to the teenage market. • The
idea of working in Australia for six months
appealed to her. 3 talab qilmoq, so‘ramoq,
chaqirmoq = ask urgently • I am appealing
(=pul so‘rayapman) on behalf of the famine
victims. • [~ (to sb) (for sth)] Community
leaders appealed for calm (=tinchlanishga
chaqirdi). • [~ to sb to do sth] Organizers
appealed to the crowd not to panic.
appealing |əˈpiːlɪŋ| adj o‘ziga jalb qiladigan,
qiziqtiradigan = attractive ≠ unappealing •
The building has an appealing old-fashioned
charm. • [~ to sb] We’ve tried to make the
design more appealing to young people.
appear ★ |əˈpɪr| v 1 o‘xshamoq, o‘xshab
tuyulmoq, bo‘lib ko‘rinmoq = seem, look
• This job is not as easy as it may appear.
• [~ adj] She didn’t appear at all surprised
at the news. • The right colours can make a
small room appear much bigger. • [~ n] He
appears a perfectly normal person. • [~ to do
sth] She appeared to be in her late thirties. •
They appeared not to know what was happening. • [it appears (to sb) (that)…] It appears
that she’s changed her mind. • It appears to
me (that) we need to make some changes.
• It appears as if/as though I was wrong. •
“Has he left?” “It appears not/so.” 2 paydo
bo‘lmoq, ko‘rinmoq = come into view/sight
≠ vanish • A ship appeared through the fog.
• [+ adv/prep] A bus appeared around the
corner. • Smoke appeared on the horizon. •
He appeared in court, charged with murder.
3 (TV yoki sahnaga) chiqmoq = perform,
play • She appears regularly on TV. • He
has appeared in over 60 movies. 4 paydo
bo‘lmoq, yuzaga kelmoq • [+ adv/prep] This
problem first appeared in the inner cities. •
I’ve noticed that smaller cars are starting to
appear again.
appearance ★ |əˈpɪrəns| n 1 (tashqi)
ko‘rinish = look(s), impression • They’ve
changed the appearance of the whole building. • The twins are almost identical in
appearance. • Women, in general, tend to
be more concerned than men about their
personal appearance. • You could tell from
his appearance that he had been sleeping
rough. • The appearance of a teacher caused
them to fall silent. • You shouldn’t judge by
appearances. • He was, to all appearances
(=ko‘rinishidan), a respectable, successful
businessman. ► appearance or look(s)? →
lookn 2 yetib kelishi = arrival • The sudden
33
appearance of a security guard caused them
to drop the money and run. 3 paydo bo‘lish,
vujudga kelish • There was the rapid appearance of mobile phone shops all over the
country. • The industry has changed greatly
with the appearance of new technologies.
4 chiqish, ko‘rinish • It was his first public
appearance since the election. • He made his
last appearance for the club in the Cup Final. ● put in/make an appearance bir
ko‘rinib qo‘ymoq, ko‘rinish bermoq • You
must put in an appearance, at least, or she’ll
think you’re avoiding her. • I don’t want to
go to the party, but I suppose I’d better put
in an appearance.
appetite |ˈæpɪtaɪt| n (odatda birlikda ishlatiladi) ishtaha = hunger • Going for a long
walk has given me an appetite. • He’s not
feeling well and has lost his appetite.
appliance |əˈplaɪəns| n maishiy uskunalar
= device, machine • They sell a wide range of
domestic appliances — washing machines,
dishwashers and so on. • Always switch off
appliances that are not in use.
applicant |ˈæplɪkənt| n hujjat topshiruvchi,
da’vogar; abituriyent = candidate • There
were over 500 applicants for the job. • More
than 2000 aplicants applied for the university.
application |ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn| n 1 topshirilgan
hujjatlar, ariza = request, appeal • He wrote
a letter of application. • [~ for sth/to do sth]
an application for membership/a loan/a licence • I’ve sent off applications for four different jobs. • [~ to sb (for sth/to do sth)] His
application to the court has been refused.
• Have you filled in the application form
for your passport yet? 2 amalda ishlatish,
tatbiq etish = implementation, use, exercise • [~ (of sth) (to sth)] the application of
new technology to teaching • The invention
would have a wide range of applications in
industry.
apply |əˈplaɪ| v (-ies, -ying, -ied) 1 hujjat/
ariza topshirmoq = put in for, request • [~
for sth] He’s applying for a job as a teacher. • You should apply in person/by letter/in
writing to the address below. • [~ to sb/sth
(for sth)] to apply to a company/university •
[~ to do sth] He has applied to join the army.
2 qo‘llamoq, ishga solmoq, tatbiq etmoq •
[~ sth to sth] The new technology was applied to farming. • A similar technique can
be applied to the treatment of cancer. 3
surtmoq = put on • Sara applied her lipstick
carefully. • [~ sth (to sth)] The glue should
be applied to both surfaces. 4 taalluqli/aloqador bo‘lmoq = be relevant • [~ to sb/sth]
This rule only applies to people coming from
outside the EU. • [~ sth to sb/sth] The word
“unexciting” could never be applied to her
novels.
appreciation
appoint |əˈpɔɪnt| v tayinlamoq, saylamoq
= nominate • [~ sb] They have appointed a
new head teacher at my son’s school. • [~ sb
to sth] She has recently been appointed to
the committee. • [~ sb (as) sth/sb] They appointed him (as) captain of the English team.
• [~ sb to do sth] A lawyer was appointed to
represent the child.
appointment |əˈpɔɪntmənt| n 1 (oldindan
belgilangan) uchrashuv = meeting • I want
to make an appointment to see the doctor. •
Do you have an appointment? • [~ with sb]
I have an appointment with my lawyer. • [~
for sth] an appointment for a blood test • [~
for sb to do sth] She made an appointment
for her son to see the doctor. 2 tayinlanish,
saylanish = nomination [~ as/to sth] • They
congratulated him on his appointment as
chairman. • We would like to announce the
appointment of Julia Lewis as head of sales.
3 tayinlash, ish berish = job, post • We are
going to make three new appointments. •
Our department expects to make five new
appointments this year alone.
appreciate |əˈpriːʃieɪt| v (davomiy zamonlarda ishlatilmaydi) 1 qadrlamoq, qadriga
yetmoq = value • There’s no point buying
him expensive wines - he doesn’t appreciate
them. • His talents are not fully appreciated
in that company. • She feels that her family doesn’t really appreciate her. 2 yoqmoq,
xursand/minnatdor bo‘lmoq = be grateful/
thankful for • Customers don’t appreciate
having to wait. • I’d appreciate some help.
• Your support is greatly appreciated. •
Thanks for coming. I really appreciate it. •
I would appreciate any comments you might
have. • I would appreciate it if you paid in
cash. • [~ doing sth] I don’t appreciate being
treated like a second-class citizen. • [~ sb doing sth] We would appreciate you letting us
know of any problems. ► I would appreciate
har doim it olmoshi bilan keladi: • I would
appreciate it if you could pick me up from
the airport. (I would appreciate if you ...) 3
tushunmoq, fahmlamoq, anglab yetmoq =
recognize, acknowledge, realize, know (inf)
be wise to • [~ wh…] I don’t think you appreciate how expensive it will be. • [~ that…] We
didn’t fully appreciate that he was seriously
ill.
appreciation |əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn| n 1 |U| qadriga yetish, mamnunlik, yoqish = gratitude,
thanks, gratefulness ≠ ingratitude • Max
has no appreciation of the finer things in life.
• The crowd cheered in appreciation. • These
flowers are a token of my appreciation of/for
all your help. 2 |U|, sl qimmatlashish, narxi
oshish = valuing ≠ depreciation • There has
been little appreciation in the value of property recently. • capital appreciation
A
approach
A
approach |əˈproʊtʃ| v 1 yaqinlashmoq, yaqin kelmoq = move toward, come/go toward ≠ leave • Winter is approaching. • We
heard the sound of an approaching car/a car
approaching. • As you approach the town,
you’ll see the college on the left. • profits approaching 30 million dollars • In my opinion,
no other composers even begin to approach
(=teng kela olmaydi) Mozart. 2 (kelishish
uchun) gaplashmoq = speak to, talk to • I’d
like to ask his opinion but I find him difficult
to approach. • [~ sb for sth/about (doing)
sth] She approached the bank for a loan. •
I have already approached my boss about a
pay rise. 3 yondashmoq, hal qilmoq = tackle, set about • His approach to the question
was different from hers. • What’s the best
way of approaching this problem? ■ n 1
yondashuv, yondashish = method, procedure • She took the wrong approach in her
dealings with them. • [~ to sth] The school
has decided to adopt a different approach
to discipline. • He has a relaxed approach
to life. 2 yaqinlashish = advance • The siren
signalled the approach of an ambulance. •
Many kinds of birds fly south at the approach
of winter. • They made a direct approach to
the minister of education.
appropriate |əˈproʊpriət| adj mos, to‘g‘ri,
xos = suitable, proper, acceptable ≠ unsuitable • Is this film appropriate for small children? • Is now an appropriate time to make
a speech? • [~ for sth] Jeans are not appropriate for a formal party. • [~ to sth] The
book was written in a style appropriate to
the age of the children. ► appropriate, right,
good or suitable? → right3 ■ adv appropriately • She didn’t think we were appropriately dressed for a wedding. • The chain of
volcanoes is known, appropriately enough,
as the “Ring of Fire”.
approval |əˈpruːvl| n 1 ma’qullash, to‘g‘ri
deb bilish, rozilik = appreciation ≠ disapproval, dislike • He showed his approval by
smiling broadly. • Several people nodded in
approval. • She looked to Greg for approval.
2 tasdiq, tasdiqlash, rozilik = acceptance,
agreement ≠ refusal • The president has
already given his approval to the plan. •
parliamentary/congressional/government
approval • [~ (for sth) (from sb)] The project
has now received approval from the government.
approve |əˈpruːv| v 1 ma’qullamoq, to‘g‘ri/
yaxshi deb bilmoq, rozilik bildirmoq =
agree with, endorse, support ≠ condemn,
disapprove • [~ of sb/sth] Do you approve of
my idea? • She doesn’t approve of my friends.
• [~ of sb doing sth] I don’t really approve
of children wearing make-up. • (fml) [~ of
sb’s doing sth] She doesn’t approve of my
leaving school this year. 2 (fml) tasdiqlamoq
34
= accept, agree to ≠ refuse • The committee approved the plan. • This year’s budget
package has been formally approved by parliament. ► Approve “ma’qullamoq” ma’nosida, odatda, to‘ldiruvchi bilan of predlogi
orqali­bog‘lanadi:­[approve­of­+­sth]­• I do
not approve of violence. (I do not approve
violence.) • It is easy for us to say “I don’t approve of euthanasia”, because we are not in
pain. (... “I don’t approve euthanasia” ...) [approve of + sb doing sth] • In Turkish society,
people do not approve of parents getting divorced. (... approve parents to get divorced.)
Lekin approve “tasdiqlamoq, roziligini
bildirmoq” ma’nosida esa to‘ldiruvchi bilan
to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri ishlatilishi mumkin: • The
General Assembly approved a resolution ordering Saddam’s troops to withdraw immediately. (The General Assembly approved of a
resolution ...)
approximate |əˈprɑːksɪmət| adj (abbr approx) taxminiy, xom, chamalangan = estimated, rough ≠ precise • The cost given is
only approximate. • The train’s approximate
time of arrival is 10.30. ► approximate or
rough? → rough2
approximately |əˈprɑːksɪmətli| adv taxminan,­ chamasi,­ atrofida = roughly, about,
around ≠ precisely • It takes approximately 35 minutes to get to the city centre from
here. • Approximately 60,000 people filled
the stadium.
April |ˈeɪprəl| n |U,C| (abbr Apr.) aprel (oyi) •
Her birthday is in April. • We went on holiday last April. • I’m going to Cuba next April.
• (BrE) The meeting is on the fifth of April/
April the fifth. • (AmE) The meeting is on
April fifth. • I arrived at the end of April.
arch |ɑːrtʃ| n arka, ustun • a bridge with
three arches • Go through the arch and follow the path.
area ★ |ˈeriə| n 1 hudud, joy = district,
region, zone • All areas of the country will
have some rain tonight. • a no-smoking area
• This is a very poor area. • She knows the local area very well. • The farm and surrounding area were flooded. 2 hajmi, kattaligi =
expanse, extent • The area of the room is
four square metres. • We are looking for a
shop with a sales area of about 100 square
metres. 3 shahar/davlat hududi = district,
region • Our house is near the commercial
area of the town. • The factory is in a very
good area for getting to the motorways and
airports. 4 soha, jihat = field,­ sphere­ • the
areas of training and development • Finance
is Mark’s area. • Software is not really my
area of expertise. • The course covers three
main subject areas.
argue ★ |ˈɑːrɡjuː| v 1 bahslashmoq, tortishmoq, janjallashmoq = quarrel, disagree • I
could hear them arguing in the next room.
35
• My brothers are always arguing. • [~ with
sb] I don’t want to argue with you — just do
it! • [~ (with sb) (about/over sth)] We’re always arguing with each other about money.
• We used to argue over who should drive.
• [~ for/against (doing) sth] They argued
for the right to strike. • [~ sth] He was too
tired to argue the point (=muhokama qilish
uchun). 2 sabab keltirmoq, vaj/talab qilmoq = dispute, debate • [~ for/against (doing) sth] The minister argued for/in favour
of/against making cuts in military spending.
• [~ that…] He argued that they needed more
time to finish the project.
argument |ˈɑːrɡjumənt| n bahs, bahs-munozara, tortishish = quarrel, disagreement
• We can win this argument if we present
the facts clearly. • I don’t think that’s a very
strong/convincing/powerful argument. • [~
(with sb) (about/over sth)] We had an argument with the waiter about the bill. • [~ with
sb] She got into an argument with the teacher. • [~ for/against sth] There are strong arguments for and against the issue. • [~ that…]
His argument was that public spending must
be reduced. ► argument, quarrel, fight
or row? Argument har qanday tortishuvga
nisbatan ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin quarrel, fight va row, odatda, faqat bir-birini
taniydigan odamlar orasidagi tortishuv va
kelishmovchiliklarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: •
We had an argument with the waiter about
the bill. (We had a quarrel/fight/row with
the waiter about the bill.) Quarrel so‘zi fight
va row so‘zlaridan ko‘ra yengilroq bo‘ladi,
lekin ulardan ko‘ra uzoqroq davom etishi
mumkin. Fight va row esa ko‘pincha jiddiy,
mushtlashuvgacha boradigan tortishuvlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi. Argument esa ham
jiddiy, ham yengil tortishuvlarga nisbatan
ishlatilishi mumkin.
arise |əˈraɪz| v (arose |əˈroʊz|, arisen |əˈrɪzn|)
vujudga/yuzaga kelmoq, kelib chiqmoq,
paydo bo‘lmoq = come to light, appear • A
new crisis has arisen. • Several important
legal questions arose in the contract negotiations. • A storm arose during the night. ►
Kundalik hayotda a problem arise birikmasidan ko‘ra ko‘proq a problem come up jumlasidan foydalaniladi: • The same problems
come up every time.
arm ★ |ɑːrm| n 1 (yelkadan barmoqlargacha bo‘lgan) qo‘l • Pat was carrying a box
under his arm. • She put/threw her arms
round me, and gave me a hug. • The officer
grabbed him by the arm (=qo‘lidan ushladi).
• She touched him gently on the arm. • They
walked along arm in arm. 2 biror narsaning
qo‘l qismi • He put his coffee cup on the arm
of his chair. • The arms will need shortening.
• the arm of a chair ■ v qurol bilan ta’minlamoq, qurollanmoq = equip, provide • No-
arrange
body knows who is arming the terrorists. •
They are currently arming for war.
armchair |ˈɑːrmtʃer| |ɑːrmˈtʃer| kreslo • She
sat in an armchair by the fire, reading a
newspaper.
armed |ɑːrmd| adj 1 qurollangan • Armed
guards surrounded the house. • [~ with a
gun, etc.] The police were armed with guns. •
Many of the gangs are armed to the teeth. 2
qurolli, qurol ishlatilgan • She got ten years
in prison for armed robbery.
army |ˈɑːrmi| n (pl -ies) armiya, qurolli
kuchlar • After leaving school, Mike went
into/joined the army. • An army spokesman/
officer held a news conference. • Her husband is in the army.
around ★ |əˈraʊnd| adv 1­chamasi,­atrofida
= approximately, about • It will cost around
£200. • Around sixty people came to the
meeting. • He arrived around five o’clock.
• She earns around forty thousand a year.
2­ atrofida,­ atrofiga = about, all over • She
had a gold chain around her neck. • We sat
around the table. • He put his arm around
her. • The children were dancing around
the room. 3 yaqin atrof = nearby, near • Is
there a bus stop around here? • I knocked
but there was no one around. • Catherine
was the most beautiful girl for miles around.
4 hamma joyda, atrofda = on every side,
throughout, all over • I could hear laughter
all around. • We were all running around
trying to get ready in time. • This is our new
office — Kay will show you around. • There
were papers lying around all over the floor. 5
(aylana harakatga nisbatan) aylan(tir)moq
• How do you make the wheels go around?
• The Earth goes around the Sun. 6 mavjud,
iloji bor bo‘lgan • She’s one of the best eye
surgeons around. • There was more money
around in those days. • Digital television has
been around for some time now.
arouse |əˈraʊz| v biror his-tuyg‘uni uyg‘otmoq, qo‘zg‘atmoq = induce, prompt, trigger, excite ≠ allay • to arouse sb’s interest/
curiosity/anger • Her strange behaviour
aroused our suspicions. • These rumours
have aroused intense interest among investors.
arrange ★ |əˈreɪndʒ| v 1 biror narsani
gaplashib/kelishib/belgilab olmoq, hal
qilmoq, uyushtirmoq = organize,­ fix­ (up),
plan • [~ sth] The party was arranged quickly. • The meeting has been arranged for
Wednesday. • We met at six, as arranged. •
[~ wh…] We’ve still got to arrange how to
get to the airport. • [~ to do sth] Have you
arranged to meet him? • [~ that…] I’ve arranged that we can borrow their car. • [~ for
sth (to do sth)] We arranged for a car to collect us from the airport. • [~ with sb (about
sth)] I’ve arranged with the neighbours
A
arrangement
A
about feeding the cat while we are away.
2 tartib bilan qo‘ymoq/joylamoq = order,
set out • The chairs are arranged in rows. •
His books are neatly arranged in alphabetical order. • Who arranged these flowers so
beautifully?
arrangement |əˈreɪndʒmənt| n 1 tartib,
ketma-ketlik = positioning, order • the arrangement of the pictures in a book • She’s
happy with her unusual living arrangements.
2 reja, dastur, tashkillashtirish = preparations, plan(s) • All the arrangements for the
wedding were left to the bride’s mother. • [~
for sb/sth] I’ll make arrangements for you to
be met at the airport. 3 kelishuv, oldindan
belgilab olish = agreement, deal • [~ over
sth] We can’t come to an arrangement over
the price. • [~ between A and B] an arrangement between the school and the parents •
[~ with sb (to do sth)] You can cash cheques
here by prior arrangement with the bank. •
[~ that…] They had an arrangement that the
children would spend two weeks with each
parent. • Evening meals are available by arrangement (=oldindan buyurtma qilsangiz).
arrest |əˈrest| v (ko‘pincha majhul nisbatda
ishlatiladi) hibsga/qamoqqa olmoq = take
into custody (inf) pick up ≠ release • The
police arrested two men and took them to
the police station. • [~ sb for sth] She was
arrested for drug-related offences. • [~ sb
for doing sth] You could get arrested for
careless driving. • [~ on charges/suspicion
of sth] She has been arrested on suspicion
of using a stolen credit card. ■ n hibsga
olish • The police made several arrests at the
demonstration. • [~ on charges/suspicion
of sth] She was under arrest on suspicion of
murder. • She was stopped outside the shop
and placed/put under arrest.
arrival |əˈraɪvl| n 1 yetib kelish, tashrif
(buyurish) = coming ≠ departure • The time
of arrival is 5 p.m. • Her arrival livened up
the party. • Hundreds gathered to await the
boxer’s arrival at the airport. 2 yetib kelgan narsa yoki shaxs, tashrif buyuruvchi =
comer, entrant • He’s a new arrival on our
staff. • The first arrivals at the concert got
the best seats. • We’re expecting a new arrival (=chaqaloq) in the family soon. ● on
arrival yetib kelganda • He was arrested on
her arrival from New York. • Guests receive
dinner on/upon arrival at the hotel.
arrive ★ |əˈraɪv| v yetib kelmoq = come,
turn up, reach, get to (inf) show (up) ≠ depart, leave • I’ll wait until they arrive. • I was
pleased to hear you arrived home safely. • to
arrive early/late for a meeting • [~ at/in/
on…] She’ll arrive in New York at noon. • The
train arrived at the station 20 minutes late.
• By the time the police arrived on the scene,
the burglars had fled. • A letter arrived for
36
you this morning. • The wedding day finally
arrived. • The baby arrived (=dunyoga keldi)
early. ► Arrive dan so‘ng to ishlatilmaydi, balki kichik joylar oldidan at va katta,
shahar yoki davlatlar kabi joylar oldidan
esa in­ishlatiladi:­[arrive­at­+­small­places]­
• Call me when you arrive at the airport. (...
arrive to/in the airport.) [arrive­ in­ +­ cities­
and countries] • I arrived in England on a
beautiful morning in May. Uyga nisbatan esa
hech qanday predlog ishlatilmaydi: arrive +
home • When they finally arrived home, all
they wanted to do was sleep. (When they finally arrived at/to home ...) ● arrive at sth
erishmoq, kelishmoq = reach, achieve • to
arrive at an agreement/a conclusion • to arrive at the truth • We all argued about it for
hours and eventually arrived at a decision.
arrogant |ˈærəɡənt| adj kekkaygan, dimog‘dor, gerdaygan ≠ modest • He’s such
an arrogant young man. • What an arrogant
way to treat customers!
arrow |ˈæroʊ| n 1 yoy/kamon o‘qi • to fire/
shoot an arrow • a bow and arrow • The
road continues as straight as an arrow. 2
ko‘rsatkich ( ) belgisi • Follow the arrows.
• Use the arrow keys to move the cursor.
art |ɑːrt| n |U| san’at, mahorat • She is taking
art lessons. • modern/contemporary/American art • an art critic/historian/lover • She’s
good at art and design. • Are these films art
or entertainment?
article |ˈɑːrtɪkl| n 1 maqola = report, account • He has written several articles for
The Times. • [~ on/about sth] Have you seen
that article about young fashion designers?
• There was an interesting article on vegetarianism in the paper yesterday. 2 buyum,
ashyo, narsa = item, thing • Several articles
of clothing were found near the road. • The
shop sells small household articles. 3 band,
bo‘lim = clause, section • Article 180 states
that one third of the members must be women. 4 (grammatika) “the” aniq artikli (the
definite­article) va “a” or “an” noaniq artikllari (the­indefinite­article). • It is not correct
to include the article “a” before a pl noun.
artificial |ˌɑːrtɪˈfɪʃl| adj sun’iy, soxta, yasama • an artificial limb/flower/sweetener/
fertilizer • artificial lighting/light • She was
wearing artificial pearls. • A job interview
is a very artificial situation. • the artificial
barriers of race, class and gender • The patient was kept alive by the artificial heart for
nearly two months. ■ adv artificially sun’iy
ravishda • These photos have been artificially aged. • Most mushrooms sold in supermarkets have been grown artificially.
artist |ˈɑːrtɪst| n 1 rassom = painter, sculptor • She collects paintings by 19th-century
artists. • Monet is one of my favourite artists.
2 (BrEda, asosan, artiste |ɑːrˈtiːst|) san’atkor,
37
ijodkor, o‘z ishini ustasi = designer, expert,
master • In Paris she met a group of young
artists: poets, film-makers and painters. •
(fig) Whoever made this cake is a real artist.
artistic |ɑːrˈtɪstɪk| adj 1 badiiy, san’atkor(lik) … • artistic abilities/achievements/
skills/talent • She comes from a very artistic
family. • His friends are all artistic - they’re
painters, musicians and writers. 2 san’atga
bog‘liq, yaratuvchan, didli = creative, imaginative • John is very artistic. • That’s a very
artistic flower arrangement you have there.
as ★ |əz| kuchli talaffuz qilinganda |æz| conj
1 (xuddi) -dek = in the (same) way that, like
• Leave everything as it is. • Do as I say! •
Treat me as a friend. • David, as you know,
has not been well lately. • As Napoleon once
said, attack is the best method of defence. •
The “h” in honest is silent, as in “hour”. • I
meant it as a joke. • “I think we should leave
now.” “Very well. As you wish.” • As always, he
said little. • Roberta was late as usual. ► as
or like? Ikkalasi ham o‘xshash narsalarga
yoki o‘xshatishlarga nisbatan ishlatilishi
mumkin, lekin ularni ishlatilishida farqi
bor. Olmosh yoki otlarga nisbatan, odatda
like­ ishlatiladi:­ [like­ +­ noun/pron]­ • You
look like your sister. (... as your sister) • He
ran like the wind. (... as the wind) • It’s like
a dream. (... as a dream) • She dressed just
like me (... as me). Bundan tashqari misollar keltirishda ham as emas, like so‘zidan
foydalaniladi: • He’s good at some subjects,
like mathematics. (... as mathematics) • In
mountainous countries, like Switerland,
most people have difficulties in housing. (...
as Switzerland ...); As esa ega kesim (ergashgan gap) yoki predlogli birikma bilan
ishlatiladi:­[as­+­clause]­• Nobody knows her
as I do. • We often drink tea with the meal,
as they do in China.­[as­+­prep­phrase]­• In
1939, as in 1914, everybody wanted war. •
On Friday, as on Tuesday, the meeting will
be at 8:30. Lekin norasmiy ingliz tilida,
ayniqsa AmEda, ushbu holatlarda like ham
ishlatilishi mumkin: • Nobody loves you like
I do • I don’t want to upset him again like
before. 2 (payt)da = while, when • Just as
I was sitting down to watch TV, the phone
rang. • The little girl ran into the road as
the car was turning the corner. • I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus. ► as, when
or while? Biror uzoq davom etayotgan
ish-harakat davomida boshqa qisqa ish
harakatning sodir bo‘lishiga nisbatan bu
so‘zlarning har biridan foydalanish mumkin:­[(—) + (-)] • As I walking down the street
I saw Joe driving a Porsche.­[(-) + (—)] • The
telephone rang when I was having a bath.
[(—) + (-)] • While they were playing cards,
somebody broke into the house. Lekin ikkala bog‘lanib kelayotgan ish harakat ham
as
uzoq davom etadigan (ko‘pincha davomiy
zamonda) bo‘lsa, u holda faqat while dan
foydalaniladi:­ [(—) + (—)] • John cooked
supper while I was watching TV. (... when/
as I was watching TV). • While you were
reading the paper, I was working. While
bilan uzoq davom etgan oddiy zamonlar
(Simple Tenses) ham kelishi mumkin: • John
cooced supper while I watched TV. • While I
am at home I always help my mother. Ketma-ket, birdaniga, barobar yoki oradan
ko‘p o‘tmay sodir bo‘lgan qisqa ish harakatlarga when yoki as dan foydalaniladi, qisqa
ish harakatlarni ifodalshda while so‘zi ishlatilmaydi:­[(-) + (-)] • When I went home I
saw Jim at the door. (While I went home ...) •
As I opened my eyes I heard a strange voice.
(While I opened ...) • The doorbell rang just
as I picked up the phone. (... while I picked
up the phone.) 3 (aniq va ma’lum va sabab
haqida gap ketganda) sababli, (bo‘lganligi)
uchun = since, seeing that • As you can’t
drive, you’ll have to go by bus. • As it’s cold,
you should wear an overcoat. • As you were
out, I left a message. • She may need some
help as she’s new. • As it was getting late, I
decided to book into a hotel. ► as, because
or since? → because 4 (biror davr) -ligida
• She had been there often as a child. • As
a young man, Eliot had studied art in Paris. 5 -ga qaramasdan, qanchalik -masin =
though • Unlikely as it might seem, I’m tired
too. • Try as she might, Sue couldn’t get the
door open. ■ prep 1 (kasb va lavozimlarga)
bo‘lib • She works as a courier. (=U tashuvchi
bo‘lib ishlaydi) • She had a job as a bus driver. 2 sifatida • I respect him as a doctor. • As
a parent, I feel that more should be done to
protect our children. • You can use that glass
as a vase. • The problem is regarded as serious. 3 -ga o‘xshab, -dek, qiyofasida • She
was dressed as a nurse. • They treated him as
a friend of the family. • They were all dressed
as clowns. • The bomb was disguised as a
package. • The news came as a shock. 4 sari
• As she grew older she gained in confidence.
• As time passed, things seemed to get worse.
• The flames grew larger as the fire spread. 5
deb hisoblanmoq/qaralmoq/qabul qilmoq
va h. • Van Dyck was regarded as the greatest painter of his time. • Girls’ education was
seen as unimportant. • Madeira is described
as having the best climate in the world. ■
adv as...as -dek, -chalik, kabi • I can’t run
as fast as you. • You’re as tall as your father.
• He was as white as a sheet. • She doesn’t
play as well as her sister. • He doesn’t earn
as much as me/I do. • It’s not as hard as I
thought. • It’s not as good as it used to be.
• There were twice as many visitors as usual last weekend. • The damage wasn’t quite
as bad as expected. ● as … as possible/
A
ascertain
38
curtain aside. • Stand aside and let these
can ★ iloji boricha …, qo‘ldan kelgancha …
A
people pass. • He took me aside (=bir chek• Please let me know your decision as soon
kaga oldi) to give me some advice. ● aside
as possible (=iloji boricha tezroq) • Our aim
from -dan tashqari, -ni hisobga olmaganda
is to collect as much information as possi= besides, apart from • Aside from a few
ble. • Helen comes to visit me as often as she
scratches, I’m OK. • Aside from hanging
can. • Push as hard as you can. as for sb/
about in the street, there’s nothing for kids
sth -ga kelsak = regarding • As for Jo, she’s
to do here. put/set sth ↔ aside ajratmoq,
doing fine. • As for food for the party, that’s
olib qo‘ymoq • We set aside some money
all being taken care of. as if/though ★
for repairs. • Every week I put aside a few
(xuddi)-ganday ma’nosida kelib undan kepounds for a new TV.
yin ega kesimli gap keladi • He behaved as if
nothing had happened. • It sounds as though ask ★ |æsk| v 1 so‘ramoq = inquire, want
you had a good time. • It’s my birthday. As if
to know • [~ about sb/sth] He asked about
you didn’t know! • “Don’t say anything” “As if
her family. • [~ sth] Can I ask a question? •
I would!” • He talked to them as if they were
Did you ask the price? • How old are you — if
children. • Beckworth shook his head as if to
you don’t mind me/my asking? • [+ speech]
say “Don’t trust her”. • She said she’d never
“Where are you going?” she asked. • [~ sb +
speak to me again. As if I cared ► Norasmiy
speech] “Are you sure?” he asked her. • [~ sb
ingliz tilida like ham as if/as though o‘rnida
to do sth] Eric asked me to marry him. • [~
ishlatilishi mumkin, ayniqsa, AmEda: • It
sb sth] She asked the students their names.
looks like it’s going to rain. • They act like
• I often get asked that! • [~ sb (about sth)]
they own the place. the same as bir xil •
The interviewer asked me about my future
Hey, snap! My hat’s the same as yours. • One
plans. • [~ wh…] He asked where I lived. •
fifth is the same as 20 percent.
I had to ask the teacher what to do next. •
ascertain
|ˌæsərˈteɪn|
verb
(fml)
I was asked if/whether I could drive. 2 beaniqlashtirmoq, bilmoq = establish, deterrishini so‘ramoq • [~ for sth] to ask for a
mine,­find­out,­discover,­get­to­know,­work­ job/a drink/an explanation • [~ sth] Why
out,­figure­out • It can be difficult to ascerdon’t you ask his advice? • [~ sb for sth]
tain the facts. • [~ that…] I ascertained that
Why don’t you ask him for his advice? • I am
the driver was not badly hurt. • [it is ascerwriting to ask for some information about
tained that…] It should be ascertained that
courses. • [~ sth of sb] Can I ask a favour
the plans comply with the law. • [~ wh…]
of you? • [~ sb sth] Can I ask you a favour?
The police are trying to ascertain what re► Biror narsani berishi so‘ralganda, odatally happened. • [it is ascertained if/wh…] It
da, ask so‘zi for predlogi bilan ishlatiladi:
must be ascertained if the land is still owned
• Don’t ask me for money. • I asked for the
by the government. ► ascertain or estabmenu. Biror narsani aytishi so‘ralganda esa,
lish? → establish4
odatda, ask fe’lining o‘zi, for predlogisiz
ishlatiladi: • Don’t ask me my age. • I asked
ash |æʃ| n 1 kul • She flicked ash out of the
the price. ► ask, demand or expect? → exwindow carelessly. • She had seen all her
pect3 3 ruxsat so‘ramoq • [~ to do sth] Did
dreams turn to ashes. 2 shumtol
ashamed |əˈʃeɪmd| adj be ~ uyalmoq, xiyou ask to use the car? • I asked to see the
jolat bo‘lmoq = sorry, shamefaced ≠ proud
manager. • [~ if/wh…] I’ll ask if it’s all right
• [~ of sth] She was deeply ashamed of her
to park here. • [~ sb if, wh …] She asked her
behaviour at the party. • Everyone cries
boss whether she could have the day off. 4
sometimes - it’s nothing to be ashamed of.
taklif qilmoq, kelishini so‘ramoq • [~ sb (+
• [~ of sb] His daughter looked such a mess
adv/prep)] They’ve asked me to dinner. • I
that he was ashamed of her. • [~ of yourself]
didn’t ask them in (=to come into the house).
You should be ashamed of yourself for telling
• We must ask the neighbours round (=to
such lies. • [~ that…] I feel almost ashamed
our house). • [~ sb to do sth] She’s asked him
that I’ve been so lucky. • [~ to be sth] The
to come to the party. • She asked me to go
football riots made me ashamed to be Engskiing with her. ► ask or invite? → invite
lish. • [~ to do sth] I cried at the end and
5 narx aytmoq • How much is he asking? •
I’m not ashamed to admit it. ► ashamed
He’s asking £2,000 for his car. ● ask for it/
or embarrassed? Ashamed, asosan, qilib
trouble o‘ziga-o‘zi (muammo) tilab olmoq
qo‘ygan jiddiyroq ishiga o‘zini aybdor
• “You shouldn’t have said that to her.” “Well,
his qilganda ishlatiladi: • You should be
she asked for it!” • Drinking alcohol before
ashamed of treating your daughter like that;
driving is really asking for trouble. ask out
Embarrassed esa o‘zini noqulay his qilgan
★ kino yoki restoranga taklif qilmoq • He’s
holatda ishlatiladi • I was embarrassed
too shy to ask her out. • You should ask her
about forgetting his name.
out sometime.
aside |əˈsaɪd| adv bir tomonga/chetga, alo- asleep |əˈsliːp| adj be ~ uxlayapti, uxlayothida, ajratish = to one side • She pulled the
gan bo‘lmoq = sleeping, in a deep sleep ≠
39
awake • Quiet! The baby’s asleep (=uxlayapti). • I’ve only just got up and I’m still half
asleep (=uyqusirayapman). • I waited until
they were all fast asleep (=qattiq uxlayotgan edi). • Are you asleep yet (=hali uxlamadimi)? ► Asleep sifatidan keyin ot kelishi
mumkin emas: • She looked lovingly at the
sleeping child. (… the asleep child) ● fall
asleep ★ uxlab qolmoq = doze off • I almost fell asleep at work. • She was so tired
she fell asleep sitting in her chair. ► fall
asleep, sleep, (have/take a) nap or go to
bed? → sleepv
aspect |ˈæspekt| n tomon, jihat, qirra = feature, side • The book aims to cover all aspects of city life. • Which aspects of the job do
you most enjoy? • Have you thought about
the problem from every aspect? • That’s the
most worrying aspect of the situation. • This
was one aspect of her character he hadn’t
seen before.
aspiration |ˌæspəˈreɪʃn| n |C,U| sl erishish
orzusi • I didn’t realize you had political aspirations. • [~ to do sth] He has never had
any aspiration to earn a lot of money. • [~
for sth] What changes are needed to meet
women’s aspirations for employment? ►
aspiration or ambition? → ambition
ass |æs| n 1 (AmE) (BrE arse) (jargon va
uyatli, haqoratli so‘z) ket, orqa = buttocks
• Move your ass or we’ll be late. • Tell him to
get his ass over here. 2 (BrE, inf) jinni, tentak, ahmoq = fool, idiot • Don’t be such an
ass! • I made an ass of myself at the meeting
— standing up and then forgetting the question. 3 eshak = donkey, jackass
assault |əˈsɔːlt| n |U,C| tajovuz qilish, tahdid, kutilmagan hujum = attack, hit, strike,
rape • He was charged with sexual assault.
• They launched an assault on the capital
yesterday.
assemble |əˈsembl| v yig‘(il)moq, to‘pla(n)moq = gather, collect, get together ≠
disperse • The children assembled outside
the building. • He tried to assemble his
thoughts.
assembly |əˈsembli| n (pl -ies) (shuningdek, Assembly) asambliya, yig‘ilish, majlis, jamiyat = gathering, meeting • state/
legislative/federal/local assemblies • The
national assembly has voted to adopt the
budget. • the California Assembly
assert |əˈsɜːrt| v aniq/ishonch bilan gapirmoq, ta’kidlamoq = declare, maintain, insist on • [~ that…] She continued to assert
that she was innocent. • [~ sth] She continued to assert her innocence. • [+ speech]
“That is wrong,” he asserted. • [it is asserted
that…] It is commonly asserted that older
people prefer to receive care from family
members.
assistance
assess |əˈses| v 1 baholamoq = evaluate •
[~ sb/sth] It’s difficult to assess the effects of
these changes. • We tried to assess his suitability for the job. • [~ sb/sth as sth] I’d assess your chances as low. • [~ wh…] We are
trying to assess how well the system works. 2
hisoblamoq, hisoblab chiqmoq = estimate •
[~ sth at sth] They assessed the cost of the
flood damage at £1500. • Our agent will assess the value of your property.
asset |ˈæset| n 1 kerakli/foydali shaxs
yoki narsa = benefit,­ advantage­ ≠ liability,
handicap • Being able to speak a foreign
language is a major asset. • [~ to sth] She’ll
be an asset to the team. 2 mol-mulk = property, resources ≠ liability • The business has
assets totalling £5.1 million. • asset sales/
management • income from fixed asset investments • financial/capital assets • liquid
assets (=sotib tezda naqd pulga aylantirish
mumkin bo‘lgan ashyolar)
assign |əˈsaɪn| v 1 topshirmoq, ajratmoq,
alohida bermoq = allocate, allot, give • [~
sth (to sb)] The two large classrooms have
been assigned to us. • The teacher assigned
a different task to each of the children. • [~
sb sth] I’ve been assigned the task of looking
after the new students. 2 tayinlamoq, yollamoq = appoint to, promote to • [~ sb (to
sth/as sth)] They’ve assigned their best man
to the job. • [~ sb to do sth] Madison was assigned to investigate a balloon accident.
assignment |əˈsaɪnmənt| n vazifa, topshiriq = task, piece of work • Please hand in
your completed assignments by 30 October.
• [on ~] Joe’s still away on assignment for a
Swiss newspaper.
assist |əˈsɪst| v (fml) yordam/ko‘mak bermoq = help, aid, lend a (helping) hand to,
facilitate ≠ hinder • [~ sb] We’ll do all we
can to assist you. • [~ in/with sth] The army
arrived to assist in the search. • [~ sb in doing sth] We will assist you in finding somewhere to live. • [~ sb in/with sth] Two men
are assisting the police with their enquiries.
• [~ sb to do sth] a course to assist adults to
return to the labour market ► Assist fe’li,
odatda­infinitiv­bilan­ishlatilmaydi,­u­quyidagi­ko‘rinishlarda­keladi:­[assist­+­sb­with­
sth] • The teacher assists the children with
their tasks.­[assist­+sb­in­doing­sth]­• Who
can assist them in planning their careers.
► Kundalik hayotda assist fe’lining o‘rniga
ko‘pincha help fe’lidan foydalaniladi: • We’ll
help in any way we can. • They have special
software to help them process invoices.
assistance |əˈsɪstəns| n |U| (fml) ko‘mak,
yordam = help, aid, support ≠ hindrance •
We offer financial assistance to students. •
Can I be of any assistance? • He’s been running the company with the assistance of his
son. • Despite his cries, no one came to his as-
A
assistant
A
sistance. • [~ with sth] She offered me practical assistance with my research. • [~ in doing
sth/to do sth] The company provides advice
and assistance in finding work.
assistant |əˈsɪstənt| n yordamchi, ko‘makchi • His assistant makes all his appointments. • a senior research assistant • a
sales/shop assistant
associate
|əˈsoʊʃieɪt|
|əˈsoʊsieɪt|
v
o‘xsha(t)moq, esla(t)moq, tasavvur uyg‘otmoq/uyg‘onmoq, -sa/-ganda xayoliga …
kelmoq = link, connect [~ sb/sth with sb/
sth] • I always associate the smell of baking
with my childhood. • Most people associate
this brand with good quality. ► associate,
relate or connect? → relate1 ● be associated with -ga bog‘liq • This syndrome
is associated with frequent coughing. • His
social problems were associated with heavy
drinking. ► Kundalik hayotda be associated with birikmasidan ko‘ra ko‘proq come/
go with birikmasidan foydalaniladi: • There
are some problems that go with this way of
doing things. ■ n |əˈsoʊʃiət| hamkor, sherik
• business associates ► associate or colleague? → colleague
association |əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃn| |əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃn| n 1
birlashma, uyushma, assotsiatsiya = organization • the Football Association • Do you
belong to any professional or trade associations? ► association, society or club?
Bu so‘zlarning har birini uyushmalarga
nisbatan ishlatish mumkin. Lekin ko‘pincha (doim emas) association (assotsiatsiya)
kasb va biznesga bog‘liq, society (jamiyat)
esa ijtimoiy qiziqishlarga asoslangan bo‘ladi: • a member of the drama society; Club
(klub) esa bo‘sh vaqtlarni maroqli o‘tkazish
uchun tashkil etilgan ko’ngilochar uyushmalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • hunters’ club
• I’ve joined the chess club. 2 aloqa, bog‘liqlik [~ (with sb/sth)] • They have maintained
a close association with a college in the US.
• Smoking has a close association with lung
cancer. 3 bog‘liqlik, tasavvur [~ with sb/
sth] • For some people, a black cat has an
association with bad luck. • Manchester
has strong family associations for him. ●
in association with hamkorlikda, birgalikda • The guidebook is published in association with the local tourist board. • This
programme is brought to you in association
with British Airways.
assume |əˈsuːm| v tasavvur/taxmin qilmoq,
deb o‘ylamoq/hisoblamoq = presume, suppose • [~ (that)…] Let’s assume that he is innocent. • I didn’t see your car, so I assumed
you’d gone out. • [it is assumed (that)…] It
is generally assumed that stress is caused by
too much work. • [~ sth] In this example we
have assumed a unit price of $10. • [~ sb/sth
40
to be/have sth] I have always assumed her
to be American.
assumption |əˈsʌmpʃn| n tasavvur, tushuncha, faraz, qarash • [~ (that)…] There is
an assumption that all the people who live
around here are rich. • [~ (of sb/sth) (about
sb/sth)] We need to challenge some of the
basic assumptions of Western people about
Islam. • People tend to make assumptions
about you based on your appearance.
assurance |əˈʃʊrəns| n ishonch, dadillik,
o‘ziga ishonish = self-confidence/assurance ≠ self-doubt • She seems to lack assurance. • Despite my repeated assurances,
Rob still looked very nervous. ► assurance,
self-confidence or confidence? → confidence2
assure |əˈʃʊr| v ishontirmoq, suyanmoq,
ishontirib aytmoq, kafolat bermoq • She’s
perfectly safe, I can assure you. • [~ sb
(that)…] You think I did it deliberately, but I
assure you (that) I did not. • [~ sb (of sth)]
The dealer had assured me of its quality. •
[~ sb + speech] “He’ll come back,” Susan assured her. ► assure, make sure, gurantee
or ensure? → ensure
astonish |əˈstɑːnɪʃ| v lol/hayratda/hayron
qoldirmoq = amaze • The news astonished
everyone. • She astonished us by saying she
was leaving. • What astonishes me most is
his complete lack of fear. • [it astonishes
sb (that)…] It astonished him that she had
changed so little. • [~ to­ find/hear/learn/
see…] He was astonished to learn he’d won
the competition. ► astonish or amaze?
“Hayron qolmoq” ma’nosida ikkala so‘zdan
ham foydalanish mumkin. Lekin ham hayron qoldiradigan, ham xijolat qildiradigan
vaziyatlarga, odatda, astonish so‘zidan foydalaniladi, amaze so‘zidan emas: • He was
astonished by his own stupidity.
astonished |əˈstɑːnɪʃt| adj be ~ lol/hayratda/hayron qolmoq = amazed, surprised • [~
to­ find/hear/learn/see…] I was astonished
to see Miriam there. • [~ at/by sth/sb] My
parents looked astonished at my news. • [~
(that)…] She seemed astonished (that) I had
never been to a museum.
astonishing |əˈstɑːnɪʃɪŋ| adj lol/hayratda/
hayron qoldiradigan, hayratlanarli = amazing, surprising • She ran 100m in an astonishing 10.6 seconds. • I find it absolutely astonishing that you didn’t like it. • During this
period London grew at an astonishing rate.
astonishment |əˈstɑːnɪʃmənt| n |U| hayratda/hayron qolish = amazement, surprise •
“Are you really leaving?” asked Felix in astonishment. • To my astonishment, the car was
gone.
at ★ |ət| kuchli talaffuz qilinganda |æt| prep
1 (joylarga nisbatan) -da • She’s got a job at
the supermarket. • He’s not at home, he’s at
41
work. • at the corner of the street • Meet us
at the post office. • We changed at Crewe. •
They arrived late at the airport. • I’ll be at
home all morning. • She’s at Tom’s. • I met
her at the hospital. • How many people were
there at the concert? • He’s been at the bank
longer than anyone else. • She’s at Wisdom.
2 qarata, tomon • What are you looking at?
• He pointed a gun at her. • Somebody threw
a stone at me. • He gazed up at the sky. • The
course is aimed at those aged 16 or over. 3
(ma’lum bir vaqtlardan oldin) -da • We’ll
meet at eleven o’clock. • You must put your
lights on when you drive at night. • At the
weekend, we went to see my mother. • We
went to Paris at Easter. • at the end of the
week • We woke at dawn. • I didn’t know
at the time of writing • What are you doing
at the weekend? • She got married at 25. •
He left school at the age of 16. 4 (narx, daraja, tezlik, yosh, masofa va uzunliklarga
nisbatan) -da • The train was travelling at
200 kilometres an hour. • Prices start at
$1 000. • The book retails at £19.95. • You
can reach me at 637-2335, extension 354.
• Amanda rode off at a gallop. • I held it
at arm’s length. • Can you read a car number plate at fifty metres? 5 sababli, -ni deb
• She laughed at my old coat. • They were
impatient at the delay. • She was delighted
at the result. • I’m surprised at you! • Dad
got really mad at me for scratching the car.
6 holatida, paytida, vaziyatda • The country
is now at war. • I felt at a disadvantage. • I
think Mr Harris is at lunch. • The garden’s at
its most beautiful in June. • This was Federer
at his most powerful. 7 borasida, bo‘yicha •
Barbara’s getting on really well at her new
job. • I’ve always been good/bad at maths. •
He’s an expert at making things out of junk.
• She’s hopeless at managing people. ● at
sb’s request/suggestion/invitation etc
talabiga/taklifiga­binoan/ko‘ra­• A meeting
was arranged at the ambassador’s request.
• At my suggestion, Mrs Carey wrote to her
former employer.
atmosphere |ˈætməsfɪr| n 1 the atmosphere sl atmosfera • Saturn’s atmosphere
• the upper atmosphere • The burning of
fossil fuels results in the pollution of the
atmosphere. 2 havo = air • The room had
a hot stuffy atmosphere. • She doesn’t like
going to pubs because of the smoky atmosphere. 3­ muhit,­ kayfiyat,­ ruhiyat = air,
mood • The atmosphere in the office was
tense. • I like the friendly atmosphere at our
college. • Use music and lighting to create a
romantic atmosphere. • [~ of sth] There is
an atmosphere of tension in the city today.
► atmosphere or mood? Atmosphere,
odatda, biror joyga nisbatan, mood esa insonlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • The hotel
attempt
offers a friendly atmosphere. (... a friendly
mood) • He is clearly in a good mood today.
(... good atmosphere today) • Lily was in one
of her aggressive moods. (... her aggressive
atmospheres)
atom |ˈætəm| n atom, zarra • the splitting of
the atom • Two atoms of hydrogen combine
with one atom of oxygen to form a molecule
of water. • positively charged atoms • hydrogen/carbon/oxygen atoms • There isn’t an
atom of truth in it.
attach |əˈtætʃ| v biriktirmoq, qo‘shib mahkamlamoq, qistirmoq, yopishtirmoq = fasten,­fix­• [~ sth] I attach a copy of my notes
for your information. • [~ sth to sth] Attach
the rope to the branch of a tree. • I attached
a photo to my application form. • There was
a message attached to the flowers.
attached |əˈtætʃt| adj 1 bog‘lanib/o‘rganib/ko‘nikib qolgan = spoken for, hitched
[~ to sb/sth] • She’s very attached to her
old dog. • The children are very attached to
their grandparents. • We’ve grown very attached to this house. 2 birikkan, qo‘shilgan,
birlashgan • The research unit is attached to
the university. 3 biriktirilgan, birga qistirilgan • Please complete the attached application form.
attack ★ |əˈtæk| n 1 hujum = assault [~
(on sb/sth)] • They made an attack on the
town. • to launch/make/mount an attack
• The town was once again under attack. •
Germany’s attack has been weakened by the
loss of some key players. • a sustained attack
on the Arsenal goal 2 tanqid = criticism ≠
defense • He launched an attack on the
government. • The school has come under
attack for failing to encourage bright pupils.
3 xuruj, chalinish = fit,­seizure­• She had an
attack of malaria. • an acute attack of food
poisoning • He died of a heart attack. ■ v 1
hujum qilmoq, tashlanmoq, hamla qilmoq =
assault, strike ≠ defend • At dawn the army
attacked the town. • Most dogs will not attack unless provoked. • [~ sb] A woman was
attacked and robbed by a gang of youths. •
[~ sb with sth] The man attacked him with a
knife. 2 tanqid qilmoq = criticize (inf) knock
≠ praise • [~ sb/sth] The report attacks the
idea of exams for 7- and 8-year-olds. • [~ sb/
sth for (doing) sth] She has been attacked
for ignoring her own party members.
attacker |əˈtækər| n tajovuz/hujum qilgan
odam yoki narsa = assailant, assaulter •
Can you describe your attacker?
attempt ★ |əˈtempt| n urinish, harakat =
effort, endeavor, try • I passed my driving
test at the first attempt. • [~ to do sth] They
made no attempt to escape. • They closed
the road in an attempt (=maqsadida) to
reduce traffic in the city. • [~at (doing) sth]
This is my second attempt at the exam. • [~
A
attend
A
on sth] His attempt on the world land speed
record was unsuccessful. ► attempt or effort? Attempt biror ishni qilishga bo‘lgan
urinishni ifodalaydi: • a/an assassination/
suicide attempt (a/an assassination/suicide effort); Effort esa qilingan ishga ketgan
sa’y-harakatni ifodalaydi: • a great/enormous/strenuous effort (a great/enormous/
strenuous attempt) ■ v harakat qilmoq =
try, strive, aim • [~ sth] The prisoners attempted an escape, but failed. • He attempted a joke, but no one laughed. • [~ to do sth] I
will attempt to answer all your questions. ►
attempt or try? Attempt try so‘zidan ko‘ra
ancha rasmiyroq hisoblanadi va qiyinroq
ishlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi. Solishtiring: •
They tried to escape from the class. • They
attempted to escape from the prison.
attend ★ |əˈtend| v (ancha rasmiy so‘z) qatnashmoq, kelmoq, bormoq = be present
at, take part in, go to ≠ miss • Twenty-five
people attended the wedding. • Our children attend the same school. • I attended
the classes/seminars/lectures for a month
or two. ► Attend hech qachon to predlogi
bilan ishlatilmaydi: • Twenty of our staff will
attend the training course. (... attend to the
training course.) ► Kundalik hayotda bu
so‘zning o‘rniga, odatda, go (to) yoki come
(to) so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • I didn’t go to
the parents’ meeting. • Please let us know if
you can’t come.
attendance |əˈtendəns| n |U,C| qatnashish,
davomat, kelish = presence • Teachers must
keep a record of students’ attendances. •
There was an attendance of 42 at the meeting.
attention ★ |əˈtenʃn| n |U| e’tibor, diqqat
= consideration, care • Don’t distract the
driver’s attention. • I couldn’t give the programme my full/undivided attention. • As
the youngest child, she was always the centre of attention. • She was in need of medical
attention. • Attention, please! Passengers for
flight KL412 are requested to go to gate 21
immediately. • The garden is large and needs
a lot of attention. • The conversation failed to
hold my attention. • After an hour, my attention started to wander (=xayolim chalg‘ishni boshladi). ● attract/draw/catch/get
sb’s attention ★ e’tiborini tortmoq/qaratmoq • The new play has attracted a lot of
press attention/attention in the press. • She
tried to attract the waiter’s attention. • An
article in the newspaper caught my attention. • I knocked on the window to get her
attention. ► E’tiborini biror narsaga qaratmoq ma’nosida attention to predlogi bilan
ishlatiladi, on bilan emas: • I would like to
draw your attention to a number of issues.
(... your attention on a number of issues) pay
attention to ★ e’tibor bermoq/qaratmoq
42
• Please pay attention to what I am saying. •
Don’t pay any attention to Nina - she doesn’t
know what she’s talking about. • He wasn’t
paying attention to the teacher.
attitude |ˈætɪtuːd| n munosabat, qarash,
yondashish, xatti-harakat = view, viewpoint, outlook • If you want to pass your
exams you’d better change your attitude!
• [~ to/towards sb/sth] He has a very bad
attitude to/towards work. • What is the government’s attitude to the problem?
attorney |əˈtɜːrni| n advokat, huquqshunos;
prokuror • He remained silent, on the advice
of his attorney. • She needs a good attorney.
► attorney, lawyer, barrister, advocate or
solicitor? → lawyer
attract ★ |əˈtrækt| v jalb qilmoq, e’tiborni
tortmoq, qiziqtirmoq = draw, pull ≠ repel •
The shops are lowering their prices to attract
more customers. • The exhibition attracted
hundreds of visitors. • I had always been attracted by the idea of working abroad. • [~
sb to sb/sth] What first attracted me to her
was her sense of humour. • This proposal has
attracted a lot of interest. • She tried to attract the attention of the waiter.
attraction |əˈtrækʃn| n 1 sl, |U| e’tibor tortadigan/jalb qiladigan jihat, joziba, qiziqarli
tomon, ko‘ngilochar joy/narsa = pull, draw,
entertainment ≠ repulsion • One of the car’s
main attractions is its low price. • The Tower
of London is a great tourist attraction. • Life
in London has so many attractions - nightclubs, good restaurants and so on. • I can’t
see the attraction of sitting on a beach all
day. 2 |C| yoqtirish, sevib qolish, muhabbat
• She felt an immediate attraction for him. •
They felt a strong mutual attraction.
attractive ★ |əˈtræktɪv| adj jozibali, jozibador, o‘ziga jalb qiladigan/tortadigan,
qiziqtiradigan = appealing, inviting, tempting ≠ uninviting • She’s an attractive woman. • I like John but I don’t find him attractive physically. • Your new glasses are
very attractive. • We need to make the club
attractive to a wider range of people.
attribute |əˈtrɪbjuːt| v –dan deb bilmoq, sababli bo‘lmoq, tufayli kelib chiqmoq = ascribe to, assign to, accredit to, put down to,
connect with [~ sth to sth] • She attributes
her success to hard work and a little luck. •
Her teachers attributed her learning difficulties to emotional problems. ■ n sifat, xislat =
quality, characteristic, trait, feature • Peter
had all the attributes of a first-class athlete.
• Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher.
auction |ˈɔːkʃn| n |C,U| kimoshdi savdosi,
auktsion • The house is up for auction. • This
week 14 of his paintings were put up for auction. • They bought the paintings at auction
43
in 1989. • They’re holding an auction of jewellery on Thursday.
audience |ˈɔːdiəns| n |C| (ham birlik, ham
ko‘plik fe’li bilan kelishi mumkin) auditoriya, yig‘ilganlar, tomoshabinlar = spectators, listeners • Members of the audience
cheered. • The audience was/were clapping
for 10 minutes. • The debate was televised in
front of a live audience. • TV/cinema/movie
audiences
August ★ |ˈɔːɡəst| n |U,C| (abbr Aug.) avgust • My birthday is in August. • I left my
job last August. • We’ve got friends coming
at the end of August. • (AmE) We’ll expect
you to call August 6 • (BrE) The meeting is
on 4th August.
authentic |ɔːˈθentɪk| adj haqiqiy, asl = genuine, real ≠ fake • I don’t know if the painting is authentic. • The letter is certainly
authentic. ► Kundalik hayotda authentic
o‘rniga ko‘pincha sth is real/the real thing
birikmalaridan foydalaniladi: • This is real
Indian cooking. • How do you know if the picture is the real thing? ► authentic or genuine? → genuine
authority |əˈθɔːrəti| |əˈθɑːrəti| n (pl -ties)
1 |U| huquq, vakolat, boshqaruv = power,
right, jurisdiction • I need to speak to someone in authority. • [~ to do sth] Only the
manager has the authority to sign cheques.
• We have the authority to search this building. • [~ over sb/sth] She now has authority
over the people who used to be her bosses. ►
authority or power? → power5 2 |C|, (odatda,
ko‘plikda ishlatiladi) ma’muriyat = officials­
• The education authority pays teachers’
salaries. • The health authorities are investigating the problem. • I’m going to report
these holes in the road to the authorities. 3
|U| rasmiy ijozat • It was done without the
principal’s authority. • We acted under the
authority of the UN. ► authority or expert?
→ expertn
automatic |ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk| adj 1 o‘zi ishlaydigan, o‘zi -gan, avtomatik ≠ manual • automatic doors • an automatic rifle • These
automatic cameras have a special focusing
functions. ► automatic or automated?
Automatic “avtomatik, o‘zi ishlaydigan”
degan ma’nolarni bildiradi va mashinalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi; automated esa
“avtomatlashtirilgan” degan ma’noni bildirib, asosan, ish jarayoniga urg‘u beradi. 2
refleksiv,­ ichki,­ beixtiyor = instinctive ≠
conscious, deliberate • Breathing is an automatic function of the body. • My reaction
was automatic. ■ adv automatically o‘zo‘zidan, avtomatik ravishda/tarzda, beixtiyor • The heating switches off automatically. • I turned left automatically without
thinking. • I just automatically said “Yes”. •
awake
Employees who steal are dismissed automatically.
autumn ★ |ˈɔːtəm| (asosan, BrEda) (AmEda
odatda, fall) n |U,C| kuz • In autumn, the
leaves turn brown. • I’ll be starting my new
job in the autumn term. • We haven’t heard
from him since last autumn. • It’s been a very
mild autumn this year.
available ★ |əˈveɪləbl| adj 1 topsa bo‘ladigan, (iloji/imkoni) bor = obtainable, accessible • Is this dress available in a larger
size? • The tablets are available from most
chemists. • We’ll send you a copy as soon as
it becomes available. 2 bo‘sh = free, obtainable • Will she be available this afternoon? •
The director was not available for comment.
• This was the only room available. ► Available sifati otdan oldin ham, keyin ham kelishi mumkin, lekin ular biroz ma’no jihatdan
farq qilishi mumkin. Solishtiring: • We must
make the most efficient use of the available
resources (=mavjud resurslar). • They made
maximum use of the resources available
(=mavjud bo‘lgan resurslar).
average |ˈævərɪdʒ| n |C,U| o‘rtacha, o‘rta hisob(da) = mean, median • [~ of sb/sth] The
average of 4, 5 and 9 is 6. • Parents spend an
average of $220 a year on toys. • Temperatures are above average for the time of year.
• [on ~] 400 people a year die of this disease
on average. • On average, people who don’t
smoke are healthier than people who do. ■
adj 1 o‘rtacha • He’s about average height.
• His average speed was 30 miles per hour.
• £20 for dinner is about average. • Their
daughter is of below average intelligence.
2 oddiy, odatiy = ordinary, typical • It was
an average working day at the office. • I was
just an average sort of student.
avoid ★ |əˈvɔɪd| v 1 oldini olmoq, qochmoq,
qutulib qolmoq = keep/stay away from ≠
confront • Travel early to avoid the traffic
jams. • The accident could have been avoided. • They narrowly avoided defeat. • The
name was changed to avoid confusion with
another firm. • [~ doing sth] They built a
wall to avoid soil being washed away. 2 o‘zini olib qochmoq, uzoq yurmoq • [~ sb/sth]
He’s been avoiding me all week. • Avoid that
area after dark. • She kept avoiding my eyes.
• [~ doing sth] You should avoid mentioning
his divorce. 3 e’tibor bermasdan/ko‘rmasdan o‘tib ketmoq • I want to avoid discussing details at this stage. • How can we avoid
a row? ► Boshqa odamlarning e’tibor bermasligiga prevent ishlatiladi, avoid emas: •
My parents tried to prevent me seeing him.
(My parents tried to avoid me seeing him.)
awake |əˈweɪk| adj uyg‘oq • It’s 2 o’clock
and I’m still awake. • I drink a lot of coffee to
keep me awake. • I find it so difficult to stay
awake during history lessons. ■ v uyg‘on-
A
award
A
moq, uyg‘otmoq • [~ (sb) (from/to sth)] I
awoke from a deep sleep. • We awoke to a
day of brilliant sunshine. • [~ to do sth] He
awoke to find her gone. • [~ sb] Her voice
awoke the sleeping child. ► Kundalik hayotda awake so‘zining o‘rniga ko‘pincha wake
up yoki get up so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • I
woke up at 4 o’clock this morning.
award |əˈwɔːrd| n mukofot • [~ for sth] He
was nominated for the best actor award. •
He received an award of £1000. ■ v taqdirlamoq, topshirmoq [~ sth (to sb)] • Carlos
was awarded first prize in the essay competition. • [~ (sb) sth] The university has awarded her a $500 travel grant.
aware ★ |əˈwer| adj xabardor, payqagan,
bilgan = conscious of, mindful of, informed
about ≠ ignorant • As you’re aware, this is
not a new problem. • [~ of sth] He was well
aware of the problem. • Everybody should
be made aware of the risks involved. • I suddenly became aware of (=payqab qolmoq)
him looking at me. • [~ that…] I wasn’t even
aware that he was ill.
awareness |əˈwernəs| n |U|, sl ogohlik, xabardor bo‘lish, e’tiborli bo‘lish = consciousness, knowledge • [~ of sth] There was a
general lack of awareness about safety issues. • The campaign aims to raise awareness of the dangers of passive smoking. •
Environmental awareness has increased
dramatically over the past decade.
away ★ |əˈweɪ| adv 1 uzoq, narida, -gacha
… bor • The nearest shop is three kilometres away. • How far away is the station? • [~
from sb/sth] The station is a few minutes’
walk away from here. • Christmas is still
months away. • Stay away from the fire. 2
ketgan, yo‘q = absent • The managing director is away on business. • Sorry, he’s away.
• [~ from sb/sth] She was away from work
for a week. 3 ko‘zdan nari, boshqa tomonga/joyga • Go away! • Put your money away,
I’m paying. • The bright light made her look
away. • I’ve given away all my old clothes to
charity. 4 yo‘q bo‘lmoq/qilmoq, -b ketmoq
• All the snow had melted away. • The music
faded away as the procession moved slowly
up the street. • We danced the night away. •
Cut away all the dead wood.
awesome ★ |ˈɔːsəm| adj 1 ajoyib, juda
zo‘r = great, cool, fantastic, fabulous • I just
bought this awesome new CD! • Wow! That’s
totally awesome! • You look totally awesome
in that dress. 2 to‘lqinlantiruvchi, hayajonlantiruvchi • awesome beauty/power • They
had an awesome task ahead. • The show was
just awesome.
awful ★ |ˈɔːfl| adj 1 juda yomon, yoqimsiz
= disgusting, horrible, terrible ≠ wonderful,
lovely, good, excellent • The food was awful.
• He’s an awful actor. • “They didn’t even
44
offer to pay.” “Oh that’s awful.” • What an
awful thing to say! • We had awful weather. • I feel awful about forgetting her birthday. • The awful thing is, it was my fault. •
He’s got an awful cold. • She’d been ill and
she looked awful. ► awful, terrible or appalling? Awful ko‘pincha shaxs, narsa va
voqea-hodisalarni ifodalashda ishlatiladi.
Appalling (asosan, BrEda) baxtsiz hodisa,
jinoyat va ko‘ngilsiz hodisalarni va ularning
oqibatlarini ifodalashda ishlatiladi. • He
was kept in appalling conditions in prison.
Terrible yuqoridagi misollarning har biriga
nisbatan ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin u appaling kabi kuchli emas. 2 ancha, juda • It’s
going to cost an awful lot of money. • I feel
an awful lot better than I did yesterday. • It
was an awful risk to take. • He made me feel
an awful fool.
awfully |ˈɔːfli| adv juda, o‘ta = terribly • It’s
awfully difficult to contact her. • I’m awfully
sorry about that problem the other day. • It’s
awfully cold in here. Is the heater on?
awkward |ˈɔːkwərd| adj 1 noma’qul, xijolat qiladigan/bo‘ladigan, g‘alati = difficult,­
tricky ≠ easy • Don’t ask awkward questions.
• There was an awkward silence. • It’s a bit
awkward, because he’s my friend but I’m still
his boss. • You’ve put me in an awkward position. • It makes things awkward for everyone
when you behave like that. ► awkward,
uncomfortable or embarrassed? Embarrassed asosan biror bir kishining o‘zini
qanday his qilayotganini ifodalaydi: • I felt
so embarrassed about my mistake; Uncomfortable esa biror bir xijolatli vaziyatga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • She always felt slightly
uncomfortable in a hat.; Awkward ko‘pincha
biror bir odam, narsa yoki vaziyatning noodatiyligiga, g‘alati ekanligiga urg‘u beradi. 2
noqulay, qiyin = inconvenient, inappropriate ≠ convenient • This box is very awkward
for one person to carry. • Next Thursday is
awkward for me - what about Friday? • Have
I come at an awkward time? 3 beso‘naqay,
noqulay • The handle’s a very awkward
shape. • He tried to dance, but he was too
clumsy and awkward. • My car’s quite awkward to drive. ■ adv awkwardly • “I’m sorry,” he said awkwardly. • She fell awkwardly
and broke her ankle. They smiled awkwardly
at the camera.
axe |æks| n (asosan, BrEda) (AmEda, odatda
ax) 1 bolta • With a few swift blows of the
axe, she severed the cable. 2 ishchilarni qisqartirish, bo‘shatish • Up to 300 workers are
facing the axe at the struggling firm.
B
baby ★ |ˈbeɪbi| n (pl -ies) 1 chaqaloq,
go‘dak = infant • The baby’s crying! • My
sister’s expecting a baby. • She had a baby
last week. • I’ve known him since he was a
45
baby. • baby food/clothes ► Agar biror kishi
chaqaloqni o‘g‘il yoki qizligini bilmaganida
unga nisbatan it olmoshidan foydalanishi
mumkin: • The baby was sucking its thumb.
2 hayvon bolasi • a baby rabbit • What
do you call a baby kangaroo? ► baby, offspring or young? → offspring
back ★ |bæk| n 1 bel, umurtqa = spine • He
carried his son on his back. • Don’t lift that
heavy box, you may hurt your back. • Do you
sleep on your back or your front? • He stood
with his back to the door. 2 orqa (tomon) •
He wrote his address on the back of the envelope. • She sat in the back of the bus and went
to sleep. • The dining room is at the back of
the house. • We could only get seats at the
back (of the room). • (BrE) There’s room for
three people in the back (AmE in back of a
car). • This is where I grew up. I know this
area like the back of my hand. • The television guide is at the back of the paper. ►
at the back, at the rear or behind? At
the back va at the rear bir xil ma’noga ega,
ya’ni biror narsaning orqa qismiga nisbatan
ishlatiladi, faqat at the rear biroz rasmiyroq hisoblanadi va shu sababli ko‘pincha
rasmiy holatlarda ishlatiladi: • What’s that
at the back of the fridge? • Smoking is only
allowed at the rear of the aircraft. Uyning
orqa eshigiga, odatda, the back door ishlatilsa, rasmiy idora va samolyotlardagi orqa
tomondagi chiqishga nisbatan esa rear exit
ishlatiladi. Behind esa biror narsani boshqa narsaning orqa tomonidaligiga, orqasida turganligiga, borligiga urg‘u beradi va
uning tarkibiga kirmasligini, unga yopishmaganligiga, uning bir qismi emasligini ifodalaydi. Solishtiring: • Our room was at the
back of the hotel. (=Bizning xona mehmonxonaning orqa tomonida edi - Mehmonxona tarkibidagi, yo’lak oxiridagi xona) and •
There’s a lovely wood just behind our hotel.
(=Mehmonxonaning shundoq orqasida chiroyli o‘rmon bor - Mehmonxonaning tashqarisida) ■ adj orqa ≠ front • He knocked at
the back door of the house. • The back tyre
of my bicycle is flat. • We were sitting in the
back row. ■ adv 1 orqaga/-siga/-da/-dan
≠ forward • Sit back and relax. • He turned
and looked back. • I stepped back to let them
pass. • You’ve combed your hair back. •
Stand back and give me some room. 2 qayt(ar)ib -moq • He’ll be back on Monday. (=U
dushanba kuni qaytib keladi) • Put the book
back on the shelf. • Please give me my ball
back. • We were right back where we started.
• I can’t wait to get back home. • If he kicks
me, I’ll kick him back. • Could you call back
later, please? • It takes me an hour to walk
there and back. • I’ll phone you when I am
back in the office. 3 oldin, o‘tmishda, o‘tgan
• She left back in November. • That was a few
backwards
years back. • We should have turned left five
kilometres back. ■ v 1 orqaga yurmoq• [~
adv/prep] He backed against the wall, terrified. • to back out of a parking space • [~ sth
+ adv/prep] If you can’t drive in forwards,
try backing it in. 2 qo‘llab-quvvatlamoq
• Her colleagues were willing to back the
proposal. • Her parents backed her in her
choice of career. • Doctors have backed
plans to raise the tax on cigarettes. ● back
and forth chayqalmoq, uyoqdan buyoqqa
harakatlanmoq • She swayed gently back
and forth to the music. • Ferries are sailing
back and forth between the islands. • We ran
back and forth, carrying buckets of water.
back down voz kechmoq, aytgan gapi/
qilgan qaroridan qaytmoq = give in • Both
sides have refused to back down., Eventually,
Roberto backed down and apologized. back
to front oldini orqasiga • I think you’ve got
that sweater on back to front. • Your skirt is
on back to front. back (sb) up ★ 1 qo‘llabquvvatlamoq, yordam bermoq = support,
stand by • Will you back me up in the vote? •
I’ll back you up if they don’t believe you. • The
writer doesn’t back up his opinions with examples. 2 orqaga haydamoq • Can you back
up, please - I want to get out of the parking
space. behind sb’s back (birovning) orqa(si)dan, bildirmasdan = secretly • Have you
been talking about me behind my back? •
They went ahead and sold it behind my back.
background |ˈbækɡraʊnd| n 1 |C| hayot
yo‘li, kelib chiqishi, tajriba = social circumstances, record, history, past, experience •
He comes from a working class background.
• Do you know anything about his background? 2 |C,U| (odatda, birlikda ishlatiladi)
asos, bundan oldingi voqealar • Can you
give me some background on the situation?
• Without knowing the background to the
case, I couldn’t possibly comment. 3 (odatda,
birlikda ishlatiladi) orqa fon/taraf = backdrop • The photograph is of a house with
mountains in the background. • If you listen
carefully to this piece of music, you can hear
a flute in the background.
backward |ˈbækwərd| adj orqada, orqaga,
orqa tomonga • She left without a backward
glance. • He did a brilliant backward somersault. • She felt that going back to live in her
home town would be a backward step.
backwards |ˈbækwərdz| (shuningdek,
backward, asosan, AmEda) adv orqaga,
orqa tomonga ≠ forward • He took a step
backwards. • I lost my balance and fell backwards. • “Ambulance” is written backwards
so you can read it in the mirror. • Count backwards from ten to one. • Your T-shirt is on
backwards. ● backwards and forwards
oldinga va orqaga, u yoqdan bu yoqqa •
The policeman was walking backwards and
B
bacon
B
46
forwards in front of the bank. • She rocked
backwards and forwards on her chair.
bacon |ˈbeɪkən| n |U| cho‘chqa go‘shti • I’ll
have two rashers of bacon and a fried egg. •
Fry the bacon until crisp.
bacteria |bækˈtɪriə| n pl (sl -rium |-riəm|)
n bakteriya = bugs • Neither chilling nor
freezing kills all bacteria. • There are many
different types of bacteria.
bad ★ |bæd| adj (worse |wɜːrs| worst |wɜːrst|)
1 yomon = unpleasant, terrible, dreadful,
awful, unfortunate ≠ good, excellent • I’ve
got some bad news for you. • This isn’t as bad
as I thought. • That’s not a bad idea. • The
weather was bad when we were on holiday
in August. • My headache is getting worse. •
You’re a bad liar! • That was the worst movie I’ve ever seen. • Smoking gives you bad
breath. • The schools have gone from bad to
worse in this area. • These annoying tourists
give all Americans a bad name. • She’s in a
bad temper. • It’s difficult to break bad habits. ► bad or badly? Badly bad sifatining
ravish shakli hisoblanadi: • The concert was
badly organized. (The concert was bad organized.) Lekin bad ba’zan (ayniqsa, norasmiy
AmEda) “juda/rosa (yomon)” ma’nosida
ravish sifatida ham ishlatilishi mumkin: • I
miss him real bad. ► bad or poor? → poor3
2 qo‘lidan kelmaydigan, yaxshi bilmaydigan, eplay olmaydigan = poor (inf) crummy ≠ good, skilled [~ at (doing) sth] • He’s a
bad driver. • She’s good at singing but bad at
playing the piano. • She is so bad at keeping
secrets. 3 noma’qul, noo‘rin, yoqimsiz, yomon • I know that this is a bad time to ask
for help. • He now realized that it had been a
bad decision on his part. • I felt bad about not
being able to come last night. 4 jiddiy, og‘ir
= severe, serious ≠ minor, slight • He had a
bad accident on the motorway. • He’s got a
bad cold. • My headache is getting worse. 5
zararli,­ xavfli = harmful ≠­ good,­ beneficial­
[~ for sb/sth] • Those shoes are bad for her
feet. • Weather like this is bad for business.
• Too much work is bad for your health. •
Eating too much fat is bad for your health.
6 quloqsiz, axloqsiz = wicked, evil, naughty (inf) crooked ≠ well-behaved • Have you
been a bad boy? • The hero gets to shoot
all the bad guys. ● go bad yomon bo‘lib
qolmoq, aynimoq • It will go bad if you don’t
put it in the refrigerator. • This milk has
gone bad. • We’d better eat this chicken before it goes bad. my bad (AmE, inf) uzr, (bu)
meni aybim • I’m sorry — my bad. • That
was my bad. not bad yomon/chakki emas
= all right, OK, so-so, good enough, pretty
good • “How do you feel this morning?” “Not
bad, thanks.” • Those pictures aren’t bad for
a beginner. • We thought it would be awful, but it wasn’t too bad. too bad ★ (inf)
1 afsus(ki) • Too bad every day can’t be as
good as this. • That’s too bad about your sister losing her job. • “I can’t come on Friday.”
“That’s too bad.” 2 o‘ziga yomon bo‘lmoq,
o‘zidan o‘pkalamoq • If sometimes they’re
the wrong decisions, too bad. • If you don’t
like the truth, that’s just too bad.
badly ★ |ˈbædli| adv (worse, worst) 1 yomon = poorly ≠ well • I did badly in my exams. • The event was very badly organized.
• Things have been going badly. • Their
children are extremely badly-behaved. • The
economic crisis reflects badly on the government’s policies. • She spoke French so badly
I couldn’t understand her. ► badly or bad?
→ bad 2 jiddiy, og‘ir = severely, seriously
≠ slightly • He was badly injured in the motorway accident. • badly damaged/hurt •
The country has been badly affected by recession. • Everything‘s gone badly wrong! 3
juda ham = desperately, greatly • His hair
badly needs cutting. • They are badly in need
of help. • I miss her badly.
bag ★ |bæɡ| n |C| 1 qop, xalta, setka • a plastic/polythene/paper bag • a laundry/mail
bag • a black plastic rubbish/garbage bag •
She ate a bag of chips. • He put the apples
in a paper bag. 2 so‘mka = handbag • My
keys are in my bag. • Have you packed your
bags yet? • She opened her bag and took out
her comb.
baggage |ˈbæɡɪdʒ| n |U| yuk, lash-lush =
luggage • We loaded our baggage into the
car. • How many pieces of baggage do you
have?
bake |beɪk| v duxovkada pishirmoq • [~ sth
for sb] I’m baking a birthday cake for Alex. •
[~ sb sth] I’m baking Alex a cake. • Bake the
pizza for 35 minutes. • We could smell the
bread baking.
baker |ˈbeɪkər| n 1 nonvoy • He was a baker
by trade. 2 the baker’s non va non mahsulotlari do‘koni, nonvoyxona • Can you go to
the baker’s and get a loaf of brown bread?
balance |ˈbæləns| n 1 |U|, sl muvozanat,
tenglik = stability, fairness ≠ imbalance,
instability • I tried to keep my balance on
my new skates. • Tourists often disturb the
delicate balance of nature on the island. •
[~ between A and B] Try to keep a balance
between work and relaxation. 2 |U| hisobda
qolgan pul, balans • to check your bank balance • I have a balance of £25 in my bank
account. • The balance outstanding is now
£5000. ■ v 1 muvozanatda ushlamoq/
tutmoq, bir xilda saqlab qolmoq = steady,
stabilize • [~ (on sth)] How long can you
balance on one leg? • [~ sth (on sth)] The
waiter balanced a pile of dirty plates on his
arm. • [~ A with/and B] She tries to balance
home life and career. 2­ muvofiqlash(tir)
moq, tenglash(tir)moq • [~ out] The good
47
and bad effects of any decision will usually
balance out. • [~ sth (out)] This year’s profits
will balance our previous losses.
bald |bɔːld| adj kal = hairless ≠ hairy • He is
beginning to go bald.
ball ★ |bɔːl| n to‘p, koptok • He kicked the
ball into the goal. • Just try to concentrate on
hitting the ball. • a golf/tennis/cricket ball •
a ball of wool • Some animals roll themselves
into a ball for protection.
ballet |ˈbæleɪ| n |U| balet • We went to the
ballet last night. • She wants to be a ballet
dancer.
balloon |bəˈluːn| n shar • My balloon has
burst! • A thousand balloons were released
to mark the event.
ban |bæn| v (-nn-) ta’qiqlamoq, mahrum
qilmoq, chetlatmoq = prohibit, forbid ≠
permit • The film was banned in several
countries. • [~ sb from sth] He was banned
from the meeting. • [~ sb from doing sth]
She was banned from driving for three years.
■ n ta’qiq, mahrum = prohibit, forbid ≠
permit • [~ on sth] There is a ban on smoking in cinemas. • to impose/lift a ban
banana |bəˈnænə| n banan • a bunch of bananas • I only had a banana for lunch.
band |bænd| n 1 |C| (ham birlik, ham ko‘plik
fe’li bilan kelishi mumkin) guruh = group,
gang (inf) bunch • My brother’s in a rock/
jazz band. • Smith joined the band in 1989. •
They formed a band when they were still at
school. • The entertainment includes a disco and live band. 2 lenta, rezinka = stripe,
belt, sash • She always ties her hair back in
a band. 3 daraja, miqyos • The scheme is
devised for young people in the 15 - 20 age
band. • Interest rates stayed within a relatively narrow band.
bandage |ˈbændɪdʒ| n |C,U| bint • The nurse
put a bandage round his knee. • His head
was covered in bandages.
bang |bæŋ| v 1 gursillatib urmoq • [~ on
sth] She banged on the door angrily. • [~ sth
(with sth)] The baby was banging the table
with his spoon. 2 qarsillatib yop(il)moq • [~
adj] The door banged shut behind her. • [~
sth] Don’t bang the door when you go out!
3 dang‘illatib qo‘ymoq • He banged the
money down on the counter. • She banged
saucepans around irritably. ■ n gursillash,
poqqillash, portlash, qarsillash • The car
started with a series of loud bangs. • There
was a bang and the tyre went flat.
bank ★ |bæŋk| n 1 bank • I must go to the
bank to get some money. • How much money
do you have in the bank? 2 daryo qirg‘og‘i
• He sat on the river bank all day, trying to
catch fish. • There is a path along the bank
of the canal.
barrister
bank account n |C| bank hisobraqami •
He opened a bank account when he started
his first job.
bankrupt |ˈbæŋkrʌpt| adj bankrot, inqiroz
bo‘lgan • The firm went bankrupt in 2003. •
She lost the house after she was made bankrupt.
bankruptcy |ˈbæŋkrʌptsi| n |U,C| (pl -ies)
inqiroz, bankrot (bo‘lish) • Many small
farmers are facing bankruptcy. • The company declared bankruptcy in 1997.
bar |bɑːr| n 1 bar • We met at a bar called
the Flamingo. • The hotel has a restaurant,
bar and swimming pool. • a sandwich bar • a
coffee bar 2 bar stoli • She was sitting at the
bar. • It was so crowded I couldn’t get to the
bar. 3 uzun bo‘lak • a bar of chocolate/soap
• candy bars 4 uzun metall/yog‘och/qattiq
narsa • The gorilla shook the bars of its cage.
• He smashed the window with an iron bar.
● behind bars (inf) panjara ortida, qamoqda • The murderer is now safely behind
bars. • He’s spent most of his life behind bars.
bare |ber| adj 1 yalang • He walked on the
beach in his bare feet. • I can’t sit in the sun
with my arms bare. 2 hech narsasiz, qupquruq • They slept on the bare floorboards.
• Bare wires were sticking out of the cable.
• The walls were bare except for a clock. •
bare branches
barely |ˈberli| adv zo‘rg‘a, arang • He could
barely read and write. • She barely had
enough money to pay for her ticket. • She
was very old and barely able to walk. ►
hardly, scarcely, barely or no sooner? →
hardly
bargain |ˈbɑːrɡən| n arzonroq narxdagi narsa, chegirmali narsa • The car was a real
bargain at £500. • I picked up a few good
bargains in the sale.
bark |bɑːrk| n |U,C| 1 daraxt tanasi/po‘stlog‘i
• The bark peels off in summer. 2 hurish,
akkillash, vovullash = woof • The dog gave
a bark as we came into the house. ■ v hurmoq, vovullamoq, akillamoq [~ (at sb/sth)]
• The dog was barking furiously at a cat. •
Their barking dog annoys me.
barrel |ˈbærəl| n barrel, bochka • a barrel of
beer • a wine barrel • Oil prices fell to $9 a
barrel.
barrier |ˈbæriər| n 1 to‘siq, panjara = fence,
railing • Fans broke through the barriers. •
Show your ticket at the barrier. • [~ against
sth] Ozone is the earth’s barrier against ultra-violet radiation. 2 to‘siq, chegara = obstacle • [~ to sth] Lack of confidence is a psychological barrier to success. • [~ between
A and B] There was no real barrier between
reality and fantasy in his mind.
barrister |ˈbærɪstər| n huquqshunos • They
chose a famous barrister to represent them
B
base
B
in court. ► barrister, lawyer, attorney, advocate or solicitor? → lawyer
base ★ |beɪs| n 1 |C|, (odatda, birlikda ishlatiladi) asos, tag, past = foundation, bottom ≠ top • The lamp has a heavy base. •
At the base of the cliff was a rocky beach. 2
ko‘p vaqti o‘tadigan joy • He lives in London
but uses Paris as his base when travelling in
France. • The town is an ideal base for touring the area. 3 asos, kerakli narsa yoki qism,
dalil = basis, foundation • A strong economy
depends on a healthy manufacturing base.
• She used her family’s history as a base for
her novel. • His arguments have a sound
economic base. 4 baza = headquarters • a
military/naval base • an air base • After the
attack, they returned to base. ■ v asosiy joyi
bo‘lmoq, markazi joylashgan bo‘lmoq = locate, situate • Where is your firm based? •
The company is based in Paris. • The theory
is based on research done in Russia. • They
decided to base the new company in York.
● base sth on/upon sth ★ asoslanmoq
= found, build • The book is based on her
mother’s life. • His theory was based on years
of observations.
baseball |ˈbeɪsbɔːl| n beysbol • a baseball
bat/team/stadium • a pair of baseball boots
basic ★ |ˈbeɪsɪk| adj eng asosiy, birinchi,
eng muhim = fundamental, essential, primary, vital ≠ secondary, unimportant •
basic information/facts/ideas • Rice is the
basic ingredient of the dish. • [~ to sth] Honesty and trust are basic to a good relationship. • The basic problem is that they don’t
talk to each other enough. • Knowledge of
basic Spanish will be enough for the job. •
basic human rights • the cost of basic foods
► basic, essential or vital? → essential ■
n eng kerakli omil, asosiy jihat • Let’s start
with the basics - you’ve got a good job and a
nice home. • [~ (of sth)] I really must learn
the the basics of first aid. • The basics of the
game can be learned very quickly. ► basics,
essentials or fundamentals? → essentials
basically ★ |ˈbeɪsɪkli| adv umuman olganda/olib qaraganda, qisqacha qilib aytganda
= fundamentally, essentially • Basically, he’s
fed up with his job. • The two approaches are
basically very similar. • Yes, that’s basically
correct. • He basically just sits there and
does nothing all day. • And that’s it, basically.
basis |ˈbeɪsɪs| n (pl bases |ˈbeɪsiːz|) sl 1
asos, dalil, tayanish, sabab = foundation,
support, reason • The basis of a good marriage is trust. • What is the basis for these
proposals? • Bread forms the basis of their
daily diet. ► basis or foundation? → foundation2 2 asno(sida), tartibda, tarzida • on
a regular/permanent/part-time/temporary
basis • on a daily/day-to-day/weekly basis •
She is working for us on a temporary basis. •
48
Many of the helpers at the hospice work on a
voluntary basis.
basketball |ˈbæskɪtbɔːl| n basketbol • a
basketball game/coach/team/court • The
men’s basketball final will be on Sunday.
bat |bæt| n 1 beysbol xodasi • a baseball/
cricket bat 2 ko‘rshapalak • He is blind as
a bat
bath |bæθ| n (pl baths |bæðz|) 1 |C| (BrE)
(shuningdek, bathtub, (inf) tub AmE, BrE)
hammom, vanna, dush • There’s a washbasin and a bath in the bathroom. • I relaxed
in a nice deep bath. 2 dush qabul qilish,
cho‘milish • I think I’ll have a bath. • The
children need a bath tonight. ■ v (BrE) (AmE
bathe) cho‘mil(tir)moq • She’s bathing the
baby. • Do you prefer to bath or shower?
bathroom ★ |ˈbæθruːm| |ˈbæθrʊm| n 1
hammom, vanna, dushxona • The house has
two bathrooms. • Go and wash your hands in
the bathroom. 2 hojatxona = toilet (inf) facilities • I really need to go to the bathroom.
• Can I use your bathroom, please? ► bathroom or toilet? → toilet
battery |ˈbætri| |ˈbætəri| n (pl -ies) batareyka
• My calculator needs a new battery. • I think
the battery is dead/gone (BrE especially of a
car battery) flat. • After about six hours, the
battery will run down.
battle |ˈbætl| n 1 |C,U| jang, urush • Many
soldiers died in the first battle of the war.
• He was wounded in a gun battle with the
police. 2 kurash(ish), bahs [~ (with sb) (for
sth)] The battle for women’s rights still goes
on. • [~ against sth] He lost his battle against
cancer. • [~ to do sth] Supermarkets are cutting prices in a desperate battle to win customers.
be ★ |bi| kuchli talaffuz qilinganda |biː| (be,
am, are, is, was, were, being, been) bo‘lmoq
(o‘zbek tilida, odatda, tarjima qilinmaydi)
1 inson yoki narsani sifati va belgisini ifodalaganda ishlatiladi • He is rich. • I’m Andy.
• It’s cold today. • It’s beautiful! • Life is unfair. • He is ten years old. • “How are you?”
“I’m very well, thanks.” • Be quick! • She is
bigger than her brother. • The soup is hot.
• You’re not hungry, are you? • The old theatre was pulled down, wasn’t it? • I’m cold
after standing waiting for the bus. • Are you
tired after your long walk? • Today is Monday. • “Who is that?” “It’s my brother.” • The
fact is (that) we don’t have enough money.
2 vaqtga nisbatan • He’s twenty years old.
• She will be two next month. • It is nearly
ten o’clock. • It is time to get up. • She has
been in her room for hours. • They’re here
till Christmas. • It’s two thirty. • It was late
at night when we finally arrived. 3 narxga
nisbatan • Onions are 80p a kilo. • The cakes
are 50p each. • My car was worth £10,000
when it was new. • “How much is that dress?”
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“Eighty dollars.” • How much is a thousand
pounds in euros? 4 kasb va ishlarga • Susan is a doctor. • His father is a bus driver. •
She wants to be a teacher. 5 o‘lcham, hajm
va boshqa o‘lchov birliklariga • He’s 1.70m
tall. • The room is three metres square. • Our
house is ten miles from the nearest station.
• Is your jacket real leather? 6 (matematik
amallarda) teng, barobar; yig‘indi(si) •
Two and two are four. • Let x be the sum of
a and b. ► be or equal? → equalv 7 [there
~] bor(mi?), yo‘q, mavjud (emas) = exist
• There’s a bank down the road. • There
were only two people left on the bus. • Once
upon a time there was a princess… • I tried
phoning but there was no answer. • Was
there a pool at the hotel? • There’s your hat!
8 joyga nisbatan • The town is three miles
away. • Where are we? • I’ll be at the party. • He’ll be here soon • I’ve never been to
Spain. • He had been abroad many times. •
She’s from Italy. • Mary’s upstairs. 9 majhul
nisbat yasashda • He was killed in the war.
• Where were they made? • The house was
still being built. • You will be told what to
do. 10 Progressive tense - davomiy zamonda ishlatiladi • I am studying Chinese. • I’ll
be seeing him soon. • What have you been
doing this week? • I’ll be coming back on
Tuesday. • You’re always complaining. • “Are
you coming with us?” “No, I’m not.” • Ben’s
coming, isn’t he? 11 kimga tegishliligi yoki
kim uchunligini aytganda • The money’s not
yours, it’s John’s. • This package is for you.
12 ahamiyatga ega bo‘lmoq, bildirmoq •
Money isn’t everything. • A thousand dollars
is nothing to someone as rich as he is. 13 [~
doing/to do sth] (maqsad, vazifa va muammolarni ifodalashda ishlatiladi) -ish(da)
• The aim is to reduce the number of road
accidents (=Maqsadimiz yo‘l halokatlarini
kamaytirish). • The problem is getting it all
done in the time available (=Muammo o‘z
vaqtida tugatish(da)). • The Buddhist goal
is to realize the true nature of the world. •
The golden rule of first aid is to stay calm. ●
be to ★ 1 kerak = must, should • I am to
call them once I reach the airport. • You are
to report this to the police. • What is to be
done about this problem? 2 rejalashtirilgan,
belgilangan ishlarga • They are to be married in June. 3 keyinroq bo‘lgan ishlarga •
He was to regret that decision for the rest of
his life 4 taqdiriga bitilmagan, peshonasiga
yozilgan ishlarga • He was never to see his
wife again • She wanted to write a successful novel, but it was not to be. 5 shartli (if
li) gaplarda • If we were to offer you more
money, would you stay? • Were we to offer
you more money, would you stay?
beach |biːtʃ| n sohil, plyaj = seaside • He
walked along the beach. • She lay on the
bear
beach and read her book. • a sandy/pebble/shingle beach • We spent the day on
the beach. ► beach or seashore? Beach
qumli, odamlar kelib dam oladigan, oftobda toblanadigan va cho‘miladigan dengiz
“sohil”iga nisbatan ishlatiladi. Seashore
esa to‘lqinli, manzarali, dengiz chig‘anoqlari bor, asosan, tabiiy holda saqlangan,
odamlar sayr qilib huzurlanadigan “dengiz
qirg‘og‘i”ga nisbatan ishlatiladi.
beak |biːk| n tumshuq = bill • The gull held
the fish in its beak. • Birds use their beaks to
pick up food.
beam |biːm| n shu’la, yog‘du, nur = ray, shaft
• The beam from the car’s headlights shone.
• Beams of sunlight came through the coloured glass. ■ v yuzidan nur sochmoq, tabassum qilmoq • [~ (at sb)] He beamed at
the journalists. • [~ (with sth)] She was positively beaming with pleasure. • [~ sth (at sb)]
The barman beamed a warm smile at her.
bear |ber| v (bore |bɔːr| borne |bɔːrn|) 1 (can
yoki could dan so‘ng inkor gaplarda ishlatiladi) chiday olmaslik, chidab tura olmaslik,
bardosh bera olmaslik = stand, endure, tolerate, put up with • I can’t bear the smell of
fish. • I just can’t bear the thought of having
to start all over. • [~ doing sth] I can’t bear
being cold. • I can’t bear seeing food thrown
away. • [~ to do sth] I could hardly bear to
watch. • How can you bear to eat that stuff?
• [~ sb doing sth] I can’t bear you doing that.
• Being made a fool of in front of people was
more than he could bear. ► (I can’t) bear
or stand? Bear stand so‘zidan ko‘ra biroz
rasmiyroq va ma’no jihatdan kuchliroq hisoblanadi. Shuning uchun kundalik hayotda stand so‘zidan ko‘proq foydalaniladi: • I
couldn’t stand the noise any longer. • I can’t
bear him anymore. Stand, lekin faqat inkor
va so‘roq gaplarda ishlatiladi, darak gaplarda esa ishlatila olmaydi, bear esa ishlatilishi mumkin: • She bore it with her usual
patience. (She stood it ...) • He bore his sufferings manfully. (He stood ...) 2 o‘z bo‘yniga/zimmasiga olmoq • She bore the responsibility for most of the changes. • Do parents
have to bear the whole cost of tuition fees? •
You shouldn’t have to bear the blame for other people’s mistakes. 3 tutmoq, ko‘tarmoq =
carry • Will this branch bear my weight? •
The ice is too thin to bear your weight. ►
bear or hold? → hold 4 loyiq, arzimoq • [~
sth] Her later work does not bear comparison with her earlier novels (=solishtirishga arzimaydi). • The plan won’t bear close
inspection (=Reja yaqindan, sinchiklab tekshirilganda unchalik yaxshi emasligi bilinib
qoladi). • [~ doing sth] The joke doesn’t bear
repeating. • His sufferings don’t bear thinking about. ■ n ayiq • a mother bear and her
B
beard
B
cubs • a brown/black bear • Polar bears live
in the Arctic.
beard |bɪrd| n |C,U| soqol • a long white
beard • He has decided to grow a beard and
a moustache. • a goat’s beard • a false beard
beat |biːt| v (beat, beaten |ˈbiːtn|) 1 g‘alaba qozonmoq, yutmoq, yengmoq = defeat, conquer, win • They beat their rivals
into second place. • Our football team beat
France 2 - 0. • They beat us by 10 goals to
2. • [~ sb (at sth)] Simon always beats me
at tennis. • They were beaten hands down
(=osonlikcha) by their opponents. ► beat or
defeat? Musobaqa yoki poygada bir yoki
bir nechta raqiblarni yengishga nisbatan
ko‘pincha beat ishlatiladi: • She won the
100 metres, beating a number of top Europeans. Jang, saylov yoki tanlovda bitta raqibni yengishga nisbatan esa, odatda, defeat
ishlatiladi: • The government were defeated
by 198 votes to 70. • He defeated the incumbent president. Beat og‘zaki nutqda ko‘proq
ishlatilsa, defeat, asosan, yozma va rasmiy
ingliz tilida foydalaniladi: • We were beaten by 3 goals to 2. 2 nazorat qilmoq, boshqarmoq • The government’s main aim is to
beat inflation. • Let’s try to beat the traffic
problems by leaving early in the morning.
• I always do my shopping early to beat the
rush. 3 o‘yga toldiradigan, bosh/miyasini
qisib qo‘ymoq • [~ sb] It is a problem that
beats even the experts • [~ sb wh…] It beats
me (=o‘ylab o‘yimga yeta olmayapman) why
he did it. • What beats me is how it was done
so quickly 4 ustun kelmoq, ancha yaxshiroq bo‘lmoq • Nothing beats home cooking.
• You can’t beat Italian shoes. • Taking the
bus sure beats walking. 5 urmoq, dukkullamoq = flap­• She’s alive — her heart is still
beating. • We heard the drums beating. • The
doctor could feel no pulse beating. 6 urmoq,
urilmoq, kaltaklamoq = hit, strike • They
saw him beating his dog with a stick. • He
was beaten by a gang of youths. • [~ adv/
prep] Somebody was beating at the door. •
Hailstones beat against the window. • [~ sth]
Someone was beating a drum. • [~ sth + adv/
prep] She was beating dust out of the carpet.
• [~ sb] At that time children were regularly beaten for quite minor offences. • [~ sb +
adv/prep] She was beaten to death. • [~ sb +
adj] They beat him unconscious. 7 aralashtirmoq • [~ sth (up)] Beat the eggs up to a
frothy consistency. • [~ A and B together]
Beat the flour and milk together. ● beat
about /(AmE) around the bush gapni
aylantirmoq, olib qochmoq • Stop beating
about the bush and tell me what you want. •
Don’t beat around the bush - get to the point!
beat sb up do‘pposlamoq, kaltaklamoq •
He was badly beaten up by a gang of thugs. •
He claims he was beaten up by the police. ■
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n 1 urish, dukkullash • The patient’s heart
has a regular beat. • They danced to the beat
of the drums. • (fig) His heart missed a beat
when he saw her. 2 musiqa ritmi • This type
of music has a strong beat to it. • The piece
has four beats to the bar. • Pause for two
beats and then repeat the chorus.
beautiful ★ |ˈbjuːtɪfl| adj 1 chiroyli, go‘zal
= attractive, pretty, good-looking ≠ ugly • a
beautiful woman/face/baby/voice/poem/
smell/evening • beautiful countryside/
weather/music • She was wearing a beautiful dress. • We have three beautiful daughters. • She looked stunningly beautiful that
night. • She didn’t need make-up. She was
naturally beautiful. • We did all we could
to make the room beautiful. ► beautiful or
lovely? → lovely 2 ajoyib, zo‘r, yoqimli =
pleasant, enjoyable • What beautiful weather for a walk. • We sat and listened to the
beautiful music. • What beautiful timing! •
What a beautiful thing to say!
beautifully |ˈbjuːtɪfli| adv chiroyli (tarzda),
juda ajoyib • She sings beautifully. • Their
house is beautifully decorated. • It’s all
working out beautifully. • My leg has healed
beautifully.
beauty |ˈbjuːti| n (pl -ies) 1 chiroy = attractiveness, prettiness ≠ ugliness • an object of
great beauty • beauty products/treatment
• the beauty of the sunset/of poetry/of his
singing • He was impressed by her beauty
and charm. • This is an area of outstanding
natural beauty. • The beauty of this plan
(=yaxshi/afzallik tomoni) is that it won’t
cost too much. 2 chiroyli inson yoki narsa •
At 18 she was a real beauty. • Look at these
apples, they’re real beauties.
because ★ |bɪˈkɔːz| |bɪˈkʌz| conj chunki,
sababli = since, as (inf) on account of ≠ despite • I was late because I missed the train.
• I did it because he told me to. • We went
by bus because it was cheaper. • I couldn’t
phone you because I hadn’t got your number. • Just because you’re my brother doesn’t
mean I have to help you! • Women are doing
the job well. This is partly because women
are increasingly moving into a man’s world.
• Many exam candidates lose marks simply because they do not read the questions
properly. • I decided to go with them, mainly
because I had nothing better to do. ► because, as or since? Gapda ular quyidagi
tartibda­ kelishlari­ mumkin:­ [as/because/
since­ +clause­ +clause]­ yoki­ [clause­ +­ as/
because/since + clause] Because ko‘pincha
biror narsaga sabab keltirilayotganda ishlatiladi va, odatda, eshitayotgan odam bu
sababdan bexabar bo‘ladi: • Because I was
ill, I couldn’t come last lesson. Agarda asosiy
urg‘u sababga tushadigan bo‘lsa, yoki gapda sabab asosiy rol o‘ynasa u holda, odatda
51
because va u bilan ergashgan sabab kelishigi gap oxirida keladi: • Why am I leaving?
I am leaving because I’m fed up! Agarda
gapda­ sabab­ asosiy­ fikr­ bo‘lmasa­ yoki­ u­
suhbatchilarga ma’lum bo‘ladigan bo‘lsa, u
holda as yoki since so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi
va ular ko‘pincha gap boshida keladi: • As
it’s raining again, we shall have to stay at
home. Since so‘zi as dan ko‘ra rasmiyroq
hisoblanadi: • Since he hadn’t paid his bill,
his electricity was cut off. ● because of
sth/sb ★ sababli, tufayli, -ni deb = due to,
owing to, on account of, as a result of • The
plane was delayed because of bad weather. •
They are here because of us. • Because of his
wife(‘s) being there, I said nothing about it.
• Many families break up because of a lack
of money. ► because or because of? Because bo‘glovchi hisoblanadi va shu sababli
undan so‘ng doim ega-kesimli ergashgan
gap­ keladi:­ [clause­ +­ because + clause] • I
was late because there was heavy traffic. (...
because of there was heavy traffic.) [because
+ clause, +clause] • Because I was tired, I
went home. (Because of I was tired ...) Because of esa predlog hisoblanadi va u doim
ot­yoki­olmosh­oldidan­ishlatiladi:­[because
of + n/pron] • I was late because of heavy
traffic. (... because heavy traffic.) Because of
you we lost the game. (Because you we lost
the game) ► Kundalik hayotda because of
dan ko‘ra ko‘proq undan ancha norasmiyroq bo‘lgan due to, owing to yoki as a result
of kabi birikmalardan foydalaniladi: • Many
businesses fail due to cash-flow problems.
become ★ |bɪˈkʌm| v (became |bɪˈkeɪm|,
become) 1 (bir holatdan boshqa holatga o‘tganda/o‘zgarganda) -ga aylanmoq,
-lashmoq, bo‘lmoq = grow, get, turn, turn/
change into • They became good friends. •
The weather became warmer. • As she got
older she became rather deaf. • It soon became obvious that he didn’t understand a
word of what I was saying. • It was becoming more and more difficult to live on his
salary. • It soon became apparent that no
one was going to come. • [~ n] She became
queen in 1952. • The bill will become law
next year. • His job has become his whole life.
► become or get? Sifat bilan kelganda
har ikkalasidan ham foydalanish mumkin:
[get/become­+­adj] • I became/got hungry/
upset. Ot bilan esa faqat become fe’lidan
foydalaniladi:­ [become­ +­ n] • She became
Queen/a teacher/a member of the club. Ot
va sifat bilan esa faqat get so‘zidan foydalaniladi:­[get­+­n­+­adj] • Don’t get your dress
dirty! Atayin qilingan ish harakatlar natijasidagi o‘zgarishlarga ham get ishlatiladi: •
get dressed/married/killed; Qobiliyat, qurbi
yetish va xabardor bo‘lish bilan bog‘liq sifatlar bilan esa become ishlatiladi: • become
before
able/skilled/aware/convinvced/available/
useful/clear/obvious; 2 bo‘lmoq • He wants
to become a doctor. • He has just become a
father. • She’s studying to become a teacher.
3 yarashmoq = suit • Short hair really becomes you. • Such behaviour did not become
her.
bed ★ |bed| n 1 |C,U| yotoq, krovat • Lie
down on my bed if you’re tired. • a single/
double bed • I bent down to look under the
bed. • She lay on the bed (=choyshab ustida).
• He lay in bed (=choyshab o‘ranib). • I’m
tired — I’m going to bed. • It’s time for bed. •
I’ll just put the kids to bed. • He likes to have
a mug of cocoa before bed (=uxlashdan oldin). • I never get out of bed before 10 am. •
It’s midnight - why aren’t you in bed? • Why
can’t you kids make your own beds (=joyini/
yotog‘ini to‘g‘irlamoq)? • Could you give me
a bed for the night (=tunash uchun joy)? •
There’s a shortage of hospital beds. • He has
been confined to bed (=to‘shakka mixlangan) with flu for the past couple of days. 2
yotoqda yaqinlik qilish • I came home and
found him in bed with my best friend. • He
wanted me to go to bed with him. • He’s been
trying to get his secretary into bed. • She told
me he was good in bed. 3 agat (ekin qatori) = patch • a strawberry bed • a rose bed •
The life of a debt collector is no bed of roses.
4 tubi, asos = bottom, base, foundation • a
river bed • Many strange plants and fish live
on the sea bed. • The railway was built on a
bed of solid rock. ► go to bed, sleep, (have/
take a) nap or fall asleep? → sleepv
bedroom |ˈbedruːm| |ˈbedrʊm| n yotoqxona
• My bedroom is on the first floor. • Our home
has three bedrooms. • This is the master bedroom (=asosiy yotoq).
bee |biː| n asalari • Bees were buzzing in the
air. • My arm swelled up where I was stung
by a bee.
beef |biːf| n mol go‘shti • roast/minced beef
• beef and dairy cattle • a joint/fillet of beef
• He is a beef cattle farmer. • The spaghetti sauce is made with (BrE) minced/(AmE)
ground beef.
beer |bɪr| n |U,C| 1 pivo • a barrel/bottle/
glass of beer • a beer glass • Are you a beer
drinker? • Can I have a glass of beer? 2
(idishga solingan) pivo • Three beers, please.
• Shall we have a beer?
beetle |ˈbiːtl| n qo‘ng‘iz • a black/dung beetle
before ★ |bɪˈfɔːr| prep 1 oldin, avval =
prior to, previous to, earlier than ≠ after •
He arrived before me. • I went for a run before breakfast. • You must be home before 9
o’clock. • The year before last he won a gold
medal, and the year before that he won a silver. • We’ll know before long (=tez orada). •
Turn left just before the bank (=yetmasdan).
B
beforehand
B
• She became a lawyer as her father had before her. • Leave your keys at reception before departure. • [~ doing sth] Before leaving he said goodbye to each of them. • You
should seek legal advice before signing anything. • We only got back from Scotland the
day before yesterday (=ilgari/o‘tgan kuni).
► before, for or ago? → ago 2 yuqori,
ustun ≠ after • Your name is before mine on
the list. • He puts his work before everything
3 oldinda, qarshisida = in front of, ahead of
• The task before us is a frightening one. •
The whole summer lay before me. ■ conj 1
oldin, avval = earlier than • The police got
there before I did. • Think carefully before
you start to answer the exam questions. •
Wash your hands before you have your dinner. • Before you sit down, can you switch on
the light? • Do it before you forget. • Did she
leave a message before she went? • Before I
made a decision, I thought carefully about it.
• Put that away before it gets broken. ► Before bog‘lovchisidan keyingi kelgan kelishik
kelajakni ifodalab kelganida ham hozirgi
zamon fe’lidan foydalaniladi, will dan emas:
• I want to get home before it rains (... before it will rain). 2 -gacha = until • It may
be many years before the situation improves.
• It was an hour before the police arrived.
■ adv oldin(roq) = previously,ow/then • I
didn’t see him last week, but I had met him
before. • Why didn’t you tell me before? •
You should have told me so before (=ancha
oldin). • It had been fine the week before
(=o‘shandan oldingi haftasida). • That had
happened long before. • I think we’ve met
before.
beforehand |bɪˈfɔːrhænd| adv oldindan,
bo‘lishidan oldin(roq) = in advance, ahead
of time ≠ afterward • I wish we’d known
about it beforehand. • He warned me beforehand what to expect. • When you give
a speech, it’s natural to feel nervous beforehand.
beg |beɡ| v (-gg-) 1 yalinmoq, tilanmoq, o‘tinmoq, o‘tinib/yalinib so‘ramoq = panhandle,
ask for • Forgive me, I beg you! • [~ (for sth)]
They begged for mercy. • [~ sb (for sth)] They
begged him for help. • [~ sth (of/from sb)]
She begged permission to leave. • I managed
to beg a lift from a passing motorist. • Can I
beg a favour of you? • [~ (sb) + speech] “Give
me one more chance,” he begged (her). • [~
sb to do sth] His mother begged him not to
go. • [~ to do sth] He begged to be told the
truth. 2 pul/ovqat/joy so‘ramoq, tilanchilik
qilmoq • London is full of homeless people
begging in the streets. • [~ for sth (from sb)]
The children were begging for food. • [~ sth
(from sb)] We managed to beg a meal from
the cafe owner. ► regret or beg sb’s pardon? → regretv2
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began |bɪˈɡæn| past tense of begin
begin ★ |bɪˈɡɪn| v (beginning, began
|bɪˈɡæn| begun |bɪˈɡʌn|) boshlamoq = start,
commence, set about ≠ stop, cease • Shall I
begin? • [~ at/with sth] Let’s begin at page
9. • [~ by doing sth] She began by thanking
us all for coming. • [~ sth] We began work
on the project in May. • I began this novel
last month and I still haven’t finished it. • [~
sth at/with sth] He always begins his lessons
with a warm-up exercise. • [~ sth as sth]
He began his political career as a student
(=talabalik paytida). • [~ to do sth] I began
to feel dizzy. • At last the guests began to arrive. • She began to cry. • It was beginning to
snow. • I was beginning to think you’d never
come. • [~ doing sth] Everyone began talking
at once. • When will you begin recruiting? •
When does the concert begin? • The evening
began well. • [~ as sth] He began as an actor,
before starting to direct films. • What began
as a minor scuffle turned into a full-scale
riot. • [~ with sth] Use “an” before words
beginning with a vowel. • “I’m thinking of a
country in Asia.” “What does it begin with?”
• Each chapter begins with a quotation. • [~
at…] The path begins at Livingston village. •
[~ speech] “Ladies and gentlemen,” he began,
“welcome to the Town Hall.” • The school began in 1920, with only ten pupils. ► begin
or start? Ko‘p hollarda bu so‘zlarning qaysi
biridan foydalanishning deyarli ahamiyati yo‘q, lekin og‘zaki nutqda ko‘proq start
so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • The movie starts at
7.45. • Let’s begin by introducing ourselves.
• Not many English names start with X.
Doim qaytarilib turadigan, vaqti-vaqti bilan
to‘xtab keyin yana boshlanadigan narsalarga ham ko‘pincha start so‘zi ishlatiladi: •
It’s starting rain. • What time do you start
teaching tomorrow? Quyidagi maxsus hollarda ham faqat start ishlatiladi: Sayohatni
boshlaganda: • I think we ought to start our
journey at six, while the roads are empty. (...
begin our journey ...) Mashina va texnikalarni “yurgizmoq, ishga tushirmoq” ma’nosida: • The car won’t start. (The car won’t begin.) • I can’t start the computer. (... begin the
computer.) • How do you start the washing
machine? (... begin the washing machine.)
O‘t ochishni yoki o‘t qo‘yishni boshlamoq
ma’nosida: • Who started the fire? • I didn’t
mean to start the fire. (... to begin the fire.)
Begin esa, asosan, bir necha qism, bosqich
yoki ketma-ketliklarni ifodalanganda ishlatiladi: • The story begins on the island of
Corfu. • “Ladies and gentlemen,” he began.(...
he started.) ● to begin with 1 ★ avvaliga,
boshida • There were six of us to begin with,
then two people left. • I found it tiring to
begin with but I soon got used to it. • We’ll
go slowly to begin with. 2 birinchidan, avva-
53
lambor • The hotel was awful! To begin with,
our room was far too small. • “Why were you
annoyed?” “Well, to begin with, I missed my
train.’
beginner |bɪˈɡɪnər| n boshlang‘ich, endi
boshlagan = newcomer ≠ expert, veteran •
The course is for absolute beginners. • I can’t
paint very well - I’m just a beginner.
beginning |bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ| n |C|, (odatda, birlikda ishlatiladi) boshi, boshlanishi, avvali =
opening, dawn ≠ end, conclusion [~ of sth]
• The beginning of the film is rather boring.
• We’re going to Japan at the beginning of
July. • She’s been working there since the
beginning of last summer. • We missed the
beginning of the movie. • Let’s start again
from the beginning. • I’ve read the whole
book from beginning to end and still can’t
understand it. ► beginning or start? Solishtiring: • We missed the beginning of the
movie (=boshidagi bir necha sahnalarni). •
We missed the start of the game (=o‘yinning
maydon markazidan boshlangan vaziyatini) • from start to finish (from beginning to
finish) • from beginning to end (from start
to end) • the beginning/start of the day/
week/year/century/a new era • at the beginning of July/summer/the 90s (at the
start of July/summer/the 90s) • I want to
make an early start (... early beginning.) ►
at the beginning or in the beginning?
At the beginning (of), asosan, biror narsaning boshlanishi yoki boshlanish qismiga
nisbatan ishlatiladi va, odatda, of predlogi
bilan keladi: • Children are still at the beginning of their lives. (... in the beginning
of their lives.) • At the beginning of the last
century, thousands of people left Sweden in
search of a new life. (In the beginning of ...)
In the beginning “boshida, avvaliga” degan
ma’nolarni bildiradi va biror narsani boshidagi vaziyat yoki holatni keyingi holati bilan solishtirganda ishlatiladi va, odatda,
vergul bilan ajratiladi (of bilan ishlatilmaydi): • In the beginning, computers were only
used for the organisation of information. (At
the beginning, ...) • In the beginning, human
beings had a very elementary way of life, living in caves.
behalf |bɪˈhæf| n ● in behalf of sb | in
sb’s behalf yordam berish maqsadida,
...manfaatini o‘ylab = in the interests of • We
collected money in behalf of the homeless.
on behalf of sb, on sb’s behalf nomidan
= as a representative of • On behalf of the
department I would like to thank you all. •
He was chosen to speak on the workers’ behalf. • Mr Knight cannot be here, so his wife
will accept the prize on his behalf.
behave |bɪˈheɪv| v 1 munosabatda bo‘lmoq,
o‘zini tutmoq, harakat qilmoq = conduct
oneself, act ≠ misbehave [+ adv/prep] • He
behind
behaved very pleasantly towards his staff. •
She was behaving in a funny way. • The doctor behaved very unprofessionally. • They behaved very badly towards their guests. • She
behaved with great dignity. • [~ as if/whether] He behaved as if/though nothing had
happened. • [~ like] He behaved like nothing had happened. • He behaved like a true
gentleman. • They behave differently when
you’re not around. 2 o‘zini yaxshi tutmoq,
odobli bo‘lmoq • Will you kids just behave! •
She doesn’t know how to behave in public. •
The children always behave for their father.
• [~ yourself] I want you to behave yourselves while I’m away. • well-/badly-behaved
children ► behave or act? → actv
behaviour (AmEda, asosan, behavior)
|bɪˈheɪvjər| n 1 |U| o‘zini tuta bilish, xatti-harakat, odob, xulq-atvor • good/bad behaviour • social/criminal behaviour • Anna
was sick of her brother’s behaviour. • It is
important to reward good behaviour. • Local people complained about the behaviour
of the football fans. • [~ to/towards sth/sb]
I was shocked by his behaviour towards his
family. 2 |U,C| o‘ziga xos xususiyat, adad,
xossa • the behaviour of dolphins/chromosomes • studying human and animal behavior • Scientists are studying the behaviour
of the new gas.
behind ★ |bɪˈhaɪnd| prep 1 orqasida = at the
back/rear of ≠ in front of • They hid behind
the door. • I dropped my pen behind the sofa.
• He was second, only three metres behind
the winner. • Who’s the girl standing behind
Jan? • Stay close behind me. ► behind, at the
rear or at the back? → back 2 qo‘llab-quvvatlaydigan = supporting, backing • All his
colleagues were behind his decision. • We’re
behind you! • She knew that, whatever she
decided, her family was right behind her. 3
orqada qolish • He’s behind the rest of the
class in reading. • We’re behind schedule. 4
orqasida turgan, yashirin = responsible for,
at the bottom of • The police believe they
know who is behind the bombing campaign.
• He was the man behind the plan to build a
new hospital. • I knew that behind her smile
was sadness. ■ adv 1 orqada, ketidan =
after, at the back ≠ in front, ahead • After
the party a few people stayed behind to help
clear up. • She rode off down the road with
the dog running behind. • I was annoyed to
discover that I’d left my bag behind. 2 kech
qolmoq, ortda qolmoq = late, running late •
I am behind with my correspondence. • The
company has fallen behind schedule with its
deliveries. • [~ (with sth)] She’s fallen behind
with the payments. • [~ (in sth)] He was terribly behind in his work. ► Behind “of” predlogi bilan ishlatilmaydi: • He hid behind a
chair (... behind of a chair).
B
being
B
being |ˈbiːɪŋ| n 1 mavjudlik, borlik = existence, living, life • Abraham Maslow described psychology as “the science of being.”
2 mavjudot, zot, maxluqot = creature, life
form • Dolphins are highly intelligent beings. • Human beings learned to control
fire around 100 000 years ago. • A nuclear
war would kill millions of living beings. ●
come into being | be brought into being vujudga kelmoq, tashkil topmoq • The
association came into being in 1946. • A new
era was brought into being by the war. • We
do not know exactly how life first came into
being.
belief |bɪˈliːf| n 1 |U| ishonch, aqida, iymon =
faith, trust ≠ disbelief, doubt [~ in sth/sb]
• His belief in Allah gave him hope during
difficult times. • I admire his passionate belief in what he is doing. • A society should
be judged on its beliefs and values. 2 sl, |U|
ishonch,­ isho­nish,­ fikr,­ tushuncha,­ qarash
= opinion, view [~ that…] • She acted in the
belief that she was doing good. • It is my firm
belief that the government should act now.
• There is a growing belief that she will resign. • Contrary to popular belief, he was not
responsible for the tragedy. • There is widespread belief that an agreement has been
made. ● beyond belief ishonib bo‘lmaydigan, aqlga sig‘maydigan • What she did
was stupid beyond belief. • The conditions
they are living in are beyond belief.
believe ★ |bɪˈliːv| v 1 ishonmoq = trust • [~
sb] I don’t believe you! • Believe me, she’s not
right for you. • [~ in sb/sth] Do you believe
in Allah? • They need a leader they can believe in. • I’m beginning to think you actually
believe in ghosts! • [~ sth] I believed his lies
for years. • I find that hard to believe. • Don’t
believe a word of it. • [~ (that)…] People used
to believe (that) the earth was flat. • He refused to believe (that) his son was involved in
drugs. • I do believe you’re right. • I don’t believe I’m doing this! • [~ wh…] I can’t believe
how much better I feel. • I couldn’t believe
my eyes when she walked in. • Believe it or
not, he asked me to marry him! • You haven’t
heard the last of this, believe you me! • And,
would you believe, he didn’t even apologize!
• You would not believe who I met this afternoon! • “He’s not a bad player, is he?” “You’d
better believe it!” 2­fikri(m)cha = think, be
of the opinion that ≠ doubt • I believe I have
been here before. • “Where does she come
from?” “Spain, I believe.” • “Does he still work
there?” “I believe so/not.” • I don’t believe
we’ve met. • [~ (that)…] Police believe (that)
the man may be armed. • [it is believed
(that)…] It is believed that the couple have
left the country. • [~ sb/sth to be, have, etc.
sth] The vases are believed to be worth over
54
$20 000 each. • [~ sb/sth + adj] Three sailors
are missing, believed drowned.
bell |bel| n 1 qo‘ng‘iroq • They rang the
church bells at the wedding. • a bicycle bell
• a bell tower • a bell-shaped flower • His
voice came down the line as clear as a bell. 2
qo‘ng‘iroq (zvanok) • The postman rang the
doorbell. • The bell’s ringing! • The bell went
for the end of the lesson. 3 signalizatsiya •
The alarm bell rings if you touch the door. •
Warning bells started ringing in her head as
she sensed that somethingwas wrong. • An
alarm bell went off. ● to ring a bell | any
bells nimanidir esga solmoq/eslatmoq •
Does the name Forsyth ring a bell? • No, I’m
sorry, that description doesn’t ring any bells
with me.
belly |ˈbeli| n (pl -lies) (inf) qorin = stomach,
abdomen • He’s so fat, his belly hangs over
his trousers. • Now six months pregnant, Gina’s belly had begun to swell.
belong |bɪˈlɔːŋ| v (davomiy zamonlarda
ishlatilmaydi) 1 joyi bo‘lmoq, turmoq = be
classed,­ be­ classified­ [~ adv/prep] • That
book belongs on the top shelf. • Where do
these plates belong? • Are you sure these documents belong together? • A person like that
does not belong in teaching. 2 o‘z o‘rniga
ega bo‘lmoq = fit­in,­be­suited­to­• Within a
week in my new job I felt I belonged. • I don’t
feel as if I belong here. ● belong to sb ★
qarashli/tegishli bo‘lmoq = be owned by, be
the property of • Does the car really belong
to you? • Who does this watch belong to? •
The islands belong to Spain. • You shouldn’t
take what doesn’t belong to you. belong to
sth a’zosi bo‘lmoq = be a member of, be in •
Have you ever belonged to a political party?
• Lions and tigers belong to the cat family.
belongings |bɪˈlɔːŋɪŋz| n pl tegishli narsalar, qarashli buyumlar = possessions • She
packed her few belongings in a bag and left.
• Remember to take all your personal belongings when you leave the plane.
below ★ |bɪˈloʊ| prep past, ost, quyi = beneath, under, less than, lower than ≠ above,
over, more than • Do not write anything below this line. • The temperature was below
zero. • The lake is almost 900 feet below sea
level. • These tablets should not be given to
children below the age of twelve. • Can you
see below the surface of the water? • Down
below, people were talking and laughing. •
The kitchen is directly below her bedroom.
• Skirts will be worn below the knee. • Her
work was well below average for the class. •
A police sergeant is below an inspector. • She
has three people working below her (=qo‘l
ostida). • The college will not accept candidates with test scores below 60. ■ adv past/
ga/da, quyi = further down, lower down,
underneath ≠ above, over • Standing on the
55
bridge we looked at the river below. • These
toys are for children of two years and below.
• Someone was having a party in the flat below. • For further information, see below.
belt |belt| n kamar = sash • She wore a skirt
with a bright red belt. • to do up/fasten/
tighten a belt • He had eaten so much that
he had to undo his belt. ■ v urmoq, kaltaklamoq • I’ll belt you if you do that again.
bend |bend| v (bent, bent |bent|) 1 eg(il)moq,
buk(il)moq = curve, angle, bow ≠ straighten
• [~ adv/prep] Helen bent down to pick up
her pen. • She bent forwards and whispered
in my ear. • The doctor told me to avoid
bending and stretching. • He went down
on bended knee to ask her to marry him. •
[~ sth (+ adv/prep)] He bent his head and
kissed her. • Bend your knees, keeping your
back straight. • The knives were bent out of
shape. 2 bur(il)moq, qayri(l)moq = turn,
curve • The road bends suddenly after the
bridge. • [~ sth] Glass and water both bend
light. ■ n buri(li)sh, qayrilish = curve, turn
• Don’t drive too fast, there’s a sudden bend
in the road. • We started the session with a
few knee bends to warm up.
beneath |bɪˈniːθ| prep (fml) ostida = under,
below ≠ above • The river flows very fast
beneath the bridge. • They slept outside beneath the stars. • We took shelter beneath a
huge oak tree. ► Kundalik hayotda bu so‘z
o‘rniga ko‘pincha (predlog sifatida) under
yoki (ham ravish, ham predlog sifatida
esa) underneath so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi:
• They hid under the table. • He got out of
the car and looked underneath. ■ adv (fml)
= underneath, below ≠ above • They stood
on the bridge and watched the river flowing
beneath. • Her careful make-up hid the signs
of age beneath.
beneficial |ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl| adj (fml) foydali = advantageous, favorable, helpful, useful ≠ detrimental, disadvantageous • [~ (to sth/sb)]
Cycling is highly beneficial to health and the
environment. • They finally came to a mutually beneficial agreement.
benefit |ˈbenɪfɪt| n |U,C| foyda, manfaat,
afzallik tomon = advantage, reward ≠ drawback, disadvantage • I’ve had the benefit of
a good education. • It will be to your benefit
to arrive early. • I didn’t get/derive (much)
benefit from school. • The discovery of oil
brought many benefits to the town. • He
couldn’t see the benefit of arguing any longer. • It was good to see her finally reaping
the benefits of all her hard work. • For maximum benefit, take the tablets before meals.
■ v (-t- or -tt-) 1 foydali bo‘lmoq = be advantageous­to,­be­beneficial­to­≠ damage •
The book will benefit anyone who is planning
to do some house repairs. • We should spend
the money on somethingthat will benefit
besides
everyone. 2 foydalanmoq, foyda/manfaat
ko‘rmoq = profit­from,­gain­from [~ (from/
by sth)] • Tourists will benefit from improved
transport links. • Older people can benefit
from free bus passes. • Who exactly stands
to benefit from these changes? • Most crime
victims benefit greatly by talking about their
experiences. ► benefit or gain? → gain ●
for sb’s benefit (kimningdir) foydasiga,
-ga yaxshi bo‘lishi uchun, uchun = good,
sake • I have typed out some lecture notes
for the benefit of those people who were absent last week. • Don’t go to any trouble for
my benefit!
berry |ˈberi| n (pl berries) olcha, gilos • Birds
feed on nuts and berries in the winter. •
blackberries/raspberries
beside |bɪˈsaɪd| prep yonboshida, yonida =
alongside • Come and sit down beside me. •
The office is just beside the railway station.
• He sat beside her all night. ► beside or
besides? → besides ● beside yourself
(with sth) o‘zini yo‘qotgan, o‘zida yo‘q... =
distraught, out of sb’s mind • He was beside
himself with rage when I told him what I had
done. • They were beside themselves with
excitement. it’s beside the point aloqasi/ahamiyati yo‘q = irrelevant, immaterial
• Let’s stick to discussing whether the road
should be built at all. The exact cost is beside
the point. • They took my words out of context, but that’s beside the point.
besides ★ |bɪˈsaɪdz| prep -dan tashqari, bilan birga, -ga qo‘shimcha = in addition to, as
well as • They have two other cars besides the
big Ford. • We have lots of things in common
besides music. • I’ve got no family besides my
parents. • [~ doing sth] Besides working as
a doctor, he also writes novels in his spare
time. • I’ve got plenty of other things to do
besides talking to you. ► besides, except
or apart from? → except ■ adv uni ustiga,
bundan tashqari = furthermore, moreover
(inf) what’s more, anyways • I don’t want to
go for a picnic - besides, it’s starting to rain.
• I don’t want to go shopping. Besides, I haven’t got any money. ► besides or beside?
Adashtirib yubormang. Besides “bilan birga; shuningdek, bundan tashqari, buni ustiga” degan ma’nolarni bildiradi: • Besides
German, she speaks English and Russian. •
I don’t like the shoes. Besides, they are too
expensive. • I don’t think I’ll come on Saturday. I have a lot of work to do. Besides, I don’t
really like parties; Beside esa “yonida, yaqinida” degan ma’nolarni bildiruvchi predlog hisoblanadi va faqat biror narsaning
joylashuviga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • Come
and sit beside me. (... besides me) ► Besides
“buni ustiga, bundan tashqari” ma’nolarida­ oldingi­ aytilgan­ gap­ yoki­ fikrni­ yanada­
kuchaytirishda va sabab keltirishda ham
B
best
B
56
(that) ★ aniq bilaman, garov o‘ynayman(ishlatilishi mumkin: • I’m too tired to go
to the supermarket. Besides, it’s closed on
ki) = I am certain/sure • I bet you (that)
Sunday. Lekin qo‘shimcha ma’lumot berish
she’s going to be late. • You can bet (that)
uchun esa (“shuningdek, shu bilan birga”
the moment I sit down, the phone will ring.
ma’nosida besides emas) in addition, more• I’ll bet you (that) he knows all about it. •
over yoki also so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: •
“Going to the party on Saturday?” “You bet!”
I speak French fluently. Also, I speak some
I wouldn’t/don’t bet on it men bunga
Italian. (Besides, I speak ...) • Moreover,
ishonmayman/ishonmagan bo‘lardim •
“She’ll soon get used to the idea.” “I wouldn’t
smoking is linked with heart disease and
bet on it.” • “He said he’d meet us there.” strokes. (Besides, smoking ...)
“I wouldn’t bet on it!” ■ n garov (o‘ynash),
best ★ |best| adj (good ning orttirma darajasi) eng yaxshi/oliy/zo‘r = finest,­greatest,­ (tikilgan) pul = wager, gamble • [~ on sth]
He placed a bet on his friend’s horse but lost
top ≠ worst • She’s my best friend. • He’s the
when the horse came last. • I’ve got a bet
best man for the job. • That’s the best movie
on Brazil to win the next World Cup. • He
I’ve ever seen! • She was one of the best tenclimbed the tree for a bet. • “Liverpool are
nis players of her generation. • Those were
bound to win.” “Do you want a bet?”
the best years of my life. • What is the best
way of getting to London from here? • He betray |bɪˈtreɪ| v 1 sotqinlik qilmoq, sirni/
ma’lumotni dushmanga yetkazmoq, oshput on his best suit to go to the interview. •
kor qilmoq = reveal, disclose ≠ conceal,
We want the kids to have the best possible
hide • [~ sb/sth] He was offered money to
education. • the company’s best-ever results
• The best thing to do would be to apolobetray his colleagues. • [~ sb/sth to sb] For
gize. • Your parents only want what is best
years they had been betraying state secrets
for you. • We make sure our clients get the
to Russia. 2 xiyonat qilmoq, ishonchini
best that money can buy. ● It’s best (to
suiiste’mol qilmoq = be disloyal to, be undo sth) –ganing yaxshi, eng yaxshisi … • It’s
faithful to ≠ be loyal to • She betrayed his
best if you go now. • It’s best to get to the sutrust over and over again. • He was accused
permarket early. the best man kuyovjo‘ra,
of betraying his country during the war. ►
kuyovning eng yaqin do‘sti • Can you be my
betray, deiceive, cheat, take sb in, fool, con
best man at the wedding, Johnson? ■ n eng
or trick? → deiceive
yaxshi narsa/shaxs/holat, eng yaxshisi • better ★ |ˈbetər| adj (good ning qiyosiy
We all want the best for our children. • They
darajasi) 1 yaxshiroq, ma’qulroq ≠ worse
only buy the best. • Of all the team, she’s the
• She’s better at maths than English. • The
best by far. • The town looks its best in the
weather is better today than it was yesterspring. • Don’t worry about the exam — just
day. • Brown bread is better for you than
do your best. • I don’t really feel at my best
white. • We will shop around to see if we
today. • Fifty pounds is the best I can offer
can get a better price. • Her work is getting
you. • The best we can hope for in the game
better and better. • The meal couldn’t have
is a draw. • [~ of sth] We wish him the best
been better. • If you can only exercise once a
of luck with this venture. • He hasn’t been in
week, that’s better than nothing. • It would
the best of health lately. ■ adv eng yaxshi
be better for him to talk to his parents about
holatda/tarzda/darajada • He works best in
his problems. • You’d be better going by bus.
the mornings. • Which of you knows London
• It would be better if you phoned your fabest? • Oranges grow best in hot countries.
ther now. • Dry your eyes now. That’s better.
• her best-known poem • The beaches are
2 so‘g‘lig‘i/axvoli yaxshiroq = healthier,
beautiful, but, best of all, there are very few
fitter ≠ worse, sicker • I had a cold last
tourists. • Painting is best done in daylight. •
week but I’m better now. • She’s a lot better
Do as you think best. ● all the best hamma
today. • His leg was getting better. • I hope
yaxshi narsalar/tilaklar • Wish him all the
your sister will be better soon. • You’ll feel
best, and tell him we miss him. make the
all the better for a good night’s sleep. • Is
best of sth foydalanib qolmoq, oqilona
your father feeling any better? ■ adv yaxfoydalanmoq • You’ll just have to make the
shiroq • She sings better than her sister. •
best of the situation. • We must make the
You’ll like her when you know her better. •
best use of the available space.
A cup of tea? There’s nothing I’d like better!
bet |bet| v (-tt-) garov o‘ynamoq, pul tikmoq
• People are better educated now. ► Better,
• You have to be over 16 to bet. • “Surely she
odatda, fe’ldan keyin emas, to‘ldiruvchidan
won’t be late this time.” “How much do you
so‘ng keladi: • Since my visit to England I
want to bet?” • [~ on/against] Thousands
understand English better. (... I understand
of people bet on the result of the match. • [~
better English.) ■ n yaxshi narsa/tomon •
sth (on sth)] He bet $2 000 on the final score
I expected better of him. • Her attitude has
of the game. • [~ (sb) (sth) (that…)] She bet
changed for the better since we reviewed her
me £20 that I wouldn’t do it. ● I bet (you)
responsibilities. ● be better off 1 ko‘proq
57
pulga ega bo‘lmoq • Families will be better off under the new law. • Her promotion
means she’s $100 a week better off. • They
are both comfortably off. 2 yaxshiroq holatda bo‘lmoq, -gani yaxshi • She’s better off
without him. • You’d be better off living on
your own than quarrelling all the time with
your dad. the sooner/bigger/quicker etc
the better qancha … bo‘lsa shuncha yaxshi
• As far as the hard disk is concerned, the
bigger the better. • I want you to get rid of
those people, and the sooner the better.
between ★ |bɪˈtwiːn| prep 1 (asosan, ikki
narsa yoki odamning) o‘rtasida, orasida
= in the middle of • I sat down between Jo
and Diana. • A narrow path ran in between
the two houses. • There’s only a thin wall
between his office and mine, so I hear everything he says. ► between or among?
→ among 2 oralig‘ida, orasida • The shop
is closed for lunch between 12.30 and 1.30.
• You shouldn’t eat between meals. • The
bus goes between Oxford and London. • She
weighs between 55 and 60 kilograms. • My
job is somewhere between a secretary and
a personal assistant. • Many changes took
place between the two world wars. • The
temperature remained between 25° and 30°
all week. • We fly between Rome and Paris
twice daily. 4 (solishtirganda) orasida •
Sometimes it’s not easy to see a difference
between blue and green. • She could choose
between courses in German, Chinese or Russian. • I had to choose between the two jobs.
5 o‘rtamizda, ikkalamiz • The money was
divided equally between several worthy causes. • This is just between you and me/between ourselves • We ate a pizza between us.
• We ought to be able to manage it between
us. ● in between ikkalasini o‘rtasida/
oralig‘ida • The house was near a park but
there was a road in between. • I see her most
weekends but not very often in between. between you and me | between ourselves
gap oramizda/o‘rtamizda qolsin(u) • Between you and me, though, it’s been awful
for business. • Between ourselves, I know he
wants to marry her.
beware |bɪˈwer| v hushyor/ehtiyot bo‘lmoq
= watch out • [~ of sb/sth] Beware of the
dog! • [~ (of) doing sth] Beware of saying
anything that might reveal where you live. •
[~ sb/sth] It’s a great place for swimming,
but beware dangerous currents.
beyond ★ |bɪˈjɑːnd| prep 1 o‘tib, narigi
tomonida = on the other side of • The post
office is beyond the bank. • In the distance,
beyond the river, was a small town. 2 -dan
tashqari/nari, iloji yo‘q • The delivery date
is beyond our control. • His thoughtlessness
is beyond belief. • The bicycle was beyond repair. • The exercise was beyond the abilities
big
of most of the class. 3 -dan uyog‘i/nari, keyin = after • Few people live beyond the age
of a hundred. • I can’t accept new orders beyond the end of next year. • The handle was
just beyond my reach. • The immediate future is clear, but it’s hard to tell what lies beyond. 4 -dan o‘tib ketmoq • The party went
on beyond midnight. 5 -dan ortiq/ko‘proq •
Our success was far beyond what we thought
possible. • She’s got nothing beyond her state
pension.
bias |ˈbaɪəs| n |U,C|, (odatda, birlikda ishlatiladi) adolatsiz munosabat = prejudice, partiality ≠ impartiality • Employers must consider all candidates impartially and without
bias. • Some institutions still have a strong
bias against women. ■ v xato va noto‘g‘ri
tushuncha bermoq • The newspapers have
biased people against her.
bid |bɪd| v (bidding, bid) 1 (asosan, kim oshdi savdosida) pul tikmoq, ko‘proq pul taklif
qilmoq = offer • [~ (sth) (for sth)] I bid £2
000 for the painting. • [~ (against sb)] We
wanted to buy the chairs but another couple
were bidding against us. ■ n pul tikish = offer [~ (for sth)] • I made a bid of $150 for
the painting. • At the auction, the highest bid
for the picture was £200. • Any more bids?
2 tenderda taklif bilan chiqish = tender [~
(for sth)] (AmEda shuningdek [~ on sth]) •
The company submitted a bid for the contract to clean the hospital.
big ★ |bɪɡ| adj (-gg-) 1 katta, ulkan = large,
sizable, substantial, great, huge ≠ small,
little • I don’t want a small car - I want a
big one. • A big man stood in the doorway.
• You are making a big mistake. • The company faces big problems. • His father has the
biggest restaurant in town. • I’m not afraid
of him - I’m bigger than he is. • They were
earning big money. • The news came as a
big blow. • There’s a big difference between
understanding something and being able to
explain it to others. • (inf) You write August
with a big “a”. • (inf) You’re not a very big
eater, are you? • When they lose, they lose in
a big way. ► big, large, huge or great?
Big va huge ko‘pincha norasmiy ingliz tilida biror narsa yoki shaxslarning umumiy
hajmiga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • a big man/
house/car/boy/dog/smile • You are making a big mistake. • That’s a really big improvement; Lekin huge (juda katta, ulkan)
big dan ko‘ra yirikroq, yanada kattaroq
hisoblanadi: • He made a huge difference to
the team. • Then appeared a tiny little woman with huge black glasses; Large asosan
rasmiy holatlarda va mavhum otlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi, lekin inson va jonzotlarga
nisbatan hech qachon large ishlatilmaydi:
• (a) large numbers/part/volume/population/house. (a large man/soldier/elephent);
B
bike
B
Great esa, odatda, odam yoki narsalarning
o‘lchamlariga ishlatilmaydi, balki mavhum
va sanalmaydigan otlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi; big, large yoki huge so‘zlari esa,
odatda, sanalmaydigan otlarga nisbatan
ishlatilmaydi: • great interest/importance/
difficulty/pleasure. (a big/large/huge interest/importance/difficulty/pleasure.) •
There was a great confusion about the dates.
• I felt a great excitement as the meeting
came nearer. Great norasmiy vaziyatlarda
“zo‘r, ajoyib” ma’nolarida ham ishlatilishi
mumkin: • I have a great idea. • “How’s the
new job?” “Great.” • It’s a great job. 2 (yoshi)
katta, ulg‘aygan = elder, older • This is my
big brother, Jake. • You’re a big girl now. •
I’m ashamed of you. You’re big enough to
know better. 3 muhim, asosiy = important,
significant­≠ unimportant, minor • Tonight
is the biggest match of his career. • He had
a big decision to make. • She took the stage
for her big moment. • We’ll have to pay a little more - it’s no big deal. 4 ashaddiy • They
were big fans of the Beatles. • He fell for her
in a big way. 5 kuchli, qudratli = powerful,
important ≠ unimportant • The place was
full of big businessmen. • Other stores struggle to compete with the big four retailers.
bike |baɪk| n (inf) 1 (shuningdek, bicycle)
velosiped, velik • He usually goes to school
by bike. • If the weather’s good, we could
go for a bike ride. 2 (shuningdek, motorbike) mototsikl • She got on her bike and
rode off.
bill |bɪl| n 1 (iste’mol yoki xizmat uchun)
to‘lov, xarajat = invoice, account • the telephone/electricity/gas bill • She always pays
her bills on time. • The total bill came to
more than £200. • (AmEda odatda check)
Ask the waiter for the bill. • We ran up a
massive hotel bill. • The bills are piling up
2 qonunga taklif/o‘zgartirish = draft law
• The senator introduced/approved/rejected a bill that would increase the minimum
wage. • Parliament will consider the education bill this week. • He has drafted a bill to
ban the sale of guns. 3 (AmE) qog‘oz pul =
banknote, note • a 10-dollar bill
billion |ˈbɪljən| num (abbr bn) (1 000 000
000) milliard • The government raises billions in taxes each year. • Worldwide sales
reached 2.5 billion. • Cosmetics is a billion
dollar industry. • Billions of Christmas cards
are sent every year. ► Billion soni a, one,
two, several kabi miqdorlar bilan kelgan
taqdirda ham ko‘plik qo‘shimchasisiz, ya’ni
-s qo‘shimchasisiz ishlatiladi: • The palace
cost at least 3 billion dollars to build. (... 3
billions dollars to build.) Billions (of) esa
“milliardlab” ma’nosini bildiradi va hech
qanday son va miqdorlarsiz ishlatiladi: •
The palace must have cost billions of dollars
58
to build. (... 3 billions of dollars to build.) Billion va billions (of) so‘zlari biror narsa yoki
odamlarning sonini ifodalaganda, odatda,
ulardan keyin ko‘plik fe’li ishlatiladi: • Two
billion people worldwide are expected to
watch the game. (Two billion people worldwide is expected ...) Agarda ular sonini,
adadini emas, muayyan bir yaxlit miqdorni to‘plamini ifodalashsa, u holda ulardan
so‘ng birlik fe’li ishlatiladi (asosan, pul,
vaqt va shu kabi o‘lchov birliklarini ifodalab kelganida): • Two billion (dollars) was
withdrawn from the account. (Two billion
(dollars) were ...) Bu qoida boshqa sonlarga ham amal qiladi va yanada ko‘proq
misollarni boshqa (hundred, thousand, million) sonlardan ham topishingiz mumkin.
bin |bɪn| n axlatchelak, urna = container • a
litter bin • a rubbish bin • Do you want this
or shall I throw it in the bin? • Put the bottles
in the recycling bin.
bind |baɪnd| v (bound, bound |baʊnd|) 1 (fml)
bog‘lamoq = tie (up), fasten (together) ≠
untie, release • She bound up his wounds. •
[~ sb/sth with] They bound her arms with
a rope. • [~ sb/sth to sth] She was bound to
a chair. • [~ sb/sth together] They bound
his hands together. • [~ sb/sth] He was left
bound and gagged • [~ A (and B) (together)] Organizations such as schools and clubs
bind a community together. • [~ A to B] She
thought that having his child would bind
him to her forever. 2 taqozo qilmoq, majbur
qilmoq = constrain • The contract binds
him to make regular payments. • The agreement binds her to repay the debt within six
months.
biology |baɪˈɑːlədʒi| n |U| biologiya • human/marine/molecular biology • the biology of marine animals • She studied biology
at university. • He has a BSc in biology.
bird ★ |bɜːrd| n qush = fowl • Most birds lay
eggs in the spring. • Penguins and ostriches
are flightless birds. • We watched a flock of
birds fly over the field.
birth ★ |bɜːrθ| n 1 |U,C| tug‘(il)ish, tavallud topish, dunyoga kel(tir)ish = delivery
≠ death • It was a difficult birth. • John was
present at the birth of both his children.
• More and more women are choosing to
have home births. • The baby weighed three
kilos at birth. • Mark has been blind from
birth. • Please state your date and place of
birth. • Registration of births and deaths
became compulsory in 1871. • He is French
by birth but lived most of her life in Italy. ●
give birth (to sb/sth) 1 farzand ko‘rmoq,
tug‘moq • She gave birth to a boy last week.
• Patsy was celebrating last night after giving birth to twins. • Mary gave birth to a
healthy baby girl. 2 yangi narsa boshlanishi,
vujudga kelish = beginning(s), emergence ≠
59
demise, end • The film gave birth to a TV
show of the same name. • It was the study
of history that gave birth to his latest novel.
birthday ★ |ˈbɜːrθdeɪ| n tug‘ilgan kun •
My birthday is on 25th June. • It’s her seventeenth birthday tomorrow. • What do you
want for your birthday? • a birthday card/
party/present • Happy birthday! • Are you
going to Ellen’s birthday party next week?
biscuit |ˈbɪskɪt| n |C| (BrE) biskvit, pechenye
• a packet of chocolate/ginger biscuits •
a selection of cheese biscuits • We had tea
and biscuits at 3.30 p.m. • The cake has a
biscuit base. ► biscuit or cookie? Biscuit
asosan BrEda foydalaniladi va tortlarga nisbatan ham ishlatilishi mumkin: • We made
a chocolate biscuit. (... a chocolate cookie);
Cookie esa, asosan, AmEda foydalaniladi va,
odatda, faqat pechenyelarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • She bought a packet of cookies.
bit ★ |bɪt| n 1 a bit ozgina, biroz, sal, jinday
= little, fairly ≠ lot • I’m feeling a bit tired. •
Wait a bit! • These trousers are a bit tight. •
“Are you cold?” “Not a bit.” • It’s a bit cold in
here, isn’t it? • Can you move up a bit? • Greg
thought for a bit before answering. • I’ll do
it in a bit. I’m busy right now. • It costs a bit
more than I wanted to spend. • Let him sleep
a little bit longer. • [~ of sth] I know a bit of
German. • With a bit of luck, we’ll be there
by 12. • I could use a bit of help. • I’ve got
a bit of shopping to do. ► A bit va a little
bit so‘zlarining sifatlardan oldin qo‘llanishi
norasmiy, asosan, og‘zaki nutqda foydalaniladigan usul hisoblanadi. Yozma va rasmiy ingliz tilida ularning o‘rniga, odatda, a
little, slightly, rather, somewhat kabi so‘zlardan foydalaniladi: • Public service television
seems to be slightly/rather/somewhat more
serious, more based on facts. (... a bit/a little
bit more serious, more based on facts) • That
would improve the situation somewhat/a little. (... a bit/a little bit) • Words can diverge
somewhat/slightly from their literary meaning according to the context. 2 qism, parcha,
bo‘lak = piece, portion ≠ lot [~ of sth] • The
best bit of the holiday was seeing the Pyramids. • I’m having some cake. Do you want a
bit? • He assembled the model aircraft bit by
bit. • Inside I’m in bits (= qalbim tilka pora)
because I miss him so much. ● a bit much
o‘ta ortiqcha, haddan tashqari • The noise
from next door is getting a bit much. ► a bit
or a little? → (a) little
bite |baɪt| v (bit |bɪt|, bitten |ˈbɪtn|) 1 tishlamoq
= chew • The dog tried to bite the postman.
• She bit a piece out of the pie. • Come here! I
won’t bite! • [~ into/through sth] She bit into
a ripe juicy pear. • Stop biting your nails! •
[~ off sth/sth off] He bit off a large chunk of
bread/He bit a large chunk of bread off. 2
chaqmoq • We were badly bitten by mosqui-
bitterly
toes. • Most European spiders don’t bite. ■
n 1 tishlam • She took a big bite out of the
sandwich. • He didn’t eat a bite of his dinner 2 tishlash, chaqish • Dog bites can get
infected. • He has to wear a brace to correct
his bite • a mosquito/snake bite ● bite the
bullet qiyin yoki yoqimsiz narsani qilishga
o‘zini majburlamoq • I hate going to the
dentist, but I suppose I’ll just have to bite the
bullet. bite the dust yer tishlamoq, qulamoq • Thousands of small businesses bite
the dust every year. • As they came round the
bend several riders bit the dust. bite your
lip/tongue tilini tiymoq/tishlamoq • I really wanted to laugh - I had to bite my lip. • I
wanted to tell him exactly what I thought of
him, but I had to bite my tongue.
bitter |ˈbɪtər| adj 1 achchiq, o‘tkir = sharp,
acid ≠ sweet • a bitter flavour/taste/liquid
• This black coffee is too bitter. • He gave me
a bitter look. ► sharp, bitter, pungent,
sour or acid? A bitter, odatda, yoqimsiz
ta’m hisoblanadi lekin ba’zi odamlarga
shokolad yoki kofening achchiq ta’mi, ya’ni
the bitter flavour of coffee/chocolate yoqishi
mumkin. Sharp yoki pungent so‘zlari bilan
ifodalangan ta’m “o‘tkir” ma’nosini bildiradi va, asosan, pishloqlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi. Sharp, sour va acid so‘zlari pishmagan
mevaning ta’mini ifodalashda ham ishlatilishi mumkin. Achchiq tutun va sigaret hidiga nisbatan esa acrid smell ishlatiladi va uni
ovqat hidlariga nisbatan ishlatib bo‘lmaydi.
2 achchiqlangan = resentful, embittered ≠
magnanimous, content • [~ about] She is
very bitter about losing her job. • I feel very
bitter about it. 3 yoqimsiz, achchiq, o‘g‘ir
= painful, unpleasant ≠ welcome • Losing
her job was a bitter blow. • Failing the final
exams was a bitter disappointment for me. •
to weep/shed bitter tears • His photo stirred
up bitter memories. • I’ve learnt from bitter
experience not to trust what he says. • The
election defeat was a bitter pill for the party
to swallow. ► bitter, resentful or sour?
Bitter boshqalaridan ko‘ra yaqqol ko‘zga
tashlangan va kuchli bo‘ladi: • feeling extremely/intensely/very bitter • a bitter
laugh/smile;­Kayfiyat­resentful yoki sour bilan ifodalanganda esa u mujmal, ya’ni kayfiyati­qandayligi­aniq­va­ravshan­bo‘lmaydi:­
• vaguely/silently resentful • resentful eyes
• a sour face 4 kuchli, qaqshatqich • The
government faces bitter opposition to these
policies. • The countries are still bitter enemies. 5 sovuq, izg‘irin • a bitter winter night
• a bitter wind coming from the Arctic • It’s
really bitter out today.
bitterly |ˈbɪtərli| adv achchiq, juda yomon,
qattiq • He bitterly regrets what he said. •
She wept bitterly. • He complained bitterly
about his exam grades. • The development
B
bizarre
B
was bitterly opposed by the local community. • He was bitterly disappointed not to get
the job.
bizarre |bɪˈzɑːr| adj ajoyib, g‘ayritabiiy =
strange, peculiar, odd ≠ normal, conventional • He made some totally bizarre comments. • He walked off in a most bizarre
fashion. • I found the whole situation very
bizarre. • It’s a pretty bizarre film.
black ★ |blæk| adj 1 qora = dark ≠ white •
a black and white photograph • He has black
hair. • Two black coffees (sutsiz), please. •
Go and wash your hands; they’re absolutely black! • black-and-white photos 2 (shuningdek Black) qora tanli • black culture
• black Americans • Over half the students
are black. ► Bu ma’noda black, asosan,
ko‘plikda, blacks shaklida, butun qora tanlilarga ifodalashda ishlatiladi, chunki uning
birlikdagi ko‘rinishi haqoratli eshitilishi
mumkin: • They fight for equality for blacks
and whites. Shuning uchun bir qora tanliga nisbatan uning o‘rniga dark/black (wo)
man, Afro American yoki African American
so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi (ayniqsa, Amerikada). Black so‘zi bundan tashqari sifat
shaklida ham ishlatilishi mumkin: • a black
man/woman
blackboard |ˈblækbɔːrd| (shuningdek,
chalkboard, asosan, AmEda) n doska •
Please copy the homework from the blackboard. • The homework is on the blackboard.
blade |bleɪd| n tig‘, qirra, uch • the blades of a
pair of scissors • Be careful - that knife has a
very sharp blade.
blame ★ |bleɪm| v ayblamoq, javobgar
bo‘lmoq/qilmoq = hold responsible • If
it all goes wrong, don’t blame me. • [~ sb/
sth (for sth)] Blame my sister for the awful
food, not me. • [~ sth on sb/sth] Police are
blaming the accident on dangerous driving.
• If anyone’s to blame, it’s me. ► Kundalik
hayotda sb is to blame for sth birikmasining
o‘rniga ko‘pincha sth is sb’s fault birikmasidan foydalaniladi: • He was to blame for the
accident. → The accident was his fault. ● I
don’t blame you (inf) seni tushunaman,
seni ayblamayman • “Then I told him to
leave.” “I don’t blame you!” • I don’t blame
you for being annoyed, when everyone else
got a present and you didn’t. ■ n |U| ayb,
ayblov, javobgarlik = responsibility, guilt [~
(for sth)] • I’m not going to take the blame
for something I didn’t do. • to lay/put the
blame for sth on sb • Why do I always get
the blame for everything that goes wrong?
• Who got the blame for breaking the window? - Me, of! ● put the blame (for sth)
on sb aybni to‘nkamoq, ayblamoq • They
are trying to put the blame on us. • Health
officials put the blame for the disease on
60
poor housing conditions. ► blame, fault or
guilt? → guilt
blank |blæŋk| adj toza, yozilmagan, bo‘sh =
empty, unmarked ≠ full • She took a blank
piece of paper and drew a map. • Suddenly
the screen went blank. ● go blank esidan
chiqmoq, o‘chib qolmoq • I went blank
when they asked what I was doing last Tuesday. • When he asked for my work phone
number, suddenly my mind just went blank.
■ n bo‘sh/yozilmagan qog‘ozdagi joy =
space, gap • Please fill in the blanks. • Sign
your name in the blank space below.
blanket |ˈblæŋkɪt| n 1 yopinchiq, adyol =
covering, layer • She covered him up with a
blanket. • The baby was wrapped in a blanket. 2 yupqa (qatlam) • a blanket of fog/
snow/cloud • A blanket of snow covered
the fields. • The motorway was covered in a
blanket of fog.
bleed |bliːd| v (bled, bled |bled|) qonamoq =
lose blood • I cut my finger and it’s bleeding. • He was bleeding from a wound in his
shoulder.
bless |bles| v (blessed |blest|) yorlaqamoq,
siylamoq = ask/invoke God’s favor for ≠
curse • The church was blessed by the bishop. • God bless you! ● be blessed with
siylangan, Xudo bergan, in’om etilgan •
They were blessed with two healthy children. bless you 1 (aksa urganda) sog‘ bo‘l
2 baraka top • Sarah, bless her (=baraka
topsin), had made a cup of tea. • “Here, let
me help you with your shopping.” “Oh, bless
you, dear.’
blind |blaɪnd| adj ko‘r, ko‘zi ojiz = partially
sighted, visually impaired, sightless ≠ sighted • Her father is completely blind. • He went
blind in his early forties. • How can you be so
blind? He’s obviously lying. ■ v ko‘r bo‘lmoq,
ko‘rmaslik • She was blinded in a car crash
at the age of 21. • She was blinded by the
bright lights of the oncoming cars.
blink |blɪŋk| v 1 ko‘z ochib yummoq, kiprik
qoqmoq = flutter,­flicker,­wink­• The sudden
flash of light made him blink. • Lucy blinked
at him in astonishment. • I’ll be back before
you can blink. ► blink or wink? Blink
ko‘zning charchashi yoki yorug‘lik tushgandagi kabi odatdagi ko‘z ochib yumishga
nisbatan ishlatiladi: • She was blinking her
eyes rapidly; Wink esa imo-ishora ma’nosidagi ko‘zning ochib yumilishiga, “ko‘zini qisish”ga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • He winked at
Nicole as he passed • He smiled, winked and
nodded, giving his seal of approval. 2 yonib
o‘chmoq • The alarm light is blinking. • The
light on your answering machine is blinking.
block ★ |blɑːk| n 1 ko‘p qavatli bino, uy
= building, complex • They live in a block
of flats. • My friend and I live on the same
block. • I took a walk around the block. 2
61
kvartal • She walked four blocks down High
Street. • The museum is just six blocks away.
3 blok, (to‘rtburchak shaklidagi) bo‘lak =
chunk, hunk • a block of ice/concrete/stone
• Blocks of ice were floating in the river. •
The baby was playing with wooden blocks.
■ v to‘smoq, to‘sib qo‘ymoq = stop, cover
≠ open • Black clouds blocked out the sun.
• The crash blocked the road for hours. • He
put his hands over his ears to block out the
noise. • My nose is blocked up. • An ugly new
building blocked the view from the window.
bloke |bloʊk| n (BrE, inf) kishi = lad, guy • He
seemed like a nice bloke. • Who’s that bloke
talking to Amy? ► bloke, guy or dude? →
guy
blonde |blɑːnd| adj (shuningdek, blond) 1
malla rang • The baby had blond curls. 2
malla sochli • a small, blond boy • Is she a
natural blonde? ■ n malla soch(li) qiz/bola
• Who’s the blonde talking to Bob?
blood |blʌd| n |U| qon • He lost a lot of blood
in the accident. • His face was covered in
blood. • a blood cell/sample • The way he
treats his employees really makes my blood
boil. • to give blood • They are related by
blood.
bloody |ˈblʌdi| adj, adv 1 qonli, qonga belangan = bleeding • a bloody body 2 juda,
o‘ta, umuman = damned • Don’t be such
a bloody fool. • That was a bloody good
meal! • What bloody awful weather! • She
did bloody well to win that race. • “Will you
apologize?” “Not bloody likely!” 3 jin urgur,
bo‘lmag‘ur, yoqimsiz • You can bloody well
keep your job — I don’t want it! • I can’t get
this bloody stupid thing to work.
blouse |blaʊs| n kofta • I couldn’t resist buying the blouse. • a cotton/silk/nylon blouse
blow |bloʊ| v (blew |bluː| blown |bloʊn|) 1
esmoq = gust, bluster • A cold wind blew
from the east. • It was blowing hard. 2 puflamoq,­uflamoq = puff, breathe out ≠ suck •
She blew the dust off the book. • The referee
blew his whistle. • She blew out the candles
on her birthday cake. • I wish you wouldn’t
blow smoke in my face. 3 esmoq, uch(ir)
moq, uchib -moq = drift,­ flutter­ • [~ adv/
prep] My hat blew off. • [~ adj] The door
blew open. • [~ sth + adv/prep] I was almost
blown over by the wind. • [~ sth + adj] The
wind blew the door shut. 4 qo‘ldan boy bermoq, barbod qilmoq = spoil, ruin • You’ve
got a great future ahead of you. Don’t blow
it. • We’ve blown our chances of getting
that contract. 5 oshkor qilmoq = expose,
reveal • We’re going to blow his operation
wide open. • One mistake could blow your
cover. ● blow sth ↔ away uchirmoq •
His hat blew away. • The wind will blow the
fog away. blow sth ↔ up 1 shishirmoq =
inflate,­pump­up­• He blew up balloons for
boast
the party. • Your front tyre needs blowing up.
2 portla(t)moq = bomb, blast • The soldiers
blew up the railway bridge. • The bomb blew
up. • A police officer was killed when his car
blew up. blow your mind aqlga sig‘maydigan, hayratlanarli • Wait till you hear this.
It’ll blow your mind. • There was one scene
in the film that really blew my mind. blow
your nose burun qoqmoq • She has a cold
and keeps having to blow her nose. ■ n 1
zarb, zarba = knock, bang • He received a
blow to the head in the fight. • He landed a
blow on Hill’s nose. 2 karaxt, og‘ir zarba =
shock • Her death came as a terrible blow
to her parents. • It was a shattering blow to
her pride. 3­puflash­• Try to put the candles
out in one blow. • I’ll give three blows on the
whistle as a signal.
blue ★ |bluː| adj 1 ko‘k • He wore a blue
shirt. • They live in the house with the dark
blue door. • Her hands were blue with cold.
2 (inf) xafa, g‘amgin, siqilgan • She usually
calls her mother when she’s feeling blue. ■
n ko‘k rang • The room was decorated in vibrant blues and yellows. • She was dressed in
blue. ● out of the blue birdaniga, tomdan
tarasha tushganday = suddenly, all of a sudden • Out of the blue she said, “Your name’s
John, isn’t it?” • One day, out of the blue, she
announced that she was leaving.
blurred |blɜːrd| adj xira(-shira), noaniq = indistinct, blurry • The photograph was very
blurred. • a blurred image/picture • blurred
distinctions/boundaries
board |bɔːrd| n 1 |C,U| tekis keng yuza =
plank • The floor of the bedroom was just
bare boards. • The teacher wrote her name
up on the board. 2 |C| taxta = sign, notice
• a chess board • The teacher wrote on the
board. • The exam results went up on the
board. • Cut the vegetables on a (BrE) chopping/(AmE) cutting board. 3 |C| (ham birlik,
ham ko‘plik fe’li bilan kelishi mumkin) guruh, hakamlar/boshliqlar hay’ati = committee, council • She has a seat on the board
of directors. • The board is/are unhappy
about falling sales. ● on board kema borti • Have the passengers gone on board yet? •
Passengers are waiting to board. • The plane
had 125 passengers and crew on board.
boast |boʊst| v 1 maqtanmoq = show off • I
don’t want to boast, but I can actually speak
six languages. • [~ about sth] She is always
boasting about how wonderful her children
are. • [~ of sth] He openly boasted of his skill
as a burglar. • [~ that…] Sam boasted that
she could beat anyone at poker. • [~ speech]
“I won!” she boasted. • “I won!” she boasted.
2 qimmatli narsasi bor bo‘lmoq = congratulate yourself, pride yourself on • The house
boasts a large garden and pond. • The town
boasts an 18-hole golf course.
B
boat
B
boat ★ |boʊt| n qayiq, kema = ship, yacht
• They sailed their boat across the lake. •
They went to Spain by boat. • When is the
next boat to Calais? ► boat or ship? Suvda yuradigan transport vositasiga nisbatan
umumiy tarzda boat so‘zidan foydalanish
mumkin; ship esa faqat okean va dengizlarda suzadigan yirikroq kemalarga nisbatan
ishlatiladi xolos. ● in the same boat dardi/ahvoli bir bo‘lmoq, bir qayiqda bo‘lmoq
• Don’t expect special treatment - we’re all in
the same boat. • Everyone has lost their job.
We’re all in the same boat.
body ★ |ˈbɑːdi| n (pl -ies) |C| 1 tana, badan =
figure,­build­• He had pains all over his body.
• His whole body was trembling. • body fat/
weight/temperature/size/heat • The heart
pumps blood around the body. 2 jasad, murda = corpse, carcass • The dead man’s body
was found in the river. • Bodies of infected
cows were burnt in the fields. 3 asosiy qism
= main part • The factory used to make car
bodies. • You’ll find the details in the body
of the report. 4 organ, guruh, uyushma • a
regulatory/an advisory/a review body • The
student body (=Hamma talabalar guruhi)
numbers 5,000. • A large body of people will
be affected by the tax cuts. 5 ulkan, katta =
mass, quantity • a vast body of evidence/research • large bodies of water • She collected
a huge body of information on the subject.
bodyguard |ˈbɑːdiɡɑːrd| n |C| (ham birlik,
ham ko‘plik fe’li bilan kelishi mumkin) tan
soqchi • The man was stopped by the president’s bodyguards. • The prince is always
accompanied by his bodyguards.
boil |bɔɪl| v qayna(t)moq • Boil some milk in
a pan. • Don’t let the milk boil. • The kettle’s
boiling. • She put some potatoes on to boil.
• [~ adj] She left the gas on by mistake and
the pan boiled dry. • [~ sb sth] She boiled me
two eggs.
bold |boʊld| adj 1 jasur, mard, qo‘rqmas
= daring,­ confident,­ brave­ • It was a bold
move on their part to open a business in
France. • The wine made him bold enough
to approach her. 2 tiniq, ko‘zga tashlanadigan = striking, vivid ≠ pale • She paints with
bold strokes of the brush. ► bold or bright?
→ bright 3 to‘q, tim = heavy, thick ≠ light,
roman • Highlight the important words in
bold type.
bomb |bɑːm| n |C| bomba, portlovchi modda
= explosive • a bomb attack/blast/explosion • a bomb goes off/explodes • The bomb
had been planted in a busy street. • Enemy
aircraft dropped bombs on the army base.
■ v portlatmoq = blow sth up • Enemy aircraft bombed the power station. • Terrorists
bombed several army barracks.
bombing |ˈbɑːmɪŋ| n |C,U| bomba o‘rnatish,
portlatish • bombings in centre of major
62
cities • a bombing raid by enemy aircraft •
There was a wave of bombings in London.
bond |bɑːnd| n |C| 1 rishta, aloqa, munosabat = relationship, tie, link • The experience formed a close bond between us. • The
agreement strengthened the bonds between
the two countries. 2 obligatsiya (qimmatbaho qog‘oz turi) • I invested some money in
savings bonds. ■ v birlashtirmoq, qo‘shmoq
• [~ sth] This new adhesive can bond metal
to glass. • [~ (A) to B] It cannot be used to
bond wood to metal. • [~ (A and B) together]
The atoms bond together to form a molecule.
bone |boʊn| n |C| suyak • The dog was gnawing at a bone. • Be careful when you’re eating fish-they have lots of little bones.
bonfire |ˈbɑːnfaɪər| n gulxan, tashqarida
yoqilgan olov • There will be a bonfire and a
firework display.
bonnet |ˈbɑːnət| n 1 mashina kapoti • He
lifted up the bonnet and looked at the steam
pouring out of the engine. • I’ll need to check
under the bonnet. 2 bo‘yinga ipi bog‘lanadigan shlyapa • The child hit the bonnet and
was flung through the air.
bonus |ˈboʊnəs| n (pl -es) 1 bonus, qo‘shimcha (pul) = gift, present, reward • Sales staff
earn a bonus if they sell more than their
target. • Long-term savers qualify for a cash
bonus. 2 yaxshi, foyda = benefit,­advantage
(inf) plus ≠ disadvantage • I love the job, and
it’s an added bonus that it’s so close to home.
book ★ |bʊk| n kitob • I’m reading a book
about/on the history of London. • He wrote
a book about butterflies. • hardback/paperback books • reference/children’s/library
books • an exercise book • a notebook ■ v
buyurtma bermoq, oldindan band qilmoq •
We have booked a table for tomorrow evening. • The performance is booked up. • I’m
sorry — we’re fully booked. • I’ve booked you
on the 10 o’clock flight. ► book or reserve?
→ reservev
booking |ˈbʊkɪŋ| n |C,U| (asosan, BrEda)
buyurtma berish, band qilish • Can I make
a booking for Friday? • Early booking is recommended. • We can’t take any more bookings.
booklet |ˈbʊklət| n broshyura, kitobcha,
risola • I had to refer to the instruction booklet. • a booklet of tickets/vouchers/coupons
boom |buːm| n 1 birdan o‘sish • [~ in sth]
This year has seen a boom in book sales. • a
property/housing boom 2 paqqillash, portlash (ovozi) • There was such a loud boom
that everyone jumped. ■ v 1 jadallik bilan
o‘smoq, rivojlanmoq = flourish­ • Business
was booming, and money wasn’t a problem. • Tourism on the island has boomed. 2
qichqirmoq, baqirmoq • [~ speech] “Get out
of my sight!” he boomed. • [~ (out)] A voice
63
boomed out from the darkness. • He had a
booming voice.
boost |buːst| v kengaytirmoq, oshirmoq,
ko‘paytirmoq, kuchaytirmoq = uplift, improve, increase ≠ decrease • to boost exports/profits • The movie helped boost her
screen career. • The win boosted the team’s
confidence. ■ n (odatda, birlikda ishlatiladi)
o‘sish, yuksalish, yaxshilash = uplift, lift,
increase ≠ decrease • a great/tremendous/
welcome boost • Add a little more vanilla, to
give the flavor a boost.
boot |buːt| n etik • walking boots
• ankle boots • She wore black leather ankle
boots.
border ★ |ˈbɔːrdər| n 1 chegara = frontier, boundary • You can’t cross the border
without a passport. • The train crosses the
border between France and Spain. • He was
questioned by the border guards. • The two
countries have had frequent border disputes.
• a border town/state ► border, line or
boundary? Border deyilganda ikki hudud
orasidagi muayyan, mavjud bo‘lgan chegara tushuniladi: • The police couldn’t arrest
him because he’d fled across the state border. Britaniyada boundary davlatlarni ajratsa, Amerikada esa ko‘pincha line ajratadi.
Bundan tashqari boundary deganda yana
odamlar tomonidan qo‘yilgan, ko‘zga
ko‘rinmas chegara ham tushuniladi: • The
teacher must set clear boundaries. (... clear
lines/borders.) • There should be a boundary between teacher and students. 2 hoshiya, ramka • I don’t like the pink border on
the scarf. ■ v chegaralamoq, o‘ramoq • The
canal is bordered by poplar trees. • The fields
are bordered by tall trees.
bore |bɔːr| v zeriktirmoq, zeriktirib qo‘ymoq
• I’m not boring you, am I? • [~ sb with sth]
Has he been boring you with his stories
about his trip?
bored ★ |bɔːrd| adj be ~ zerikmoq = fed up,
sick of sth ≠ interested • He is clearly bored
with his job. • [~ with sb/sth] The children
quickly got bored with staying indoors. [~
with/of doing sth] • He was getting bored
with/of doing the same thing every day. •
She was alone all day and bored to death.
• I was bored stiff (=o‘lguday zerikkandim)
with my project.
boring ★ |ˈbɔːrɪŋ| adj zerikarli = dull, tedious ≠ interesting • Our maths teacher is
so boring! • She found her job boring. • The
film was so boring I fell asleep.
born |bɔːrn| v be ~ (majhul nisbatda by predlogisiz ishlatiladi) (abbr b.) tug‘ilgan, tavallud topgan • She was born in 1989. • [~ into
sth] She was born into a very musical family. • [~ of/to sb] He was born of/to German
parents. • [~ adj] Her brother was born blind.
bother
• [~ to be/do sth] Natalie was born to be a
dancer.
borrow ★ |ˈbɔːroʊ| v 1 (vaqtincha) olib
turmoq = hire ≠ lend • [~ sth] Can I borrow
your umbrella? • [~ sth from sb/sth] Members can borrow up to ten books from the
library at any one time. • (BrE, inf) [~ sth
off sb] I borrowed the DVD off my brother.
2 qarz olmoq = take as a loan, lease ≠ lend
• [~ sth (from sb/sth)] She borrowed £2 000
from her parents. • [~ (from sb/sth)] I don’t
like to borrow from friends. • [~ sth off sb]
(inf) I had to borrow the money off a friend.
► borrow or lend? Bu so‘zlar ko‘pincha
adashtirilib yuboriladi. Borrow “olib turmoq”­degan­ma’noni­bildiradi:­[borrow­sth­
(from sb)] • Can I borrow your pen? • Can
I borrow a pen from you? Lend esa “berib
turmoq”­ degan­ ma’noni­ bildiradi:­ [lend­ sb­
sth] • Can you lend me your pen? • Here, I’ll
lend you my pen. [lend­sth­to­sb] • Can you
lend your pen to me? • Here, I’ll lend my pen
to you.
boss |bɑːs| n boshliq, xo‘jayin = head, chief
• If you want a day off, ask the boss. • I left
because I didn’t get on with my boss. • I like
being my own boss.
both ★ |boʊθ| det, pron 1 ikkala • Both my
parents are teachers. • We were both tired. •
Both of us were tired. • Both the women were
French. • Both of the women were French. •
I talked to the women. Both of them were
French/They were both French. • I have two
sisters. Both of them live in London/They
both live in London. • Both (my) sisters live in
London. • I’m talking to both of you. • They
have two grown children, both of whom live
abroad. • Would you like milk or sugar or
both? ► both, neither or either? Both olmoshi faqat darak yoki so‘roq gaplarda ishlatiladi: • Both of the companies spend too
much on advertising. • Do you know both of
them? Inkor gaplarda esa both olmoshidan
emas, odatda, neither yoki either olmoshlaridan foydalaniladi: • Neither of the companies spend too much on advertising. or Either of the companies don’t spend too much
on advertising. (Both of the companies don’t
spend too much on advertising.) Neither va
either so‘zlari haqida ko‘proq ma’lumotlarni ushbu so‘zlar tarkibidan topishingiz
mumkin. 2 both… and… … ham …ham •
Both his mother and his father will be there.
• For this job you will need a good knowledge
of both Italian and Spanish.
bother ★ |ˈbɑːðər| v 1 ovora bo‘lmoq/qilmoq, bezovta bo‘lmoq/qilmoq, tashvishlanmoq • “Shall I wait?” “No, don’t bother”. •
He won’t come, so why bother inviting him?
• It bothers me that everyone is so lazy. • [~
with/about sth] It’s not worth bothering
with an umbrella — the car’s just outside.
B
bottle
B
• Don’t bother to come with me to the station - I can find my way easily. • He doesn’t
bother much about his appearance. 2 g‘ashiga tegmoq, o‘ylantirmoq, bezovta qilmoq =
worry, trouble • Are the children bothering
you? • Stop bothering me - I’m trying to read.
• Let me know if he bothers you again. • That
ankle is still bothering her (=og‘rityapti). •
“I’m sorry he was so rude to you.” “It doesn’t
bother me.” • [~ sb with sth] I don’t want to
bother her with my problems at the moment.
• [be bothered about sth] You don’t sound
too bothered about it. • [~ sb that…] Does
it bother you that she earns more than you?
• [it bothers sb to do sth] It bothers me to
think of her alone in that big house. • Sorry
to bother you, but there’s a call for you. ►
bother, disturb or interrupt? Interrupt
odatda, suhbat yoki gap bo‘linganda ishlatiladi: • He tried to speak, but she interrupted
him; Bezovta qilish ma’nosida esa bother
yoki disturb fe’llaridan foydalaniladi: • I
don’t know why he bothers me with this
kind of rubbish. • I didn’t want to disturb
you but you looked worried. Lekin baland
ovoz yoki musiqa bilan bezovta qilinganda
faqat disturb fe’lidan foydalaniladi: • I am
disturbed by the noise. ■ n ovora(garchilik),
qiyinchilik, bezovta(lik) = disturb, trouble,
inconvenience • I can take you - it’s really
no bother. • We found the shop without any
bother. • I don’t want to put you to any bother. • I should have phoned the shop first and
saved myself the bother of going there.
bottle |ˈbɑːtl| n |C| butilka, shisha idish =
carafe,­flask­• a wine/beer/milk bottle • Put
the top back on the bottle. • He opened two
bottles of red wine. • He bought his wife a
bottle of perfume.
bottom ★ |ˈbɑːtəm| n 1 |C|, (odatda, birlikda ishlatiladi) tubi, eng tagi, pastki qismi =
foot, lowest part, base ≠ top • The ship sank
to the bottom of the sea. • Is there any honey
left in the bottom of the jar? • Footnotes are
given at the bottom of each page. • I found
some coins at the bottom of my bag. ► bottom or foot? Foot ishlatilish qamrovi bottom so‘zidan ko‘ra kichikroq hisoblanadi. U,
asosan, badiiy tarzda va tree, hill/mountain,
steps/stairs va page kabi narsalargagina
ishlatiladi xolos: • David called to the children from the foot of the stairs. • Complete
the form at the foot of the page; Bottom esa
yuqoridagi so‘zlar bilan bir qatorda boshqa
narsalarning tubiga va tagiga nisbatan ham
ishlatilishi mumkin: • He sat at the bottom
of the stairs. • Answers can be found at the
bottom of page 8. • The liner plunged to the
bottom of the sea. (... foot of the sea.) Lekin
“oyoq tomoni” ma’nosida esa faqat foot
so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • Friends stood at the
foot of the bed, looking at her with serious
64
faces. (... the bottom of the bed ...) 2 oxiri(da/-ga) • Go down to the bottom of the street
and you will see the station on your left.
• There was a stream at the bottom of the
garden. • I was always bottom of the class
in math. 3 orqa, ket = backside • Does my
bottom look big in these trousers? ■ adj eng
pastki = lowest • The jam is on the bottom
shelf. • He was standing on the bottom rung
of the ladder. ● get to the bottom of sth
oxiriga yetmoq • I won’t rest until I’ve got to
the bottom of this! • She was determined to
get to the bottom of what went wrong.
bounce |baʊns| v sapchip sakra(t)moq/
qaytmoq • The ball bounced down the stairs.
• [~ off sth] The kids have been bouncing off
the walls all day. • [~ sth (against/on/off
sth)] She bounced the ball against the wall.
■ n |C| sapchip sakrash/qaytish = bound,
leap • He hit the ball on the second bounce.
bound |baʊnd| adj 1 (bo‘lishi) aniq, kutilgan
= certain, sure, very likely [~ to do/be sth]
• They are bound to be late. • You’ve done so
much work — you’re bound to pass the exam.
• It was bound to happen sooner or later. ►
Bound to, asosan, og‘zaki nutqda ishlatiladi.
Yozma va rasmiy ingliz tilida uning o‘rniga,
odatda, certain to, it is inevitable that birikmalaridan foydalaniladi: • It is inevitable
that mistakes will happen. 2 majbur, burch
= obliged • He felt bound to help her. • You
are bound by the contract to pay before the
end of the month. 3 bog‘langan, bog‘lanib
qolgan = tied up • The burglars left him
bound hand and foot. • He’s too bound up
in his work. • From that moment my life became inextricably bound up with hers.
boundary |ˈbaʊndri| n (pl -ies) chegara,
cheklov = border, frontier • The white fence
marks the boundary between the two gardens. • Akbar extended the boundaries of
his empire in the north and to the south. ►
boundary, line or border? → border
bow |baʊ| v 1 ta’zim qilmoq, hurmat bajo
keltirmoq • [~ (to/before sb/sth)] He bowed
low to the assembled crowd. • [~ down (to/
before sb/sth)] The people all bowed down
before the Emperor. 2 bosh egmoq • She
bowed her head over her books. • They stood
in silence with their heads bowed. ■ n 1
ta’zim, egilish, bukilish = incline the body •
He made a deep bow to the audience. • The
actors took their bows one after the other. 2
kamon, yoy • He was armed with a bow and
arrow. 3 bantik = loop, knot, ribbon • The
dress was decorated with bows and ribbons.
• Can you tie a bow?
bowl |boʊl| n |C| kosa, lagan • Put the egg
whites in a bowl and beat them. • He was
eating a bowl of rice.
box ★ |bɑːks| n |C| quti = carton, pack
• The cakes came in a cardboard box. • He
65
gave her a box of chocolates (=bir plitka
shokolad) for her birthday. ■ v boks tushmoq • He learnt to box at a gym in the East
End.
boxing |ˈbɑːksɪŋ| n |U| boks • He does boxing
in his spare time.
boy ★ |bɔɪ| n 1 (o‘g‘il) bola = child, lad ≠ girl
• I knew him when he was a little/small/
young boy. • The older boys at school used
to tease him. • Be a good boy and get me my
coat. • Come on, Timmy, act like a big boy
now. 2 o‘g‘il = son • They have two boys and
a girl. • Her eldest boy is at college. ■ excl
(inf, asosan, AmEda) hayratlanish, rohat,
og‘riq va boshqa hissiyotlarni ifodalashda
ishlatiladi. • Oh boy! That’s great! • Boy, it
hurts! • Boy, am I glad to see you!
brain |breɪn| n 1 miya = mind, head • She
died of a brain tumour. • The human brain
is divided into two halves. 2 aql, zehn = intelligence, intellect, wits • Come on, use your
brain, John. • He’s good-looking, and he’s got
brains. ● have sth on the brain­ fikr-u­
xayoli ...-da bo‘lmoq • You’ve got cars on the
brain. Can’t we talk about something else for
a change?
brake |breɪk| n tormoz • Put the brake on
when you go down a hill. • The brakes aren’t
working! ■ v (ulovni) to‘xtatmoq, tormozni
bosmoq • The driver of the little white van
braked, but too late to avoid the dog.
branch |bræntʃ| n 1 shox, shabba • He hit his
head against a low branch. • The topmost
branches were full of birds. 2­shaxobcha,­filial = office­• The bank has branches all over
the country. • Take the forms into your local
branch office. • They’re planning to open a
branch in St. Louis next year. 3 qism, soha
= division, department, part • Genetics is a
branch of biology. • I’m not in contact with
the Irish branch of my family. • the branch
of computer science known as “artificial intelligence”
brand |brænd| n firma­ (nomi), brend, ishlab chiqaruvchi = make, model, label • a
well-known brand of soap • Which brand of
toothpaste do you use? • We stock all leading
brands. ■ v yomon nom chiqarmoq, yomon
otliq qilmoq/bo‘lmoq • [~ sb as sth] He was
branded as a thief. • [~ sb + n/adj] The newspapers publicly branded the minister a liar.
brand-new adj yap-yangi, ishlatilmagan •
She bought her car brand new. • His clothes
looked brand-new.
brave |breɪv| adj dovyurak, jasur, botir; botina oladigan, jur’atli = courageous, heroic,
daring ≠ cowardly • Be brave! • I wasn’t
brave enough to tell her what I thought of
her. • It was very brave of him to dive into
the river to rescue the little girl. • She died
after a brave fight against cancer. • He felt
break
homesick, but made a brave attempt to appear cheerful.
bravery |ˈbreɪvəri| n |U| mardlik, dovyuraklik = courage (inf) guts, balls • They were
awarded medals for their bravery. ► bravery or courage? → courage
breach |briːtʃ| n |C,U| (fml) qonun yoki
shartnomani buzish, shartlarini buzish =
contravention, violation • He was sued for
breach of contract/copyright/warranty. •
They are in breach of Article 119.
bread ★ |bred| n |U| 1 non • a loaf/slice/
piece of bread • white/brown/wholemeal
bread • Can you get a loaf of bread from the
baker’s? • She cut thin slices of bread for
sandwiches. • This bread is fresh. • Do you
bake your own bread? 2 tirikchilik, non topish • Writing is my bread and butter. • He
earns his daily bread as a tourist guide.
break ★ |breɪk| v (broke |broʊk| broken
|ˈbroʊkən|) 1 sin(dir)moq, bo‘l(in)moq, parchala(n)moq = crack, fracture, snap ≠ mend
• [~ in/into sth] She dropped the plate and it
broke into pieces. • She fell off a ladder and
broke her arm. • [~ sth in/into sth] He broke
the chocolate in two. • He broke my heart
when he left me. • They could not break
her spirit. 2 buz(il)moq, ishdan chiqmoq,
buzilib qolmoq = stop working • The clock
fell on the floor and broke. • My watch has
broken. • I left London when my marriage
broke down. • She had broken the world 100
metres record. 3 aloqalarni uzmoq • Negotiations between the two sides have broken
down. • The US has now broken all diplomatic links with the regime. 4 (qonun-qoida
yoki bitimni) buzmoq = breach, infringe,
violate ≠ abide by, keep • to break the law/
rules/conditions • to break an agreement/a
contract/a promise/your word • to break
an appointment • The company has broken
its agreement. • He was breaking the speed
limit. 5 tanaffus olmoq = stop, pause ≠ resume • [~ (for sth)] Let’s break for lunch.
• We broke our journey in Oxford. 6 (biror
holatni) bo‘lmoq, buzmoq, to‘xtatmoq • She
broke the silence by coughing. • This new
drug helps smokers to break their habit. 7
qochmoq [~ free (from sb/sth)] • He finally
managed to break free from his attacker. •
The prisoner broke away from his guards.
● break down ★ 1 buzilib qolmoq • The
lift has broken down again. • The car broke
down and we had to push it. • We (=Bizning
mashinamiz) broke down on the freeway.
2 alohida qilmoq • Can you break down
this invoice into travel costs and extras? 3
yig‘lab yubormoq, yorilmoq, hissiyotlarga
berilmoq • When she got her results she
just broke down. • He broke down and wept
when he heard the news. 4 bo‘lmoq, parchalamoq • Enzymes break down the food.
B
breakdown
B
5 buzilmoq, uzilmoq • Their relationship
quickly broke down when he lost his job.
break sth ↔ down zarb bilan buzmoq/
yiqitmoq = knock down • Firefighters had
to break the door down to reach the people trapped inside. break in/into sth 1
bostirib/buzib kirmoq, (o‘g‘irlash uchun)
kirmoq • Burglars broke into the office
during the night. • Her house was broken
into last week. 2 suqilmoq = interrupt • I’m
sorry to break in, but I need to speak to Mr
McGregor urgently. 3 birdan boshlamoq •
When they saw the photos, they broke into
laughter. break it | break the news to
sb yomon xabar aytmoq • We will have to
break it to her as gently as possible. break it
off aloqa/rishtalarni (b)uzmoq = end a relationship • They were going to get married,
but she broke it off. break off 1 bo‘lmoq •
He broke a piece off his pie and gave it to the
dog. 2 uzilib tushmoq • The handle broke off
the cup in the dishwasher. • Several branches
broke off in the wind. break out 1 urush/
yong‘in boshlanmoq • Fighting had broken
out between rival groups of fans. • Fire broke
out during the night. 2 qochmoq • Three
prisoners broke out of jail. break sth ↔
off uzmoq, tugatmoq • Britain threatened
to break off diplomatic relations. • They’ve
broken off their engagement. break up ★
1 parchala(n)moq, bo‘l(in)moq • The ship
broke up on the rocks. • The company has
been broken up and sold off. ► break up,
split or divide? → divide 2 tuga(t)moq =
end,­finish­• The meeting broke up at 3 p.m.
• I don’t want to break up the party but I
have to go now. 3 (aloqa, rishta) tuga(t)moq,
ajrashmoq = split up, separate • Their marriage has broken up. • [~ with sb] She’s just
broken up with her boyfriend. ■ n tanaffus,
to‘xtash, uzilish • There will be a 15-minute
break in the middle of the meeting. • a coffee/lunch/tea break • Let’s take a break. •
We’ll take a break now, and start again in
fifteen minutes. • They worked without a
break. • More news after the break. • a wellearned break
breakdown |ˈbreɪkdaʊn| n |C,U| buzilish,
uzilish, to‘xtash = failure, collapse • We had
a breakdown on the motorway. • The breakdown of the negotiations was unexpected. •
She moved to London after the breakdown of
her marriage.
breakfast ★ |ˈbrekfəst| n |C,U| nonushta •
What did you have for breakfast this morning? • After a big/light breakfast, we set out
for a hike. • She doesn’t eat much breakfast.
• The hotel serves breakfast from 7.30 to
9.30 every day.
breakthrough |ˈbreɪkθruː| n muhim o‘sish,
keskin burilish = advance, development ≠
setback • to make/achieve a breakthrough
66
• a significant breakthrough in negotiations
• The new deal represents a major breakthrough for the company.
breath |breθ| n 1 |U| nafas, nafas olish • We
could see our breath in the cold air. • His
breath smelt of garlic. • I had to stop running
to catch my breath. • She was very short of
breath. 2 nafas, dam • We’ll get a breath of
fresh air at lunchtime. • The doctor told me to
take a deep breath. ► breath or breathe?
Ularni adashtirib yubormang, breath (nafas) ot; breathe esa (nafas olmoq) fe’l hisoblanadi: • Take a deep breath and then
breathe out when I tell you. ● don’t hold
your breath ishonma, umid qilma • He said
he’ll pay us next month, but don’t hold your
breath! • She said she’d do it this week, but
don’t hold your breath! hold your breath
1 nafas saqlamoq, nafasini chiqarmay kutmoq • She held her breath under water for
a minute. • He held his breath while the results were read out. 2 hayajonlanmoq • He
held his breath while the results were read
out. out of breath | gasping for breath
hansiramoq, nafas yetmaslik • He was out of
breath after running all the way. • We were
out of breath after only five minutes. take
sb’s breath away hayratda qol(dir)moq =
surprise • The beauty of the Taj Mahal took
my breath away. • My first view of the island
from the air took my breath away. under
your breath ovozini chiqarmasdan = quietly • He swore under his breath.
breathe |briːð| v nafas olmoq/chiqarmoq
• Relax and breathe in and then out slowly. • He breathed deeply before speaking
again. • Most people don’t realize that they
are breathing polluted air. ► breathe or
breath? → breath
breathtaking |ˈbreθteɪkɪŋ| adj juda ajoyib, hayajonli, hayratlanarli = spectacular,
magnificent,­ wonderful (inf) sensational
• The view from the top of the mountain is
breathtaking. • He spoke with breathtaking
arrogance.
breed |briːd| v (bred, bred |bred|) 1 urchimoq, bolalamoq, ko‘paymoq = reproduce •
Rabbits breed very rapidly. • The blackbird,
like most birds, breeds in the spring. 2 boqmoq, oziqlantirmoq, parvarish qilmoq =
bring up • [~ sth (for/as sth)] They breed
sheep for the meat and the wool. • His main
income comes from breeding cattle. ■ n boqiladigan hayvon = variety, stock • a breed
of dog/cat/horse/sheep/cattle
breeze |briːz| n |C| shabada = gentle wind •
A cool breeze is welcome on a hot day like
this. • The flowers were gently swaying in the
breeze.
bribe |braɪb| n pora = buy/pay off, inducement • He was accused of accepting/taking
bribes from wealthy businessmen. ■ v pora
67
bermoq • They were found guilty of trying to
bribe officials. • They tried to bribe the judge
to find their brother not guilty.
bribery |ˈbraɪbəri| n |U| poraxo‘rlik, pora
berish • She was arrested on bribery
charges. • He was found guilty of bribery
and corruption.
brick |brɪk| n |C,U| g‘isht • The school is built
of brick. • a pile of bricks • a brick wall • He
laid every brick himself.
bride |braɪd| n kelin,­rafiqa = wife • The bride
and groom posed for pictures outside the
church. • The bride looked radiant in an ivory gown.
bridge ★ |brɪdʒ| n |C| 1 ko‘prik • We crossed
the bridge over the river. • Go over the bridge
and then turn right. 2 bo‘glovchi aloqa, rishta • The book serves as a bridge between ancient wisdom and modern science. • Cultural
exchanges are a way of building bridges between countries.
brief ★ |briːf| adj qisqa = short, quick • The
meeting was very brief. • He wrote a brief
note of thanks. • Mozart’s life was brief. •
a brief visit/meeting/conversation • a brief
pause/silence • a brief description/summary/account • Please be brief. ► brief
or short? Brief ko‘pincha a look, glance,
glimpse, smile, sigh kabi ko‘rish va ko‘rinishni ifodalaydigan so‘zlar bilan ishlatiladi: • She once made a brief appearance
on television; Short esa asosan books, lists,
projects kabi aslida uzun, lekin qisqartirilgan, kam vaqt oladigan narsalarga nisbatan
ishlatiladi: • This is a short note to say thank
you. • They were performing a short extract
from Shakespeare’s Two Gentlemen of Verona. Short og‘zaki nutqda va norasmiy ingliz
tilida ko‘p foydalaniladi. Lekin “qisqa va
lo‘nda” ma’nosida faqat brief so‘zidan foydalaniladi, short esa faqat “qisqa” degan
ma’noni beradi xolos: • Write a very brief
description of a typical problem. (Write a
very short description ...) • Please be brief.
(... be short) ● in brief qisqasi, qisqacha
qilib aytganda = in a few words • In brief,
the meeting was a disaster. • Now the rest of
the news in brief.
briefcase |ˈbriːfkeɪs| n chemodon, portfel =
case • He wore a suit and carried a briefcase.
briefly |ˈbriːfli| adv 1 oz muddat, ozgina vaqt
= for a moment • We chatted briefly about
the weather. • She met John briefly on Friday night. 2 qisqacha, qisqasi = in short,
in brief • Let me tell you briefly what happened. • Briefly, the company needs to cut its
expenditure.
bright ★ |braɪt| adj 1 yorug‘, charog‘on
= shining, brilliant, sunny ≠ dull, dark • a
bright day • bright sunshine • The rooms
were bright and airy. • A bright star was
shining in the East. 2 (rangga) quyuq, tim =
bring
brilliant, bold, strong • Leslie always wears
bright colours. • Jack’s face turned bright
red. ► bright or bold? Bold “ko‘zga tashlanadigan” ma’nosini beradi va ranglardan
tashqari boshqa narsalarga ham ishlatilishi
mumkin: • The design is pretty startling and
very boldly coloured. • We came across a
coat with bold polka dots. • There were bold
flowers in various shades of red, blue and
white; Bright so‘zi esa “tim” degan ma’noni
anglatadi va asosan, yorqin ranglarni ifodalab keladi: • The leaves turned into bright
green colour. • She had a bright red dress on
her. 3 kelajagi porloq/bor, aqlli = clever, intelligent, promising • Both children are very
bright. • She’s the brightest student we’ve
had for many years. • Do you have any bright
ideas. • This young musician has a bright future. 4 (ob-havoga) ochiq, clear and sunny
• There will be bright periods during the
afternoon. 5­kayfiyati­yaxshi,­juda­xursand
= happy, cheerful, lively • She gave me a
bright smile. • Why are you so bright and
cheerful today? • His eyes were bright and
excited. ► bright or cheerful? → cheerful
brightly |ˈbraɪtli| adv 1 yorug‘, charog‘on
• A children’s book with brightly painted pictures. • The streets were brightly lit
for Christmas. 2 ochiq yuz bilan, xursand
bo‘lib = cheerfully • She smiled brightly as
she went into the hospital. • “Hi!” she called
brightly.
brilliant ★ |ˈbrɪliənt| adj 1 juda aqlli, dono
= bright, intelligent, clever ≠ stupid • He’s
the most brilliant student of his year. • What
a brilliant idea! • a brilliant performance/
invention 2 ko‘zni qamashtiradigan, yorqin
= very bright • She closed her eyes against
the brilliant light. • We sat outside in the
brilliant sunshine. 3 (inf) juda yaxshi, ajoyib, muvaffaqiyatli = very good; excellent
• The film was absolutely brilliant. • The
project was a brilliant success. • “How was
it?” “Brilliant!” • He had a long and brilliant
career. ■ adv brilliantly • The plan worked
brilliantly. • It was brilliantly sunny.
bring ★ |brɪŋ| v (brought, brought |brɔːt|) 1
olib kelmoq = carry, fetch • [~ sb/sth (with
you)] Don’t forget to bring your books with
you. • “Shall I bring anything to the party?”
“Oh, just a bottle.” • [~ sb/sth to sth] She
brought her boyfriend to the party. • [~ (sb/
sth) in] Can you help me bring in (=ichkariga olib kirishga) the shopping? • The police
brought several men in for questioning. • [~
sth for sb] Bring a present for Helen. • [~
sb sth] Bring Helen a present. • Bring me
that knife/Bring that knife to me. ► bring,
fetch, take or get? Bu so‘zlar bir-biriga
ma’no jihatdan o‘xshasa-da, vaziyatga qarab
bir-biridan farq qiladi. Bring “olib kelmoq”,
take “olib bormoq”, fetch esa “borib olib kel-
B
brink
B
moq” degan ma’noni, ya’ni ikki tomonlama
harakatni ifodalaydi. Solishtiring: • Bring it
to London (=Uni Londonga olib kel). • Take
it to London (=Uni Londonga olib bor). •
Fetch it from London (=uni Londonga borib
olib kel). Boshqa misollar: • Bring the photos when you come to visit me. (Take/Fetch
the photos ...) • I’ll take the photos to your
house tonight. (I’ll bring/fetch the photos
...) • Fetch the photos from the kitchen, will
you? (=Oshxonaga borib rasmlarni olib kel,
xo‘pmi?) (Bring/take the photos ...); Get esa
olib kelmoq yoki borib olib kelmoq ma’nolarida, ya’ni bring va fetch so‘zlari o‘rniga ishlatilishi mumkin. 2 sabab bo‘lmoq,
olib kelmoq/bormoq • His writing brings
him $10 000 a year. • Hello Simon! What
brings you here? • The news brought tears
to his eyes. • The revolution brought many
changes. 3 biror holatga olib kelmoq/bormoq, o‘zgartirmoq • She suddenly brought
the interview to an end. • Bring the water
to the boil. • Mismanagement had brought
the company to the brink of bankruptcy. •
Her tragic story brought tears to my eyes.
● bring sth about/on sabab bo‘lmoq =
cause • What brought about the change in
his attitude? • Stress can bring on an asthma attack. • What’s brought this on? Have
I upset you somehow? bring sb/sth back
1 qaytarib bermoq, qaytishda olib kelmoq
• Please bring back all library books by the
end of the week. • He brought me in his car. •
Don’t forget to bring something back for the
kids. 2 eslatmoq = remind sb of • The trip
brought back a lot of happy memories. bring
sth ↔ down kamaytirmoq, pasaytirmoq =
reduce • We aim to bring down prices on
all our computers. • They’ve really brought
down the price of DVD players. bring sth
forward ko‘chirmoq, surmoq • The meeting
has been brought forward from 10 May to 3
May. • The elections were brought forward
by three months. bring in sth foyda keltirmoq/olib kelmoq = earn, make • His freelance work brings (him) in about $20 000 a
year. ► bring in sth, make, get or earn? →
make bring sth ↔ off muvaffaq bo‘lmoq,
uddasidan chiqmoq = pull off • It was a difficult task but we brought it off. • The goalie
brought off a superb save. bring sth ↔ out
1 ko‘rsatmoq, oshkor qilmoq = propose,
suggest • Alcohol just brings out the worst
in her. • The seasoning really brings out the
flavour of the meat. 2 chiqarmoq, taqdim
etmoq • The band have just brought out
their second album. • They keep bringing
out smaller phones. bring sb ↔ up o‘stirmoq, voyaga yetkizmoq, katta qilmoq, tarbiyalamoq = raise • He was born in the USA
but brought up in England. • She brought
up five children. • a well/badly brought up
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child • [~ to do sth] They were brought up
to (=qilib tarbiyalangan) respect authority. •
[~ n] I was brought up a Catholic. ► bring
up or educate? → educate1 bring sth ↔
up (masala/savolni) ko‘tarmoq, o‘rtaga
tashlamoq, haqida gap boshlamoq = raise,
mention • He brought up the question of the
noise. • She’s always bringing up her health
problems.
brink |brɪŋk| n sl ● on the brink of (doing)
sth arafasida, yoqasida = edge, verge • The
company is on the brink of collapse. • Scientists are on the brink of making a major new
discovery.
British |ˈbrɪtɪʃ| adj Britaniya…, britaniyalik
• a British citizen • the British army • The
ship was flying a British flag. • He was born
in France but his parents are British. • British-based/British-born/British-made
broad ★ |brɔːd| adj 1 keng = wide ≠ narrow • a broad river • a broad street/avenue/river • The room is three metres long
and two metres broad. • Abby came in with a
broad smile on her face. ► broad or wide?
Kundalik hayotda joylarga nisbatan, odatda, broad o‘rniga ko‘pincha wide so‘zidan
foydalaniladi: • a wide river/room/street/
corridor • The car is too wide for the garage.
Lekin biror narsaning kengligi maftunkor,
jozibali, o‘ziga tortadigan, ya’ni badiiy tarzda ta’rif berilganda, odatda, broad so‘zidan
foydalaniladi: • Across the broad valley, the
mountains rose blue and mysterious. • a
broad avenue lined with trees. Broad biror
narsaning ta’sir doirasining, qamrovining
kengligiga ham ishlatilishi mumkin: • have
a broad appeal • attract broad support •
broad agreement • broad-minded • broad
daylight. Wide bu ma’noda, asosan, range
so‘zi bilan keladi: • They sell a wide range
of bikes. Broad yana fan-ta’lim, biznes va
tajribalarga ham ishlatiladi: • a broad curriculum • broad experience/knowledge;
Tana a’zolariga ham, odatda, wide dan
emas, broad sifatidan foydalaniladi: • a
broad back/chest/face/forehead/shoulders
2 keng qamrovli/miqyosidagi, turli xil =
wide, general, extensive ≠ limited, detailed
• I meet a broad range of people in my job. •
There is broad support for the government’s
policies. • Computer viruses fall into three
broad categories.
broadcast |ˈbrɔːdkæst| v (broadcast,
broadcast or broadcast, broadcasted)­efirga uzatmoq = transmit • The concert will be
broadcast live tomorrow evening. • Most of
the programmes are broadcast in English. •
(fig) I’m leaving but please don’t broadcast
(=ovoza qilma) the fact.
broaden |ˈbrɔːdn| v kengay(tir)moq = widen, expand, stretch (out) • Her smile broadened. • They are broadening the bridge to
69
speed up the flow of traffic. • I’d like to work
abroad to broaden my horizons (=dunyoqarashimni/imkoniyatlarimni kengaytirish
uchun).
broadly |ˈbrɔːdli| adv 1 keng qamrovda,
umuman olganda • Broadly speaking, I
agree with you. • The proposal was broadly welcomed by teachers. 2 keng, katta •
Charles grinned broadly. • He winked broadly at Lucinda.
brochure |broʊˈʃʊr| n |C| broshyura = booklet,­pamphlet,­leaflet­• Send for a free colour
brochure today! • The college produces a
glossy brochure to advertise its training
courses.
broke1 |broʊk| the past tense of break
broke2 |broʊk| adj (inf) pulsiz, nochor (inf)
= penniless, moneyless, bankrupt • I’m always broke by the end of the month. • I can’t
afford to go on holiday this year - I’m flat/
stony broke at the moment.
broken ★ |ˈbroʊkən| adj 1 singan, parchalangan = smashed, shattered, fragmented ≠
whole • She tried to mend the broken vase. •
How did this dish get broken? • He attacked
the man with a broken bottle. 2 buzuq, ishlamaydi = inoperative, not working faulty,
defective, out of order ≠­ working,­ fixed­ •
We can’t use the lift because it’s broken. •
The TV’s broken. 3 (aloqalar va axloqqa nisbatan) buzilgan, barbod bo‘lgan • a broken
marriage/engagement • She comes from a
broken home. • He was a broken man after
his wife died.
broker |ˈbroʊkər| n dallol, broker = dealer,
agent • He acted as broker between the two
opposing sides. • a commodity/insurance/
mortgage broker
bronze |brɑːnz| n |U| bronza • She got a
bronze in the long jump.
broom |bruːm| n |C| (uzun sopli katta) supurgi • Grab a broom and let’s clean up.
brother ★ |ˈbrʌðər| n 1 aka, uka, og‘a =
sibling (inf) bro, sib • We’re brothers. • He’s
my brother. • an older/younger brother • a
twin brother • Does she have any brothers
and sisters? • He was like a brother to me.
2 brodar, og‘a-ini • We must work together,
brothers! • He was greatly respected by his
brother officers.
brown |braʊn| adj
1 jigarrang = hazel, chocolate-colored • She
has brown hair and blue eyes. • It’s autumn
and the leaves are turning brown. 2 zagar
olgan, toblangan • He’s very brown - he must
have been sitting in the sun. • After the summer in Spain, the children were brown as
berries.
browse |braʊz| v 1 aylanmoq, sang‘ib yurmoq = look around, window-shop, scan
(through) • She browsed the shelves for
something interesting to read. • [~ (through)
bug
sth] I found the article while I was browsing
through some old magazines. 2 (internetda)
ma’lumot qidirmoq • Try browsing around
in the network bulletin boards.
brush |brʌʃ| n |C| cho‘tka • a paintbrush • a
toothbrush • a dustpan and brush • You need
a stiff brush to get the mud off your shoes. •
He was painting the front of the house with a
large brush. ■ v cho‘tkalamoq, cho‘tka bilan
tozalamoq • Always remember to brush your
teeth before you go to bed. • He brushed the
dirt off his jacket.
brutal |ˈbruːtl| adj 1 vaxshiyona, ayovsiz,
shafqatsiz • a brutal attack/rape/killing •
He was imprisoned in 1945 for the brutal
murder of a 12-year old girl. ► brutal or
cruel? → cruel1 2 ko‘ngliga qaramasdan •
She spoke with brutal honesty - I was too old
for the job.
bubble |ˈbʌbl| n pufak, sharcha = globule,
bead • The children like to have bubbles in
their bath. • He blew bubbles in his drink.
■ v ishmoq, shishmoq = sparkle,­fizz­• The
porridge was bubbling in the pan. • Add the
white wine and let it bubble up.
buck |bʌk| n |C| (inf) AQSh dollari • They cost
ten bucks. • We’re talking big bucks here.
bucket |ˈbʌkɪt| n (AmEda, shuningdek, pail)
|C| paqir, chelak = pail, scuttle • He filled
a bucket from the tap. • They threw buckets of water on the fire. ■ v (inf) paqirlab
yog‘moq/quymoq = pour • It’s bucketing
down outside.
bud |bʌd| n g‘uncha, kurtak = sprout • It was
spring and the buds on the trees were beginning to open. • The tree is in bud already.
buddy |ˈbʌdi| n (pl -ies) (AmEda, shuningdek, bud) (inf) do‘st, oshna, og‘ayni, ulfat =
friend • “Where to, buddy?” the driver asked.
• I’d like you to meet an old college buddy
of mine. • Howard and Mick were drinking
buddies.
budget |ˈbʌdʒɪt| n |C,U| budjet, xarajatlar rejasi = fund,­ allocation,­ allowance­ financial­
plan • a monthly/an annual/a family budget
• the education/defence budget • They went
over budget. • The work was finished on time
and within budget. ■ v pulni tejamoq, to‘g‘ri
ishlatmoq = save, economize • If we budget
carefully we’ll be able to afford the trip. • [~
for sth] I’ve budgeted for two new members
of staff. • [~ sth (for sth)] Ten million francs
has been budgeted for the project. • [~ sth
(at sth)] The project has been budgeted at
ten million francs.
bug |bʌɡ| n 1 |C| (asosan, AmEda) hasharot,
qurt-qumursqa • Hang on - there’s a bug in
your hair - let me get it out for you. 2 (inf)
kasallik • I had a tummy/stomach bug last
week. ■ v (inf) asabga o‘ynamoq, g‘ashiga
tegmoq • I can’t remember his name, and it’s
B
build
B
really bugging me! • Stop bugging me! • The
song just bugs the hell/shit out of me.
build ★ |bɪld| v (built, built |bɪlt|) v 1 qurmoq,
barpo etmoq = construct, assemble, put sth
up • [~ (sth)] • They’re building a new bridge
over the river. • [~ sth of/in/from/on sth]
These old houses are built of stone (=toshdan
qurilgan). • [~ sth for sb] They had a house
built for them. • [~ sb sth] David built us a
shed in the back yard. • He’s building his own
computer. • We’re having new wardrobes
built in. 2 barpo qilmoq, vujudga keltirmoq
= make, create, form [~ up] • He built his
business from scratch. • We’ve built up good
relationships with our clients. • We want to
build a better future for our children. • She’s
built up a very successful business. ■ n |U,C|,
(odatda, birlikda ishlatiladi) tana tuzilishi •
She was of slim build with short, dark hair.
builder |ˈbɪldər| n quruvchi • We got a local
builder to do the work for us. • a shipbuilder
• a confidence builder
building ★ |ˈbɪldɪŋ| n 1 |C| bino, inshoot =
property, structure, premises • The flood
washed away several buildings. • His office
is on the top floor of the building. • tall/old/
historic buildings 2 |U| qurilish ishlari/jarayoni = construction, assembly ≠ demolition • The building of the tunnel has taken
many years. • There’s building work going
on next door. • building materials/costs/
regulations ► building or construction?
Construction rasmiy va termin so‘z, ya’ni sohaga oid so‘z hisoblanadi: • We are facing
the downturn in the construction industry.
(... building industry.) Building esa binolarga
nisbatan ishlatiladigan odatdagi, kundalik
so‘z hisoblanadi.
bulb |bʌlb| n lampochka • I need to change
the bulb in the table lamp.
bull |bʊl| n 1 |C| buqa • a bull neck • Bull
fights are highly ritualized by centuries of
performance. 2 safsata • If you want to believe all that bull it’s up to you.
bullet |ˈbʊlɪt| n o‘q = ball, shot • He loaded
his gun with bullets. • There were bullet
holes in the door.
bully |ˈbʊli| n (pl -ies) bezori = persecutor
• Leave him alone, you big bully! • He’s a
bully, he’s always trying to frighten smaller
children. ■ v (-ies, -ying, -ied) do‘q po‘pisa
qilmoq, qo‘rqitmoq = persecute (inf) push
around • She was bullied by the other children in school. • [~ sb into sth/into doing
sth] Don’t let anyone bully you into doing
something you don’t want to do.
bump |bʌmp| v urib olmoq = hit, crash/
smash into • Be careful not to bump your
head. • [~ into sb/sth] In the dark I bumped
into a chair. • [~ against sb/sth] The car
bumped against a tree. • [~ sth against/on
sth] I bumped my knee on the corner of the
70
desk. ● bump into sb to‘satdan uchrashib
qolmoq = meet, meet by chance, encounter,
run into • I bumped into Simon this morning.
• We bumped into Alison when we were in
London last week. ■ n 1 shish, ishiq, bo‘rtiq
= bang, crash, smash • The boat hit the
landing stage with a bump. 2 do‘m, do‘mpalik = hump • Drive slowly, the road is full of
bumps. 3 g‘urra, shish = lump • How did you
get that bump on your forehead? • She was
covered in bumps and bruises.
bunch |bʌntʃ| n 1 |C| bog‘, shingil, to‘plam =
bouquet • a bunch of bananas/grapes, etc.
• He brought her a bunch of flowers. • He
had a bunch of keys on his belt. 2 sl ko‘p, bir
nechta/qancha many, lots of [a ~ (of sth)] • I
have a whole bunch of stuff to do this morning. • I bought a bunch of used books. 3 sl bir
guruh/to‘da odamlar = group, set • I work
with a nice bunch. • My friends are a mixed
bunch. • They’re a bunch of hooligans.
bundle |ˈbʌndl| n |C| bir o‘ram/to‘plam/
uyum = bunch, roll • a bundle of rags/papers/firewood • A bundle of clothes was all
she owned. • She left her clothes in a bundle
on the floor.
burden |ˈbɜːrdn| n 1 og‘ir yuk, tashvish =
load, weight the • to bear/carry/ease/reduce/share the burden • The little donkey
struggled under its heavy burden. • [~ (of
sth)] The burden of taxation has risen considerably. • He relieved her of her burden.
2 muammo, tashvish, boshog‘riq = strain,
care, problem • [~ (on/to sb)] Buying a
house often places a large financial burden
on young couples. • I don’t want to become a
burden to my children when I’m old.
bureau |ˈbjʊroʊ| n (pl bureaux or bureaus
|ˈbjʊroʊz|) idora, byuro = agency, service •
She had a friend in the press bureau. • The
bureau handles millions of requests each
year.
bureaucracy |bjʊˈrɑːkrəsi| n |U| (pl -ies)
byurokratiya, ma’muriyat, buyruqbozlik,
hukumat idoralari tizimi • We need to reduce paperwork and bureaucracy in the
company.
burger |ˈbɜːrɡər| n |C| gamburger = hamburger • a burger and chips • a veggieburger • Do you want some ketchup with your
burger?
burglar |ˈbɜːrɡlər| n |C| (uy va binodan o‘g‘irlovchi)­ o‘g‘ri,­ qulfbuzar = robber, housebreaker • Burglars broke into the gallery
and stole dozens of priceless paintings. • It
was brave of you to chase after the burglar.
burial |ˈberiəl| n |U,C| dafn marosimi,
ko‘mish • a burial place/mound/site • Her
body was sent home for burial. • We went
back to Ireland for my uncle’s burial.
burn ★ |bɜːrn| v (burnt |bɜːrnt|) or (burned
|bɜːrnd|) 1 yonmoq, yoqmoq • All our clothes
71
were burnt in the fire. • The hotel was burnt
to the ground last year. • Two children were
rescued from the burning car. • [~ sb/sth
+ adj] His greatest fear is of being burnt
alive . • Which fuel burns most efficiently? •
Half the candle had burnt away. • Ten people burned to death in the hotel fire. • The
house was burnt to the ground (= yonib kul
bo‘ldi). • The house burned to the ground .
2 qizimoq, isitmasi chiqmoq • Her cheeks
burned with embarrassment. • You’re burning up — have you seen a doctor? 3 kuy(dir)
moq • [~ sth] The soup’s hot. Don’t burn your
mouth. • She burnt her finger on the hot frying pan. • I can smell something burning in
the kitchen. • Sorry — I burnt the toast. • My
skin burns easily. • [~ yourself] I burned myself on the stove. • [~ with sth] to be burning
with rage/ambition/love • [~ to do sth] He
was burning to go climbing again. ● burn
sth ↔ down yonib kul bo‘lmoq/qilmoq •
The house burned down in 1895. • He tried
to burn down the school by setting fire to
papers. ■ adj burnt yongan, kuygan • burnt
toast • Your hand looks badly burnt.
burst |bɜːrst| v (burst, burst) 1 yor(il)moq,
paqqila(t)moq, portal(t)moq = split open,
explode, blow up • Did a tyre burst? • [~ sth]
Don’t burst that balloon! • If I eat any more
cake I’ll burst! 2 kuchli his qilmoq, -ligidan
yorilib ketay demoq • [~ with sth] He felt he
would burst with anger and shame. • I knew
they were bursting with curiosity but I said
nothing. • [~ to do sth] Tom was bursting
to tell everyone the news. 3 tezlik va kuch
bilan -moq, otilib -moq • He burst into the
room without knocking (=U taqqillatmasdan
xonaga otilib kirdi). • Everyone burst out
laughing. • Firefighters burst the door open
and rescued them. • “I don’t believe it!” she
burst out angrily. ● burst into sth birdaniga biror narsa boshlanmoq = break out in
• The aircraft crashed and burst into flames
(=va gulxan ichida qoldi). • She burst into
tears. • Suddenly, the group burst into laughter. • Lydia burst into song. ■ n paqqillash,
portlash = explosion • There was a burst of
gunfire and then silence. • Bursts of laughter
came from the office.
bury |ˈberi| v (-ies, -ying, -ied) ko‘mmoq = inter, lay to rest ≠ exhume • He was buried in
the local cemetery. • The dog had buried its
bone in the garden. • (fig) Their ambitions
were finally dead and buried. • [~ sb/sth]
The house was buried under ten feet of snow.
• [~ sb/sth + adj] The miners were buried
alive when the tunnel collapsed.
bus ★ |bʌs| n (pl buses, AmEda, shuningdek, busses) avtobus • a double-decker bus
(=ikki qavatli avtobus) • He goes to work by
bus. • She takes the 8 o’clock bus to school
every morning. • We missed the last bus
businessman
and had to walk home. ► bus or coach?
Umumiy avtobuslarga nisbatan bus ishlatiladi. Faqat Britaniyada yo‘lovchilarni uzoq
masofalarga eltuvchi avtobuslar coach ham
deb ataladi.
bush |bʊʃ| n |C| buta = shrub • a small bush
with red berries • a holly/rose/currant bush
• An animal was moving in the bushes.
business ★ |ˈbɪznəs| n 1 |U| tadbirkorlik,
ish, biznes = work, trade • They do a lot of
business with France. • She works in the electricity business. • business contacts/affairs/
interests • a business investment • She has
set up in business as a hairdresser. • When,
he left school, he went into business with his
brother. • They were both in the same line
of business. • Business was bad. • Business
was booming. • How’s business? • If we close
down for repairs, we’ll lose business. • to
have/start/run a business • She works in the
family business. ► “Biznes qilmoq” ma’nosida make fe’lidan emas, do fe’lidan foydalaniladi: • We have been doing business with
this company for five years. (We have been
making business ...) ► business or trade?
Trade, asosan, oldi-sotdi, savdo-sotiq ishlariga nisbatan ishlatiladi. Business esa
har qanday tadbirkorlikka va uni amalga
oshirish jarayoniga ham ishlatilishi mumkin. 2 |U| javobgarlik, ish, vazifa, tashvish =
affair, preserve, concern, matter • It is the
business of the police to protect the community. • We’ve still got some unfinished business to settle. • I’m fed up with the whole
business. 3 |U| shaxsiy/o‘zining ishi • What
she does with her life is her business. • “Are
you going out with Kate tonight?” “That’s my
business”. 4 |C| kompaniya, biznes = company • She runs a photography business. •
He runs a secondhand car business. ● get
down to business muddaoga/asosiy masalaga o‘tmoq, ishga kirishmoq • Let’s get
down to business right away — we’ll stop for
coffee later. • If the introductions are over
I’d like to get down to business. it’s none
of your business | it’s no business of
yours | mind your own business bu seni
ishing emas!, aralshma!, sening nima ishing bor = it’s nothing to do with you • My
private life is none of your business. • It’s no
business of yours who I invite to the party. •
“Who’s that girl you were with?” “Mind your
own business!” on business xizmat yuzasidan, ish bilan/bo‘yicha • The sales director
is in Holland on business. • He’s away on
business.
businessman |ˈbɪznəsmæn| |ˈbɪznəsmən|
n (pl businessmen |ˈbɪznəsmen|) tadbirkor,
ishbilarmon, biznesmen • He was a successful businessman before becoming a writer. •
I should have got a better price for the car,
but I’m not much of a businessman.
B
busy
B
busy ★ |ˈbɪzi| adj (-ier, -iest) 1 band,
mashg‘ul = occupied, engaged • Mum was
busy in the kitchen. • Are you busy tonight?
• [~ doing sth] James is busy practising for
the school concert. • I’ll be too busy to come
to the meeting. • [~ with sth/sb] Kate’s busy
with her homework. • Let’s get busy with the
clearing up. • I’ve got plenty of jobs to keep
you busy. 2 gavjum, to‘la, tirband, tiqilinch
= crowded, full • Their house is near a very
busy road. • The shops are busiest during the
week before Christmas. • Victoria is one of
London’s busiest stations. ► busy, hectic
or full? Umumiy ma’nodagi bandlikka nisbatan, asosan, busy so‘zidan foydalaniladi.
Full esa, asosan, umrga, hayotga nisbatan
ishlatiladi: • You will be successful in whatever you do and you will have a very full and
interesting life; Hectic esa juda bandlikni,
umuman vaqti yo‘qligini bildiradi: • I have
a hectic business schedule for tomorrow. 3
band, ulanishning/gaplashishning iloji yo‘q
= unavailable, engaged ≠ free • His phone’s
been busy all day. • The line is busy — I’ll
try again later. 4 ko‘p ishli, og‘ir • I’ve got a
busy week ahead of me. • Have a rest - you’ve
had a busy day.
but ★ |bət| kuchli talaffuz qilinganda |bʌt|
conj lekin, ammo, biroq = yet, nevertheless,
nonetheless, even so, however • I’d like to
go but I’m too busy. • Anna’s a highly intelligent girl, but she’s rather lazy. • His mother
won’t be there, but his father might. • I got it
wrong. It wasn’t the red one but the blue one.
• I’d asked everybody but only two people
came. • I’m sorry but I can’t stay any longer.
• But that’s not possible! ■ prep -dan boshqa, faqat = except (for), apart from, other
than, besides • Everyone was there but him.
• They had eaten nothing but apples. • I had
no choice but to sign the contract. • She’s one
of those guests who does nothing but complain. • I came last but one in the race (=oxirgidan bitta avval yetib keldim).
butcher |ˈbʊtʃər| n 1 qassob, go‘sht sotuvchi
= meat seller • Our local butcher is closing
down. 2 the butcher’s qassobxona, go‘sht
magazini • He owns the butcher’s in the
main street.
butter |ˈbʌtər| n |U| saryog‘ • Fry the mushrooms in butter. • Do you want butter or
margarine on your toast? • a packet of butter
butterfly |ˈbʌtərflaɪ| n (pl -lies) |C| kapalak
• These flowers are brightly coloured in order to attract butterflies. ● have butterflies (in your stomach) hayajonlanmoq • I
always get butterflies before an exam. • Do
you get butterflies when you have to talk to
lots of people?
button |ˈbʌtn| n 1 (kiyimdagi) tugma = fastener, stud • The wind is cold - do up the but-
72
tons on your coat. • A button’s come off my
shirt. 2 (uskunadagi) tugma = switch, key •
Press this button to call the lift. • Push the
red button to set off the alarm. • the play/
stop/rewind button
buy ★ |baɪ| v (bought, bought |bɔːt|) 1 sotib
olmoq = purchase, acquire, get ≠ sell • I
need to buy some new clothes. • She’s buying
a flat. • [~ sth from sb] I bought it from a
friend for £10. • [~ sb sth] He bought me a
new coat. • What did you buy your mother
for her birthday? • She bought herself a pair
of ski boots. • [~ sth for sb] He bought a new
coat for me. • [~ sth + adj] I bought my car
second-hand. 2 ishonmoq, laqqa tushmoq
= believe • You could say you were ill but I
don’t think they’d buy it. • “Let’s just say it
was an accident.” “He’ll never buy that.” • [~
into sth] I never bought into this idea that
you have to be thin to be attractive.
buyer |ˈbaɪər| n |C| sotib oluvchi, xaridor =
purchaser ≠ seller, vendor • Have you found
a buyer for your house? • He’s still looking
for a buyer for his house.
by ★ |baɪ| prep 1 yonida, yaqinida, yon tomonida = near, next to, beside • The house
is just by the bus stop. • Sit down here by me.
• The telephone is by the window. 2 (vaqtga nisbatan) -gacha, -ga kelib • You must be
home by eleven o’clock. • They should have
arrived by now. • Can you finish the work by
five o’clock? • I’ll have it done by tomorrow. •
By this time next week we’ll be in New York.
• By the time (that) this letter reaches you
I will have left the country. • By the time I
got to the station the train had already gone.
► by (the time) or until? → until 4 orqali,
yo‘li bilan • They travelled across Europe by
train/car. • Get in touch with the office by
phone. • We went in by the front door. • Do
you wish to be paid in cash or by cheque? •
The house is heated by gas. • [~ doing sth]
He learned English by listening to the radio.
• Switch it on by pressing this button. 5 sababli, -ning orqasidan • She caught a cold
by standing in the rain. • We were amazed
by what she told us. • I was frightened by the
noise. 6 (passive voice) tomonidan, -ning,
orqali • a painting by Van Gogh • a CD recorded by our local group • “Hamlet” is a
play by Shakespeare. • The postman was bitten by the dog. • She was knocked down by a
car. • Who’s that book by? ► by, in or with
(in passive voice)? Majhul nisbatda bu
so‘zlarning har biridan foydalanish mumkin. Ish harakat kim yoki nima tomonidan
qilinganini ifodalashda by predlogidan
foydalaniladi: • The article was written by
a university professor. (... with a university
professor) • She was hit by a truck. (... with
a truck.); With esa, asosan, (hammer, pliers,
scissors, knife, brush kabi) asbob-uskunalar,
73
aslahalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • The cake
has been divided into pieces with a knife. •
He was killed with a sword. Bundan tashqari with majhul nisbatda biror narsa bilan
to‘la yoki qoplangan narsalarga nisbatan
ham ishlatilishi mumkin: • The books were
covered with dust (... by/in dust). • Her house
is always filled with guests. Yozuv qurollari
va vositalari (pen, pencil, ink, red, blue kabi)
narsalarga nisbatan esa in predlogidan foydalaniladi: • The exam should be written in
blue. • This picture was drawn in pen. Lekin qo‘lga nisbatan doim by predlogidan
foydalaniladi: • The essay must be written
by hand. You cannot hand in the typed one.
• The crop has to be harvested by hand. 7
(o‘lchov birliklari oldidan) -lab, -bay • We
sell tomatoes by the kilo. (=kilolab) • Eggs
are sold by the dozen. • We only sell it by the
metre. • We rented the car by the day. (=kunbay) 8 (orasidagi farqni ifodalashda) farqi
bilan, …-ga/-u … -ga • They won by 4 goals
to 2 (=to‘rt-u ikkiga). • The bullet missed him
by two inches. • The room measures fifteen
feet by twenty feet. 9 (qancha miqdorga
o‘zgarganini/oshganini/tushganini aytganda) -ga • House prices went up by 10%. •
Owen broke the world record by 2.4 seconds.
10 -ga ko‘ra/asosan • By my watch it is two
o’clock. • You’ve got to play by the rules. • I
could tell by the look on her face that something terrible had happened. • By law, you
are a child until you are 18. • Profits were
£6 million, but by our standards this is low.
11 -idan ushlamoq/tutmoq • I took him by
the hand. • She seized her by the hair. • Pick
it up by the handle! 12 -ga ko‘paytirmoq/
bo‘lmoq • 6 multiplied by 2 equals 12. • 6 divided by 2 equals 3. • To convert gallons to
litres multiply by 4.54. ● all by yourself/
itself/himself etc ★ yolg‘iz o‘zi • Since his
wife died, he’s been living all by himself. •
You can’t carry that big table all by yourself.
be all right/fine by sb rozi bo‘lmoq, qarshi bo‘lmaslik, bo‘laveradi • “I’d prefer to go
later.” “That’s fine by me.” • If it’s all right by
you, I’d like to leave now. … by … ★ 1 -dan
-ga, sari • They’re improving day by day. •
It was getting worse by the minute. 2 (bir
so‘z ketma-ket kelgandagi birikmalarda
ishlatiladi) …-ma …, … …-dan • One by one
(=birma-bir), the men stepped forward. • I’ll
explain it step by step (=bosqichma-bosqich).
• We’ll do it bit by bit (=oz-ozdan). • The children came in two by two (=ikkita-ikkitadan).
by nature/profession/trade ...jihatidan
• She is, by nature, a sunny, positive sort of
a person. • He’s a plumber by trade. • She
was, by profession, a lawyer. ■ adv yoni(m)
dan (o‘tish ma’nosida) = past • She drove by
without seeing us. • He hurried by without
speaking to me. • Excuse me, I can’t get by. •
calculate
Time goes by so quickly. • He walked by me
without speaking. • I pass by the farm every
day on my way to work.
bye ★ |baɪ| excl (shuningdek, bye-bye) (inf)
xayr = goodbye • Bye! See you next week. •
Bye for now - see you later. • She waved byebye and got into the car.
bypass |ˈbaɪpɑːs| n aylanma yo‘l = alternate route • They’re building a new bypass
around the town. • We drove around the bypass to the airport.
C
cab |kæb| n taksi = taxi • He took a cab to the
airport. • Can you phone for a cab, please?
cabbage |ˈkæbɪdʒ| n |U,C| karam • I like
most vegetables but not cabbage. • white/
red cabbage
cabin |ˈkæbɪn| n 1 kabina • We booked a
first-class cabin on the cruise. 2 kulba =
small hut • He has a cabin by a lake where
he goes fishing.
cabinet |ˈkæbɪnət| n 1 (odatda, the Cabinet)
|C| (ham birlik, ham ko‘plik fe’li bilan kelishi
mumkin) palata = council, administration,
ministry • There’s a cabinet meeting every
Tuesday morning. • The Cabinet meet/meets
every Thursday. 2 |C| servant, javon = cupboard, bureau, bookcase • a bathroom/filing cabinet • The china was displayed in a
glass cabinet.
cable |ˈkeɪbl| n 1 |U,C| kabel, elektr/telefon
simi = rope, cord, wire, lead, power line •
He ran a cable out into the garden so that
he could use the lawnmower. • They’ve been
digging up the pavements to lay cables. 2
|C,U| kablli televizor • This channel is only
available on cable.
cactus |ˈkæktəs| n (pl -es or cacti |ˈkæktaɪ|) •
It was the first year that the cactus had produced flowers.
cafe (shuningdek, café) |kæˈfeɪ| n kafe • We
had a snack in the station cafe. • There’s a
little café on the corner that serves very good
coffee.
cage |keɪdʒ| n qafas = enclosure • The rabbit
got out of its cage. • I don’t like seeing animals in cages.
cake ★ |keɪk| n |C,U| to‘rt = cupcake • a
chocolate cake • a birthday cake • a piece of
cherry cake • Would you like a piece/slice of
cake? • She was making/baking a cake for
Peter’s birthday. • She had six candles on her
birthday cake. • Have another slice of Christmas cake. ● a piece of cake xamirdan qil
sug‘urganday oson • The exam was a piece
of cake. • “How was the test?” “Piece of cake.’
calcium |ˈkælsiəm| n |U| (symb Ca) kalsiy •
Calcium is needed for bone strength. • Calcium is found most in milk.
calculate |ˈkælkjuleɪt| v 1 hisoblamoq,
hisoblab chiqmoq = compute, work out •
We’ll need to calculate the overall costs. • [~
C
calculation
C
how much, wh...] I’m trying to calculate how
much paint we need. • [it is calculated that…]
It has been calculated that at least 47 000
jobs were lost last year. ► Kundalik hayotda
hisoblamoq ma’nosida calculate so‘zidan
ko‘ra ko‘pincha work sth out yoki AmEda
figure sth out jumlalaridan foydalaniladi:
• We still haven’t worked out how much it’s
all going to cost. ► calculate, compute or
work sth out? Rasmiy va yozma hujjatlarda, asosan, calculate so‘zidan foydalaniladi.
Lekin og‘zaki nutqda, asosan, work sth out
jumlasidan foydalaniladi: • When asked
what a ₤40.35 meal for five people would
cost each diner, they were unable to work it
out; Compute esa, asosan, hisoblash mashinalari yordamida bajariladigan hisoblashlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • Modern circuitry can compute faster than any chess player.
2 chamalamoq, taxmin qilmoq = estimate,
judge, reckon, guess • [~ that…] He calculated that it would take us six hours to finish the
job. • [~ how much, wh…] It is impossible to
calculate what influence he had on her life.
calculation |ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn| n |C,U| 1 hisob-kitob = computation, reckoning • Cathy
did/made a rough calculation. • According
to/By my calculation(s), we made a profit of
£20 000 last year. 2 hisoblab chiqish • Our
guess was confirmed by calculation.
calculator |ˈkælkjuleɪtər| n kalkulator • a
pocket calculator • I added the cost up on a
calculator.
calendar |ˈkælɪndər| n 1 kalendar • Liz
crossed off the days on the calendar. • I think
I’m free on that day — let me check my calendar. 2 yil hisobi • the Islamic calendar
calf |kæf| n (pl calves |kævz|) |C| 1 boldir
• She tore a calf muscle playing squash. 2
buzoq • The calves are grazed intensively during their first season. ► Adashtirib
yubormang, buzoq go‘shti calf meat emas,
veal deb ataladi.
call ★ |kɔːl| v 1 deb atamoq/chaqirmoq =
name • [~ sb/sth + noun] They decided to
call the baby Mark. • Her name’s Elizabeth,
but we call her Liz. • What do you call this
computer programme? • We call each other by our first names here. • What’s her
new novel called? 2 deb hisoblamoq/atamoq, demoq = describe as, regard as • I
wouldn’t call German an easy language. •
Are you calling me a liar? • Call yourself a
friend? So why won’t you help me, then? •
“I owe you £10.20.” “Oh, call it £10!” ► call
or describe? Biror shaxsni ifodalash yoki
tasvirlashda ot va sifat bilan describe as
predlogi bilan ishlatilsa, call esa as predlogisiz ishlatiadi: • Jim was described by
his colleagues as an unusual man. (Jim was
called by his colleagues as an unusual man.)
• Are you calling me a liar? (Are you calling
74
me as a liar?) 3 qo‘ng‘iroq qilmoq = phone,
telephone • He called (you) last night when
you were out. • Call the police! • I’ve been
calling all morning but I can’t get through.
• The doctor has been called to an urgent
case. • I called the office to tell them I’d be
late. • Several people have called in sick
today. ► Call bu ma’noda hech qachon to
predlogi bilan ishlatilmaydi: • Call me if you
have any more questions. (Call to me ...) ►
call, ring, telephone or phone? → phone
4 chaqirmoq, qichqirmoq = cry out, cry,
summon • Call the children when it’s time
for tea. • I thought I heard somebody calling.
• She called me over to where she was sitting. • [~ out to sb (for sth)] She called out
to her father for help. • [~ sth out] He called
out a warning from the kitchen. • [~ sth] Did
somebody call my name? • [+ speech] “See
you later!” she called 5 uyg‘otmoq • Call me
at 7 o’clock. 6 be called -degan, deb atalgan
• We have a cat called Felix. 7 (asosan, BrEda) tashrif buyurmoq, kirib o‘tmoq • I’ll call
round and see you on my way home. • [~ on
sb] Let’s call on John. • [~ to do sth] He was
out when I called to see him. 8 to‘plamoq,
chaqirmoq = convene, summon • to call a
meeting/an election/a strike • Several candidates were called for a second interview. ■
n |C| 1 (shuningdek, phone call) qo‘ng‘iroq
• Were there any calls for me while I was
out? • I got/had/recieved a call from an old
college friend last night. • Why don’t you
give me a call in the morning? • She wants to
make a call to Australia. • I left a message but
he didn’t return my call. • I’ll take (answer)
the call upstairs. • You can’t take incoming
calls on the payphone. 2 chaqirish, chorlash
= cry, shout, appeal • I’ll be in the next room,
so give me a call if you need any help. • The
mosque was sounding the call to prayer. •
Management have so far ignored the union’s
calls for stricter safety regulations. 3 talab
= demand • There’s not much call for fur
coats these days. 4 tashrif, kelish = visit •
The doctor made three calls on patients this
morning. • Doctor Seward is out on a call
this morning. 5 qaror • It was a tough call,
but eventually I decided to give up my job. ●
call back ★ qaytarib qo‘ng‘iroq qilmoq •
I’ll call back later. • She said she’d call back.
• Mr Smith is out - shall I ask him to call you
back? on call xizmatda = on duty, on standby • I’ll be on call the night of the party. •
The doctor had been on call for 48 hours and
was exhausted. call for -ga chaqirmoq, talab qilmoq, undamoq = require, need • The
opposition have called for him to resign. •
They called for the immediate release of the
hostages. call it a day ishni to‘xtatmoq/
tugatmoq, ketmoq = stop working • After
forty years in politics I think it’s time for me
75
to call it a day • I’m getting a bit tired now shall we call it a day? call off bekor qilmoq,
qoldirilmoq = cancel, abandon, scrap • to
call off a deal/trip/strike • They have called
off their engagement • The game was called
off because of bad weather. call on 1 tashrif
buyurmoq = visit, pay a visit to, go and see •
She called on her mother to see how she was.
2 so‘ramoq, -ga chaqirmoq = appeal to, ask,
request • The police have called on everyone
to watch out for the escaped prisoner. call
sb up (asosan, AmEda) qo‘ng‘iroq qilmoq
• My dad called me up to tell me the good
news. • Call me up any time.
calm ★ |kɑːm| adj 1 tinch, xotirjam, o‘zini
bosib olgan = cool, relaxed, controlled ≠ excited, nervous, upset, agitated • Keep calm,
everything will be all right. • She seemed
pretty calm about it. • The pilot urged the
passengers to remain calm. • An hour after
the accident, I was starting to feel calmer. ►
calm, cool or relaxed? → relaxed 2 tinch,
sokin = peace, quiet, hush, silence ≠ windy,
stormy • The sea was perfectly calm and
no one was seasick. ■ adv calmly bosiqlik
bilan = coolly • “I’ll call the doctor,” he said
calmly. • She reacted surprisingly calmly
to the news of his death. ■ v tinchlan(tir)
moq, o‘zini bosib olmoq • Have some tea;
it’ll calm your nerves. • He tried to calm the
screaming baby by rocking it back and forth.
• We tried to calm people’s fears. • His presence had a calming influence. ● calm (sb)
down ★ tinchlan(tir)moq = soothe, pacify
≠ excite, upset (inf) get a grip • Look, calm
down! We’ll find her. • Calm down and tell
us what’s going on. • He took a few deep
breaths to calm himself down. ► relax or
calm down? → relax2 ■ n |C,U| tinchlik,
sukunat = composure, tranquility • The
presence of soldiers helped restore calm. •
Hindu leaders appealed for calm (=tinchlanishini so‘radi) after a temple was burnt to
the ground.
calorie |ˈkæləri| n kaloriya • There are about
fifty calories in an apple. • No sugar for me,
thanks — I’m counting my calories. • a
low-calorie drink/diet
camel |ˈkæml| n tuya • They crossed the desert by camel.
camera ★ |ˈkæmərə| n kamera • He took a
picture of the garden with his new camera.
• Cameras started clicking as soon as she
stepped out of the car. • a TV/video camera •
They were caught on camera as they brutally attacked a man.
camouflage |ˈkæməflɑːʒ| n |U| maskirovka,
o‘zini biror tusga solib olish, yashirinish =
disguise, concealment, cover • A dozen men
walked by, dressed in army camouflage and
holding automatic weapons. • The lizard’s
light brown skin acts as (a) camouflage in
can
the desert sand. ■ v maskirovka qilmoq,
o‘zini biror tusga solib olmoq/yashirinmoq
• The soldiers camouflaged themselves with
leaves. • The vehicles were all well camouflaged.
camp |kæmp| n |C,U| 1 lager = campsite,
campground • He spent two weeks at camp
this summer. • summer camp 2 chodir • to
pitch/make camp • We set up camp halfway
up the mountain. • Let’s return to camp. •
a refugee camp • a camp guard ■ v chodirda/o‘tovda vaqt o‘tkazmoq = pitch tents,
set up camp • They camped for a week by the
side of the lake. • We go camping in Sweden
every summer.
campaign |kæmˈpeɪn| n uyushish, uyushib
ish/chora ko‘rish = drive, push • a publicity campaign • an advertising campaign
• [~ against/for sth] He’s organising a
campaign against the new motorway. • an
election/leadership/re-election campaign
• Today police launched (=yo‘lga qo‘ydi) a
campaign to reduce road accidents. • an advertising campaign ■ v uyushmoq, qarshi
kurashmoq, birga harakat qilmoq = fight,­
battle • [~ for/against sb/sth] They campaign against nuclear reactors. • [~ to do
sth] They are campaigning to save the area
from building development. ► campaign or
fight? → fight3
campus |ˈkæmpəs| n universitet/kollej/
maktab asosiy binolari joylashgan hudud •
We have rooms for 2,000 students on campus. • Some students live on the University
campus. • campus life
can1 ★ |kən| kuchli talaffuz qilinganda |kæn|
modal v 1 qila olmoq • I can run fast. • Can
you call back tomorrow? • I can’t promise
anything, but I’ll do what I can. • Please let
us know if you cannot attend the meeting. 2
qila olmoq, qobiliyatiga ega bo‘lmoq, qo‘lidan kelmoq, bilmoq • She can speak Spanish. • “Can you swim?” “No I can’t.” • Computers can perform millions of calculations
every second. • The police are doing all they
can to find her. ► can (could), be able to
or manage to? Biror kishining biror narsani qilish imkoni bor yoki yo‘qligi haqida gap ketganda can dan ham, be able to
so‘zlaridan ham foydalanish mimkin: • Are
you able to/Can you come on Saturday? Lekin ayni paytda bajarilayotgan ish-harakatlarga va majhul nisbatdagi (passive voice
dagi) gaplarga nisbatan esa faqat can modal
fe’li ishlatiladi: • Look, I can swim! (Look, I’m
able to swim) • This chemical can be used as
invisible ink. (This chemical is able to be used
...) • The DVD can be rented from your local
store. (The DVD is able to be rented ...) Lekin
can kelajak va tugallangan zamonlarda kela
olmaydi­va­uni­infinitiv­va­gerundiy­shakllari ham mavjud emas. Be able to ni esa bun-
C
can
C
day ko‘rinishlari mavjud: • You’ll be able to
get a taxi outside the station. • I haven’t been
able to get much work done today. • She’d
love to be able to play the piano. • There is
only one Success — to be able to spend your
life in your own way • You have to be able to
tell the difference between value and junk. •
Being able to choose we feel less under pressure Bundan tashqari biror muayyan ishning “uddasidan chiqmoq” ma’nosida ham
faqat be able to yoki manage to so‘zlaridan
foydalaniladi, could yoki can dan emas: •
I was able to/managed to find some useful
books in the library. (I could find ...) • They
didn’t want to sell the house but we were
able to persuade them (... we could persuade them.) Lekin bo‘lishsiz muayyan bir
vaziyatdagi gaplarda be able to va manage
to so‘zlari bilan birga could modal fe’lidan
ham foydalanish mumkin: • We weren’t able
to/didn’t manage to/couldn’t get there in
time. Could, asosan, biror insonni o‘tmishda
biror ishni qila olganiligini ifodalashda ishlatiladi. Solishtiring: • Our daughter could
walk when she was nine months old. • Our
daughter was able to walk two days after
the operation. 3 (‘feel”, “hear”, “see”, “smell”,
“taste”, “understand”, “remember” “believe”
kabi holat fe’llari bilan davomiy zamonni
yasashda ishlatiladi) –yap • I can’t understand (=tushuna olmayapman) why you’re
so upset. • He can’t remember where he put
the tickets. • Here they are - I can see their
car (=ko‘rinyapti). • I can hear music (=eshitilyapti). • Can you smell sth burning (=hidi
kelyaptimi)? 4 imkoni yoki iloji bor/yo‘q,
-ish mumkin (emas), -sa bo‘ladi/bo‘maydi •
I’m sorry, Dr Brown can’t speak to you now.
• If it’s fine tomorrow, we can go fishing. •
You can travel from London to New York in
under 6 hours these days. • Tickets can be
bought from the Tourist Information Centre.
• How can I possibly refuse such a charming
invitation? • We can’t go on like this. ► can
(could) or may (might)? → may1 5 (inf)
(ruxsat so‘raganda, berganda yoki bermaganda) mumkin(-mi/emas), mayli(mi) •
Can I read your newspaper? • You can take
the car, if you want. • We can’t wear jeans at
work. • You can’t park here - it’s a no parking zone. • You can park over there. • You
can have a piece of cake after you’ve eaten
your vegetables! ► can, could or may?
Kundalik hayotda ruxsat so‘rash, ruxsat
berish yoki ta’qiqlash ma’nolarida, asosan,
can modal fe’lidan foydalaniladi: • Can I
borrow your calculator? • You can come
with us if you want to. • You can’t park your
car there. Could va may, asosan, hurmat va
ehtirom bilan ruxsat so‘rashda ishlatiladi
(could may dan-da rasmiyroq hisoblanadi):
• May I borrow your newspaper? • Could I
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stay tonight? May, lekin ta’qiqlash va ruxsat
berish ma’nolarida ham ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin bu juda rasmiy hisoblanadi: • You
may come if you wish. • Visitors may use the
swimming pool between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. •
Students may not use the college car park.
• Persons under 14 unaccompanied by an
adult may not enter. Zamonaviy ingliz tilida
may not ning qisqartma shakli mayn’t dan
deyarli foydalanilmaydi. 6 (inf) (biror ishni
bajarishni so‘raganda, taklif qilganda) maylimi? mumkinmi? • Can you feed the cattle,
please? • You look lost - can I help you? • Can
you make a little less noise, please? • Can I
take you home? • Can I be of any help? • Is
there anything I can do to help? 7 (asosan,
can’t ko‘rinishida) bo‘lishi mumkin emas,
-masa kerak • That can’t be Mary — she’s
in New York. • There can be no doubt that he
is guilty. • This can’t be the right road. • You
can’t be serious! • They can’t have arrived
already, surely! ► can’t (have) or must
(have)? Ikkalasi ham to‘liq ishonch bilan
qilingan taxminlarga ishlatiladi, faqat must
(have) “bo‘lishi aniq” ma’nosida bo‘lishli taxminlarda; can’t (have) esa “bo‘lishi
mumkin emas” ma’nosida inkor taxminlarda ishlatiladi. Solishtiring: • You’ve worked
all day. You must be tired. • We’ve just
started. You can’t be tired yet; • “The door
is locked. He must have gone out.” “He can’t
have gone out. He’s just said he is at home.” 8
(hayratlanganda yoki jahl chiqqanda savollarda ishlatiladi) bo‘lishi mumkin(mi)? •
What can they be doing? • How can you
be so stupid! • Can he be serious? • Can he
still be alive after all this time? • Where can
she have put it? 9 (umumiy sifat berganda
ba’zida yoki ko‘p uchraydigan holatlarga
nisbatan) mumkin • He can be very annoying sometimes. • It can be quite cold here in
winter. • Smoking can cause cancer. 10 (taklif kiritganda) -sa ham bo‘laveradi • We can
eat in a restaurant, if you like. • I can take
the car if necessary. 11 huquqiga/kuchga/
imkoniyatiga ega • Any police officer can
insist on seeing a driver’s license. ► can or
must? → must1
can2 n (BrEda, shuningdek, tin) |C| konserva, tunuka idish = tin/aluminum can • He
opened a can of lemonade. • Empty beer cans
were all over the pavement. • She opened a
can of beans. • We drank a can of Coke each.
► can or tin? Amerikada har qanday tunuka idishga nisbatan, asosan, can so‘zidan
foydalaniladi. BrEda esa can dan tashqari
ovqat yoki bo‘yoq tunuka idishlariga nisbatan tin ham ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin
ichimlik idishlariga emas: • a can of Coke (a
tin of Coke)
canal |kəˈnæl| n kanal = inland waterway,
channel, watercourse • We walked along
77
the canal. • The Panama Canal provides a
crucial shipping link between the Atlantic
and Pacific oceans.
cancel |ˈkænsl| v (-ll-, AmE -l-) 1 bekor qilmoq, qoldirmoq = call off, abandon • All
flights have been cancelled because of bad
weather. • The wedding was cancelled at the
last minute. • If you’re too busy to see her, I’ll
phone and cancel. 2 buyurtmani yoki kelishuvni bekor qilmoq = lift, repeal, invalidate
• Is it too late to cancel my order? • I phoned
the hotel to cancel my reservation. • The bank
agreed to cancel all the company’s debts. ►
Kundalik hayotda har ikkala ma’noda odatda cancel so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq call sth off
birikmasidan foydalaniladi: • We’ll just have
to cancel. → We’ll just have to call it off.
cancer |ˈkænsər| n |U,C| o‘sma, rak • Smokers face an increased risk of lung cancer. • He
died of liver cancer. • cancer of the bowel/
stomach
candidate |ˈkændɪdət| |ˈkændɪdeɪt| n 1
nomzod, da’vogar = applicant, nominee [~
(for sth)] • There are three candidates standing in the election. 2 (BrE) imtihon topshiruvchilar • Candidates are given three hours
to complete the exam.
candle |ˈkændl| n sham = taper • to blow
out/snuff out a candle • Shall I light a candle?
candy |ˈkændi| n |U,C| (pl -ies) (AmE) qand =
bonbon, confectionery, sweet • Eating candy is bad for your teeth. • a candy bar • She
bought a box of candies.
cane |keɪn| n 1 shakarqamish = rush, reed
• a raspberry cane 2 hassa = walking stick
• She was leaning heavily on a cane as she
walked up the path. 3 tirgagich = stick •
bean plants supported by bamboo canes
4 savalagich, hipchin • The headmaster
threatened to give them the cane.
canoe |kəˈnuː| n kanoe, qayiq = kayak • She
paddled her canoe across the lake.
canteen |kænˈtiːn| n bufet, yemakxona, kafeteriya = cafeteria • Rennie had eaten his tea
in the canteen. • School dinners are served in
the canteen.
cap ★ |kæp| n 1 shapka, kepka = hat •
a baseball cap • an officer’s cap with a
gold badge • a shower/swimming cap 2
qoplagich, qopqoq = lid, top • Make sure you
put the cap back on the pen. • Screw the cap
back on the medicine bottle.
capability |ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti| n |C,U| (pl -ies)
kuch-qudrat, imkoniyat, qobiliyat = ability,
capacity, power, potential ≠ incapability • [~
to do sth] We have the capability to produce
a better machine than this. • beyond/within
the capabilities of current technology • [~ of
doing sth] Animals in the zoo have lost the
capability of catching food for themselves. •
captive
Age affects the range of a person’s capabilities. • Britain’s nuclear/military capability
capable |ˈkeɪpəbl| adj 1 be ~ qodir bo‘lmoq,
qo‘lidan kelmoq, imkoniyatiga ega bo‘lmoq
• [~ of sth] You are capable of better work
than this. • [~ of doing sth] I’m perfectly
capable of doing it myself, thank you. ►
Capable­ sifatidan­ so‘ng­ infinitivdan­ foydalanilmaydi. U doim of predlogi va gerundiy
bilan­keladi:­[capable­of­+­doing­sth]­• The
company isn’t capable of handling an order
that large. (... capable to handle ...) 2 qobiliyatli, mohir = competent, able, skilled ≠ incompetent, incapable • She’s a very capable
teacher. • I’ll leave the organization in your
capable hands. ■ adv capably mohirlik bilan • He managed the conference very capably. • I asked Gail to take over, which she did
very capably.
capacity |kəˈpæsəti| n (pl -ties) 1 sig‘im,
joy, hajm = volume, size, magnitude • The
stadium has a seating capacity of 50 000. •
The cinema was filled to capacity. • a hard
disk storage capacity of 500 gigabytes 2
imkoniyat, qobiliyat, mahorat = capability
• intellectual capacity • [~ for sth] She has
an enormous capacity for hard work. • [~ for
doing sth] Limited resources are restricting
our capacity for developing new products. •
[~ to do sth] It seems to be beyond his capacity to follow simple instructions. • The
factory is now operating at full capacity. •
We are running below capacity because of
cancelled orders.
capital ★ |ˈkæpɪtl| n 1 (shuningdek, capital
city) poytaxt = first­city­• Madrid is the capital of Spain. • London used to be the financial capital of the world. 2 bosh harf, katta
harf = capital letters (inf) caps • Use block
capitals. • Please write in capitals/capital
letters. 3 kapital, kirgizilgan sarmoya, investitsiya = money,­ finance(s), funds (inf)
cash • She leaves her capital untouched in
the bank. • to set up a business with a starting capital of £100 000
captain |ˈkæptɪn| n 1 kapitan, kema boshlig‘i = commander, master • The captain
greeted us as we came on board. • Captain
Smith is flying the plane. 2 Capt. (qurolli
kuchlar unvoni) kapitan • Captain Lance
Price 3 guruh boshlig‘i, sardor = leader,
head, boss, skipper • The two captains
shook hands at the beginning of the match. •
He has just been made team captain.
captive |ˈkæptɪv| adj asir olingan, asirga
tushgan = confined,­caged­• captive animals
• They were taken captive by masked gunmen. • She was held captive in a castle. ■ n
asir, bandi = prisoner, convict • Talks have
persuaded the terrorists to set the captives
free. ► captive or prisoner? → prisoner2
C
capture
C
capture |ˈkæptʃər| v 1 asir olmoq = take
prisoner/captive ≠ free • Four soldiers
were captured in the attack. • Allied troops
captured over 300 enemy soldiers. 2 qo‘lga
kiritmoq, egallab olmoq = occupy, invade,
conquer • They captured the enemy capital
very quickly. • The company has captured
90% of the market. • The American drive
to land a man on the Moon captured the
imagination/attention of the whole world.
■ n qo‘lga kiritish, egallash • the capture
of enemy territory • He evaded capture for
three days.
car ★ |kɑːr| n 1 (BrEda, shuningdek, (fml)
motor car) (AmEda automobile) yengil
mashina = automobile, motor vehicle,
auto, wheels • He goes to his office every
morning by car. • I’ll take you to the station
in the car. • a car driver/manufacturer/
dealer • a car accident/crash • Where can
I park the car? • Coughlan was killed in a
car accident. 2 (shuningdek, railcar AmE)
vagon = carriage, coach • Is there a restaurant car on the train? • Several cars went
off the rails.
caravan |ˈkærəvæn| n (BrE) (AmE camper)
uzoq yo‘l yurishga mo‘ljallangan yotoqli
mashinaga qo‘shiladigan vagoncha • We got
stuck behind a caravan on a narrow road. • a
caravan holiday
carbon |ˈkɑːrbən| n |U| (symb C) uglerod •
iron with a high carbon content • New legislation aims to reduce carbon emissions.
card ★ |kɑːrd| n 1 karton = cardboard,
pasteboard • a piece of card • The model
of the building was made of card. 2 noma,
otkritka, tashrif qog‘ozi = greeting card,
postcard • She sent me a lovely card on my
birthday. • a birthday/get-well/good luck
card • Here’s my card if you need to contact
me again. 3 karta o‘yini/qog‘ozi = playing card • (BrE) a pack of cards • (AmE) a
deck of cards • Who wants to play cards? •
Let’s have a game of cards. • She won £20 at
cards. 4 tasdiqlovchi karta/hujjat = identification­(card), ID • He gave me his business
card. • I’ve lost my membership card. 5 plastik karta = credit card, debit card • Do you
want to pay cash or by card? • I put the meal
on my card.
cardboard |ˈkɑːrdbɔːrd| n |U| karton = card,
pasteboard • a model made out of cardboard • There were cardboard boxes stuffed
full of clothes.
care ★ |ker| n |U| 1 e’tibor, ehtiyotkorlik =
caution, attention • medical/patient care
• She chose her words with care. • Great
care is needed when choosing a used car.
• I can see that a lot of care has gone into
your work. 2 parvarish qilish, qarash, ehtiyot qilish = safekeeping, supervision ≠
neglect • I left him in your care - you should
78
have watched him! • medical/patient care
• skin/hair care products • The standard of
care at our local hospital is excellent. • Mentally ill patients will be under the care of a
psychiatrist. ■ v 1 farqi/ishi/qizig‘i (yo‘q)
bo‘lmoq, tashvishlanmoq, qayg‘urmoq,
g‘am chekmoq = be concerned, worry (inf)
give a damn • I don’t care if my car is dirty.
• He threatened to fire me, as if I cared! •
[~ about sth/sb] She cares a lot about the
environment. • He genuinely cares about his
employees. • [~ wh …] I don’t care what he
thinks. • [~ that…] She doesn’t seem to care
that he’s been married four times before. ►
care or mind? Mind xushmuomalalik bilan so‘ralganda yoki javob berilganda ishlatiladi. Taklifga javob berilganda “I don’t
mind” (=Men qarshi emasman) muloyim;
“I don’t care” (=Menga farqi yo‘q) esa juda
qo‘pol eshitiladi. ● care for sb/sth ★
1 parvarish/g‘amxo‘rlik qilmoq, qaramoq
= look after, take care of • Nurses cared
for the injured people after the accident. •
She moved back home to care for her elderly parents. ► take care of, look after or
care for? “G‘amxo‘rlik qilmoq” ma’nosini
ifodalashda take care of va (asosan, BrEda)
look after so‘zlaridan foydalanish mumkin: • We’ve asked my mother to take care
of/look after the kids while we’re away. •
You can borrow my camera if you promise
to take care of/look after it. Rasmiy holatlarda esa asosan, care for birikmasidan
foydalaniladi, shaxslarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • She does some voluntary work, caring for the elderly people. Bundan tashqari
care for “yoqtirmoq” ma’nosida ham keng
tarzda qo‘llaniladi: • I don’t really care for
spicy food. 2 yoqtirmoq = like, love, be fond
of • I don’t care for this music very much.
3 xohlamoq = like, want • Would you care
for another cup of coffee? • If you’d care to
follow me, I’ll show you where his office is.
couldn’t care less umuman farqi yo‘q
• Paul couldn’t care less about what we
think - he’s got his own plans. take care
★ 1 ehtiyot bo‘lmoq • Take care when you
cross the road. • He took great care with the
box of glasses. • Take care not to be late. 2
yaxshi qol, o‘zingni ehtiyot qil, sog‘/tinch
bo‘l • Bye! Take care! • “Bye, Melissa.”
“Goodbye Rozzie, take care.” take care of
sb/sth/yourself ★ 1 qarab turmoq/
yurmoq, g‘amxo‘rlik qilmoq, ko‘z-quloq
bo‘lmoq = look after, care for • Who’s taking care of the children while you’re away? •
She takes great care of her clothes. • He’s old
enough to take care of himself. ► take care
of, look after or care for? → care for 2 hal
qilmoq, shug‘ullanmoq • If you can sort out
the drink for the party, I’ll take care of the
food. • Celia takes care of the marketing side
79
of things. • No, you paid for dinner last time,
let me take care of (=men to‘layman) it.
who cares kimga qizig‘i bor, kimning ishi
bor • “I don’t know. Who cares?” • I mean,
really, who cares whether he lied or not?
career |kəˈrɪr| n ish faoliyati, kariyera, kasb
= profession, occupation, job • She is starting her career as a librarian. • That will be a
good career move. ■ v qayrilmoq, burilmoq
= hurtle • The vehicle careered across the
road and hit a cyclist.
careful ★ |ˈkerfl| adj 1 be ~ ehtiyot
bo‘lmoq, e’tiborli bo‘lmoq = cautious, alert,
attentive ≠ careless • Be careful! • [~ to do
sth] He was careful to keep out of sight. •
[~ not to do sth] Be careful not to wake the
baby. • [~ wh…] You must be careful when
handling chemicals. • Be careful what you
say. • [~ of/about/with sth] Be careful of the
traffic. • Please be careful with my glasses
• She is very careful about what she eats. •
[~ (that)…] Be careful you don’t bump your
head. 2 ehtiyotkor, e’tiborli • After careful
consideration we have decided to offer you
the job.
carefully ★ |ˈkerfəli| adv ehtiyotkorlik/e’tibor bilan = cautiously, heedfully ≠
carelessly • Please listen carefully. • She put
the glass down carefully. • Drive carefully. •
The holiday had been carefully planned or
planned carefully.
careless |ˈkerləs| adj ehtiyotsiz, bee’tibor
= inattentive, forgetful, absent-minded,
sloppy ≠ careful, attentive • [~ about/with
sth] He is careless about his work. • Don’t be
so careless with spelling. • He made several
careless mistakes when he took his driving
test. • It was careless of me (=e’tiborsizlik
qilibman) to leave the window open. • He
made a careless (=o‘ylamasdan) remark
about her appearance that really upset her.
carelessly |ˈkerləsli| adv ehtiyotsizlik/e’tiborsizlik bilan = heedlessly, thoughtlessly,
casually • Somebody had carelessly left a
window open. • She threw her coat carelessly
onto the chair.
cargo |ˈkɑːrɡoʊ| n |C,U| (pl -es, AmEda,
shuningdek, cargos) mol, yuk, mahsulot,
tovar = freight, load • The ship and all its
cargo sank. • The ship was carrying a cargo
of wool from England to France.
caring |ˈkerɪŋ| adj g‘amxo‘r, mehribon = loving, careful • He’s a very caring person. • He
was always so sensitive and caring.
carpet |ˈkɑːrpɪt| n |U,C| gilam = rug, mat •
He spilt his coffee on our new cream carpet.
• We’ve just had a new carpet fitted/laid in
our bedroom. • They rolled out the red carpet for the visitors.
carriage |ˈkærɪdʒ| n 1 (shuningdek, coach)
(AmE car) |C| vagon = coach • Where’s the
first-class carriage on this train? 2 ot-arava
carry
• The horses were hitched to a shiny black
carriage. 3 mol/mahsulotlar eltib berish
• Carriage is 15% of the total cost. • How
much do they charge for carriage? ► carriage, coach or compartment? Coach
so‘zi, asosan, poyezd kompaniyalari va ishchilari tomonidan ishlatiladi: • Your seats
are in Coach D. Kundalik hayotda, oddiy
insonlar tomonidan esa carriage so‘zidan
foydalaniladi: • I had to go to the end of the
carriage to find a seat; Compartment esa
vagonning bir alohida xonasiga, kupega
nisbatan ishlatiladi: • On the way home we
shared our first class compartment with a
group of businessmen.
carrier |ˈkæriər| n 1 (biznesda) tashuvchi, eltib beruvchi • Delta Air Lines, the
third-largest carrier in the US 2 (askar yoki
qurol-yarog‘lar) tashuvchi kema/transport
• an armoured personnel carrier 3 (kasallik, viruslarni) tarqatuvchi, tashuvchi odam
yoki hayvon • There are an estimated 15
million HIV carriers in the country.
carrot |ˈkærət| n |U,C| sabzi • We had carrot
and cabbage soup for lunch.
carry ★ |ˈkæri| v (-ies, -ying, -ied) 1 olib
yurmoq/bormoq = convey, transfer, move,
take (inf) lug • I never carry much money
on me. • She carried her baby in her arms.
• Police in many countries carry guns. • The
plane was carrying 120 passengers. • That
suitcase is too heavy for me to carry. • There
was no lift, so they had to carry the beds up
the stairs. 2 yetkazmoq, eltib bermoq • The
veins carry blood to the heart. • [~ sth/sb
to/into sth] The war was carried into enemy territory. • Underground cables carry
electricity to all parts of the city. ► carry
or transport? Carry narsalar bilan birga
odamlarga ham ishlatilishi mumkin: • He
carried the plate through to the dining room.
• She carried her son to the car; Transport
esa, asosan, narsalarga, yuklarga nisbatan
ishlatiladi: • They use tankers to transport
the oil to Los Angeles. • There’s no petrol,
so it’s very difficult to transport goods. 3
tarkibida/ustida bor bo‘lmoq • Our cars
carry a twelve-month guarantee. • In some
countries, murder carries the death penalty.
• Which minister carries responsibility for
the police? • The sports shop carries a full
range of equipment. ● carry on ★ (asosan,
BrEda) davom et(tir)moq = continue, keep
(on), go on • Carry on the good work! • Carry on. You’re doing fine. • [~ with sth] Just
carry on with what you were doing. • [~ doing sth] He carried on peeling the potatoes.
• If you carry on spending money like that,
you’ll end up in debt. carry out ★ amalga
oshirmoq, bajarmoq = fulfill,­conduct,­perform, implement • to carry out a promise/a
threat/a plan/an order • Doctors carried
C
cart
C
out tests on the patients. • Nigel is carrying
out research on early Christian art. • to carry out an inquiry/an investigation/a survey
• Don’t blame me, I’m only carrying out my
orders/instructions. ► Rasmiy holatlarda
carry out iborasining o‘rniga izlanishlar va
tajribalarga nisbatan, asosan, undan ko‘ra
rasmiyroq bo‘lgan so‘z, conduct fe’lidan foydalaniladi: • They conducted experiments to
test this theory. ► carry sth out or perform?
→ perform
cart |kɑːrt| n g‘ildirakli yengil arava = shopping cart, handcart • Jump in the back of my
cart. • Milk was delivered by horse and cart
in those days.
cartoon |kɑːrˈtuːn| n 1­multfilm = animated
film,­ animation­ • I like watching Tom and
Jerry cartoons. • a Walt Disney cartoon • a
cartoon character 2 karikatura = caricature, parody • He draws strip cartoons for
“The Guardian”. • The kids spend their Saturdays watching cartoons.
carve |kɑːrv| v 1 o‘ymoq, o‘yib yasamoq/
chizmoq = cut • He carved her name on a
tree. • [~ sth from/out of sth] The statue was
carved out of a single piece of stone. • [~ sth
into/in sth] The wood had been carved into
the shape of a flower. • [~ in sth] She carves
in both stone and wood. 2 bo‘lmoq, burdalamoq = slice, cut up • Who’s going to carve
the chicken?
case ★ |keɪs| n |C| 1 holat, vaziyat = example, instance, illustration • In many cases,
living standards are declining. • It’s a classic case of bad planning. • I cannot make
an exception in your case. • There were 16
cases of damage to cars in the area. 2 masala, muammo • Several social workers have
looked into the child’s case. • The number of
new cases of the illness appears to be declining. 3 sud jarayoni = suit, lawsuit, action,
proceedings • The case will be heard next
week. 4 the case sl rost, to‘g‘risi = so, a fact,
the situation, the truth • If that is the case,
we need more staff. • It is simply not the
case that prison conditions are improving.
5 sud, jinoyat ishi = investigation, inquiry/
enquiry • a murder case • a case of theft •
The case will be heard next week. • to win/
lose a case • The detective on the case has
been suspended from duty. 6­fakt,­fikr,­dalil
= argument, reason, grounds • The report
makes out a strong case for spending more
money on hospitals. • You will each be given
the chance to state your case. • Our lawyer
didn’t think we had a case. • the case for the
defence/prosecution • the case for/against
private education 7 quti, sumka = crate,
container, box • a pencil case • a jewellery
case • a packing case • She was still packing
her case when the taxi came. • The customs
made him open his case. • Let me carry your
80
case for you. ● in any case nima bo‘lganda (taqdirda) ham, baribir • There’s no point
complaining now — we’re leaving tomorrow
in any case. • I don’t want to go and in any
case, I haven’t been invited. • Traffic may be
bad, but in any case we’ll be there in time for
dinner. (just) in case ★ -b qolishi mumkinligi sababli, har ehtimolga qarshi • You’d
better take the keys in case I’m out (=men
tashqarida bo‘lib qolishim mumkinligi sababli). • Take an umbrella in case it rains.
• I’ll make some sandwiches, just in case we
get hungry later on. • You probably won’t
need to call — but take my number, just in
case. • We wrote his name in case he didn’t
miss us at the airport. ► in case or if?
Quyidagi misollarga e’tibor bering: • I will
bring one more chair in case Roger comes.
(=Rodjer kelib qolishi mumkinligi sababli
yana bitta stol olib kelaman - u kelsa, kelmasa har ehtimolga qarshi men unga hozir
stol olib kelib qo‘yaman) • I will bring one
more chair if Roger comes. (=Agar Rodjer
kelsa men unga stol olib kelib beraman - hozir emas, u kelganida olib kelaman, kelmasa
olib kelmayman) in case of holatida, yuz
berganda, bo‘lgan vaziyatda • In case of
fire, ring the alarm bell. • Instructions about
what to do in case of earthquake. in that
case ★ unday bo‘lsa, u holda • There’s no
coffee left? In that case I’ll have tea. • “I’ve
made up my mind.” “In that case, there’s no
point discussing it.”
cash |kæʃ| n |U| 1 naqd pul = money, change
≠ check, credit • How much cash do you
have on you? • Customers are offered a 10%
discount if they pay cash. • Will you pay by
credit card or in cash? ► cash or money?
→ money 2 mablag‘, pul = funds, money,
capital • I’m short of cash (=pulim kam)
right now. • The museum needs to find ways
of raising cash. ► cash or fund? Shaxsiy
mablag‘ga, asosan, cash so‘zidan, tashkilot
mablag‘lariga esa ko‘pincha fund so‘zidan
foydalaniladi. Lekin sifat vazifasida (ot bilan) faqat cash so‘zidan foydalaniladi, hatto
tashkilot mablag‘lariga nisbatan ham: • The
company is having cash flow problems. (...
fund flow problems.)
cashier |kæˈʃɪr| n kassir = checkout girl/
boy/person, clerk • Ask the cashier if she
has change for €20.
casino |kəˈsiːnoʊ| n (pl casinos) kazino, qimorxona = gambling establishment/club •
He opened a new casino in California.
casserole |ˈkæsəroʊl| n kastryulkada
pishirilgan taom • a chicken and vegetable
casserole • Place the chicken pieces in the
bottom of a large casserole.
cassette |kəˈset| n kasseta, tasma • Do you
want it on cassette or CD? • We recorded the
poems onto a cassette.
81
cast |kæst| v (cast, cast) 1 taratmoq, tushmoq, qaratmoq • The moon cast a white
light into the room. • The tree cast a shadow over/on his face. • She cast a welcoming
smile in his direction. 2 aktyor tanlamoq • In
his first film, he was cast as a soldier. • Ralph
Fiennes was cast in the lead role of King
Richard. ● cast a spell (on sb/sth) sehr/
jodu o‘qimoq/qilmoq • The old woman cast
a spell on the prince and he turned into a
frog. • (fig) At 17 jazz cast its spell on me. ■
n mualliflar,­film/teatr­ijodkorlari­• The film
has a large cast. • The whole cast performs/
perform brilliantly. • an all-star cast
castle |ˈkæsl| n qasr, saroy = fortress, fort,
stronghold • The soldiers shut the castle
gate. • The ruins of an ancient castle stand
to the west of the town.
casual |ˈkæʒuəl| adj 1 beparvo, oddiy, e’tiborsiz = indifferent, uncaring ≠ careful,
concerned • He tried to sound casual, but I
knew he was worried. • It was just a casual
remark — I wasn’t really serious. • She had
a casual attitude to life. 2 oddiy, sodda •
family parties and other casual occasions •
Jean felt more comfortable in casual clothes.
► casual or informal? Umumiy kiyimlar haqida ikkalasidan ham foydalanish
mumkin, lekin muayyan bir kiyim haqida
ko‘proq casual sifatidan foydalaniladi: • casual/informal clothes • a casual shirt/jacket
(an informal shirt/jacket) ■ adv casually
beparvolik/e’tiborsizlik bilan = accidentally, incidentally • He casually mentioned that
he had got married last Saturday. • “What
did he say about me?” she asked as casually
as she could.
cat ★ |kæt| n mushuk • I usually feed the
neighbour’s cat while she’s away. • A cat
was miaowing pitifully outside the door. •
The cat purred as I stroked its fur. • In our
childhood Irina and I fought like cat and dog.
● (has the) cat got your tongue? tilingni
yutvordingmi? tiling bormi? • What’s the
matter? Cat got your tongue? let the cat
out of the bag sirni fosh qilmoq/bildirib
qo‘ymoq, og‘zidan gullab qo‘ymoq • I wanted it to be a surprise, but my sister let the cat
out of the bag.
catalogue (AmEda, shuningdek, catalog)
|ˈkætəlɔːɡ| |ˈkætəlɑːɡ| n ro‘yxat, katalog =
list, register, price list • an office equipment
catalogue • Look up the title in the library
catalogue.
catapult |ˈkætəpʌlt| n katapulta, ayri,
cho‘zma • He shot the bird with a catapult.
catch ★ |kætʃ| v (caught, caught |kɔːt|)
1 tutib/ilib olmoq, ushlab olmoq = seize,
grab, snatch, take hold of, grasp, grip ≠
drop • “Throw me over that towel, will you?”
“OK. Catch!” • Can you catch a ball with your
left hand? • The dog caught the stick in its
cater
mouth. 2 ushlamoq, tutmoq, ushlab olmoq
• She caught him by the sleeve as he turned
away. • “I’ll give you a call in a couple of
days.” “Okay. Catch you later.” • He caught
hold of my arm. 3 tutmoq, ushlamoq = capture, seize ≠ release • How many fish did you
catch? • Our cat is hopeless at catching mice.
4 (transport vositasiga) ulgurmoq/chiqib
olmoq = be in time for, make ≠ miss • You
will have to run if you want to catch the last
bus. • He caught the 10 o’clock train to Paris.
5 yuqtirib olmoq = become infected with,
contract ≠ escape • He caught a cold from
his colleague. • [~ sth from sb] I think I must
have caught this cold from you. 6 ushlab/
tutib olmoq = capture,­arrest,­find,­discover • The police caught the burglar as he was
climbing out of the window. • The murderer
was never caught. • [~ sb doing sth] I caught
her smoking in the bathroom. • You wouldn’t
catch me working (=hech qachon ishlamayman) on a Sunday! • Mark walked in and
caught them at it. • thieves caught in the act
• He was caught with bomb-making equipment in his home. • I caught sight of/caught
a glimpse of (=ko‘zim tushdi) a red coat in
the crowd. 7 aniq eshitmoq/tushunmoq •
Sorry, I didn’t quite catch what you said. 8
biror holatga tushmoq, chalinmoq = get,
come down with sth • His arrival caught
me by surprise. 9 ilib olmoq, ilinib qolmoq
• [~ in/on sth] Her dress caught on a nail.
• [~ sth (in/on sth)] He caught his thumb in
the door. • Her hair got caught (up) in her
hair dryer. 10 -ni tortmoq, jalb qilmoq • A
ship out at sea caught his attention. • Her
pictures caught my imagination. ● be/get
caught (up) in sth ushalib qolmoq, ichida
qolib ketmoq • We were caught in a heavy
storm. • Sorry I’m late - I got caught in traffic. catch up (with sb) (BrEda, shuningdek
catch sb up) yetib olmoq • Go on ahead. I’ll
catch up with you./I’ll catch you up. • He was
off school for a while and is finding it hard
to catch up. ■ n |C| 1 ilib olish • He made a
marvellous catch. • I dropped an easy catch.
• Well done! Good catch! 2 yashirin maqsad,
buni orqasida turgan maqsad • It seems
such a good deal, but there must be a catch
in it somewhere. • Free food? It sounds too
good to be true. What’s the catch?
category |ˈkætəɡɔːri| n (pl -ies) turkum,
kategoriya, toifa, tur = class,­classification,­
group • We grouped the books into categories according to subject. • The results can be
divided into three main categories.
cater |ˈkeɪtər| v tadbirni kerakli ovqat va
ichimliklar bilan ta’minlamoq • [~ for sb/
sth] Most of our work now involves catering
for weddings. • I’m catering for twelve on
Sunday, all the family are coming.
C
cathedral
C
cathedral |kəˈθiːdrəl| n bosh cherkov • The
great Gothic cathedral dominates the city. •
The wedding was held at Lincoln Cathedral.
cattle |ˈkætl| n pl n chorva = cows, bovines,
stock • twenty head of cattle • a herd of cattle • dairy/beef cattle • The prisoners were
herded into trucks like cattle.
cause ★ |kɔːz| n 1 |C,U| sabab, omil =
source, reason, grounds, root, origin ≠
effect, result • [~ of sth] What is the main
cause of traffic accidents? • The police tried
to find the cause of the fire. • [~ for sth]
There is no cause for concern. • The food was
excellent — I had no cause for complaint. 2
|C| maqsad, tamoyil = principle, ideal, belief • She is fighting for the cause of working mothers. • Animal welfare campaigners
raised £70 000 for their cause last year. ■ v
sabab bo‘lmoq, keltirib chiqarmoq = bring
about, give rise to, lead to, result in ≠ result
from • The storm caused widespread damage. • They don’t know what caused the fire.
• Are you causing trouble again? • Sorry, I
didn’t mean to cause offence (=haqorat qilmoqchi emasdim). • Smoking usually causes
lung cancer. • Lung canser is usually caused
by smoking. • [~ sth for sb] The bad weather is causing problems for many farmers. •
[~ sb sth] The project is still causing him a
lot of problems. • [~ sth/sb to do sth] The
poor harvest caused prices to rise sharply.
► Cause so‘zidan so‘ng to predlogi ishlatilmaydi: • The accident caused to a traffic
jam on the motorway. ► Kundalik hayotda
cause sb to do sth jumlasidan ko‘ra ko‘proq
make sb do sth birikmasidan foydalaniladi:
• What made you change your mind?
caution |ˈkɔːʃn| n 1 |U| ehtiyotkorlik = care,
carefulness • We need to proceed with caution. • extreme/great caution 2 |C| (BrE)
ogohlantirish • As it was her first offence,
she was only given a caution. • Just a word of
caution - the cheaper models probably aren’t
worth buying. ► Ogohlantirish belgilarida,
odatda, caution yoki warning so‘zlaridan
foydalaniladi: • Caution/Warning - thin ice.
cautious |ˈkɔːʃəs| adj ehtiyotkor, o‘zini
xatarga qo‘ymaydigan = careful, heedful,
attentive, alert ≠ reckless, rash, foolhardy • She’s a very cautious driver. • They’ve
taken a very cautious approach. • [~ about
sb/sth] | [~ about doing sth] He was very
cautious about committing himself to anything. ■ adv cautiously ehtiyotkorlik bilan
• She approached the pony cautiously. • She
looked cautiously around and then walked
away from the house.
cave |keɪv| n g‘or = cavern, grotto • The area
contains vast underground cave systems.
• We took shelter in a dark cave. ● cave
in yorilmoq, teshilmoq • Part of the roof
has caved in. • The wall caved in to reveal
82
a blocked-up Victorian fireplace. ► cave in,
collapse or give way? → collapse
CD |ˌsiː ˈdiː| (shuningdek, disc) n disk = compact disc • You can get it on CD. • He had a
huge collection of CDs and cassettes.
cease |siːs| vfml to‘xta(t)moq, tuga(t)moq =
stop, come/bring to an end, come to a halt,
end ≠ start, continue • [~ to do sth] You never cease to amaze me! • [~ doing sth] The
company ceased trading in June. ► Kundalik hayotda cease fe’lidan ko‘ra ko‘pincha
stop fe’lidan foydalaniladi: • They have
stopped using CFCs in packaging. • The rain
stopped just as the fireworks began.
ceiling |ˈsiːlɪŋ| n 1 shift • He painted the
kitchen ceiling. • The bedroom has a very
low ceiling. 2 eng yuqori daraja/cheklov
= upper limit, maximum • They imposed a
ceiling on agricultural imports. • A ceiling of
£100 was put on all donations.
celebrate ★ |ˈselɪbreɪt| v nishonlamoq,
bayram qilmoq = commemorate, observe,
mark • Our team won, so we’re all going out
to celebrate. • We always celebrate our wedding anniversary by going out to dinner. • If
this plan works, we’ll celebrate in style.
celebration |ˌselɪˈbreɪʃn| n nishonlash,
bayram = commemoration, observance;
party, gathering, festivities • We had my
birthday celebration in the local pub. • Such
good news calls for (=arziydi) a celebration!
• Her triumph was a cause for celebration. •
He’s having a party in celebration of of their
fiftieth wedding anniversary.
celebrity |səˈlebrəti| n (pl -ies) (shuningdek, (inf) celeb) mashhur/taniqli inson =
famous person, VIP, star ≠ nonentity • The
hotel is well known for its celebrity guests.
• A number of celebs attended the party. ►
fame or celebrity? → fame
cell |sel| n 1 kamera, qamoqxona = room, cubicle, chamber • He was arrested and spent
the night in the police cells. 2 hujayra =
compartment, cavity • You can see the blood
cells clearly under a microscope. • the nucleus of a cell • Cells divide and form new cells.
3 uyali telefon = cellular phone, mobile •
Call me on my cell if you’re running late.
cellar |ˈselər| n yerto‘la, podval = basement
• I went down into the cellar for more wine.
• We looked all over the house, even down in
the coal cellar.
cement |sɪˈment| n |U| sement = mortar,
grout, concrete • He was mixing cement to
make a path round the house.
cemetery |ˈseməteri| n (pl -ries) qabriston
= graveyard, churchyard • He was buried in
a private cemetery. • He goes down to the
cemetery every week to lay flowers on her
grave.
cent |sent| n (abbr c, ¢, ct) sent (dollarning
yuzdan biri) • We haven’t got a cent. ► Cent
83
so‘zi narxi sentda belgilangan narxlarda “c”
sifatida yoziladi, lekin dollarda belgilangan
narxlarda cent belgisi (c) ishlatilmaydi: •
25c; • $1.25 ($1.25 c)
centimetre |ˈsentɪmiːtər| n (abbr cm) santimetr • The shelves are three centimetres
thick. • I need the measurements for the curtains in centimetres.
central |ˈsentrəl| adj 1 markaziy, o‘rta =
middle, center, halfway ≠ side, extreme,
outer • He lives in central London. • Central
America/Europe/Asia • The flat is very central — just five minutes from Princes Street.
2 asosiy, dolzarb, muhim = key, main,
principal, chief (inf) number one ≠ minor,
subordinate • The central issue is that of
widespread racism. • She has been a central
figure in the campaign. • Owen played a
central role in the negotiations. ■ adv centrally • The hotel is centrally located for all
major attractions. • All data is held centrally.
centre ★ (AmEda, asosan, center) n
|ˈsentər| 1 markaz, o‘rta = the middle, focus ≠ edge • There was a large table in the
centre of the room. • The hotel is right in the
centre of the village. • The town centre is
very old. • Children like to be the centre of
attention. • an army training centre • Tokyo is one of the main financial centres of the
world. ► the centre or the middle? → middle 2 markaz, tashkilot, kompleks = institute, institution, organization • a sports/
leisure/health centre • a garden/shopping
centre • The university is a major centre for
scientific research. ■ v markaziga/o‘rtasiga
qo‘ymoq • Make sure you centre the title on
the page. • Carefully centre the photograph
on the page and stick it in place.
century |ˈsentʃəri| n (pl -ries) asr • He lived
in the 16 th century. • The city centre has
scarcely changed in over a century. • This
sculpture must be centuries old.
cereal |ˈsɪriəl| n 1 |C| boshoqli ekin/mahsulotlar • Drought has stunted the growth of
this year’s cereal crop. 2 |C,U| (sut qo‘shib
iste’mol qilinadigan) boshoqli ovqat, krupa
• How much milk do you want on your cereal? • I have cereal for breakfast.
ceremony |ˈserəmoʊni| n |C| (pl -ies) marosim, tadbir = ritual, rite, ceremonial • They
held a short ceremony to remember the victims of the train crash. • an awards/opening
ceremony • a wedding/marriage/graduation ceremony • Several foreign dignitaries
attended the ceremony.
certain ★ |ˈsɜːrtn| adj 1 be ~ ishonchi
komil bo‘lmoq, aniq bilmoq/bo‘lmoq =
sure,­bound,­confident,­positive,­convinced
≠ doubtful, uncertain • [~ (that)…] Are you
certain that you locked the door? • It is certain that they will agree. • She wasn’t certain
(that) he had seen her. • [~ of sth/of doing
certificate
sth] If you want to be certain of getting a
ticket, book now. • [~ of/about sth] Are you
absolutely certain about this? • [~ wh…] I’m
not certain who was there. • I’m not certain
where she lives. ► certain or sure? Certain
sure so‘zidan ko‘ra biroz rasmiyroq hisoblanadi, shu sababdan kundalik hayotda,
asosan, sure so‘zidan; rasmiy holatlarda esa
ko‘proq certain so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • I’m
sure I gave him the money. • We are not certain whether the appendix had already burst
or not. 2 ishonmoq, aniq bo‘lmoq • [~ to do
sth] Our team is certain to win the prize. •
They are certain to agree. 3 ayrim, ma’lum/
aniq bir • Certain plants can make you ill if
you eat them. • For certain personal reasons
I shall not be able to attend. • Certain people might disagree with this. • That’s true, to
a certain extent. • The show appeals to an
audience of a certain age. ● for certain
★ aniq, shubhasiz = authentically, for sure
• I don’t know for certain if she’s coming. •
I can’t say for certain when she’ll arrive.
make certain that ★ ishonch hosil qilmoq, aniqlashtirmoq, anig‘ini bilmoq • He
put the money in his safe to make certain
that no one could steal it. • I think there’s a
bus at 8 but you’d better call to make certain.
certainly ★ |ˈsɜːrtnli| adv 1 aniq, shubhasiz = unquestionably,­surely,­assuredly,­definitely ≠ possibly • He certainly knows how
to score goals. • “This is rather a difficult
question.” “Yes, it’s certainly not easy.” • Certainly, the early years are crucial to a child’s
development. • I’m certainly never going
there again. 2 albatta, bo‘lmasamchi = yes,
definitely,­ absolutely,­ sure,­ of­ course (inf)
OK • “Could you lend me £10?” “Certainly.”
• Can you give me a lift to the station? - Certainly. • “May I see your passport, Mr Scott?”
“Certainly.” • “Did you take any money out
of my purse?” “Certainly not!” ► Kundalik
hayotda ijozat berish ma’nosida certainly
so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq of course yoki sure
so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • “Can I sit here?”
“Of course./Sure’
certainty |ˈsɜːrtnti| n (pl -ties) 1 |C| bo‘lishi
aniq bo‘lgan narsa, turgan gap = inevitability • Her return to the team now seems a certainty. • [~ that…] There’s no certainty that
he’ll remember. 2 |U| aniqlik = confidence­≠
doubt • I’m unable to answer that question
with any certainty.
certificate |sərˈtɪfɪkət| n (abbr cert.) 1 guvohnoma, hujjat = guarantee,­certification,­
document • a marriage/death certificate •
In order to get a passport, you’ll need your
birth certificate. • She showed her certificate
of insurance. 2­sertifikat,­diplom = license,
diploma • She has been awarded a certifi-
C
chain
C
cate for swimming. • He has a certificate of
competence in English.
chain |tʃeɪn| n 1 |C,U| zanjir, tros = fetters,
shackles, irons • She wore a gold chain
round her neck. • Put the chain on the door
if you are alone in the house. • He stopped
when the chain came off his bike. 2 |C| ketma-ketlik, zanjir = series, succession, string
• a chain of hotels or a hotel chain • She has
built up a chain of 180 bookshops across the
country. • We witnessed a remarkable chain
of events in eastern Europe in 1989.
chair ★ |tʃer| n 1 |C| stul, kursi, o‘rindiq
= seat, armchair • Sit on your chair! • He
pulled up a chair and started to write. • dining/kitchen chairs ► chair or seat? Chair
o‘tirish uchun mo‘ljallangan stul yoki kursi kabi mebel jihozini ifodalaydi: • a set of
dining/kitchen chairs (a set of dining/kitchen seats); Seat esa o‘tirish mumkin bo‘lgan
har qanday narsaga nisbatan ishlatilishi
mumkin: • We used the old tree stump as a
seat. (... as a chair.) Seat bundan tashqari,
chair dan farqli o‘laroq, mashina va boshqa ulovlar o‘rindig‘iga nisbatan ham ishlatilishi mumkin: • the passenger seat/driver’s seat; • an aisle/a window seat; o‘rnini
egallamoq ma’nosida, have va take fe’llaridan bilan ham faqat seat so‘zi ishlatiladi: •
Please, take your seats. • Have a seat, John.
2 the chair rais, boshqaruvchi, olib boruvchi • Please address all your comments to
the chair. • He was elected chair of the city
council.
chairman |ˈtʃermən| n (pl chairmen
|ˈtʃermən|) erkak rahbar/boshliq, rais =
chair, leader, head, president, chief executive • Mrs Jones was the chairman at the
meeting. • The chairman of the company presented the annual report. ► Lekin
ko‘pchilik faqat erkaklar tushunilishini
oldini olish maqsadida chairman o‘rniga
chairperson so‘zidan foydalanishni afzal
ko‘radi: • She’s the chairperson of the safety
committee. ► chairman, president, chief or
director? → president2
chairperson |ˈtʃerpɜːrsn| n (pl chairpersons) rahbar • In his closing remarks, the
chairman thanked everyone who had helped.
challenge ★ |ˈtʃælɪndʒ| n 1 qiyin ish,
mushkul vazifa, matonat va qobiliyatni sinovchi yumush = problem,­difficulty,­test­•
It’s a difficult job, but I enjoy the challenge.
• I was bored with my job and felt I needed
a new/an exciting/interesting challenge. •
The role will be the biggest challenge of his
acting career. 2 musobaqa/bellashuvga
chaqiruv = dare • to mount a challenge • “I
bet you can’t eat all that food on your plate.”
“Is that a challenge?” • [~ to do sth] Our
team took up/accepted the challenge to play
another game. 3 da’vo, talab = test, ques-
84
tioning, dispute • a challenge over the ownership of the property • Their legal challenge
was unsuccessful. ■ v 1 undamoq, chaqirmoq = dare, summon • [~ sb (to sth)] Mike
challenged me to a game of chess. • [~ sb to
do sth] The opposition leader challenged
the prime minister to call an election. 2
so‘roqqa tutmoq, surishtirmoq = question,
disagree with, dispute • When challenged,
he admitted that he had seen her get into a
car. • She does not like anyone challenging
her authority. • This discovery challenges
traditional beliefs. 3 qoniqtirmoq, qobiliyatidan to‘liq foydalanmoq = test, tax • The
job doesn’t really challenge her.
challenging |ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ| adj matonat va
mahoratni sinaydigan, sinovli • challenging
work/questions/problems • Teaching young
children is a challenging and rewarding job.
chamber |ˈtʃeɪmbər| n 1 palata = room, hall
• The members left the council chamber. •
the Senate/House chamber • a burial chamber 2 maxsus xona, bo‘lim • Divers transfer
from the water to a decompression chamber.
• the chambers of the heart
champagne |ʃæmˈpeɪn| n |U,C|shampan vinosi • I’ll have some champagne, please.
champion |ˈtʃæmpiən| n (inf champ) g‘olib,
chempion = winner, titleholder = winner, titleholder • a champion swimmer • a
champion jockey/boxer/swimmer • He’s the
world champion in the 100 metres.
championship |ˈtʃæmpiənʃɪp| n (shuningdek championships pl) 1 musobaqa,
chempionlik bellashuvi • The world championships will be held in Scotland next year.
• He won a silver medal at the European
Championships. 2 g‘oliblik • She has held the
championship for the past three years.
chance ★ |tʃæns| n 1 |C,U| ehtimol, iloj, imkoniyat = possibility, prospect, odds, likelihood • [~ of doing sth] Is there any chance of
getting tickets for tonight? • She has only a
slim chance of passing the exam. • [~ that…]
There’s a slight chance that he’ll be back in
time. • There is no chance that he will change
his mind. • [~ of sth happening] What chance
is there of anybody being found alive? • [~ of
sth] There is little chance of rain in August.
• The operation has a fifty-fifty chance of
success. • an outside chance • “Maybe your
brother would lend you the money?” “Huh,
fat chance!” • “Do you think he’ll do it?” “No
chance.” ► Chance fe’li, odatda, of predlogi
va­ gerundiy­ bilan­ ishlatiladi,­ infinitiv­ bilan­
emas: • Do you think they have a chance of
beating Australia? (... a chance to beat Australia.) 2 imkon, imkoniyat = opportunity,
start, possibilities (inf) break • (spoken)
moment • I’ve been waiting for a chance like
this for a long time. • This is your big chance.
• [~ of sth] We won’t get another chance of
85
a holiday this year. • [~ to do sth] Please
give me a chance to explain. • I wish I’d had
the chance to visit South Africa. • [~ for sb
to do sth] The trip was a good chance for
us to meet old friends. ► chance, possibility or opportunity? → opportunity 3 tasodif, omad, tavakkal = gamble, risk • Chess is
not a game of chance. • It was pure chance
that we met at the station. • “Do you think
we’ll win?” “I think we’re in with a chance.”
• We’ll plan everything very carefully and
leave nothing to chance. ● by any chance
mobodo • Have you by any chance seen my
glasses? • Are you in love with him, by any
chance? • Are you French, by any chance?
by chance ★ tasodifan, kutilmaganda =
by accident, accidentally • It was quite by
chance that we were travelling on the same
bus. • I met her by chance at the airport.
(the) chances are (that) … (inf) bo‘lishi
mumkin, ehtimoli bor • The chances are you
won’t have to pay. • The chances are a million to one against being struck by lightning.
stand a chance (of doing sth) imkoniyat
(ga ega) bo‘lmoq • The driver didn’t stand a
chance of stopping in time. • Do they stand
any chance of winning against France? take
a chance (on sth) tavakkal qilmoq • We
took a chance on the weather and planned to
have the party outside. • It is just not worth
taking any chances.
chancellor |ˈtʃænsələr| (shuningdek, Chancellor) n 1 kansler • The talks will be headed by Germany’s Chancellor Merkel. 2 (Brit)
moliya vaziri • MPs waited for the chancellor’s announcement.
change ★ |tʃeɪndʒ| v 1 o‘zgar(tir)moq = alter, make/become different, adjust, adapt,
shift ≠ preserve, stay the same • I’m going
to change my hair style. • She’s just changed
jobs. • Her life changed completely when she
won the lottery. • Let’s change the subject. •
I almost didn’t recognize her - she’d changed
so much. • Leaves change colour in autumn.
• Computers have changed the way people
work. • London has changed a lot since we
used to live there. ► alter or change?
Change ko‘pincha butunlay o‘zgar(tir)ishni, alter esa, odatda, qisman o‘zgar(tir)ishni ifodalaydi. Taqqoslang: • The law needs
to be altered (=yanada yaxshilanishi uchun
biroz o‘zgartirilishi kerak). • The law needs
to be changed (=butunlay o‘zgartirilishi kerak). Change alter so‘zidan ko‘ra kengroq
qamrovga ega va u kundalik hayotda ayniqsa change your mind/name, change colour/
tack va change the subject kabi so‘zlar bilan
ko‘p ishlatiladi. 2 aylan(tir)moq, (bir holatdan ikkinchi holatga) o‘tmoq, o‘zgar(tir)
moq = turn, transform, convert • [~ from
A to/into B] The lights changed from red to
green. • [~ sb/sth (from A) to/into B] With
change
a wave of her magic wand, she changed the
frog into a handsome prince. ► change or
turn? Change faqat biror narsaning boshqa (ko‘rinishdagi) narsaga tabiiy ravishda,
o‘z-o‘zidan, tasodifan yoki sehr-jodu orqali
aylanib qolishiga ishlatiladi. Turn esa bulardan tashqari odamlar sa’y-harakati orqali
o‘zgartirilgan holat va narsalarga nisbatan
ham ishlatilishi mumkin: • There are plans
to turn the old station into a hotel. (There
are plans to change ...) • A minor disagreement turned into a major crisis. (A minor
disagreement changed into a major crisis.)
3 kiyimini almashtirmoq • You’d better go
and get changed. • Change your dress - that
one looks dirty. • [~ into sth] She changed
into her swimsuit. • [~ out of sth] You need
to change out of those wet things. • Could
you change the baby/the baby’s (BrE) nappy/(AmE) diaper? • I’ve changed the sheets/
the bed in the guest room. 4 (boshqasiga)
almash(tir)moq = exchange, swap, switch,
replace, substitute ≠ keep • That back
tyre needs changing. • [~ sb/sth] I want to
change my doctor. • [~ sb/sth (for sb/sth)]
This shirt I bought’s too small — I’ll have to
change it for a bigger one. • [~ sth (to sth)]
Marie changed her name when she got married. • She changed her name to his. • Can we
change seats? • [~ sth with sb] Can I change
seats with you? 5 ayirboshlamoq, pulga
aylantirmoq = exchange, cash, cash sth in •
[~ sth into sth] I had to change £1,000 into
dollars. • We want to change some traveller’s
cheques. 6 pulni maydalamoq • [~ sth for/
into sth] Could you change a £10 note (for
two fives), please? 7 transport vositalarida
almashmoq • Where do I have to change? •
I had to change (trains) twice to get there.
• Change at Reading (for London). • [~ sth]
I stopped in Moscow only to change planes.
■ n 1 |C,U| o‘zgar(tir)ish = variation, swing,
fluctuation­• There was a sudden change of
plan. • There was no change in the patient’s
condition overnight. • We’ve seen a lot of
changes over the years. ► “O‘zgartirish
qilmoq/kiritmoq” ma’nosida change oti do
bilan emas make fe’li bilan, rasmiy holatlarda esa implement fe’li bilan ishlatiladi:
• I suggest you make some changes to the
programme. (... do some changes to the programme.) • The ambassador implemented
political changes for the relationship between the countries. 2 a change sl o‘zgacha narsa, odatdan tashqari = alteration
• We usually go on holiday in summer, but
this year we’re taking a winter holiday for a
change. • A glass of water is a nice change
after all that coffee. • It makes a change to
read some good news for once. 3 mayda pul
• Have you got change for a £5 note? • Do
you have any change for the phone? 4 qay-
C
channel
C
tim • So that’s £1.50 change from £5. • The
shopkeeper gave me the wrong change. 5
|C| almash(tir)ish, o‘zgartirish = exchange,
substitution • a change of address • [~ (of
sth)] A change of scene will do you good.
● change sth (a)round o‘rnini/joyini
o‘zgartirmoq • You’ve changed all the furniture around. • The room looks very different
since you’ve changed the furniture round.
channel |ˈtʃænl| n |C| 1 televizor/radio
kanali = station, network • We’re watching
Channel 4. • Shall we watch the new show on
the other channel? • a movie/sports channel
• to change/switch channels 2 yo‘nalish,
yo‘l, vosita = vehicle, medium • The company has worldwide distribution channels. •
Music is a channel for releasing emotions. 3
suv kanali • the English Channel
chaos |ˈkeɪɑːs| n |U| tartibsizlik, chalkashlik
= disorder, confusion ≠ order • The house
was in chaos after the party. • Ever since our
secretary walked out, the office has been in a
state of total/utter chaos.
chapel |ˈtʃæpl| n |C| butxona • The hospital
has its own chapel.
chapter |ˈtʃæptər| n (abbr chap.) |C| bob,
bo‘lim = section, division • Don’t tell me
how it finishes - I’m only up to chapter three.
• in the previous/next/last chapter • See
Chapter Three for more details.
character |ˈkærəktər| n 1 (odatda, birlikda
ishlatiladi) (o‘ziga xos) fe’l-atvor, xulq, xislat = personality, nature, features, qualities
• He has a strong, determined character. •
The book gives a fascinating insight into Mr
President’s character. • Generosity is part of
the muslim character. • It would be very out
of character (=unga xos bo‘lmagan) of her
to lie. • It’s not in his character to be jealous. ► character, nature, personality or
temperament? → nature 2­kayfiyat,­(o‘ziga
xos) ruhiyat, muhit = spirit, features • The
modern hotels here have no real character. •
Old books are said to give a room character.
• I’d prefer an old place with a bit of character. 3 rol, qahramon = persona, role • The
main character in the film is an old woman
with a fascinating history. • a major/minor
character in the book • The movie contains
human and animated/cartoon characters. 4
tabiat, xislat = nature • He’s an interesting
character. • buildings that are very simple in
character ► character or nature? Nature,
asosan, mavhum otlarning asl mohiyatiga
urg‘u berilganda ishlatiladi: • The protests
had been non-political by nature; Character esa shaxs va jismlarning boshqalardan
farq qilib turadigan jihatlariga urg‘u beradi: • The character of this country has been
formed by immigration.
characteristic |ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk| adj o‘ziga
xos, alohida, o‘zgacha, boshqacha = typical,
86
usual, distinctive, particular • You can recognise her by her characteristic way of walking. • [~ of sth/sb] The shape is characteristic of this type of flower. ► characteristic
or typical? Ijobiy o‘ziga xoslik haqida gap
ketganda, odatda, characteristic sifatidan,
salbiy o‘ziga xoslikka nisbatan esa ko‘pincha typical sifatidan foydalaniladi: • It was
typical of her to forget. • Such kindness was
characteristic of Mike. Kundalik hayotda, lekin characteristic so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘pincha
typical so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • The building is typical of those in the area. ■ n o‘ziga
xos belgi, alohida jihat = attribute, feature,
quality • Unfortunately a big nose is a family characteristic. • The two cars have very
similar characteristics. • [~ (of sth/sb)] The
need to communicate is a key characteristic
of human society. ■ adv characteristically
o‘ziga xos ravishda, har doimgidan boshqacha tarzda = typically • Characteristically,
Helen paid for everyone. • She gave a characteristically skilful performance.
charge ★ |tʃɑːrdʒ| n 1 |C,U| to‘lanadigan
haq = fee, payment, price, tariff • [~ for sth/
sb] Is there a charge for children or do they
go free? • There is no charge for delivery. •
We make a small charge for rental. • There’s
an admission charge of £5. • Delivery is free
of charge. ► charge or fee? Norasmiy vaziyat va kichik xizmatlarga nisbatan, odatda,
charge so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • Even local
nurseries charge ₤100 a week. • We have
to make a small charge for refreshments;
Rasmiy vaziyatlarda va tashkilot, o‘quv
muassasalaridagi to‘lovlarga nisbatan esa,
odatda, fee so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • legal/
school/professional fees • In America high
tuition fees are required by the schools;
Lekin muzey, teatr, kino kabi joylarning
to‘lovlariga ya’ni, admission ga nisbatan ikkalasidan ham foydalanish mumkin, lekin
entrance ga esa faqat fee so‘zidan foydalaniladi. 2 |C| ayblov = accusation, recrimination, allegation • He has been arrested on
a charge of murder. • The police brought a
charge of theft against him. • The police
have had to drop (=to‘xtatishga) charges
against her because they couldn’t find any
evidence. • After being questioned by the
police, she was released without charge. 3
hamla, hujum = attack, assault • The police
stood firm against the charge of the crowd.
4 |U| mas’uliyat, javobgarlik, boshqaruv =
duty, responsibility, task • She has charge of
the day-to-day running of the business. • I’m
leaving the school in your charge. 5 qaramog‘ida = care, protection, control, custody
• They left the nanny in charge of the children for a week. ● in charge of sth/sb ★
boshliq, mas’ul, javobgar = responsible for,
in control of, managing • Who’s in charge
87
here? • He was put in charge of the sales
department. take charge of sth boshqaruvni/mas’uliyatni o‘z qo‘liga olmoq • She
took charge of the class while the teacher
was out of the room. • He took charge of the
farm after his father’s death. ■ v 1 haq/pul
so‘ramoq = ask,­ fine,­ bill­ • [~ sth for sth]
What did they charge for the repairs? • [~ sb
for sth] We won’t charge you for delivery. •
[~ sth at sth] Calls are charged at 36 p per
minute. • [~ sb sth (for sth)] He only charged
me half price. • [~ for sth] Do you think museums should charge for admission? • [~
(sb) to do sth] The bank doesn’t charge to
stop a payment. • They charge you $20 just
to get in the nightclub. • [~ sth to sth] They
charge the calls to their credit-card account.
• (AmE) [~ sth] Don’t worry. I’ll charge it.
2 (politsiya tomonidan) ayblov qo‘ymoq
= accuse, impeach, prosecute • [~ sb with
(doing) sth] She was charged with stealing
the jewels. • Several people were arrested
but nobody was charged. 3 hujum/hamla
qilmoq • The police charged the rioters. • If
the bull charges, run as fast as you can for
the gate! 4 shoshilib yugurmoq/otilmoq =
tear, stampede, gallop, pound • The children
charged down the stairs. • He came charging
into my room. 5 quvvat/zaryad ol(dir)moq
• You can charge your phone battery overnight. • [~ sth up] The shaver can be charged
up and used when travelling.
charisma |kəˈrɪzmə| n |U| o‘ziga tortish,
joziba, tarovat = charm • The President has
great personal charisma. • He lacked the
charisma and charm of his predecessor.
charitable |ˈtʃærətəbl| adj 1 rahmli, marhamatli = generous ≠ uncharitable • Let’s
be charitable and assume she just made a
mistake. 2 muhtojlarga yordam beruvchi
= humanitarian • a charitable institution/
foundation/trust • a charitable donation/
gift • His later years were devoted largely to
charitable work. ■ adv charitably rahmshafqat bilan • Try to think about him a little
more charitably.
charity |ˈtʃærəti| n (pl -ies) xayriya tashkiloti
= nonprofit­organization,­voluntary­organization, foundation, aid, relief • a medical
charity • The concert will raise money for
local charities. • Do you give much to charity? • to live on/off charity • UNICEF is an
international charity.
charm |tʃɑːrm| n 1 maftunkorlik, joziba,
tarovat = attractiveness, beauty, appeal •
She is a woman of great personal charm. •
It’s a town with a lot of old-world charm. •
Even as a young boy he knew how to turn on
the charm (=e’tibor tortishni) when he wanted something. 2 omad keltiruvchi tumor,
tilsim = talisman • She wears a lucky charm
round her neck. • He keeps a rabbit’s paw
as a lucky/good luck charm. ■ v jalb qilmoq, hayron qol(dir)moq = delight, please
• He always manages to charm somebody
into helping him. • We were charmed by the
friendliness of the local people.
charming |ˈtʃɑːrmɪŋ| adj maftunkor, jozibali = attractive, delightful, pleasing, pleasant, agreeable ≠ repulsive, charmless • The
cottage is tiny, but it’s charming. • She’s
a charming person. • What a charming
name. ■ adv charmingly • And she sings so
charmingly.
chart |tʃɑːrt| n 1 diagramma = graph, table,
diagram,­ pie­ chart,­ bar­ chart,­ flow­ chart­ •
For birth rates in the 1990s, see the chart on
page 247. • Enter your results on the chart.
2 xarita • a naval chart 3 the charts eng
mashhur qo‘shiqlarning rasmiy ro‘yxati •
Their new single is likely to top the charts
again this week. • The album went straight
into the charts at number 1.
charter |ˈtʃɑːrtər| n |C| nizom, qoida = constitution, code, authority, authorization • a
shoppers’ charter • The university received
its charter in 1846.
chase |tʃeɪs| v quvlamoq, orqasidan yugurmoq/yurmoq = pursue, run after, hunt, follow • My dog likes chasing rabbits. • The kids
chased each other around the kitchen table.
• Girls are always chasing him. • [~ after sb/
sth] He chased after the burglar but couldn’t
catch him. ■ n |C| quvlash, orqasidan
yugurish • He was caught after a three-hour
chase along the motorway. • We lost him in
the narrow streets and had to give up the
chase.
chat |tʃæt| v (-tt-) gaplashmoq, suhbatlashmoq, valaqlamoq, laqqillamoq • [~ to/with
sb] • She spends hours on the phone chatting
to her friends. • [~ about sth/sb] What were
you chatting about? • [~ away (to/with sb)]
Within minutes of being introduced they
were chatting away like old friends. ■ n
(asosan, BrEda) suhbat, gaplashish = talk,
conversation, gossip, chatter • I just called
in for a chat. • I’d like to have a chat with you
about your work.
cheap ★ |tʃiːp| adj 1 arzon = inexpensive,
low-priced, budget, economical, affordable,
reasonable ≠ expensive • I want to buy a
cheap radio. • Why do you go by bus? - Because it’s cheaper than the train. • Cycling is
a cheap way to get around. • Personal computers are cheap and getting cheaper. • a
cheap restaurant/hotel • I go to the cheapest
hairdresser’s in town. 2 (AmE) (BrE mean)
(inf) ziqna, qizg‘anchiq • He’s so cheap he
didn’t even buy me a card for my birthday. •
Don’t be so cheap! ► cheap, mean or stingy? → mean2 ■ adv • I bought them cheap
in the local market. ● not come cheap arzon bo‘lmaydi/tushmaydi • Violins like this
C
cheaply
C
don’t come cheap. • He doesn’t come cheap,
but he gets the job done on time.
cheaply |ˈtʃiːpli| adv arzon narxda • cheaply
made furniture • You can live quite cheaply if
you don’t go out to eat in restaurants. • They
were selling the last few bottles cheaply.
cheat |tʃiːt| v muttahamlik/g‘irromlik/firibgarlik qilmoq, aldamoq = deceive, trick,
fool, take sb in, rip sb off • She cheated in the
test by copying from the boy in front. • You’re
not allowed to look at the answers — that’s
cheating. • She is accused of attempting to
cheat the taxman. • [~ at sth] He cheats at
cards. ► cheat, deiceive, betray, take sb
in, fool, con or trick? → deiceive ■ n muttaham,­g‘irromchi,­firibgar = cheater, hustler • I won’t play cards with him again, he’s
a cheat. • You little cheat! ● cheat sb (out)
of sth noto‘g‘ri ravishda to‘sqinlik qilmoq •
They cheated him out of his share of the profits. • She claimed that her cousin had cheated her out of her inheritance. cheat on sb
xiyonat qilmoq = be unfaithful • She found
out that he’d been cheating on her.
check ★ |tʃek| v tekshirmoq, ko‘zdan kechirmoq, aniqlashtirmoq = examine, inspect, look at/over • Did you lock the door?
- I’ll go and check. • Hang on — I just need
to check my email. • Check your work before handing it in. • [~ that] I always check
(that) I’ve shut the windows before I leave
the house. • [~ sth for sth] After I’d finished
the exam, I checked my answers for mistakes.
• Customs stopped us and checked our bags
for alcohol and cigarettes. • [~ (with sb)
(wh)] You’d better check with Jane what
time she’s expecting us tonight. • I rang them
yesterday to check when they were arriving.
► inspect, check or examine? Biror
narsani ko‘zdan kechirmoq, tekshirmoq,
e’tibor bilan qarab chiqmoq ma’nolarida
bu so‘zlarning hammasidan foydalanish
mumkin: • The Public Utilities Commission
inspects/checks/examines us once a year.
• Elaine went outside to inspect/check/
examine the playing field. Lekin xatolarni
topish, aniqlash va ularni to‘g‘rilash ma’nolarida esa faqat chek fe’lidan foydalaniladi:
• Check your work before handing it in. (Inspect/Examine your work before handing
it in.) • Check the accuracy of everything in
your CV. Muammo, kasallik va kamchilik
sabablari qidirilganda esa faqat examine
so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • The doctor examined her but could find nothing wrong. (The
doctor checked/inspected her ...); Inspect
esa ko‘pincha rasmiy hollarda yoki tashkilot rasmiylari haqida gap ketganda ishlatiladi: • Publice health officials were called
in to inspect the restaurant. ● hold/keep
sth in check nazorat qilmoq, kuchayishini
oldini olmoq • Maggie managed to keep her
88
temper in check. • The epidemic was held in
check by widespread vaccination. check in
(at…) ro‘yxatdan o‘tmoq = report (sb’s arrival), sign in ≠ check out • We’ve checked in
at the hotel. • Please check in two hours before your departure time. • I’ll see you at the
check-in. check into turishni/yashashni
boshlamoq • We checked into our hotel and
then went on a tour of the town. • He checked
into a top London clinic yesterday for an operation on his knee. check on sb (hammasi
joyida/yaxshiligini) tekshirmoq, (qandayligidan) xabar olmoq • I’ll just go and check
on the children. • The boss arrived to check
on our progress. check out (of…) ★ 1 mehmonxonadan (pulini to‘lab) chiqib ketmoq •
We’d better check out before breakfast. • I’m
sorry, they aren’t here. They checked out this
morning. 2 tekshirmoq, ko‘zdan kechirmoq
• I thought I heard a noise in the kitchen I’ll just go and check it out. • The police are
checking the woman out. 3 bir qaramoq/
ko‘rmoq • If I hear about a website that
sounds interesting, I check it out. • Hey, check
out that car! • Have you checked out the local sports centre yet? check over/through
sth tekshirib chiqmoq • Check over your
work for mistakes. • We checked through
the photographs to make sure there were
none missing. check up on sb orqasidan
tekshirib yurmoq • My parents are always
checking up on me. • Are you checking up on
me again? ■ n tekshiruv, ko‘zdan kechirish,
qarash = examination, inspection, control
[~ (for/on sth)] • Could you give the tyres a
check? • The police are carrying out checks
on all cars. • I’ll just have a quick check to see
if the letter’s arrived yet. • “I can’t find my
keys.” “Have another check in/through your
jacket pockets.’
cheek |tʃiːk| n 1 yonoq, bet, yuz • a baby with
red cheeks • chubby/rosy/pink cheeks • chubby-cheeked/rosy-cheeked/hollow-cheeked
• Sarah kissed her grandma on the cheek. •
Couples were dancing cheek to cheek. 2 |U|,
sl (BrE) surbetlik, uyalmaslik, yuzsizlik •
She’s got some cheek to take your car without asking. • It’s a bit of a cheek, asking me
for money. • What a cheek! Of course I read
the instructions!
cheeky |ˈtʃiːki| adj (-ier, -iest) (BrE, inf) surbet, bezbet, o‘ta qo‘pol, yuzsiz = impertinent, insolent ≠ polite • You cheeky monkey!
• You’re getting far too cheeky!
cheer |tʃɪr| n |C| qichqiriq, ura = hurray, hurrah, whoop, bravo ≠ boo • When he scored
the goal a great cheer went up. • Three
cheers for the winners! ■ v (baqirib) qo‘llabquvvatlamoq, (baqirib) olqishlamoq ≠ boo
• We all cheered as the team came on to the
field. • Cheering crowds greeted their arrival. ► cheer or encourage? → encourage
89
● cheer up!­xursand­bo‘lsangchi,­kayfiyatini ko‘tar! = perk up, brighten (up), buck
up • Oh, come on — cheer up! It’ll all be
over tomorrow. • Give Mary a call; she needs
cheering up.
cheerful |ˈtʃɪrfl| adj 1 xursand, quvnoq,
shod, xushchaqchaq • He felt bright and
cheerful and full of energy. • You’re in a
cheerful mood. ► cheerful or bright?
Ularning ma’nolari ko‘p vaziyatlarda bir
xil, lekin shaxslar oldidan xursand va xushchaqchaq ma’nolarida, odatda, cheerful
so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • I was not feeling
very bright/cheerful that morning. • They
are both very cheerful in spite of their colds.
• The boy was so bright and animated. Chunki bright shaxslar oldidan kelganida, odatda
“xushchaqchaq” emas, balkim “aqlli, zehnli”
ma’nolarini bildiradi: • He is a bright boy/
man/student. (=aqlli (xushchaqchaq) bola/
kishi/talaba) 2 rohatbahsh, yoqimli • a
cheerful smile • There was a cheerful picture on the wall. • The house has a cheerful
atmosphere. ■ adv cheerfully mamnunlik
bilan, xursand bo‘lib • to laugh/nod cheerfully • She walked down the road, whistling
cheerfully. • I could cheerfully have punched
him when he said that.
cheers n 1 tost, qadah so‘zi “Cheers!” - he
growled and swallowed his whisky. 2 xayr •
Cheers then. See you later. 3 rahmat • “Have
another biscuit.” “Cheers.’
cheese |tʃiːz| n |U,C| pishloq • Would you
like a slice/piece of cheese with your bread?
• I prefer hard/soft cheeses, like Cheddar. • a
cheese sandwich/salad
cheetah |ˈtʃiːtə| n gepard • Cheetahs are
mainly found in Africa.
chef |ʃef| n oshpaz = cook, food preparer •
He took a job as a sous chef in a London hotel. • She is head-chef at the Waldorf-Astoria.
chemical |ˈkemɪkl| adj kimyoviy • The
chemical industry produces such things as
drugs, paint and rubber. ■ n |C| kimyoviy
modda = substance, material, gas • Chemicals are widely used in farming and medicine. • Each year, factories release millions
of tonnes of toxic chemicals into the atmosphere.
chemist |ˈkemɪst| n 1 chemist’s dorixona
= pharmacy, drugstore • Take this prescription to the chemist’s. • I’ll get it at the chemist’s. 2 kimyogar • a research chemist • She
worked as a chemist for the water company.
3 dorixonachi = pharmacist • Ask the chemist to give you sth for the pain.
chemistry |ˈkemɪstri| n |U| kimyo • She’s
studying chemistry at university. • inorganic/organic chemistry
cheque (BrE) (AmE check) |tʃek| n chek • I
paid for the jacket by cheque. • He made out
the cheque to Mr Smith.
child
cherry |ˈtʃeri| n (pl -ies) olcha, gilos • The
cherry tree is beginning to blossom. • She
placed a bowl of cherries on the table. ■
adj (shuningdek, cherry-red) qirmizi qizil
• cherry lips
chess |tʃes| n |U| shaxmat • They meet fairly
often to play chess. • He beat me at chess.
chest |tʃest| n ko‘krak = breast, upper body,
bust, bosom • The bullet hit him in the chest.
• The doctor listened to the patient’s chest.
• What’s his chest size/measurement? •
flat-chested • broad-chested
chestnut |ˈtʃesnʌt| n 1 kashtan • A man in
the street was selling bags of roast chestnuts.
2 kashtan daraxti • a 200-year-old chestnut
tree
chew |tʃuː| v chaynamoq = gnaw, bite,
crunch • This meat is difficult to chew. • He
is always chewing gum. • [~ at/on/through
sth] The dog was chewing on a bone. • She
sat in the dentist’s waiting room, nervously
chewing (at) her nails. ● chew sb out qattiq koyimoq, go‘shtini yemoq • The coach
chewed his team out for playing so badly.
• He got chewed out by the boss for lying.
chew the fat gap sotmoq/chaynamoq,
vaysamoq = talk, gossip, chatter, speak • We
sat in a bar most of the evening just chewing
the fat.
chicken |ˈtʃɪkɪn| n 1 jo‘ja • Chickens were
running everywhere in the farmyard. 2 |U|
tovuq go‘shti • Would you like another slice
of chicken? • fried/roast chicken • chicken
stock/soup • chicken breasts/livers/thighs •
chicken and chips
chief ★ |tʃiːf| adj 1 asosiy, bosh = main,
principal, prime, primary, central, key, top,
senior • What is the chief cause of accidents
in the home? • Safety is our chief concern. •
The weather was our chief reason for coming here. 2 bosh, yuqori (ko‘pincha Chief)
• Detective Chief Inspector Williams • He’s
our chief adviser. ■ n boshliq = boss • He’s
been made the new chief of the finance department. • army/industry/police chiefs ►
chief, president, chairman(woman) or director? → president2
chiefly |ˈtʃiːfli| adv, asosan, = mainly, in the
main, primarily, principally • The town is famous chiefly for its cathedral. • We are chiefly concerned with improving educational
standards. • I lived abroad for years, chiefly
in Italy.
child ★ |tʃaɪld| n (pl children |ˈtʃɪldrən| bolalar) 1 bola = kid, youngster, little one,
boy, girl ≠ adult, grown-up • There was no
TV when my mother was a child. • As a child
I didn’t eat vegetables. • A group of children were playing on the beach. • a child of
three/a three-year-old child • She’s such a
child! ► child or kid? → kid 2 farzand = son,
daughter, boy, girl, baby, kid • They have six
C
childhood
C
children - two boys and four girls. • Whose
child is that? • We have two adult/grownup children. • Alex is an only child (=yolg‘iz/
yagona farzand). • They can’t have children.
childhood |ˈtʃaɪldhʊd| n |U,C| bolalik =
youth, early years, early life, youth, infancy ≠ adulthood, old age • She had a happy
childhood. • He married his childhood sweetheart. • childhood memories/experiences •
We spent our childhood in a small town in
the mountains. ► Kundalik hayotda childhood so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq (when) I was
a child/young so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: •
During my childhood we lived by the ocean.
→ When I was a child we lived by the ocean.
| She’s known him since childhood. → She’s
known him since she was a child.
childish |ˈtʃaɪldɪʃ| adj yosh bolalarcha, yosh
bolaga o‘xshagan = immature, babyish ≠
mature • Don’t be so childish! • childish
handwriting
children n → child
chill |tʃɪl| n sl 1 sovuq, izg‘irin = coldness,
chilliness ≠ warmth • You’ll catch a chill if
you don’t wear a coat in this cold weather.
• The sun came up and soon cleared away
the morning chill. 2 sovuqlik, dilozorlik •
The death of the bride’s father cast a chill
over the wedding. • a chill of fear/apprehension ■ v 1 sovutmoq = cool • He asked
for a glass of chilled orange juice. • Chill the
dessert in the fridge for about two hours. 2
sovqotmoq • Let’s go home, I’m chilled to the
bone. • They were chilled by the icy wind. ●
chill out (inf) dam olmoq, xavotirlanmaslik • I’m just chilling out in front of the TV.
• Chill out, Dad. The train doesn’t leave for
another hour!
chimney |ˈtʃɪmni| n mo‘ri • He threw a bit of
paper onto the fire and it flew up the chimney. • Factory chimneys emitted dense white
smoke into the sky.
chimpanzee |ˌtʃɪmpænˈziː| (shuningdek,
(inf) chimp) n shimpanze • The chimpanzee
stood upright and grasped the bars of its
cage.
chin |tʃɪn| n iyak, pastgi jag‘ • She suddenly
stood up and hit him on the chin. • He rubbed
his chin thoughtfully. ● (keep your) chin
up! kayfiyatingni­ tushirma,­ bardam­ bo‘l­ •
Chin up! It’ll be over soon. • Chin up! Only
two exams left.
china |ˈtʃaɪnə| n |U| 1 chinni sopol idishlar •
a china vase/plates 2 chinni idish = dishes,
plates, cups and saucers • The china cabinet
was filled with expensive dishes.
China |ˈtʃaɪnə| n sl Xitoy • China has always
fascinated me.
Chinese |ˌtʃaɪˈniːz| (pl Chinese) 1 xitoylik
2 xitoy taomi • She wanted Italian but I said
I preferred Chinese.
90
chip |tʃɪp| n 1 cheti uchgan joyi • The cup had
a tiny chip in it. 2 mayda bo‘laklar, parcha •
There were chips of glass all over the floor.
3 chips (BrE) (shuningdek, French fry, fry
AmE, BrE) chips • He ordered chicken and
chips. • a packet of potato/corn chips •
fish/sausage/egg and chips 4 chip = microchip • The invention of the silicon chip
was a landmark in the history of the computer. ■ v chetini uchirmoq, cheti uchmoq
• He banged the cup down on the plate and
chipped it. • Try not to chip these cups when
you wash them. • These plates chip easily. ●
chip in (with sth) 1 (bilan) gapga/jarayonga qo‘shilmoq/suqilmoq • Pete and Anne
chipped in with suggestions. • [+ speech]
“That’s different,” she chipped in. 2 o‘rtada
pul to‘plamoq = contribute • If everyone
chips in we’ll be able to buy her a really nice
present. • We each chipped in (with) £5.
chocolate |ˈtʃɑːklət| |ˈtʃɔːklət| n |U,C| shokolad • a bar of chocolate • Her mother made a
chocolate cake. • There are only three chocolates left in the box.
choice ★ |tʃɔɪs| n 1 |C| tanlov, tanlangan
narsa yoki odam = option, alternative,
preference, pick [~ (between A and B)] • It’s
a difficult choice to make. • Paris was our
first choice for our holiday. • She’s the obvious choice for the job. • I don’t like his choice
of friends. ► choice, option or alternative? Choice va option so‘zlari alternative
so‘zidan ko‘ra biroz norasmiyroq hisoblanadi. “Tanlash imkoniyati” ma’nosida birinchi o‘rinda choice dan, ba’zan esa option
dan foydalanish mumkin, lekin odatda ushbu ma’noda alternative so‘zidan foydalanilmaydi: • If I had the choice/option, I would
live in Dubai. (If I had the alternative…). Ko‘p
tanlovlar ichidan biror-birini tanlashga nisbatan bu so‘zlarning har biridan foydalanish mumkin, lekin ikki tanlov orasidan birini tanlashga nisbatan, esa odatda, choice
yoki option dan ko‘ra ko‘proq alternative
so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • Audiocassettes are
an interesting alternative to reading. 2 |U|
tanlash imkoniyati, tanlov, xilma-xillik =
range, variety, option, alternative, possibility, selection • The store has a huge choice
of furniture. • There wasn’t much choice on
the menu. • There is a wide range of choices
open to you. • Our aim is to provide greater choice for consumers. • It’s your choice/
The choice is yours. ● of your choice xohishiga/tanloviga qarab • First prize will
be a meal for two at the restaurant of your
choice. • The dress is available in a choice of
colours. no choice but to do sth boshqa
chorasi qolmaslik, boshqa iloji yo‘q bo‘lmoq
• I had no choice but to cancel my holiday. • I
was left with no choice but to resign.
91
choir |ˈkwaɪər| n |C| (ham birlik, ham ko‘plik
fe’li bilan kelishi mumkin) jo‘r, xo‘r • He
sings in the school choir.
choke |tʃoʊk| v 1 tiqilib qolmoq = cough
• Don’t talk with your mouth full or you’ll
choke. • [~ on sth] He was choking on a
piece of toast. 2 to‘s(il)moq • The canal
was choked with weeds. 3 bo‘g‘moq = suffocate, asphyxiate • He felt the tight collar
was choking him. 4 bo‘g‘ilib qolmoq, xirillab
gapirmoq • [~ with sth] His voice was choking with rage. • [~ sth] Despair choked her
words. • He choked out a reply. • [+ speech]
“I hate you!” she choked out.
choose ★ |tʃuːz| v (chose |tʃoʊz|, chosen
|ˈtʃoʊzn|) 1 tanlamoq = select, pick (out),
opt for, decide • [~ sth] Danny, come here
and choose your ice cream. • [~ between A
and/or B] She had to choose between staying in the UK or going home. • [~ A from B]
We have to choose a new manager from a
shortlist of five candidates. • There are plenty of restaurants to choose from. • [~ sb/sth
as/for sth] This site has been chosen for the
new school. • We chose Phil as/for chairperson. • [~ sb to be/do sth] We chose Phil to
be chairperson. • We chose to go by train.
• [~ wh…] You’ll have to choose whether to
buy it or not. • I like this job because I can
choose when and where I do the work. ►
choose, select or pick? → pick1 ► choose
or choice? → choice1 2 afzal ko‘rmoq,
xohlamoq = wish, want • In the end, they
chose to go to the cinema. • Employees can
retire at 60 if they choose. • [~ to do sth]
More and more people are choosing to live
alone.
choosy |ˈtʃuːzi| adj (-ier, -iest) (inf) n nozikta’b, injiq = fussy, picky • I’m very choosy
about my clothes. • Shoppers these days are
really choosy.
chop |tʃɑːp| v (-pp-) v 1 chopmoq, kesmoq
= cut, slice, dice • He was chopping logs
for firewood. • They chopped at the bushes
with their knives. 2 to‘g‘ramoq, bo‘lmoq • [~
sth (up) (into sth)] Chop the carrots up into
small pieces. • Next, add the chopped onions.
● chop sth ↔ down chopib tashlamoq
• Most of the diseased trees were chopped
down last year. chop sth ↔ off kesib/uzib
tashlamoq • He chopped a branch off the
tree. ■ n suyakli go‘sht • We had lamb chops
for dinner. • a grilled pork/lamb chop
chopsticks |ˈtʃɑːpstɪks| xitoy/yaponlarning ovqat yeydigan ikki tayoqchalari • Are
you get used to using chopsticks?
chorus |ˈkɔːrəs| n (pl choruses) 1 naqarot =
refrain • Everybody join in the chorus! 2 xor,
jo‘r = choir • All the members of the chorus
were on the stage.
chose past tense of choose
circle
chosen |ˈtʃoʊzn| 1 past participle of choose
2 tanlagan • This training should help you in
your chosen career.
Christian |ˈkrɪstʃən| adj xristian, nasroniy •
She had a Christian upbringing. • the Christian Church/faith/religion ■ n • Only 10%
of the population are now practising Christians. • Missionaries spread the Christian
religion.
Christmas |ˈkrɪsməs| n |U,C| Rodjestvo
(bayrami) • Merry Christmas and a Happy
New Year! • Christmas dinner/presents • the
Christmas holidays/vacation • We’re going
to my mother’s for Christmas. • Unfortunately, I’ve got to work on Christmas Eve.
chronic |ˈkrɑːnɪk| adj xronik, surunkali
= persistent, long-standing, long-term ≠
acute • chronic bronchitis/arthritis/asthma
• the country’s chronic unemployment problem • a chronic shortage of housing in rural
areas • He was a chronic alcoholic and unable to hold down a job. ■ adv chronically
• Most of them were chronically ill.
church |tʃɜːrtʃ| n (pl is churches) cherkov,
ibodatxona = place of worship, cathedral
• How often do you go to church? • (BrE)
They’re at church. • (AmE) They’re in church.
► church or the church? → school
cigarette ★ |ˈsɪɡəret| n sigaret = smoke,
butt • The room was full of cigarette smoke.
• She lit a cigarette. • Don’t offer him a cigarette, he’s trying to give up. • He sat there,
puffing away at a cigarette. • I used to smoke
a packet/pack of cigarettes a day.
cinema ★ |ˈsɪnəmə| n (BrE) (AmE movie
theater, the movies) |C| kinoteatr • I used
to go to the cinema every week. • He was
well-known for his work in the cinema. • It’s
on at the local cinema. ► cinema, film or
movies? Movie, asosan, AmEda ishlatiladi;
film esa BrEda. Movies deganda, asosan,
ko‘ngilochar­ filmlar­ tushunilsa,­ film ilmiy,
madaniy­ va­ ma’rifiy­ filmlarga­ ham­ ishlatilishi mumkin: • an art/autobiographic film
(an art/autobiographic movie); Cinema esa,
odatda, kinoteatr va kino sanoatiga nisbatan ishlatiladi (asosan, BrEda): • I can’t
remember the last time we went to the cinema. • Contemporary American cinema has
much to offer in its vitality and freshness.
circle |ˈsɜːrkl| n 1 aylana = ring, band, hoop
• He drew a circle on the blackboard. • The
children sat in a circle round the teacher. •
a circle of trees/chairs 2 davra, guruh, doira = group, set, company • She went to live
abroad and lost contact with her old circle
of friends. • He moves in the highest government circles. • the family circle 3 (BrE)
(shuningdek, balcony AmE, BrE) teatr balkoni • We got tickets for the upper circle.
■ v aylanma harakat qilmoq • [~ around/
above/over sb/sth)] He flew lower and
C
circuit
C
circled around the lake. • Large birds were
circling above the dead animals. ● go/run
round in circles samarasiz davom etmoq,
besamara harakat qilmoq • The discussion
kept going round in circles.
circuit |ˈsɜːrkɪt| n 1 aylanib turish • He was
a familiar figure on the lecture circuit. 2
turnir • a race circuit • She has competed
in many golf tournaments on the European
circuit. 3 aylanma sayohat • We did a quick
circuit of the park and then went home. 4
elektron zanjir • an electrical circuit • a circuit diagram
circular |ˈsɜrkjələr| adj doirasimon, aylana
= round, disk-shaped • a circular flowerbed/tablecloth
circulate |ˈsɜːrkjəleɪt| v 1 aylan(tir)moq,
tarqatmoq, tarqalmoq = spread (around/
about) • They circulated a new list of prices to all their customers. • Rumours began
to circulate about his financial problems.
2 aylan(tir)moq, aylanma harakat qilmoq
= flow,­course­• Blood circulates round the
body. • Waiters circulated round the room
carrying trays of drinks.
circulation |ˌsɜːrkjəˈleɪʃn| n |U| 1 aylan(tir)
ish, tarqa(lish) • the circulation of money/
information/ideas • Regular exercise will
improve blood circulation. • The coins were
taken out of circulation. 2 qon aylanishi •
Rub your hands together to get the circulation going. • He has poor circulation. • to
have good/bad circulation 3 davra, guruh •
Anne has been ill but now she’s back in circulation. • I was out of circulation for months
after the baby was born.
circumstance |ˈsɜːrkəmstæns| n |C|, (odatda, ko‘plikda ishlatiladi) 1 holat, vaziyat =
conditions, situation, position, the case •
The ship sank in mysterious circumstances.
• We oppose capital punishment in/under
any circumstances. • family/domestic/personal circumstances • The company has the
right to cancel this agreement in certain circumstances. 2 circumstances pl moliyaviy
ahvoli, oilaviy sharoit • Grants are awarded
according to your financial circumstances. •
It is very important to make a will, whatever
your circumstances. ► circumstances or
conditions? Circumstances biror kishining, asosan, moliyaviy ahvoliga urg‘u beradi: • Help and support for the single mother,
whatever her circumstances; Condition esa
kishining yashash va ishlash sharoitiga,
qulayligiga, xavfsizlik va sog‘lig‘iga urg‘u
beradi: • People are living in appalling conditions. • He remains in a critical condition
in a California hospital. ● in/under/given
the circumstances bunday og‘ir sharoitda, vaziyatni hisobga olganda • It’s hard to
do a good job under these circumstances. • I
think she coped very well under the circum-
92
stances. not under/in any circumstances har qanday holatda ham, nima bo‘lgan
taqdirda ham • Don’t open the door, in any
circumstances. • I know I can trust her in any
circumstance. under no circumstances
nima bo‘lgan taqdirda ham zinhor, hech qachon • Under no circumstances should you
lend Paul any money.
circus |ˈsɜːrkəs| n sirk • We took the children
to the circus. • Can we go to the circus tomorrow?
cite |saɪt| v (fml) misol qilib keltirmoq,
ta’kidlamoq = quote, reproduce • She cited
a passage from the President’s speech. • [~
sth (as sth)] The company cited a 12% decline in new orders as evidence.
citizen |ˈsɪtɪzn| n 1 fuqaro = national, subject • He was born in Germany, but is now
a British citizen. • She married an American
and became a US citizen. 2 (jamiyatdagi)
odam, inson = inhabitant, resident, native
• When you’re old, people treat you like a
second-class citizen. • We need our schools
to teach students to be good citizens.
city ★ |ˈsɪti| n (pl -ties) 1 shahar = town,
municipality, metropolis • busy city streets
• Traffic is a problem in big cities. • He has
an office in the city centre. • Wellington is
the capital city of New Zealand. 2 shahar
aholisi • The city turned out to welcome the
victorious team home.
civil |ˈsɪvl| adj 1 fuqarolik, harbiy bo‘lmagan = nonmilitary, civilian • Helicopters are
mainly used for military rather than civil
use. • Many civil cases can be settled out of
court. 2 xushmuomala = polite, courteous,
well-mannered ≠ discourteous, rude • She
wasn’t very civil to the policeman. • His
manner was civil, though not particularly
friendly.
civilian |səˈvɪliən| n |C| harbiy bo‘lmagan
odam, oddiy aholi = ordinary citizen • The
bomb killed four soldiers and three civilians.
• Many innocent civilians were killed during
the war. ■ adj • The army has been criticized
for attacking the unarmed civilian population. • It was difficult to return to civilian life
after ten years in the military.
civilization (BrE -isation) |ˌsɪvələˈzeɪʃn|
n |U| sivilizatsiya, rivojlanish = human development, advancement • The Victorians
regarded the railways as bringing progress
and civilization.
civilize (BrEda, shuningdek -ise) |ˈsɪvəlaɪz|
v rivojlan(tir)moq, sivilizatsiyalash(tir)moq
= enlighten, improve • The missionaries
went out to civilize other places.
claim ★ |kleɪm| v 1 da’vo/talab qilmoq,
qattiq ta’kidlamoq, ishontirishga harakat
qilmoq = assert, declare, argue, insist • [~
(that)…] He claims (that) he is innocent. •
The company claims (that) it is not respon-
93
sible for the pollution in the river. • [~ sb/
sth) to be/do sth] I don’t claim to be an expert. • He claims to have met the President,
but I don’t believe him. • [~ sth] All parties
have claimed success in yesterday’s elections. • [it is claimed that…] It was claimed
that some doctors were working 80 hours
a week. 2 berishini talab qilmoq, ta’minlanishini so‘ramoq = request, ask for, assert
ownership of • The police said that if no
one claims the watch, you can keep it. • [~
sth from sth] She claimed damages from the
company for the injury she had suffered. • [~
on sth (for sth)] You can claim on your insurance for that TV. ● claim to fame maqtanadigan narsa • My claim to fame is that
I once shook hands with Nelson Mandela. •
The town’s only claim to fame is the castle.
■ n 1 |C| da’vo, qattiq ta’kidlash = allegation, assertion, request • [~ that…] His claim
that the car belonged to him was correct.
• He made wild claims about being able to
cure cancer. • Can you give any evidence to
support your claim? 2 |C| ariza, talabnoma
= request, application • After her house was
burgled, she made a claim on her insurance.
• [~ for sth] His claim for a pay increase was
turned down. • Complete a claim form. 3
|C,U| huquq, haq, hissa = right, entitlement,
title [~ on/to sth] • They had no claim on the
land. • She has more claim to the book’s success than anybody.
clap |klæp| v (-pp-) 1 qarsak/chapak chalmoq, olqishlamoq = applaud, clap sb’s
hands (inf) give sb a big hand • At the end
of her speech the audience stood up and
clapped. • [~ sb] Everyone clapped us when
we went up to get our prize. • [~ your hands]
She clapped her hands in delight. 2 ohista
urib qo‘ymoq, turtmoq = slap, strike, hit,
smack • He clapped his daughter on the back
and told her how proud of her he was. ■ n sl
qarsak, olqish = applause • Give him a clap!
clarify |ˈklærəfaɪ| v (-ies, -ying, -ied) aniqlik kiritmoq, oydinlashtirmoq, yoritmoq =
make clear, shed/throw light on ≠ confuse
• Could you clarify the first point please? •
to clarify a situation/problem/issue • I hope
this clarifies my position. • [~ wh…] She
asked him to clarify what he meant.
clarity |ˈklærəti| n |U| aniqlilik, tiniqlik,
ravshanlik, yaqqollik = clearness, coherence, sharpness ≠ vagueness, obscurity •
The main weakness of the report is its lack
of clarity. • She was phoning from Australia,
but I was amazed at the clarity of her voice.
clash |klæʃ| n to‘qnashuv, mojaro = conflict,
disagree,­interfere,­fight­• [~ with sb] Eight
people were wounded in a clash with border
guards. • [~ between A and B] Clashes broke
out between police and demonstrators.
classical
clasp |klæsp| v mahkam ushlamoq, tirmashmoq, tutmoq = grasp, grip, clutch • He
clasped Lindsay’s hand tightly. • She clasped
the bracelet around her wrist. ■ n |C| ilgak,
to‘qa = fastener, fastening, catch • He tried
to undo the clasp on the briefcase, but it was
stuck. • the clasp of a necklace/handbag
class ★ |klæs| n 1 |C| (ham birlik, ham
ko‘plik fe’li bilan kelishi mumkin) sinf, guruh = grade • There are 30 children in my
class. • We were in the same class at school.
• The whole class was/were told to stay behind after school. ► Dars o‘tiladigan sinfxonalarga nisbatan class so‘zidan emas, classroom so‘zidan foydalaniladi: The classrooms
had central heating and big windows. (The
classes had ...) 2 dars = lesson, seminar,
session, workshop • I was late for a class.
• What did you learn in your history class
today? • I have a history class at 9 o’clock.
► class or lesson? Class doim bir guruh
odamlarga o‘tiladi; lesson esa ko‘pchilikka ham, bir kishiga ham o‘tilishi mumkin:
• Andrew gives private lessons in Spanish.
(Andrew gives private classes in Spanish.) 3
to‘garak dars(lari) • I’ve been taking classes
in pottery. • Are you still doing your French
evening class? 4 sinf, tabaqa, qatlam = social division, level, rank, position • The college encourages applications from different/
all social classes. • She belongs to the rich
American upper class. • The Labour Party
has lost a lot of support among the working
class. • We live in a middle class neighbourhood. 5 tur, xil = category,­league,­classification, kind, type • Different standards apply
to the five different classes of service you can
pay for. 6 nav, tur, sort = kind, sort, type •
Always buy the best class of product. • These
peaches are Class 1/A. • He always travels
business class. • He graduated with a second-class honours degree in physics.
classic |ˈklæsɪk| adj 1 klassik, durdona, eng
yuksak, betakror = great,­ fine,­ excellent,­
outstanding, superb, perfect • a collection
of classic cars 2 tipik, ko‘p uchraydigan =
typical • I made the classic mistake of clapping in a pause in the music! 3 (shuningdek,
classical) klassik, oddiy, sodda = simple,
elegant, typical, characteristic, representative, stylish • The classic little black dress
is always in fashion. • The style of the new
hotel building is classic, simple and elegant.
■ n durdona asar, klassika = definitive­example, model, masterpiece • “The Maltese
Falcon” is a Hollywood classic. • We have to
study several classics of English literature
for our course.
classical |ˈklæsɪkl| adj 1 qadimiy = ancient
• a classical eighteenth century villa 2 qadimgi (Rim/Misr ...) • classical Greek literature 3 klassik musiqa • a concert of classical
C
classically
C
94
is cleaned twice a week. • All the equipmusic • He plays classical music, as well as
ment should be cleaned down regularly. •
pop and jazz. • a classical composer/violiI cleaned the mud off my shoes. ● clean
nist ■ adv classically • Her face is clas(yourself) up yuvinmoq, cho‘milmoq • I
sically beautiful. • She is a classically trained
need to change and clean up. • Go and clean
dancer.
yourself up. • You’d better get cleaned up.
classification |ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn| n 1 |U| turlash,­sinflarga/toifaga­ajratish = categoriz- cleaner |ˈkliːnər| n 1 tozalovchi narsa • a
carpet/vacuum cleaner • a bottle of kitchen
ing, classifying • There are five job classificacleaner 2 farrosh • The cleaners didn’t emptions. 2 tur, xil, sinf = category, class, group
ty my wastepaper basket.
• There are five job classifications.
classify |ˈklæsɪfaɪ| v (-ies, -ying, -ied) 1 cleaning |ˈkliːnɪŋ| n |U| tozalash (ishlari) •
guruhlamoq,­ turlamoq,­ sinflarga/turlarga­ They pay someone to do the cleaning. • Who
does the cleaning and cooking in your house?
ajratmoq = sort,­ categorize,­ group,­ file­ •
The books in the library are classified by/ clear ★ |klɪr| adj 1 aniq, yaqqol = obviaccording to subject. • Patients are classified
ous, evident, plain, understandable, sure
into three categories. • [~ sth/sb under sth]
≠ vague, possible • Will you give me a clear
We’d classify Drabble’s novels under “Roanswer - yes or no? • She gave me clear and
mance”. 2 deb qaramoq/hisoblamoq • [~
precise directions. • She won the election by
sb/sth as sth] In law, beer is classified as a
a clear majority. • The instructions were as
food product. • These cows are now classiclear as day (=kundek ravshan). • His height
fied as a rare breed.
gives him a clear advantage. • [~ (to sb)
classmate |ˈklæsmeɪt| n sinfdosh • Are you
(that)…] It was quite clear to me that she was
curious to know where your former classlying. • It is clear from the graph that sales
mates are now?
have dropped sharply. • [~ wh…] It is not
classroom |ˈklæsruːm|, |ˈklæsrʊm| n sinfclear what they want us to do. • How he got
xona, sinf • When the teacher came into the
there was not clear. • I have clear memories
classroom all the children were shouting. •
of visiting my grandfather’s farm as a child.
The children put up posters on the classroom
► clear, apparent, evident, obvious or
walls.
plain? Bu so‘zlarning ma’nolari deyarli bir
clause |klɔːz| n 1 qonun bandi, bo‘lim = secxil, lekin apparent va evident qolganlartion, paragraph, article • According to clause
dan ko‘ra biroz rasmiyroq hisoblanadi va
six, payments will not be due until next year.
ko‘pincha ular o‘rniga obvious so‘zidan foy• The penalty clause specifies that late delivdalaniladi. Lekin clear va plain so‘zlarini obery will be fined. 2 (gramatika) bosh/ergash
vious so‘zidan biroz farqi bor. Agarda atayin
gap • In the sentence “They often go to Italy
va o‘zi bilgan holda, ayniqsa biron narsani
because they love the food”, “They often go to
tushuntirish uchun aniq, ravshan qiladigan
Italy” is the main clause and “because they
bo‘lsa, u holda clear yoki plain so‘zlaridan
love the food” is a subordinate clause.
foydalaniladi: • I hope I make myself clear/
clay |kleɪ| n |U| gil, loy = earth, soil • She
plain. (I hope I make myself obvious.) Biror
moulded the clay into the shape of a head. •
narsa behosdan, o‘zi xohlamagan holda
The tiles are made of clay.
aniq ko‘rsatiladigan bo‘lsa, u holda obvious
clean ★ |kliːn| adj 1 toza, pokiza = washed,
ishlatiladi: • Try not to show your dislike so
obvious. (Try not to make it so clear/plain
spotless ≠ dirty • Are your hands clean? • I
can’t find a clean shirt. • The hotel was spot...) Lekin quyidagi ba’zi for no apparent
lessly clean. • (BrE) It is your responsibility
reason, for obvious reasons, (It is) stating
to keep the room clean and tidy. • (AmE)
the obvious, clear majority va plain to see
Keep your room neat and clean. • Cats are
kabi muayyan birikmalarda hech qaysisi
very clean animals. 2 xavfsiz, toza = pure,
boshqasining o‘rnida kela olmaydi. Bundan
clear ≠ polluted • clean drinking water • We
tashqari evident case so‘zi bilan kela olmayall want a cleaner environment. • Electric
di: • a clear/an obvious/a plain case of sth
buses are a clean, environmentally friendly
(an evident case of sth.) 2 be ~ aniq tushunway to travel. 3 bo‘sh, toza = blank, empty,
moq/bilmoq, to‘liq anglamoq • You’ll do
clear ≠ used • Take a clean sheet of paper.
as you’re told, is that clear? • [~ about/on
• The maid forgot to put clean towels in
sth] Are you clear about the arrangements
the bathroom. 4 haqoratli, uyatsiz so‘zlarfor tomorrow? • My memory is not clear on
ni ishlatmasdan • Keep it clean - there are
that point. • [~ wh…] I’m still not clear what
children listening. • The entertainment was
the job involves. 3 bo‘sh, toza • You can cross
good clean fun for the whole family. • Can’t
the road - it’s clear now. • From the window,
you think of any clean jokes? ■ v tozalashe had a clear view of the street. 4 tiniq,
moq = wash, cleanse, wipe ≠ dirty, soil • I’m
musaffo = transparent, unclouded, bright •
going to clean the windows this morning. •
The photo wasn’t very clear. • The voice on
Have you cleaned your teeth? • The room
the phone was clear and strong. • The water
95
was so clear we could see the bottom of the
lake. • She has a beautifully clear skin/complexion (=tiniq badanli/yuzli). • You can see
the mountains from here on a clear day. ►
clear or transparent? Clear tiniq, musaffo
ma’nosida, asosan, suv va suyuqliklarni
ta’riflashda­ ishlatiladi:­ • a clear gel • The
water is clear and plenty of fish are visible;
Transparent esa suyuqliklarni emas, odatda
narigi tomoni ko‘rinadigan qattiq jismlarni
ifodalashda ishlatiladi: • tranparent glass
• We need a sheet of transparent coloured
plastic. ● make sb/sth clear tushunarli
qilib aytmoq, aniq qilib bildirmoq • This behaviour must stop — do I make myself clear?
• She made it clear that she wanted us to go.
■ v 1 yig‘ishtirmoq, tozalamoq = empty,
remove • It’s your turn to clear the table. •
Millions of acres of tropical forest have been
cleared. • [~ A (of B)] I cleared my desk of papers. • The streets had been cleared of snow.
• [~ B (from/off A)] Clear all those papers off
the desk. • After the bomb warning, police
cleared the streets. 2 tozalanmoq, ochilmoq,
tarqamoq, ketmoq • The traffic took a long
time to clear after the accident. • The muddy water slowly cleared. • They waited while
the mist cleared a little. ● clear sth ↔ off
(inf) juftakni rostlab qolmoq, daf bo‘lmoq •
He cleared off when he heard the police siren. • “Clear off or I’ll call the police!” clear
sth ↔ out 1 bo‘shatmoq, yig‘ishtirmoq =
empty (out), get rid of • Can you clear out
your bedroom cupboard? • My landlord’s
given me a week to clear out of my flat. 2
(inf) ketmoq, juftakni rostlamoq = leave
• It’s time for me to clear out of here completely. • He cleared out with all the money
and left her with the kids. clear sth ↔ up
1 yig‘ishtirmoq • It’s time to clear up. • I’m
fed up with clearing up after you! • Clear up
your own mess! 2 havo yorishmoq, bulutlar
tarqab kun chiqmoq = brighten (up), lighten • I hope it clears up this afternoon. • It’s
supposed to clear up tonight. 3 tushuntirib
bermoq, hal qilmoq = solve, resolve (inf)
crack • They never cleared up the mystery of
the missing money. • After twenty years, the
case has finally been cleared up. 4 ketmoq,
tarqamoq • He has been resting, but his cold
still hasn’t cleared up. • Most colds clear up
after a few days. ■ adv uzoq, nari = away
from, distinctly [~ of sth] • Stand clear of the
train doors. • Make sure you park clear of the
kerb. • His parents warned him to steer clear
of trouble.
clearly ★ |ˈklɪrli| adv 1 aniq qilib, tushunarli = intelligibly, plainly, distinctly • He
didn’t speak clearly. • She explained everything very clearly. • It’s difficult to see anything clearly in this mirror. • I wasn’t thinking clearly. 2 aniq, shubhasiz = obviously,
climate
evidently, patently • The accident was clearly the lorry driver’s fault. • Clearly, ignoring
him had been a mistake.
clerical |ˈklerɪkl| adj idoraviy, ishga oid = office,­desk­• He’s looking for part-time clerical work. • clerical workers/staff/assistants
clerk |klɜːrk| n kotib, yordamchi • The (desk)
clerk checked us in and gave us our key. •
Take your purchases to the (sales) clerk, and
he will wrap them for you.
clever ★ |ˈklevər| adj (-er, -est) (more/
most clever so‘zlaridan ham foydalanish
mumkin) 1 zehni o‘tkir, aqlli, esli = intelligent, bright, smart, witty (inf) brainy ≠
stupid • Clever girl! • Tony was a charming
and clever man. • How clever of you to work
it out! • What a clever idea! • That (=hozirgi qilgan ishing) wasn’t very clever, was it?
• Don’t you get clever with me! 2 ustasi farang, yaxshi eplaydigan = skillful, skilled
• [~ at sth] She’s clever at getting what she
wants. • My mother is very clever with her
hands. ■ adv cleverly • She would cleverly
pick up on what I said. • I thought you handled the situation very cleverly.
cliché (shuningdek, cliche) |kliːˈʃeɪ| n siyqasi chiqib ketgan gap-so‘z • It has become a
cliché to say that Prague is the most beautiful city in Europe. • My wedding day - and I
know it’s a cliché - was just the happiest day
of my life. ■ adj clichéd siyqasi chiqib ketgan • He made some clichéd remark about
the birth of his first child completely changing his life.
click |klɪk| v 1 chiqqilla(t)moq, shiqirla(t)
moq, qirsilla(t)moq = snap, clack • [~ adv/
prep] The cameras clicked away. • [~ adj]
The door clicked shut/open. • [~ sth] He
clicked his fingers at the waiter. 2 (kompyuter sichqonchasini) bosmoq • [~ sth] Click
the OK button to start. • [~ on sth] • To run
an application, just double-click on the icon.
■ n 1 chiqir-chiqir, shaqur-shuqur = clack,
snap • She heard a click and saw the door
handle turn. • The door closed with a click. 2
kompyuter sichqonchasini bosish • You can
order anything with a single click.
client |ˈklaɪənt| n mijoz, xaridor = customer,
buyer, purchaser • Mr Black has been a client of our firm for many years. • The company needs to focus on its biggest clients.
cliff |klɪf| n tik qoya = rock face • Keep away
from the edge of the cliff - you might fall. •
They built a house at the foot of a cliff.
climate |ˈklaɪmət| n 1 iqlim = weather
conditions, weather • a mild/temperate/
warm/wet climate • When we retire, we’re
going to move to a warmer climate. 2
ma’lum­bir­muhit/kayfiyat,­holat = atmosphere, mood, feeling • the current climate
of opinion • a climate of suspicion/violence
C
climax
C
• I don’t think we should expand our business
in the current economic climate.
climax |ˈklaɪmæks| n kulminatsion nuqta =
peak, height ≠ nadir • The climax of the air
show was a daring flying display. • The festival reaches its climax with the traditional
boat-burning ceremony.
climb |klaɪm| v 1 (tirmashib) chiqmoq = ascend, mount ≠ descend • The cat climbed up
the apple tree. • He escaped by climbing out
of the window. • to climb a mountain/hill/
tree/wall • Sue climbed into bed. • He likes to
go climbing most weekends. 2 ko‘tarilmoq,
baland bo‘lmoq, chiqmoq = rise, slope upward ≠ descend, drop • The road climbs to
500 m above sea level. • From here the path
climbs steeply to the summit. 3 oshmoq,
ko‘tarilmoq, ko‘paymoq = increase, rise ≠
decrease, fall • The dollar has been climbing
all week. • Membership is climbing steadily.
cling |klɪŋ| v (clung, clung |klʌŋ|) 1 chirmashmoq, qattiq tutmoq/yopishmoq =
stick, adhere, hold • Leaves still clung to the
branches. • [~ on to sb/sth] She clung on to
her baby. • [~ on] Cling on tight! • [~ together] They clung together, shivering with
cold. 2 yopishib/o‘tirib qolmoq • [~ to sth]
The wet shirt clung to his chest. • The smell
of smoke still clung to her clothes.
clinic |ˈklɪnɪk| n 1 shifoxona, klinika = medical center, health center • an eye clinic 2 xususiy shifoxona/klinika • He is being treated
at the London clinic.
clinical |ˈklɪnɪkl| adj klinik = detached ≠
emotional • clinical tests/training • the Department of Clinical Medicine • Clinical trials of the new drug may take five years.
clip |klɪp| n 1 qistirgich, skrepka = fastener,
clasp • a paper clip • He collected up the papers and clipped them together. 2 qisqacha
film/parcha­• Here is a clip from her latest
movie. ■ v qistirmoq, biriktirmoq = fasten,
attach • [~ sth + adv/prep] He clipped the
microphone (on) to his collar. • Clip the pages together. • [~ adv/prep] Do those earrings
clip on?
cloak |kloʊk| n yelkaga tashlanadigan keng
kiyim yopinchiq = cape, poncho, serape,
shawl • She wore a long cloak of black velvet.
clock ★ |klɑːk| n soat = timepiece, timekeeper, timer • The clock has stopped. •
Your clock is 5 minutes fast/slow. • The clock
struck twelve/midnight. • The hands of the
clock crept slowly around. ● (a)round the
clock kun-u tun, 24 soat • Doctors and nurses worked round the clock to help those injured in the train crash. • She needed roundthe-clock nursing.
clockwise |ˈklɑːkwaɪz| adv, adj soat millari/strelkasi bo‘ylab ≠ anticlockwise,
counterclockwise • Turn the key clockwise.
• Screw the lid on clockwise.
96
clog |klɒɡ| |klɔːɡ| v (-gg-), (ko‘pincha majhul
nisbatda ishlatiladi) to‘sib qo‘ymoq, tiqilib/
to‘silib qolmoq = block, obstruct, congest
• [~ sth (up) (with sth)] The narrow streets
were clogged with traffic. • Tears clogged
her throat. • [~ up (with sth)] Within a few
years the pipes began to clog up.
clone |kloʊn| n klon, nusxa • A cutting produces a clone of a plant. • This sheep was
the first mammal to survive as a clone. ■ v
nusxa yaratmoq • Biologists have successfully cloned a sheep.
close1 ★ |kloʊz| 1 yopmoq = shut, draw,
slam, lock, block (up/off) ≠ open, unblock
• Close the door quietly behind you. • Nick
closed his book and put it down. • Closing
the umbrella, she ran for the car. ► close or
shut? Ko‘p holatlarda ularning qaysi biridan foydalanishning unchalik katta farqi
yo‘q: • I can’t close/shut the window. Can
you help me? • Open your mouth and close/
shut your eyes. Lekin close ko‘pincha sekin
va muloyimlik bilan yopilgan ish harakatga
ishlatiladi, shut esa ko‘proq tezlik va qo‘pollik bilan qilingan ish harakatlarga ishlatiladi: • Close your eyes and go to sleep. • That’s
enough! Shut your mouth! Bundan tashqari
close va shut fe’llari sifat tarzida ham ishlatilishi mumkin: • The post office is closed/
shut on Sundays. Lekin shut odatda otlar oldidan ishlatilmaydi: • a closed door (a shut
door) • closed eyes (shut eyes) 2 yopilmoq
• The doors open and close automatically. •
[~ sth (for sth)] The museum has been closed
for renovation. • [~ sth (to sb/sth)] The road
was closed to traffic for two days. • What
time does the bank close? 3 batamom yop(il)
moq, yopilib ketmoq = shut down, close
down, fail, collapse, go bankrupt (inf) go
bust,­flop­• The club was closed by the police.
• We closed our bank account and opened a
new one online. ► close or close down?
tashkilot, muassasa va tadbirkorliklarning
o‘z faoliyatlarini to‘xtatishiga bu so‘zlarning
ikkalasidan ham foydalanish mumkin, lekin
tomosha, tadbir va namoyishlarga nisbatan
esa faqat close fe’lidan foydalaniladi: • The
play closed after just two nights. (The play
closed down after just two nights) 4 tugamoq, yopilmoq = end,­finish­• The meeting
will close at 10.00 p.m. • The police are closing the case/investigation because of a lack
of evidence. • to close an account • The subject is now closed. • Can we close this matter and move on? ● close down kasodga
uchramoq, batamom yopilmoq ≠ open up •
All the steelworks around here were closed
down in the 1980s. ► close or close down?
→ close close (sth) up 1­qulflamoq,­yopmoq • Why don’t we close up and go out for
lunch? • All the shops had closed up for the
night. 2 bir-biriga yaqinlashmoq • Traffic
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was heavy and cars were closing up behind
each other.
close2 ★ |kloʊs| adj 1 yaqin, yonida = near
≠ far, distant • [~ to sb/sth] Our office is
close to the station. • The children are close
to each other in age. • This is the closest I’ve
ever been to a film star! • [~ together] The
two buildings are close together. • We didn’t
win but we came close. • We keep in close
touch with the police. ► close or near? →
near 2 deyarli, oz/sal qoldi, yaqin turgan,
arafasida = near, on the verge/brink of [~
to (doing) sth] • He was close to tears. • The
new library is close to completion. • She
knew she was close to death. • We are close
to signing the agreement. 3 (rishtalarga nisbatan) yaqin = immediate, direct intimate,
dear ≠ distant, casual • Mira is one of my
closest friends. • She and her father are very
close. • The groom and his close relatives
took their places. 4 e’tiborli, zimdan, yaqindan = careful, detailed, minute, thorough
≠ casual • Take a close look at this photograph. • On closer examination the painting
proved to be a fake. • Pay close attention to
what I am telling you. ■ adv yaqin • Don’t
get too close to that dog, Muhammadamin. •
I hate people standing too close to me. • Keep
close by me if you don’t want to get lost. •
The sound came closer and closer. • They sat
close together. • The conference is getting
very close. • A second police car followed
close behind.
closed ★ |kloʊzd| adj 1 yopiq = shut ≠
open • Make sure all the windows and doors
are tightly closed. • She sat quietly with
closed eyes. • The shop is closed on Sundays.
• The office will be closed for the Christmas
holidays. 2 yangilikni xohlamaydigan/qabul qila olmaydigan • a closed society • He
has a closed mind.
closely |ˈkloʊsli| adv 1 yaqin(dan), zimdan
• She studied the timetable very closely. • I
sat and watched everyone very closely. 2 yaqin • We are all working closely with each
other. • The two events are closely connected.
closet |ˈklɑːzət| n (asosan, AmEda) devorga yopishgan shkaf = cupboard, wardrobe,
pantry, cabinet • a bedroom/linen/storage
closet come out of the closet. • He searched
his closet for something to wear. • Her closet
was filled with black clothes.
closure |ˈkloʊʒər| n butkul tugatish, tamoman yopish = closing down, shutdown, termination • The closure of the centre would
be a terrible loss to the community. • factory/branch closures • a sense of closure • to
achieve/reach closure
cloth |klɔːθ| n (pl cloths |klɔːðz|) 1 |U| mato,
gazlama = fabric, material, textile(s) • woollen/cotton cloth • bandages made from
club
strips of cloth • the cloth industry/trade •
Her dress is made of cheap blue cloth. • This
cloth is of a very high quality. ► cloth(s)
or clothes? Bu so‘zlarni adashtirib yubormang. Mato va gazlamalarga nisbatan
cloth(s), kiyim-kechaklarga esa clothes
so‘zidan foydalaniladi va u doim ko‘plikda
bo‘ladi: • Bring summer clothes with you as
the weather will be warm. (Bring summer
cloths/clothe with you ...) Muayyan bir kiyim-kechak haqida gapirilganda clothes
so‘zidan emas, balki a piece/item of clothing
jumlalaridan foydalaniladi: • You can only
take three articles/items/pieces of clothing
into the changing room. 2 |C| parcha mato,
latta • He wiped up the milk with a damp
cloth. • Wipe the surface with a damp cloth.
3 dasturxon • The waiter spread a white
cloth over the table.
clothes ★ |kloʊðz| |kloʊz| n pl kiyim, kiyim-kechak = clothing, dress, wear, costume, wardrobe, garments, apparel • She
usually wears smart/casual clothes. • The
doctor asked him to take his clothes off. •
Bring a change of clothes with you. • She has
no clothes sense. ► clothes or clothing?
Clothing clothes so‘zidan ko‘ra biroz norasmiyroq hisoblanadi. Bundan tashqari clothing birlikdagi kiyimlarga ham ishlatilishi
mumkin, clothes esa doim ko‘plikda keladi:
• a/an piece/item/article of clothing; • He
needed some new clothes (... a new clothe).
► cloth(s) or clothes? → cloth
clothing |ˈkloʊðɪŋ| n |U| kiyim-kechak,
kiyim = dress, covering • outdoor/protective/waterproof clothing • a major clothing manufacturer • Take plenty of warm
clothing on your trip to Iceland. • You can
only take three articles/items/pieces of clothing into the changing room. ► clothing or
clothes? → clothes
cloud ★ |klaʊd| n 1 |C,U| bulut = fog, mist,
haze • Look at those grey clouds - it’s going
to rain. • The plane was flying above the
clouds. • A few white clouds drifted across
the sky. 2 |C| noxush/yoqimsiz narsa • Her
father’s illness cast a cloud over her wedding
day. • When you’re waiting for an operation,
you feel like there’s a cloud hanging over
you.
cloudy |ˈklaʊdi| adj (-ier, -iest) bulutli =
dark, gray ≠ clear, bright • The weather was
cloudy in the morning, but cleared up in the
afternoon.
clown |klaʊn| n masxaraboz = comedian,
jester, joker, comedian, comic • She dressed
up as a clown with a white face and red nose.
• Martin was always the class clown.
club ★ |klʌb| n 1 guruh, uyushma = society,
association, organization • a chess/film/
movie, etc. club • I’m joining a tennis club.
• The club has/have voted to admit new
C
clue
C
members. ► club, association or society?
→ association 2 klub, jamoa • Manchester
United football club ► club, team or side?
→ team 3 golf tayoqchasi • a set of golf
clubs 4 tungi klub • I went to that new club
that’s just opened. 5 (qartadagi) chillik (§) •
the king of clubs
clue |kluː| n kalavani uchi, muammo kaliti = hint, indication, sign, signal, pointer •
The detective had missed a vital clue. • [~
(to sth)] I don’t understand the clues to this
crossword. • I’m never going to guess the answer if you don’t give me a clue. ● not have
a clue (inf) bilmaslik = have no idea, be ignorant/clueless • I don’t have a clue where
she lives. • I haven’t got a clue what you’re
talking about.
clumsy |ˈklʌmzi| adj (-ier, -iest) 1 beso‘naqay, qo‘pol, poldir = awkward, ungainly, graceless ≠ graceful • I spilt your coffee.
Sorry — that was clumsy of me. • That’s the
third glass you’ve smashed this week - you’re
so clumsy! 2 to‘g‘ri bajarilmagan, noto‘g‘ri,
yaxshi o‘ylanmagan = awkward, unsubtle
≠ tactful • She made a clumsy attempt to
apologize. • His choice of words was clumsy.
■ adv clumsily • I clumsily tried to make
amends.
cluster |ˈklʌstər| n bir guruh/bog‘lam/
to‘p/o‘ram = bunch, clump, mass • He photographed a cluster of stars. • A cluster of
children stood around the ice cream van.
clutch |klʌtʃ| v mahkam ushlamoq, changallamoq, tirmashmoq = grip, grasp, clasp • [~
sth (+ adv/prep)] He clutched the child to
him. • [~ adv/prep] I clutched on to the chair
for support • [~ sth] He gasped and clutched
his stomach. • [~ at sb/sth] Feeling herself
fall, she clutched at a branch. ■ n 1 mahkam ushlash/qisish • She felt the clutch of
his fingers on her sleeve. 2 pedal • Put your
foot on the clutch.
coach |koʊtʃ| n (pl -es) 1 sayohat avtobusi =
bus • They went on a tour of southern Spain
by coach. • There’s a coach service to Oxford
every hour. ► bus or coach? → bus 2 vagon
= compartment, carriage, car • The first four
coaches are for London. ► coach, carriage
or compartment? → carriage 3 murabbiy =
trainer, instructor, teacher • He’s a professional football coach. • Italy’s national coach
■ v murabbiylik qilmoq, shug‘ullantirmoq
= instruct, teach • [~ sb (in/for sth)] Her father coached her for the Olympics. • [~ sb (to
do sth)] She has coached hundreds of young
singers. • [~ sth] He coaches basketball.
coal |koʊl| n |U| ko‘mir • I put more coal on
the fire. • a lump of coal
coarse |kɔːrs| adj 1 yirik = large, rough
≠­ delicate,­ fine­ • coarse grains of sand •
coarse sand/salt/hair ► coarse or rough?
→ rough1 2 dag‘al, qattiq = rough, scratchy,
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prickly ≠ soft, smooth • coarse cloth/sand/
breadcrumbs • Linen is a coarse-grained
fabric.
coast |koʊst| n |C,U| dengiz sohili, qirg‘oq =
coastline, beach, seashore, shoreline • After
ten weeks at sea, Columbus saw the coast of
America. • We had a nice day on the coast. •
islands off the west coast of Ireland • a trip
to the coast • We walked along the coast for
five miles. • a pretty stretch of coast • the
coast road
coat |koʊt| n 1 palto, kurtka = overcoat,
jacket • Put your coat on - we’re going out.
• a fur/leather coat • Do your coat up, Joe,
or you’ll freeze. ► coat or jacket? → jacket 2 qatlam, qoplam = cover, paint, glaze •
All the door needs is a new coat of paint. • a
thick coat of dust 3 teri • These dogs have
thick shiny coats.
cobra |ˈkoʊbrə| n kobra (katta ilon turi) •
The cobra is one of the world’s deadliest
snakes.
cocaine |koʊˈkeɪn| (shuningdek (inf) coke)
n |U| kokain (moddasi) • Frankie started
dealing cocaine. • He was a habitual cocaine
user.
cock |kɑːk| n (BrE) (shuningdek, rooster
AmE, BrE) xo‘roz • The cock crowed. • a cock
pheasant
cockroach |ˈkɑːkroʊtʃ| (AmEda, shuningdek (inf) roach) n suvarak • The kitchen was
filled with cockroaches.
cocktail |ˈkɑːkteɪl| n kokteyl • a cocktail
bar/cabinet/lounge • We were all in the bar
sipping cocktails.
cocoa |ˈkoʊkoʊ| n |U| 1 kakao • a tin of cocoa 2 kakao ichimligi • a nice hot mug of
cocoa
coconut |ˈkoʊkənʌt| n kokos, kokos
yong‘og‘i • She broke open the coconut and
drank its sweet milk. • grated/shredded coconut
code |koʊd| n |C,U| 1 kod, kalit so‘z = key
• We’re trying to decipher/crack/break
the enemy’s code. • He sent the message in
code. • Tap your code number into the machine. 2 telefon raqam kodi • What is the
code for phoning Edinburgh? • There are
three codes for London. 3 intizom, nizom
= law(s), rules • Each state in the US has a
different criminal and civil code. • The hotel
has a strict dress code, and people wearing
jeans are not allowed in. • The judge ruled
that there had been no breach of the code.
● crack/break the/sb’s code jumboqni
yechmoq, tagiga yetmoq • They cracked the
code and read the secret message. • A team
of experts finally cracked the code. ■ v kodlamoq, raqamlamoq • Each order is coded
separately.
coffee ★ |ˈkɔːfi| |ˈkɑːfi| n |U,C| kofe • Would
you like a cup of coffee? • I always take su-
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gar in coffee. • decaffeinated/instant coffee •
ground/real coffee • Three coffees, please. •
I’ll just make the coffee. • Let’s talk over coffee • Two strong black coffees, please. • Do
you take your coffee white (=sut qo‘shaymi)?
coffin |ˈkɑːfɪn| (asosan, BrEda) (AmEda
odatda, casket) n tobut = box • The soldiers
marched behind the coffin.
coherent |koʊˈhɪrənt| adj bir-biriga ravon
bog‘langan, mantiqli, ma’nili, tushunarli =
logical, reasoned, reasonable, rational ≠
muddled • a coherent narrative/account/
explanation • a coherent policy for the transport system • You’re not being very coherent.
• When she calmed down, she was more coherent. ■ adv coherently • She could not
think coherently. • to express yourself coherently
coil |kɔɪl| v o‘ra(l)moq, bura(l)moq • [~ up]
The snake coiled up, ready to strike. • [~
round, around, etc. sth] Mist coiled around
the tops of the hills. • [~ sth (+ adv/prep)] to
coil a rope into a loop • Her hair was coiled
on top of her head. ■ adj coiled o‘ralgan,
buralgan • a tightly coiled spring ■ n o‘ram,
buram = loop, twist, turn, curl • The sailors
stacked the rope in coils on the deck.
coin |kɔɪn| n tanga = penny, nickel, dime •
This machine only takes 20 p coins. • The
first English gold coin was struck in 1255. •
They flipped/tossed a coin to see who should
go first. ■ v yangi so‘zni muomalaga kiritmoq • Allen Ginsberg coined the term “flower power”. • The word “aromatherapy” was
coined in the 1920s.
coincide |ˌkoʊɪnˈsaɪd| v 1 bir vaqtda (sodir)
bo‘lmoq, bir paytga to‘g‘ri kelmoq = occur
simultaneously, happen together • It’s a
pity our trips to New York don’t coincide. • [~
with sth] I timed my holiday to coincide with
the children’s school holiday. 2 mos/to‘g‘ri
kelmoq = correspond, tally, agree ≠ differ •
The interests of employers and employees do
not always coincide. • [~ with/on sth] Her
story coincided exactly with her brother’s.
• Our views coincide on a range of subjects.
3 duch/to‘qnash kelmoq • At this point the
two paths coincide briefly.
coincidence |koʊˈɪnsɪdəns| n tasodif,
to‘qnashuv, duch kelish = accident, chance,
serendipity • What a coincidence! I wasn’t
expecting to see you here. • It’s not a coincidence that she appeared at that exact
moment. • By (sheer) coincidence, John and
I both ended up at Yale. • a strange/an extraordinary/a remarkable coincidence
coke |koʊk| n |U| kola = Coca-Cola • I’ll have
a Coke, please. • Can I have a Diet Coke?
cold ★ |koʊld| adj 1 sovuq = chilly, chill,
cool, freezing ≠ hot, mild, warm • It’s too
cold to go for a walk. • I’m cold (=sovqotyapman). Turn the heating up. • Start eat-
collapse
ing, or your soup will get cold. • It’s freezing
cold. • bitterly cold weather • Hot and cold
food is available in the cafeteria. 2 sovuq
munosabatli, sovuqqon = unfriendly, inhospitable, unwelcoming ≠ friendly, warm
• She received a rather cold response. • He
got a very cold reception from the staff. •
Her manner was cold and distant. ■ n 1
shamollab qolish • He caught a cold from his
colleague. • My sister’s in bed with a cold. •
Don’t come near me - I’ve got a cold. • a bad/
heavy/slight cold 2 sovuq • He was in the
cold waiting for a bus. • These plants can’t
stand the cold. • She doesn’t seem to feel the
cold.
coldly |ˈkoʊldli| adv sovuqqonlik bilan =
calmly, coolly, in an unfriendly way • Derek
looked at her coldly. • He was coldly indifferent to other people. • “That’s your problem,”
she said coldly.
collaborate |kəˈlæbəreɪt| v 1 birgalikda
ishlamoq, hamkorlik qilmoq = cooperate,
join forces, team up • Researchers around
the world are collaborating to develop a
new vaccine. • [~ (with sb) (on sth)] We
have collaborated on many projects over
the years. • [~ (with sb) (in sth/in doing
sth)] She agreed to collaborate with him in
writing her biography. ► Kundalik hayotda collaborate so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq work
together iborasidan foydalaniladi: • They
are working together on some new songs. 2
(dushmanlarga) xizmat qilmoq, til biriktirmoq = collude, conspire, fraternize • He was
accused of collaborating with the enemy.
collaboration |kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn| n |U,C| hamkorlik qilish, birgalikda ishlash • It was a
collaboration that produced extremely useful results. • [~ (with sb) (on sth)] The two
playwrights worked in close collaboration
(with each other) on the script. • [~ between
(A and B)] The new airport is a collaboration
between two of the best architects in the
country.
collapse |kəˈlæps| v 1 qulamoq, yiqilmoq, ag‘darilmoq = cave in, fall in, give
way, fall down • The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow. • Thousands of
buildings collapsed in the earthquake. ►
collapse, cave in or give way? Butun
binoga nisbatan collapse ishlatiladi; tom
va devorlar qulashiga ham collapse, ham
cave in so‘zlaridan foydalanish mumkin;
eshik yoki yerga nisbatan esa give away
yoki cave in so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi. 2
barbod bo‘lmoq, kasodga uchramoq, muvaffaqiyatsiz bo‘lmoq = break down, fail,
fall through, get/go nowhere • The company collapsed with £25,000 in debts. • Talks
between management and unions have
collapsed. ► collapse or crash? Crash
collapse dan ko‘ra norasmiyroq hisobla-
C
collar
C
100
nadi va ko‘pincha kutilmagan vaziyatlarni
ifodalaydi. Lekin iqtisodiyotning qulashiga
crash dan emas, collapse so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • His business empire collapsed
under a massive burden of debt. 3 yiqilmoq, yotmoq = faint, pass out |inf drop • He
collapsed after the marathon. • When I get
home I like to collapse on the sofa and listen
to music. 4 keskin pasaymoq • Share prices
collapsed after news of poor trading figures.
■ adj collapsed barbod bo‘lgan, yiqilgan
• collapsed buildings • a collapsed investment bank • a collapsed lung ■ n 1 qulash
= breakdown, failure • The collapse of the
old wall buried two workmen. • The walls
were strengthened to protect them from
collapse. 2 keskin pasayish • the collapse of
the dollar on the foreign exchange markets
• the collapse of share prices/the dollar/the
market 3 barbod bo‘lish, chippakka chiqish
• They lost thousands of pounds in the collapse of the bank. • The peace talks were on
the verge of collapse. 4 hushidan ketish • a
state of mental/nervous collapse • She was
taken to hospital after her collapse at work.
collar |ˈkɑːlər| n 1 yoqa = neckband, choker
• He loosened his collar and tie. • She turned
up her coat collar because the wind was cold.
• He has a winter coat with a fur collar. 2
bo‘yinboq, tasma = ring, band • The cat has
a collar with her name and address on it. • a
collar and lead/leash
colleague |ˈkɑːliːɡ| n hamkasb = partner,
contact, co-worker • She was a colleague
of mine at my last job. • We were friends
and colleagues for more than 20 years. ►
colleague or associate? Colleague birga
ishlaydigan hamkasbni ifodalasa, associate
biznesdagi hamkor, sherikni ifodalaydi.
collect ★ |kəˈlekt| v 1 yig‘moq, to‘plamoq
= gather, accumulate, assemble, amass ≠
squander, distribute • [~ sth from sb/sth]
Samples were collected from over 200 patients. • A crowd collected at the scene of the
accident. • We’re collecting signatures for a
petition. ► collect or gather? Ma’lumot,
ashyoviy dalil, sochilib yotgan narsalarni
yig‘ishda har ikkala so‘zdan ham foydalanish mumkin: • Two young girls were collecting/gathering firewood. • This would
help the prosecutor collect/gather evidence
against him which could be used in court.
“Yig‘moq” emas “yig‘ilmoq” ma’nosida esa
faqat gather fe’lidan foydalaniladi: • In the
evenings, we gathered around the fireplace
and talked. Har xil yerlardan namunalar
to‘plash, kolleksiya qilish ma’nosida esa
odatda, faqat collect so‘zidan foydalaniladi:
• 1.5 million signatures have been collected. • I used to collect stamps. (... to gather
stamps.) “Borib olmoq” ma’nosida ham
faqat collect so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • She
had just collected her pension from the post
office. (She had just gathered ...) 2 olmoq =
pick sb/sth up, get • Your coat is ready for
you to collect from the cleaner’s. • The mail
is collected from the post-box twice a day.
3 xobbi sifatida to‘plamoq • He collects
stamps and old coins. 4 (borib) olib kelmoq/
ketmoq = fetch, go/come to get, call for ≠
take, drop off • [~ sth (from…)] What day do
they collect the rubbish/garbage? • (BrE) [~
sb (from…)] I must collect the children from
school at 4 p.m. 5 to‘pla(n)moq, yig‘(il)moq
• Dirt had collected in the corners of the
room. • It’s amazing how she collects friends.
• That guitar’s been sitting collecting dust
(=chang bosib) for years now. 6 pul to‘plamoq = raise, appeal for, ask for ≠ give away,
distribute • [~ for sth] We’re collecting for
local charities. • [~ sth (for sth)] We collected over £300 for the appeal. ► collect
or raise? Xayriya kechasi tashkil qilish
yoki bironta tadbir (misol uchun konsert)
orqali pul yig‘ishga nisbatan, odatda, raise
ishlatiladi: • Events held to raise money for
Help the Aged. Odamlardan hech qanday
tadbirsiz, to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri pul yig‘ish yoki
so‘rashga nisbatan esa collect so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • They collected donations for a
fund to help military families.
collection |kəˈlekʃn| n 1 to‘plam = hoard,
pile, heap, stack • He showed me his stamp
collection. • The museum has a large collection of Italian paintings. 2 pul yig‘ish •
We’re having a collection for Tom’s retirement present.
collector |kəˈlektər| n kolleksioner = gatherer • a stamp collector • ticket/tax/debt
collectors • The painting was bought by a
private collector.
college ★ |ˈkɑːlɪdʒ| n kollej = school, academy, university • He’s studying art at the
local college. • He’s hoping to go to college
next year. • The college library has over
20,000 volumes. • a college course/library/
student/campus • She’s going on holiday
with some friends from college. ► college
or university? BrEda ham, AmEda ham
college bu maktabdan keyingi tahsil olinadigan o‘quv dargohi hisoblanadi. BrEda college da maxsus kasb-hunarlar ham
o‘rgatilishi mumkin. AQShda esa birinchi
oliy ma’lumotni college da olish mumkin.
AmEda shuning uchun ba’zan university
ga nisbatan ham college so‘zidan foydalanish mumkin. University deganda bir
necha mutaxasisliklarga va yo‘nalishlarga
ega bo‘lgan, keng tarmoqli, oliy ma’lumotli
shaxslarni tayyorlaydigan o‘quv dargohi
tushuniladi. Bu joylarga o‘qish uchun borilganda, odatda, the artiklidan foydalanilmaydi: • My son has gone away to college.
(... to the college.) • My daughter is at univer-
101
sity. (... at the university.) • “Where did you
go to college?” “Ohio State University.” Lekin
AmEda muayyan bir kollej yoki universitet
haqida gap ketganda, odatda, a yoki the artiklidan foydalaniladi: • I didn’t want to go
to a large university. • Their daughter Joanna is doing business studies at a local college.
► college or the college? → school
collide |kəˈlaɪd| v 1 to‘qnashmoq = crash
into, hit, strike, impact • [~ with sth/sb]
The truck collided with a row of parked cars.
• The car and the van collided head-on in
thick fog. ► Kundalik hayotda to‘qnashmoq
ma’nosida collide with iborasidan ko‘ra
ko‘proq run into iborasidan foydalaniladi: •
Her car ran into the back of a truck. 2 tortishmoq, bahslashmoq [~ (with sb) (over
sth)] • They regularly collide over policy decisions.
collision |kəˈlɪʒn| n |C,U| to‘qnashuv, urushish = crash, accident, impact • Two people were injured in the collision between a
lorry and the bus. • She was in collision with
a bike. • a collision of ideas • a head-on collision
colloquial |kəˈloʊkwiəl| adj so‘zlashuvga
xos, og‘zaki = inf, conversational, everyday
≠ formal • They have little acquaintance
with colloquial English. • These words are
most common in colloquial speech. ■ adv
colloquially • The people who write parking tickets in New York are known colloquially as “brownies”.
colon |ˈkoʊlən| n ikki nuqta (:)
colonel |ˈkɜːrnl| n (abbr Col.) polkovnik •
Colonel is the military rank between lieutenant-colonel and brigadier. • Colonel Jim
Edge
colonial |kəˈloʊniəl| adj kolonial, mustamlaka... • Britain was the largest colonial power. • Various parts of Africa have suffered
under colonial rule.
colony |ˈkɑːləni| n (pl -ies) 1 mustamlaka,
qaram mamlakat = settlement, dependency • Australia and New Zealand are former
British colonies. 2 koloniya = community,
commune • a colony of ants/termites/bacteria
colour ★ (AmEda, asosan, color) |ˈkʌlər|
n 1 rang = shade, tint, tinge • What’s your
favourite colour? • I don’t like the colour of
the carpet. • What colour are your eyes? •
His socks are the same colour as his shirt. •
bright/dark/light colours • Her hair is a reddish-brown colour. • I like rich jewel colours,
such as purple, blue and green. 2 rangli • Are
the photos in colour or black and white? •
colour photography/printing • a full-colour
brochure • Do you dream in colour? 3 oro,
rang, sifat, bezak • I think we need a bit of
colour in this room. • Red and yellow peppers
give a little colour to the sauce. • That walk
combination
has put some colour in your cheeks. ■ v rang
bermoq, bo‘yamoq • I think I’ll colour my
hair. • [~ sth + adj] He drew a monster and
coloured it green.
coloured (AmEda, asosan, colored) |ˈkʌlərd|
adj rang berilgan, rangli = colourful • a
coloured postcard • a book with coloured
illustrations • She was wearing a cream-coloured shirt. • a pale honey-coloured stone •
dark-coloured trousers ► coloured or colourful? Coloured “rangli” degan ma’noni
anglatsa, colorful “rang-barang, har xil
rangli” degan ma’nolarni anglatadi: •
brightly coloured • coloured glass/lights/
paper • a small but colourful garden
colourful (AmEda, asosan, colorful)
|ˈkʌlərfl| 1 har xil rangli, rang-barang • She
tied a colourful silk scarf round her hair. ►
colourful or coloured? → coloured 2 rangbarang, qiziqarli va hayajonli • The town, of
course, has a very colourful history/past. •
The old city around the cathedral is the most
colourful part of town. ■ adv colourfully •
colourfully dressed dancers.
column |ˈkɑːləm| n 1 ustun = pillar, post,
support • The temple is supported by marble columns. • Nelson’s Column in London 2
jadval/maqola/raqamlar ustuni = line,­file,­
queue • “Continued on page 7, column 4.” •
Put the total at the bottom of the column.
3 maqola = article, piece, item, story • She
writes a weekly fashion/gossip column for
the Evening Standard.
coma |ˈkoʊmə| n koma = state of unconsciousness • He fell/went into a coma after
suffering a stroke. • He has been in a coma
since the accident.
comb |koʊm| n 1 taroq, tarash = groom,
brush • I always carry a comb in my handbag. • Your hair needs a good comb. 2 xo‘roz
toji ■ v 1 taramoq • She was combing her
hair out in front of the mirror. • Her hair was
neatly combed back. 2 sinchkovlik bilan
izlamoq, timirskilanmoq = scour • [~ sth] I
combed the shops looking for something to
wear. • [~ sth for sb/sth] The police combed
the area for clues. • [~ through sth (for sb/
sth)] They combed through the files for evidence of fraud.
combat |ˈkɑːmbæt| n |U,C| jang, olishuv =
battle,­ fighting,­ action­ • armed/unarmed
combat • There was fierce combat between
the two sides. • No one knew how many
troops had died in combat. ■ v olishmoq,
kurashmoq, jang qilmoq = fight,­ battle,­
tackle, attack • to combat crime/terrorism/
inflation/disease • The government is spending millions of dollars in its attempt to combat drug abuse.
combination |ˌkɑːmbɪˈneɪʃn| n 1 birlashma, aralashma, uyg‘unlik = mixture, blend,
cocktail, assortment, composite • Straw-
C
combine
C
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berries and cream - a perfect combination. •
This drug can be safely used in combination
with other medicines. • The firm is working
on a new product in combination with several overseas partners. ► combination or
mixture? → mixture 2 raqamlar ketma-ketligi, izchillik • a combination lock • I can’t
remember the combination.
combine |kəmˈbaɪn| v 1 birlash(tir)moq,
qo‘sh(il)moq, aralashmoq = mix, unite,
merge, blend, mingle ≠ separate • Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water. • [~
with sth] Hydrogen combines with oxygen
to form water. • [~ to do sth] Several factors
had combined to ruin our plans. • [~ sth]
Combine all the ingredients in a bowl. • [~
sth with sth] Combine the eggs with a little
flour. • [~ A and B (together)] Combine the
eggs and the flour. 2 uyg‘unlash(tir)moq,
o‘zida jo qilmoq, birlashtirmoq = co-operate, collaborate, join • [~ sth] We are still
looking for someone who combines all the
necessary qualities. • [~ A and/with B] The
hotel combines comfort with convenience. •
She has successfully combined a career and
bringing up a family.
come ★ |kʌm| v (comes, coming, came,
has come) 1 kelmoq • [~ adv/prep] She
comes to work by bus. • Can you come to my
party? • He came into the room and shut the
door. • I’ve come straight from the airport. •
Has she come yet? • My son is coming home
soon. • Come here! • Here comes Jo! • Come
and see us when you’re in London. • Thanks
for coming. • They had a party next door —
we heard people coming and going all night.
• P comes before Q. • What comes after the
news on TV? • [~ for sth/sb] I’ve come for my
book. • Your father will come for you at 4
o’clock. • [~ about sth] I’ve come about my
book. • [~ to do sth] I’ve come to get my book.
• [~ doing sth] He came looking for me. • The
children came running into the room. • Come
up to my room and we’ll talk about the problem. [~ to do sth] They’re coming to stay for
a week. • A man’s coming to mend the boiler
this afternoon. ► Og‘zaki­nutqda­tashrifini­
sababini ko‘rsatish yoki nima qilishni
aytish uchun ko‘pincha come fe’li (kelib
ma’nosida) boshqa fe’llar bilan and
bog‘lovchisi orqali bog‘langan holda kelishi
ham mumkin: • When did she last come and
see you? (=Qachon u seni oxirgi marta kelib
ko‘rdi) • Come and have your dinner. (=Kelib
tushligingni qil) AmEda ba’zan and
bog‘lovchisi tushirib qoldirilishi ham mumkin: • Come have your dinner. 2 (vaqti) kelmoq • Spring came late this year. • At last
winter came to an end. • Your breakfast is
coming soon. • Help came at last. • The time
has come to act. • The trees are coming into
leaf. 3 bormoq • I’ll come and pick you up in
the car if you like. • [~ (to sth) (with sb)] Are
you coming to the club with us tonight? • [~
doing sth] Why don’t you come skating tonight? ► come or go? → go 4 yetishmoq,
erishmoq • The agreement came after several hours of negotiations. • He came to power in 2006. 5 yo‘l bosmoq • We’ve come 50
miles this morning. • The company has come
a long way in the last 5 years. 6 ishlab chiqarilmoq • [~ in sth] This dress comes in black
and red. • [~ adj] (inf) New cars don’t come
cheap. • The CD comes complete with all the
words of the songs. 7 bo‘lmoq, -b qolmoq, -b
ketmoq • The buttons had come undone
(=yechilib ketdi). • The handle came loose
(=bo‘shab qolibdi). • Everything will come
right in the end. • Runners come in all shapes
and sizes - fat and thin, short and tall. • [~ as
sth] Her death came as a terrible shock to us.
• This design came to be known as the Oriental style. 8 darajali bo‘lmoq • His family
comes first. • She came second in the exam. 9
-a boshlamoq, -b qolmoq • In time she came
to love him (=uni yoqtira boshladi). • I’ve
come to expect this kind of behaviour from
him. ► come or grow? Bu ma’noda bu
fe’llar­yoki­sifat­bilan,­yoki­infinitiv­bilan­kelishlari­ mumkin:­ [come/grow­ +­ adj] • It
came loose for me. • He finally grew calm.
[come/grow­+­to­do]­• I came to realize that
he was right. • Only then she grew to understand what was going on. ● come about
sodir bo‘lmoq = happen, occur, take place •
Can you tell me how the accident came
about? • The increase in production has
come about through the use of technology.
come across ★ 1 duch kelmoq, uchratmoq = meet/find­by­chance,­meet,­run­into­
• I came across this old photo when I was
clearing out a drawer. • I came across a
word I’d never seen before. • Have you ever
come across such a horrible person in all
your life? ► Rasmiy vaziyatlarda muammo
va qiyinchiliklarga duch kelinganda, odatda, come across dan emas, encounter
so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • The team of researchers had encountered similar problems
before. 2 taassurot qoldirmoq, bo‘lib ko‘rinmoq = seem, appear • A lot depends on how
well you come across in the interview. • She
comes across as very self-confident. come
along ★ 1 birga bormoq • We’re going to
the cinema. Do you want to come along? •
I’m glad you came along. 2 kelmoq, ko‘rinmoq • When the right opportunity comes
along, she’ll take it. • He decided to give the
money to the first stranger who came along.
3 bo‘lmoq, o‘zgarmoq, chiqmoq = progress,
develop, shape up • He opened the oven
door to see how the food was coming along.
• Your English is coming along really well.
come along! bo‘laqol, tezroq bo‘l = hurry
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(up), be quick, get a move on, come on •
Come along! We’re all waiting for you! •
Come along! Don’t give up yet! come apart
parchalanmoq, yemirilmoq = break apart,
break up, fall to bits/pieces, fall apart • The
book just came apart in my hands. • (fig) My
whole life had come apart at the seams. • My
boots are coming apart at the seams. come
(a)round 1 kelmoq, tashrif buyurmoq =
visit, stop by • Do come around and see us
some time. • Why don’t you come round after
work? 2 o‘ziga/hushiga kelmoq = regain
consciousness • Your mother hasn’t yet
come round from the anaesthetic. come
back ★ qaytib kelmoq = return, get back •
The pain has never come back since. • I can’t
think of her name right now, but I’m sure it’ll
come back to me. • Short skirts are coming
back again. • Jane came back with a strong
response. • It all comes back to a question of
money. come before sb/sth muhimroq,
ustun/oldin turmoq • My children will always come before my career. come by 1
erishmoq, qo‘lga kiritmoq, topmoq = obtain, acquire, gain, get • How did you come
by such a beautiful house? • At that time,
teaching jobs abroad were hard to come by.
2 birozga tashrif buyurmoq • I’ll come by
this afternoon and we can talk about what
happened. come down 1 sinib tushmoq •
The ceiling came down with a terrific crash.
2 yog‘moq • The rain came down in torrents.
► come down, fall or rain? → rainv 3
qo‘nmoq • We were forced to come down in
a field. 4 pasaymoq, tushmoq • The price of
gas is coming down. • Gas is coming down in
price. 5 yetmoq, kelmoq • Her hair comes
down to her waist. come down on sb/sth
tanqid qilmoq, jazolamoq • They’re coming
down heavily on people for not paying their
licence fees. • Don’t come down too hard on
her. come down with sth chalinmoq,
kasal bo‘lmoq = fall ill with, fall sick with • I
think I’m coming down with flu. come from
sth ★ 1 -dan kelmoq/olinmoq/chiqmoq/
yasalmoq • Much of our butter comes from
New Zealand. • This wool comes from goats,
not sheep. • Where does her attitude come
from? • Where’s that smell coming from? • “I
feel awful.” “That comes from eating too
much.” 2 (kelib chiqishi) -lik, -dan • She
comes from London. • He comes from a family of actors. • He’s American but his family
come/comes from Ireland. come in ★ 1
kirmoq, kirib kelmoq = enter, gain admission ≠ go out • Hi, come in - lovely to see you!
• Do you want to come in for a cup of tea? •
The train is coming in now. • My horse came
in last. 2 kirim bo‘lmoq • She has over a
thousand pounds a month coming in from
her investments. 3 urf bo‘lmoq • Long hair
for men came in in the sixties. 4 asqotmoq
come
• Keep it, it might come in useful. • His money
will come in handy when I want to travel.
come off 1 chiqib/ko‘chib ketmoq, uzilib
tushmoq • The button has come off my coat.
• I can’t use the kettle, the handle has come
off. 2 ko‘chmoq, ajralmoq • The paint won’t
come off my coat. • Does this hood come off?
3 muvaffaqiyatli chiqmoq = succeed, work,
turn out well • The performance on the first
night came off pretty well. • As far as pensions go, it’s still women who come off worst.
4 qo‘ysangchi! ishonmayman! • Oh come off
it! You can’t seriously be saying you knew
nothing about this. 5 -dan yiqilib tushmoq •
to come off your bicycle/horse come on ★
1 shoshil, tezroq bo‘l = hurry • Come on, or
we’ll miss the start of the film. 2 qo‘ysangchi! • Oh, come on — you know that isn’t
true! • Come on! It’s not the end of the world.
• Oh come on, Ian, you made the same excuse
last week! 3 qani bo‘laqol • Come on! Try
once more. You can do it! • Come on, Annabelle, you can tell me. I won’t tell anyone. •
Come on, cheer up! 4 (ishlar) ketmoq, amalga oshmoq = progress, develop • How’s
your English coming on? • [~ with sth/sb]
She’s coming on fine with her music. 5
ko‘rinmoq, paydo bo‘lmoq • There was
great applause when the Russian ballerina
came on. • Just at that moment, the news
came on. 6 [~ in/over/up etc] kirmoq, kelmoq, chiqmoq va h. • Come on in - I’ve made
some coffee. • I can feel a headache coming
on. • I’d like to come on to that question later. 7 ishga tushirmoq, yoqmoq • Set the
oven to come on at six. • When does the heating come on? come out ★ 1 chiqmoq • The
rain stopped and the sun came out. • This
nail won’t come out. • Would you like to
come out for a drink sometime? • When does
their new album come out? • When is her
new novel coming out? 2 chiqmoq, o‘chmoq,
ketmoq • Will the colour come out if I wash
it? • [~ of sth] The ink marks won’t come out
of my white shirt. 3 ma’lum/namoyon
bo‘lmoq, bo‘lib chiqmoq = become known,
become apparent, come to light, turn out •
It came out that he’d been telling lies. • Her
best qualities come out in a crisis. • Your
painting has come out really well. 4­fikri­bilan chiqmoq, o‘ylaganini aytmoq = utter,
say, let out • At least he’s got the courage to
come out and say what he thinks. 5 og‘zidan
chiqmoq • I didn’t mean to be rude - it just
came out like that. • When I tried to tell her
that I loved her it just came out all wrong.
come to sth/sb ★ 1 hammasi bo‘lib -ni
tashkil qilmoq = amount to, add up to • The
bill comes to £10. • The whole trip, including
fares, comes out at $900. 2 o‘ziga kelmoq =
regain/recover consciousness • When he
came to, he was in hospital. 3­ fikr(ga) kel-
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comedy
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They live in great comfort. • The hotel has
moq • The idea came to me when we were on
holiday. • [~ that…] It suddenly came to her
all modern comforts/every modern comfort.
that she had been wrong all along. • We
• It’s a little too hot for comfort. 2 taskin,
came to the conclusion that there was no
tasalli = consolation, reassurance, symother way back to the camp. • If they don’t
pathy, relief, support • It was a comfort
come to a decision by midnight, the talks will
to know that the children were safe. • The
be abandoned. 4 biror (yomon) holatga kellong-awaited letter gave me some comfort.
moq/bormoq • I never thought it would
• I tried to offer a few words of comfort. •
come to this. • All those years of studying,
Louisa’s been a great comfort to me since
and in the end it all came to nothing. • We
Mary died. ► comfort or consolation?
may have to sell the house, but I hope it
Ko‘ngli sovushlik, tushkunlik vaziyatdan
won’t come to that. 5 yetmoq, kelmoq =
(misol uchun musobaqadan yutqizish kabi
reach • His hair comes right down to his
holatdan) so‘nggi taskin va tasalliga, odatda
shoulders. • He’s tiny, he doesn’t even come
consolation so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • consoup to my chest! • The war had just come to
lation prizes include £5 vouchers; xafagaran end. come together qo‘shilmoq,
chilik yoki xavotirga nisbatan taskinga esa
to‘planmoq, uyushmoq • Three colleges
ko‘pincha comfort so‘zidan foydalaniladi:
have come together to create a new universi• Chocolate is a great comfort food. ■ v taty. • We’d come together to share our
salli/taskin bermoq = console, cheer sb up,
thoughts and experiences. come up ★ 1
cheer, reassure, put/set sb’s mind at rest
ko‘tarilmoq, chiqmoq = rise • We watched
≠ distress, depress • She was comforting
the sun come up. 2 sodir bo‘lmoq, yuzaga
the people who had been in the accident.
chiqmoq = arise, occur, happen • I’m afraid
• She comforted herself with the thought
something urgent has come up. • We’ll let
that it would soon be spring. ► comfort or
you know if anything comes up. • My exams
console? xafa insonni ko‘nglini ko‘tarish
are coming up soon. 3 ta’kidlanmoq, mavzuma’nosida ikkala so‘zdan ham foydalanish
si ko‘tarilmoq, muhokama qilinmoq • The
mumkin: • I didn’t know how to comfort/
subject came up in conversation. • What
console her when her baby died. Xavotirlapoints came up at the meeting? 4 yoniga
nayotgan yoki hayajonlanayotgan odamga
kelmoq • He came up to me and asked me
taskin berishda, odatda comfort so‘zidan
the way to the station. • He just came up to
foydalaniladi: • Ned put his arm around her,
me and punched me. come up to sth 1 (datrying to comfort her. Qiyin ahvolda, vaziyat
rajasiga) yetmoq, kelmoq = reach, come to •
ular o‘ylaganchalik yomon emasligi kabi
The water came up to my neck. 2 mos keltaskinlar bilan ko‘nglini ko‘tarishda, odatda
moq, -dek bo‘lmoq = measure up to, match
console ishlatiladi: • “Never mind,” she conup to • His performance didn’t really come
soled him, “You can try again next year.”
up to his usual high standard. • Their trip to
France didn’t come up to expectations. comfortable ★ |ˈkʌmftəbl| |ˈkʌmfərtəbl|
come up with sth ★ 1­fikri/g‘oyasi­bilan­ adj 1 qulay, shinam = pleasant, free from
hardship (inf) comfy, cosy, homely ≠ unchiqmoq, o‘ylab topmoq = produce, devise,
comfortable, harsh • These shoes aren’t very
think up • She came up with a new idea for
comfortable. • It’s such a comfortable bed.
increasing sales. • Is that the best excuse you
• Are you comfortable? • She shifted into a
can come up with? 2 pul topmoq/to‘plamoq
more comfortable position on the chair. 2
• We wanted to buy the house but we couldn’t
qulay his qilmoq =­comfident­[~ with sth/
come up with the cash. • How am I supposed
sb] • He’s more comfortable with computers
to come up with $10,000? when it comes
than with people. • She’s never felt very comto (doing) sth -ga kelganda, haqida gap ketfortable with men. 3 yetarlicha puli bo‘lmoq
ganda • When it comes to the wireless Inter• They’re not millionaires, but they’re cernet, Europe is 18 months behind Japan. •
tainly very comfortable. • He makes a comWhen it comes to getting things done, he’s
fortable living. ● make yourself comfortuseless. • She’s very genious when it comes to
able qulay joylashmoq • She made herself
finding excuses. where sb is coming from
comfortable in the chair by the fire. • Please
nimani nazarda tutganini tushunmoq • I see
make yourself comfortable while I get some
where you’re coming from.
coffee.
comedy |ˈkɑːmədi| n (pl -ies) komediya,
kulgi = light entertainment, comic theater comfortably |ˈkʌmftəbli| |ˈkʌmfərtəbli| adv
qulay • If you’re sitting comfortably, I’ll ex≠ tragedy, drama • It’s a romantic comedy
plain to you what we have to do. • Make sure
starring Meg Ryan and Tom Hanks. • He
you’re comfortably dressed. ● comfortably
didn’t appreciate the comedy of the situaoff yetarlicha boy • He had no plans to retire
tion.
even though he is now very comfortably off. •
comfort ★ |ˈkʌmfərt| n 1 |U| qulaylik, shiHis family were comfortably off.
namlik = ease, relaxation ≠ discomfort •
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comfy |ˈkʌmfi| adj (-ier, -iest) inf qulay, shinam • You’ll be nice and comfy in this room.
comic |ˈkɑːmɪk| adj kulgili, komik = humorous, funny, droll, amusing, hilarious
≠ serious • a comic poem • The play had
comic moments. ► comic, amusing, funny,
or humorous? → funny ■ n 1 kulgu ustasi,
qiziqchi = comedian, comedienne • a wellknown TV comic 2 (AmEda, shuningdek,
comic book) (rasmli) hikoyalar kitobi.
coming |ˈkʌmɪŋ| adj (yaqinlashib) kelayotgan, keyingi = forthcoming, impending, approaching, future • I’ll be back this coming
Friday. • Unemployment is likely to rise in
the coming year. ■ n sl kelishi, paydo bo‘lishi = approach, advance, advent, arrival
• [the ~ of sth] With the coming of modern
technology, many jobs were lost. • Her coming meant that the department could complete the project on time.
comma |ˈkɑːmə| n a vergul (,) • You need to
put a comma before “which”. • Her friends, in
inverted commas (=qo‘shtirnoq ichidagi), all
disappeared when she was in trouble.
command ★ |kəˈmænd| n 1 buyruq =
order, instruction • The general gave the
command to attack. • You must obey the
captain’s commands. • What is the startup
command for the program? 2 boshqaruv,
qo‘l ostida bo‘lish = authority, control, power • He has 1 200 men under his command. •
He has command of 1 200 men. • The police
arrived and took command of the situation.
• They are not fully in command of the situation. ► Kundalik hayotda in command (of)
o‘rniga ko‘pincha in charge (of) iborasidan
foydalaniladi: • Who is in command here? →
Who is in charge here? ■ v 1 buyruq bermoq = order, instruct, tell, rule • [~ sb to
do sth] He commanded his troops to attack.
• [~ sth] She commanded the release of the
prisoners. • [+ speech] “Come here!” he commanded (them). • [~ that…] (fml) The commission intervened and commanded that
work on the building cease. ► command or
order? → orderv 2 boshchilik qilmoq, boshqarmoq = be in charge, direct, be responsible for sb/sth, control • He commands a
group of volunteer soldiers. • The troops
were commanded by General Haig.
commander |kəˈmændər| n 1 boshliq, rahbar, buyruq beruvchi = leader, head, chief
• military/allied/field/flight commanders
• the commander of the expedition 2 (Brit)
komandir • The soldiers fired as soon as
their commander gave the order.
commemorate |kəˈmeməreɪt| v xotirada
saqlamoq, eslatib turmoq = celebrate, pay
tribute to, remember • A series of movies
will be shown to commemorate the 30th anniversary of his death.
commercial
commence |kəˈmens| v (fml) boshla(n)
moq, undamoq = begin, start, get the ball
rolling, get going ≠ conclude • [~ sth] She
commenced her medical career in 1956.
• [~ with sth] The day commenced with a
welcome from the principal. • [~ doing sth]
We commence building next week. • [~ to do
sth] Operators commenced to build pipelines
in 1862. ► Kundalik hayotda commence
so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq start so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • The concert was just about to
start.
comment ★ |ˈkɑːment| n |C,U| (bildirilgan)
fikr,­izoh = remark, observation, statement
• He handed me the document without comment. • [~ (about/on sth)] We would welcome your comments on our work. • Did she
make any comment about Eddie? • I suppose
his criticism was fair comment (=asosli fikr).
• (komputerga oid) Please email us or leave
a comment on our website. ► comment, remark or observation? → remarkn ■ v fikr­
bildirmoq, izoh bermoq = remark on, speak
about, observe • The minister refused to
comment. • [~ that…] A spokesperson commented that levels of carbon dioxide were
very high. • [~ on/upon sth] I don’t feel I can
comment on their decision. • [~ speech] “Not
his best performance,” she commented to
the woman sitting next to her. ► comment,
remark or observe? → refusev ● no comment izohsiz, sharhsiz • “Will you resign,
sir?” “No comment!”
commentary |ˈkɑːmənteri| n (pl -ries)
sharh,­izoh,­bildirilgan­fikr = narration, description, account [~ (on sth)] • He kept up a
running commentary on everyone who came
in or went out. • Our reporters will give a
running commentary on the election results
as they are announced.
commerce |ˈkɑːmɜːrs| n |U| tijorat, savdo-sotiq = trade, trading, buying and selling • They are trying to promote commerce
between their countries. • He won’t last long
in the world of commerce.
commercial |kəˈmɜːrʃl| adj 1 savdo-sotiqqa oid, oldi-sotdi … = economic,­ financial, monetary • He is a specialist in
commercial law. • She is developing the commercial side of the organization. 2 foydaga
qaratilgan/ko‘zlangan, kirimli = profitable,­
profit-making,­economic­≠­non-profit­• The
company makes commercial vehicles such as
taxis and buses. • The movie was not a commercial success. ■ adv commercially • The
product is not yet commercially available. •
His invention was not commercially successful. • Commercially, the movie was a flop. ■
n televizor reklamasi = advertisement, promotion • Our TV commercial attracted a lot
of interest. • The film was so full of commercial breaks it was impossible to enjoy.
C
commission
C
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commission |kəˈmɪʃn| n 1 topshiriq, zimmasiga yuklash = task, employment, job
• She’s just got a commission to paint Sir
Ellis Pike’s wife. • Do you do/take commissions? 2 (ko‘pincha Commission) komissiya (tekshiruvchilar guruhi) = committee,
board, council • the European Commission
• The government have set up/established
a commission to investigate the problem. 3
komissiya (vositachilik) haqi, har biridan
olinadigan ulush = percentage, brokerage,
share • You get a 10% commission on everything you sell. • In this job you work on commission. • 10% commission is charged for
cashing debit cards. ■ v rasman biror asar
yaratishini so‘ramoq = engage, contract,
charge • [~ sb to do sth] She has been commissioned to write a new national anthem.
• [~ sth] Publishers have commissioned a
French translation of the book.
commissioner |kəˈmɪʃənər| n 1 (odatda,
Commissioner) dinni yoyuvchi/tarqatuvchi, dinni tatbiq qiluvchi • the Church Commissioners 2 yuqori lavozimli xodim • There
is a commissioner in charge of the London
police force. • Commissioner Rhodes was unavailable for comment.
commit |kəˈmɪt| v (-tt-) 1 sodir etmoq =
carry out, do, engage in • The gang committed six robberies before they were caught.
• He said he was on holiday in Spain when
the murder was committed. 2 kirishmoq,
kelishmoq = entrust, consign, pledge, devote • [~ sb/yourself (to (doing) sth)] • The
government must commit itself to improving
health care. • [~ sb/yourself to do sth] Both
sides committed themselves to settle the dispute peacefully.
commitment |kəˈmɪtmənt| n 1 va’da, bajarilishi kerak bo‘lgan/kelishilgan vazifa =
promise, guarantee, assurance, vow • He
has difficulty in meeting his commitments.
• [~ to sb/sth] She doesn’t want to make a
big emotional commitment to Steve at the
moment • [~ to do/doing sth] The company’s commitment to providing quality at a
reasonable price has been vital to its success. 2­bag‘ishlash,­fidokorlik = dedication,
devotion, allegiance • A career as an actor
requires one hundred per cent commitment.
• I’d like to thank the staff for having shown
such commitment. 3 burch, mas’uliyat = responsibility, obligation, burden, duty • He’s
busy for the next month with filming commitments. • Women very often have to juggle
work with their family commitments.
committee |kəˈmɪti| n qo‘mita, komitet =
council, commission, board, body, jury, panel • The company has set up a committee to
look into sports facilities. • The committee
has/have decided to close the restaurant.
commodity |kəˈmɑːdəti| n (pl -ies) mahsulot, xomashyo, mol = item, material, product • The country’s most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds. • Crude oil is
the world’s most important commodity.
common ★ |ˈkɑːmən| adj (-er, -est) (more/
most ~ shakllari ko‘proq uchraydi) 1 ko‘p
uchraydigan, oddiy/odatiy hol = widespread, universal, general, commonplace
≠ unusual, rare, uncommon • Jackson is a
common English name. • Daisies are very
common flowers. • It’s common for new fathers to feel jealous of the baby. • Allergies
to milk are quite common in childhood. ►
It is common birikmasi bilan, odatda, that
kelishigi­ ishlatilmaydi.­ U­ infinitiv­ yoki­ for
predlogi­ bilan­ keladi:­ [It­ is­ common­ +­ for­
sb/sth] • It is common for children to be
afraid of the dark. [It­is­common­+­to­do]­•
It’s quite common to see couples who dress
alike. ► common or ordinary? Biror narsani yoki holatni ko‘p uchrashiga yoki ko‘p
sodir bo‘lishiga nisbatan common so‘zidan
foydalaniladi: • His name was Hansen, a
common name in Norway. • Oil pollution is
the commonest cause of death for seabirds.
Biror narsa, shaxsni yoki vaziyatni odatiy, odatdagi, oddiy, tabiiyligini ifodalash
uchun esa ordinary so‘zidan foydalaniladi:
• It has 25 calories less than ordinary ice
cream. • It was just an ordinary weekend
for us. 2 umumiy, o‘zaro, o‘xshash = joint,
collective, communal, shared ≠ individual, private • They share a common interest
in photography. • We are working together
for a common purpose. 3 oddiy (xalq), sodda = ordinary, normal, average, typical •
Shakespeare’s work was popular among the
common people in his day. • In the fifteenth
century the common people could neither
read nor write. ● have … in common
(with sb/sth) ★ o‘xshash jihati bo‘lmoq/
bo‘lmaslik, umumiy tomoni bo‘lmoq/
bo‘lmaslik • The two cultures have a lot in
common. • We don’t really have much in
common. • Tim and I have nothing in common. • I have nothing in common with Tim.
commonly |ˈkɑːmənli| adv ko‘p -gan, keng
tarqalgan = widely • This is one of the most
commonly used methods. • Elbow injuries
are commonly found among tennis players.
commonplace |ˈkɑːmənpleɪs| adj oddiy
hol(at), ko‘p uchraydigan (narsa) • Computers are now commonplace in primary
classrooms. • It is commonplace for soldiers
to get very little sleep. • Car thefts are commonplace in this part of town.
common sense n |U| farosat, aql, zehn =
good sense, sense, native wit, sensibleness,
judgment ≠ folly • For goodness sake, just
use your common sense! • That child has got
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no common sense! • It’s common sense to
keep medicines away from children.
communal |kəˈmjuːnl| adj jamoaga/jamiyatga qarashli, umumiy foydalaniladigan =
shared • communal kitchen/garden facilities/food/property, etc. • As a student he
tried communal living for a few years. • We
each have a separate bedroom but share a
communal kitchen. ■ adv communally •
The property was owned communally.
communicate ★ |kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt| v 1 aloqa/muloqot qilmoq, gaplashmoq, suhbatlashmoq = talk, speak, discuss, consult,
debate • Although she is unable to speak,
she can still communicate using her hands.
• We only communicate by email. • [~ with
sb/sth] Dolphins use sound to communicate
with each other. • [~ sth (to sb)] • Has the
news been communicated to the staff yet?
2­ fikr­ bildirmoq,­ g‘oyalarni­ tushuntirmoq
= convey, tell, get sth across, repeat, break,
send, pass sth on • Candidates must be able
to communicate effectively. • [~ sth (to sb)]
He was eager to communicate his ideas to
the group. • [~ wh…] They failed to communicate what was happening and why. ►
communicate or convey? Bir kishiga
yoki­ bir­ guruh­ odamlarga­ fikr­ va­ g‘oyalar­
bildirilganda convey so‘zidan foydalanish
mumkin. Comunicate esa asosan ko‘pchilikka qarata ishlatiladi, bir kishiga emas. 3
chiqishmoq, yaxshi munosabatda bo‘lmoq
= explain yourself, be understood • A teacher must be able to communicate effectively
to students. • He finds it difficult to communicate with his children.
communication ★ |kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃn| n |U|
1 aloqa (qilish),­ muloqot,­ fikr­ almashish,­
gaplashish = contact, dealings, relations,
connection • We are in direct communication with Moscow. • Email is the most rapid
means of communication. • Doctors do not
always have good communication skills.
• Telephone communications have been
restored. 2 communications pl qatnov =
transmission, conveyance, divulgence • an
improved communications network • communication systems/links/technology • The
new airport will improve communications
between the islands. • Snow has prevented
communication with the outside world for
three days.
communicative |kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪtɪv| adj
kirishimli, dilkash = sociable, open, outgoing, frank, talkative, chatty ≠ uncommunicative • I don’t find him very communicative.
• He was in a bad mood at breakfast and
wasn’t very communicative.
communism |ˈkɑːmjunɪzəm| n |U| kommunizm (xalqchilik jamiyati) • Thanks to the
collapse of communism the political antithesis between Left and Right is less important.
compare
■ n communist • The president of the new
democracy is actually a former Communist.
communist |ˈkɑːmjənɪst| n kommunist •
the Communist Party • communist ideology
• a communist country/regime
community |kəˈmjuːnəti| n (pl -ies) jamiyat, jamoat, aholi = public, general public,
people • There’s a large black/white/Jewish
community living in this area. • The local
community is worried about the level of violence in the streets. • There’s a real sense
of community this neighbourhood. • (AmE)
community parks/libraries
compact |ˈkɑːmpækt| adj ko‘p narsa bir joyga sig‘dirilgan/uyilgan • compact soil/sand
• a compact camera/bag • What a compact
office! How did you fit so much into so little
space?
companion |kəmˈpæniən| n sherik, hamroh
= associate, partner • Geoff was my companion on the journey. • The dog has been her
constant companion these past ten years.
company ★ |ˈkʌmpəni| n (pl -ies) 1 |C|
(abbr Co.) (ham birlik, ham ko‘plik fe’li
bilan kelishi mumkin) kompaniya,­ firma,­
korxona = firm,­ business,­ corporation,­ establishment • She runs an electrical company. • He set up a computer company. •
It is company policy not to allow smoking
anywhere in the offices. • Company profits
were 5% lower than last year. ► company
or firm? → firmn 2 hamroh(lik), sherik(lik)
= companionship, friendship, fellowship •
I enjoy the company of young people. • She
went to Paris in company with/in the company of three other girls from college. • You’ll
like Rosie - she’s good company. • I’ll keep
you company till the train comes.
comparative |kəmˈpærətɪv| adj nisbatan,
solishtirganda, qiyosiy = relative, in/by
comparison • Judged by last year’s performance it is a comparative improvement. ■
n qiyosiy daraja • “Happier”, “better” and
“more often” are the comparatives of “happy”, “good” and “often.” • The comparative
form of “slow” is “slower”.
compare ★ |kəmˈper| v 1 (abbr cf., cp.) solishtirmoq, qiyoslamoq = contrast, balance
sth against sth, match sth against sth • That
seems expensive - have you compared prices
in other shops? • [~ A and B] It is interesting
to compare their situation and ours. • [~ A
with/to B] We carefully compared the first
report with the second. • The critics compared his work to that of Martin Amis. 2
o‘xsha(t)moq, o‘xshash bo‘lmoq = match, rival, equal • He compared his mother’s homemade bread to a lump of wood. • Their prices compare favourably with those of their
competitors. 3 tenglashmoq, teng bo‘lmoq
• This school compares with the best in the
country. • This house doesn’t compare with
C
comparison
C
108
our previous one. ● compared with/to
solishtirganda, qaraganda • Profits were
good compared with last year. • This road
is quite busy compared to/with ours. • I’ve
had some difficulties, but they were nothing compared to yours. ► “Solishtirganda”
ma’nosida faqat compared ko‘rinishidan
foydalaniladi, comparing ko‘rinishlaridan
emas: • Her garden is big compared to mine.
(... comparing to mine.)
comparison |kəmˈpærɪsn| n solishtirish,
qiyoslash = contrast, similarity, parallel,
resemblance • They made a comparison of
different countries’ eating habits. • To my
mind there’s no comparison between the two
restaurants. • [~ of A with B] a comparison of
men’s salaries with those of women • [~ between A and B] Direct comparison between
the two languages is not possible. • [~ of A to
B] a comparison of the brain to a computer •
[~ with sth] It is difficult to make a comparison with her previous book — they are completely different. ► Rasmiy holatlarda make
a comparison dan ko‘ra ko‘pincha draw a
comparison birikmasidan foydalaniladi: •
The writer draws a comparison between the
1950s and the present day. ● by/in comparison (with) solishtirganda, qaraganda •
By/In comparison with the French, the British eat far less fish. • This year, July was cold
in comparison with last year.
compartment |kəmˈpɑːrtmənt| n 1 kupe,
bo‘linma = section, part, bay, recess • engine compartment • The bag is divided into
separate compartments. ► compartment,
carriage coach or? → carriage 2 katak,
xona • There is a handy storage compartment beneath the oven.
compass |ˈkʌmpəs| n kompas = scope,
range, extent • They were lost in the mountains without a compass.
compatible |kəmˈpætəbl| adj bir-biriga
to‘g‘ri keladigan, mos = well suited, suited,
well matched • [~ with sth] The proposed
new regulation is not compatible with our
existing policy. • This software may not be
compatible with older operating systems.
• Are their two blood groups compatible?
► Kundalik hayotda ikki insonni bir-biriga mos kelishini ifodalashda compatible
so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq (just) right for each
other jumlasidan foydalaniladi: • They just
weren’t right for each other. ■ n compatibility bir-biriga mos kelish, o‘xshashlik
≠ incompatibility • The compatibility of
brothers and sisters depends on their personalities.
compel |kəmˈpel| v (-ll-) (fml) majbur qilmoq/bo‘lmoq = force, pressure, press,
push, urge • [~ sb to do sth] The law will
compel employers to provide health insurance. • I feel compelled to write and tell you
how much I enjoyed your book. • [~ sth] Last
year ill health compelled his retirement.
compelling |kəmˈpelɪŋ| adj 1 hayajonlantiradigan, to‘lqinlantiradigan = enthralling,
captivating, gripping ≠ boring • Her latest
book makes compelling reading. • I found
the whole film very compelling. 2 majburlovchi, undovchi = convincing, persuasive,
cogent ≠ weak • a compelling need/desire •
There is no compelling reason to believe him.
■ adv compellingly • She wrote compellingly, with great zest.
compensate |ˈkɑːmpenseɪt| v 1 o‘rnini
qoplamoq/to‘ldirmoq, arzimoq = make up
for, counter, balance • [~ for sth] Nothing
can compensate for the loss of a loved one.
• The high salary compensates for the long
hours worked. ► Kundalik hayotda compensate for iborasidan ko‘ra ko‘proq make
up for birikmasidan foydalaniladi: • What
she lacks in patience she makes up for in
determination. Lekin compensate biroz rasmiy hisoblansada, u make up for dan ko‘ra
kengroq qamrovga ega va u for predlogi bilan yoki predlogsiz ham kelishi mumkin: •
You should be able to eat more on this diet
without having to compensate by going hungry. (... to make up by going hungry.) 2 zararni qoplamoq = recompense, repay, pay back
• [~ sb (for sth)] They agreed to compensate
her for damage to her car. • The airline refused to compensate him when his baggage
was lost. ■ adj compensatory zararni
qoplash uchun • He received a compensatory payment of $20 000. • He was awarded $3
million in compensatory damages.
compensation n 1 |U,C| o‘rnini qoplash/
to‘ldirish, arzish = recompense, repayment,
reimbursement • Working in the centre of
London has its compensations. • [~ for sth]
Four weeks’ holiday is no compensation for
a year’s work in that office. 2 badal, zararni
qoplash uchun pul • The airline refused to
pay any compensation for his lost luggage. •
You should claim/seek compensation.
compete ★ |kəmˈpiːt| v 1 musobaqalashmoq, bellashmoq, bahs olib bormoq = play,
enter, go in for sth, take part • [~ (in sth)
(against sb)] He is competing in both the 100
and 200 metre races. • [~ for sth] The two
athletes are competing for the gold medal. 2
raqobatlashmoq = fight,­struggle,­contest­•
[~ (with/against sb) (for sth)] Several companies are competing for the contract. • We
can’t compete with them on price. • [~ to do
sth] There are too many magazines competing to attract readers.
competence |ˈkɑːmpɪtəns| n 1 qobiliyat,
mahorat = capability, ability, competency ≠
incompetence • [~ in (doing) sth] Does she
have the necessary competence in foreign
languages? • Her competence as a teacher
109
is unquestionable. 2 huquq, haq, qonun =
authority, power, control • The case falls
within the competence of the tribunal. • This
is outside the competence of this court.
competent |ˈkɑːmpɪtənt| adj 1 yaxshi biladigan, usta = capable, able, adequate, acceptable ≠ incompetent, inadequate • She
is a very competent manager. • a competent
secretary/horse-rider/cook • [~ (to do sth)]
I don’t feel competent to give an opinion at
the moment. 2 huquqqa/kuchga ega • The
organisation is not competent to deal with
this case.
competition ★ |ˌkɑːmpəˈtɪʃn| n 1 |U|
raqobat = rivalry,­conflict­[~ between/with
sb (for sth)] • There’s a lot of competition
between computer companies. • We are in
competition with four other companies for
the contract. • [~ to do sth] There is intense/
stiff competition between schools to attract
students. 2 |C| musobaqa, bellashuv = contest, quiz, race, championship, tournament
• He won first prize in the piano competition.
• a music/photo, etc. competition • to enter/
win/lose a competition • (hazilomus) You
don’t need to eat so quickly! It’s not a competition. 3 raqobatchi, bellashuvchi = opposition, other side, enemy • We have lowered
our prices to try to beat the competition. •
The competition is/are planning to reduce
their prices.
competitive |kəmˈpetətɪv| adj 1 raqobatli,
raqobatbardosh = affordable, reasonable,
cheap, budget, economical ≠ uncompetitive
• He’s very competitive. • Graduates have to
fight for jobs in a highly competitive market. • competitive prices • [~ with sb/sth]
We must reduce costs to remain competitive with other companies. • to gain a competitive advantage over rival companies. ■
adv competitively Lower costs meant that
Japanese exports remained competitively
priced.
competitor |kəmˈpetɪtər| n 1 raqobatchi
= rival, challenger, opponent, adversary ≠
ally • We produce cheaper goods than our
competitors. • Two German firms are our
main/major competitors. 2 musobaqachi,
qatnashuvchi = contestant, contender,
challenger, participant ≠ spectator • All the
competitors lined up for the start of the race.
• Over 200 competitors entered the race.
complain ★ |kəmˈpleɪn| v shikoyat qilmoq,
e’tiroz bildirmoq, nolimoq = protest, object,
moan • You’re always complaining! • [~ to sb
(about/of sth)] I’m going to complain to the
manager about this. • (inf) “How are you?”
“Oh, I can’t complain.” • [~ (that)…] They are
complaining that our prices are too high. •
[~ speech] “It’s not fair,” she complained.
complaint ★ |kəmˈpleɪnt| n 1 |C| shikoyat,
e’tiroz = protest, objection, grievance,
complete
grouse • [~ about sb/sth] I’d like to make a
complaint about the noise. • [~ against sb/
sth] I believe you have a complaint against
one of our nurses. • [~ that…] The council
has received complaints that the building
is not safe. • a formal complaint 2 |U| shikoyat qilish, nolish • I can see no grounds for
complaint. • a letter of complaint 3 kasallik,
bezovtalik = disorder, disease, infection •
She was admitted to hospital with a kidney
complaint. • He is having treatment for a
chest complaint.
complement |ˈkɑːmplɪment| v bir-birini
to‘ldirmoq, yaxshi chiqishmoq, mos tushmoq = accompany, go with • The team
needs players who complement each other. •
The music complements her voice perfectly.
► Kundalik hayotda complement so‘zidan
ko‘ra ko‘proq sth goes well with sth, yoki
they go well together jumlalaridan foydalaniladi: • That tie goes well with that shirt.
• Garlic and potatoes go well together in a
soup. ► complement or compliment? →
compliment ■ n |ˈkɑːmplɪmənt| bir-birini
to‘ldiruvchi narsa = companion, addition [~
(to sth)] • This wine would be a nice complement to grilled dishes.
complementary |ˌkɑːmplɪˈmentri| adj
mos keladigan/tushadigan, bir-birini to‘ldiradigan = compatible, corresponding ≠
incompatible • The school’s approach must
be complementary to that of the parents. •
complementary colours/flavours/skills
complete ★ |kəmˈpliːt| adj 1 to‘liq, butun
= entire, whole, full • We were in complete
agreement. • The list below is not complete.
• I’ve collected the complete set. • Our family
just wouldn’t feel complete without our dog.
2 butunlay, mutlaqo, butkul = absolute,
out-and-out, utter, total, real ≠ partial • I
felt a complete idiot. • The trip was a complete waste of money. • It came as a complete
surprise. • I made a complete and utter mess
of it! • The police were in complete control of
the situation. ► complete or total? Ko‘p
vaziyatlarda ularning har ikkalasidan ham
foydalanish mumkin (total war jumlasidan boshqa chunki bu o‘zgarmas birikma
hisoblanadi). Ular, odatda, ushbu ma’noda
doim otlar oldidan ishlatiladi: • Why should
we trust a total/complete stranger? 3 tugagan, bitgan = finished,­ ended,­ concluded­
≠­ unfinished­ • The building is nearly complete. • Work on the office building will be
complete at the end of the year. ■ v 1 tugatmoq, bitkazmoq = finish,­end,­conclude­
• The builders completed the whole job in
two days. • She’s just completed a master’s
degree in Law. • The project should be completed within a year. • [~ doing sth] He’s just
completed filming his 17th feature film. ►
complete or finish? → finish1 2 to‘ldirmoq
C
completely
C
110
= fill­in/out­• Have you completed your application form yet? • Complete the sentence
with one of the adjectives provided. • All she
needed to complete her happiness was a
baby.
completely ★ |kəmˈpliːtli| adv butunlay,
mutlaqo, to‘liq, umuman = totally, utterly,
entirely, fully (inf) dead, deadly ≠ partly •
The town was completely destroyed in the
earthquake. • I completely forgot about my
dentist’s appointment. • Doctors said the operation was completely successful. • Ellen’s
suggestion took us completely by surprise. ►
completely, perfectly, entirely, fully, totally,
quite, absolutely or utterly? → perfectly
completion |kəmˈpliːʃn| n |U| tugatish, oxiriga yetkazish, bitirish, yakun = realization,
accomplishment,­ achievement,­ fulfilment,­
end • The road repair work is nearing completion. • You’ll be paid on completion of the
project.
complex |kəmˈpleks| |ˈkɑːmpleks| adj 1
murakkab, tushunish qiyin = complicated, involved, intricate ≠ simple • complex
machinery • the complex structure of the
human brain • a complex road system • a
complex argument/problem/subject • This
was a complex and difficult task. • These
rules are highly complex. ► complex or
complicated? → complicated 2 murakkab qo‘shma gap = compound, composite
• In the complex sentence, “I’d like to go
the beach, if it’s warm enough”, “I’d like to
go to the beach” is the main clause, and “if
it’s warm enough” is the subordinate clause.
■ n |ˈkɑːmpleks| majmua, kompleks = network, system, nexus • The council has built
a new sports complex. • a shopping/leisure
complex. • They live in a large apartment
complex.
complexion |kəmˈplekʃn| n 1 yuz terisi,
terining tusi/rangi = skin, skin color • a
dark/fair complexion • a healthy/clear/
spotty complexion • Drinking water is good
for the complexion. 2 tus, qiyofa, ko‘rinish
= perspective, angle, slant • Hughes helped
change the complexion of Hollywood. • What
Pablo has just said puts an entirely/completely new complexion on things.
complexity |kəmˈpleksəti| n |U| murakkablik, chigallik, tushunish qiyinlik = complication, twist • Difficulties were caused
by the complexity of the legislation. • I was
astonished by the size and complexity of the
problem.
complicate |ˈkɑːmplɪkeɪt| v murakkablashtirmoq, qiyinlashtirmoq, chigallashtirmoq = make (more)­ difficult,­ make­ complicated, confuse, blur, cloud ≠ simplify • It
will only complicate the situation if we invite
his old girlfriend as well. • To complicate
matters further, there will be no transport
available till 8 o’clock. ► complicate or
confuse? Complicate biror narsani bajarishni qiyinlashtirsa, confuse esa uni tushunishni, farqlashni qiyinlashtiradi, ya’ni
confuse, asosan, chalkashtiradi. • You’re
confusing him! Tell him slowly and one thing
at a time.
complicated ★ |ˈkɑːmplɪkeɪtɪd| adj
murakkab, chigal, qiyin, tushunish qiyin
= complex, elaborate, intricate, involved,
tangled ≠ uncomplicated, straightforward
• The instructions look very complicated.
• The story is extremely complicated. • It’s
all very complicated — but I’ll try and explain. • It’s all getting too complicated - let’s
try and keep it simple. ► complicated or
complex? Complex, asosan, ilmiy, rasmiy, akademik muammo va masalalarni
murakkabligini ifodalashda ishlatiladi: • a
complex mathematical equation/formula;
Complicated esa kundalik hayotdagi vaziyat
va holatlarni murakkabligini ifodalashda
ishlatiladi: • I’ll send you a map of how to get
here — it’s a bit too complicated to describe.
complication |ˌkɑːmplɪˈkeɪʃn| n |C,U| 1
chigallik, qiyinlik, murakkablik = difficulty,­
problem, obstacle • The bad weather added a further complication to our journey. •
If any complications arise, let me know and
I’ll help. 2 surunka, kasallikning avj olishi
• Some people develop complications after
surgery. • If there are no complications, the
doctor says that she’ll be able to come home
within two weeks.
compliment1 ★ |ˈkɑːmplɪmənt| n |C| maqtov,­ yaxshi­ gap,­ bildirilgan­ iliq­ fikr = remark, tribute ≠ insult • He kept paying me
compliments on my cooking. • I’ve had so
many compliments about my new hairstyle
today! • “You understand the problem because you’re so much older.” “I’ll take that
as a compliment!” • It’s a great compliment
to be asked to do the job. • That was an excellent meal! My compliments to the chef. ■
v maqtamoq,­yaxshi­fikr­bildirmoq,­xushomad qilmoq = praise, pay tribute to, speak
highly/well of ≠ criticize [~ sb (on sth)] She
complimented me on my work. • Bob complimented me on my new hairstyle. ► compliment or complement? Bu so‘zlar bir
xil talaffuz qilinsa-da, ular butunlay har xil
ma’nolarga ega. Compliment “maqtamoq”
degan ma’noni bildirsa, complement
“bir-birini to‘ldirmoq” ma’nosini beradi: •
She complimented me on my English. • The
different flavours complement each other
perfectly.
complimentary |ˌkɑːmplɪˈmentri| adj 1
maqtovli, iliq (fikr/gap) • [~ about sth] She
wasn’t very complimentary about your performance, was she? • Our guests said some
very complimentary things about the meal
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I’d cooked. 2 beminnat, bepul = free, free
of charge, for nothing • There was a complimentary bottle of champagne in the hotel
room. • I’ve got some complimentary tickets
for the theatre tonight.
comply |kəmˈplaɪ| v (-ies, -ying, -ied)
bo‘ysunmoq, itoat etmoq = abide by, observe, obey, adhere to ≠ ignore, disobey
[~ with sth] • They refused to comply with
the UN resolution. • If you don’t comply you
could face a penalty of £100.
component |kəmˈpoʊnənt| n tarkibiy
qism, ehtiyot qism, bo‘lak = part, piece,
bit, element • a manufacturer of computer
components • television/aircraft/computer
components • The factory supplies electrical
components for cars. • Trust is a vital component in any relationship. • The control of
inflation is a key component of the government’s economic policy.
compose |kəmˈpoʊz| v 1 tashkil qilmoq/
topmoq, -dan iborat bo‘lmoq = make up,
constitute, form • Ten men compose the
committee. • The audience was composed
largely of young people. 2 ijod qilmoq, yozmoq, yaratmoq = write, formulate • He sat
down to compose a letter to his family. • The
music was specially composed for the film.
composure |kəmˈpoʊʒər| |U| hissiyotlarini jilovlash, o‘zini qo‘lga olish = poise,
self-control, calm, restraint • to keep/lose/
recover/regain your composure • He maintained his composure despite a desperate
desire to laugh.
composer |kəmˈpoʊzər| n bastakor, kompozitor • In my opinion, no other composers
even begin to approach Mozart.
composition |ˌkɑːmpəˈzɪʃn| n 1 ijod namunasi, asar = work, work of art • We will now
play a well-known composition by Dowland.
► composition, work or piece? → work 2
yozma ish = writing, essay, paper • We had
three hours to write a composition on “pollution”. 3 qism, tarkib = makeup, constitution,­ configuration­ • Some minerals have
complex chemical compositions.
compound |ˈkɑːmpaʊnd| n aralashma,
birikma = combination, composite • Water
is a compound of two gases, oxygen and hydrogen. • Many fertilizers contain nitrogen
compounds. ■ adj qo‘shma, murakkab =
composite, complex ≠ simple • The word
“address book” is a compound noun. • “Bodyguard” and “floppy disk” are two examples
of compounds. ■ v 1 yomonlashmoq, og‘irlashmoq, battar bo‘lmoq = worsen, add to
≠ alleviate • His financial problems were
compounded when he unexpectedly lost his
job. • Severe drought has compounded food
shortages in the region. 2 qo‘shmoq, aralashtirmoq, birikmoq = mix, combine, blend
compromise
• Most tyres are made of rubber compounded with other chemicals and materials.
comprehend |ˌkɑːmprɪˈhend| v (fml) tushunmoq, anglamoq, anglab yetmoq, fahmlamoq = understand, grasp, take in, see • I
fail to comprehend their attitude. • [~ wh…]
I’ll never comprehend why she did what she
did. • [~ that…] I don’t think he fully comprehends that she won’t be here to help him.
► Kundalik hayotda comprehend so‘zidan
ko‘ra ko‘proq understand so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • I could understand most of what she
was saying.
comprehension |ˌkɑːmprɪˈhenʃn| n 1 tushunish, anglash = understanding, grasp,
conception ≠ ignorance • He has no comprehension of the size of the problem. • His
behaviour was completely beyond comprehension. 2 qay darajada tushunganlikni
bilish mashqi • a listening/reading comprehension
comprehensive |ˌkɑːmprɪˈhensɪv| adj har
tomonlama, keng qamrovli, mukammal =
inclusive, all-inclusive, complete, thorough,
full, extensive ≠ limited • We offer you a
comprehensive training in all aspects of the
business. • He has written a fully comprehensive guide to Rome. ■ adv comprehensively to‘laligicha, har tomonlama • They were
comprehensively beaten in the final. • The
matter has been comprehensively discussed.
comprise |kəmˈpraɪz| v 1 o‘z ichiga olmoq,
-dan tashkil topmoq, -dan iborat bo‘lmoq =
consist of, be made up of, be composed of,
contain, encompass • The collection comprises 327 paintings. • The class is comprised
mainly of Italian and French students. 2
tashkil qilmoq = make up, constitute, form,
compose, account for • Italian students
comprise 60% of the class. • Older people
comprise a large proportion of those living
in poverty.
compromise |ˈkɑːmprəmaɪz| n |C| murosa,
kelishish = agreement, understanding, settlement, terms, deal • After lengthy talks the
two sides finally reached a compromise. • In
any relationship, you have to make compromises. • a compromise solution/agreement/
candidate • [~ between A and B] This deal
is the ideal compromise between your needs
and their demands. • [~ with] The government has said that there will be no compromise with terrorists. ■ v 1 kelishmoq,
bir to‘xtamga kelmoq, murosaga kelmoq =
meet each other halfway, come to an understanding, make a deal • [~ (with sb) (at/
on sth)] After much argument, the judges
finally compromised on the 18-year old pianist. • Well, you want $400 and I say $300,
so let’s compromise at/on $350. 2 (ishonch
va qarashlarga nisbatan) putur yetmoq,
zaiflashmoq,­kuchsizlashmoq = undermine,
C
compulsory
C
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weaken, damage, harm • Don’t compromise
your beliefs/principles for the sake of being
accepted. • If we back down on this issue, our
reputation will be compromised.
compulsory |kəmˈpʌlsəri| adj majburiy,
shart, zarur, ixtiyoriy emas = obligatory,
mandatory, required, requisite, imperative, unavoidable ≠ optional, voluntary • It
is compulsory for all motorcyclists to wear
helmets. • English is a compulsory subject at
this level. • compulsory education/schooling
compute |kəmˈpjuːt| v (fml) (sonini/
miqdorini) hisoblamoq = calculate, work
out, reckon, determine, add up, count up
• The losses were computed at £5 million.
• Final results had not yet been computed.
► compute, calculate or work sth out? →
calculate
computer ★ |kəmˈpjuːtər| n komputer • a
personal computer • Our sales information
is processed by computer. • Ticket reservations are all done on computer. • computer
software/hardware/graphics • We’ve put all
our records on computer.
computing |kəmˈpjuːtɪŋ| n |U| komputerlashtirish, komputerdan foydalanish • He
works in computing. • educational/network/scientific computing • computing
power/services/skills/systems • Have you
ever done any computing?
con |kɑːn| n (inf) 1 sl (BrEda, shuningdek,
(fml) confidence trick) (AmEda, shuningdek, (fml) confidence game) qalloblik,
firibgarlik,­ko‘zbo‘yamachilik = fraud, trick,
deception, deceit, cheat • The so-called bargain was just a big con! • He’s a real con artist. 2 yomon tomoni, salbiy jihati = disadvantage ≠ pro, advantage • One of the cons
of buying a bigger car is that it costs more
to run. • You have to weigh up all the pros
and cons of the matter before you make a
decision. ► con, deiceive, betray, take sb
in, fool, cheat or trick? → deiceive
conceal |kənˈsiːl| v (fml) berkitmoq,
yashirmoq, sir tutmoq, bildirmaslik = hide,
cover up, disguise, mask ≠ reveal, confess •
He tried to conceal the camera by putting it
under his coat. • [~ sb/sth from sb/sth] For
a long time his death was concealed from
her. • Is there something you’re concealing from me? ■ adj concealed yashirin,
berkitilgan, sirli = hidden, not visible, out of
sight, covered, disguised • The robbery had
been recorded on a concealed security camera. • He was carrying a concealed weapon.
concede |kənˈsiːd| v 1 tan olmoq/bermoq
= admit, acknowledge, accept ≠ deny • [~
speech] “All right,” Matt conceded, “I probably made a mistake.” • [~ (that)…] I conceded that I had made a number of errors. • [~
sth] I had to concede the logic of this. • [~ sth
to sb] He reluctantly conceded the point to
me. • [~ sb sth] He reluctantly conceded me
the point. • [it is conceded that…] It must be
conceded that different judges have different
approaches to these cases. 2 qo‘ldan boy
bermoq, berib/oldirib qo‘ymoq = surrender, yield, give up ≠ retain • [~ sth (to sb)]
Britain conceded independence to India in
1947. • England conceded a goal immediately after half-time. • [~ sb sth] Women were
only conceded full voting rights in the 1950s.
conceive |kənˈsiːv| v 1 o‘ylamoq, tushunmoq, xayoliga keltirmoq = imagine, visualize, think, grasp • [~ of sth (as sth)] I think
my uncle still conceives of me as a four-yearold. • [~ (that)…] I cannot conceive (that) he
would wish to harm us. • [~ wh…] I cannot
conceive why you paid out so much money.
2 homilador bo‘lmoq = become pregnant
• She is unable to conceive. • The baby was
conceived in March, so will be born in December. 3 o‘ylab topmoq = think up/of,
dream up • He conceived the plot for this
film while he was still a student. • He conceived the idea of transforming the old power station into an arts centre.
concentrate |ˈkɑːnsntreɪt| v 1­ fikrni/
diqqatini jamlamoq, e’tiborni qaratmoq =
focus on, pay attention to, keep sb’s mind
on, devote yourself to, be absorbed in •
Come on, concentrate! We haven’t got all day
to do this. • [~ on (doing) sth] Stop talking
and concentrate on your work. • [~ sth on
(doing) sth] You should concentrate your
efforts on passing these exams. 2 (odatda,
majhul nisbatda ishlatiladi) to‘plamoq, jamlamoq, qaratmoq = focus, direct, center ≠
dissipate • Most of the country’s population
is concentrated in the north.
concentration |ˌkɑːnsnˈtreɪʃn| n |U| 1
fikrni/diqqatni­ bir­ joyga­ jamlash,­ e’tiborni bir narsaga qaratish = attention, care •
The noise outside made concentration difficult. • I find that yoga improves my powers
of concentration. • [~ on sth] The government’s concentration on tax reduction has
won them a lot of support. 2 to‘planish, jam
bo‘lish = gathering • the concentration of
computer companies in the south of Scotland • The concentration of wild animals
round the water hole makes it easy for lions
to catch their prey.
concept |ˈkɑːnsept| n |C| tushuncha, konseptsiya,­ g‘oya,­ fikr,­ qarash = idea, notion,
thought • [~ of sth] The first year introduces the basic concepts of management. • I
failed to grasp the film’s central concept. •
[~ that…] Industry has endorsed the concept
that every young person should have the opportunity of work experience. ● not have
any concept | have no concept of sth
...nimaligini bilmaslik • Our children have
absolutely no concept of tidiness (=toza-
113
lik nimaligini bilishmaydi). • I don’t think
you have any concept of the pain you have
caused her.
conception |kənˈsepʃn| n |U| nazariya, tushuncha, qarash, nazariy jihat = idea, concept, notion, understanding • The plan was
brilliant in its conception but failed because
of lack of money. • [~ of sth] Marx’s conception of social justice • People from different
cultures have different conceptions of the
world.
concern ★ |kənˈsɜːrn| v 1 (ko‘pincha majhul nisbatda ishlatiladi) aloqador/tegishli
bo‘lmoq, qamrab olmoq, gap ketmoq =
affect, involve, be relevant to • Please pay
attention because this information concerns
all of you. • Don’t interfere in what doesn’t
concern you. • To whom it may concern …
(=so‘ralgan joyga) ► concern or involve?
→ involve 2 tashvishga/xavotirga solmoq,
tashvishlantirmoq = worry, trouble, disturb, alarm, bother • The state of my father’s
health concerns us greatly. • [~ sb] What concerns me is our lack of preparation for the
change. • [~ sb that…] It concerns me that
he is always late for work. ► interrupt, disturb, bother or concern? → bother 3 haqida
bo‘lmoq = be about, deal with, be concerned
with sth, have/be to do with sth, relate to
sb/sth, refer to sb/sth • The story concerns
the prince’s efforts to rescue the kingdom.
► Kundalik hayotda concern so‘zidan ko‘ra
ko‘proq be about so‘zidan foydalanildi: •
The book is about women’s experiences of
war. ► concern, be about sth or deal with
sth? → about ■ n 1 |U,C| xavotir, g‘am, tashvish, bezovtalik, notinchlik = anxiety, worry, apprehension, unease ≠ peace of mind •
She’s a cause of great concern to her family.
• The President’s health was giving serious
cause for concern. • [~ about sth/sb] There
is growing concern about violence on television. • In the meeting, voters raised concerns
about/over health care. • Don’t hesitate
to ask if you have any queries or concerns
about this work. • [~ for sth/sb] She hasn’t
been seen for four days and there is concern
for her safety. • [~ over sth/sb] The report
expressed concern over continuing high
unemployment. • [~ that…] My concern is
that you’re not getting enough work done. •
There is widespread concern that new houses will be built on protected land. • Stress
at work is a matter of concern to staff and
management. ► concern, anxiety or worry? → worryn 2 |C| ko‘zlagan maqsad = issue, matter, question, theme, topic, subject
• What are your main concerns as a writer?
• The government’s primary concern is to
reduce crime. 3 qo‘llab-quvvatlash, ko‘mak
= sympathy, compassion, understanding •
I appreciate everyone’s concern and help at
concerning
this difficult time. • The teachers showed no
concern at all for the children’s safety.
concerned |kənˈsɜːrnd| adj 1 xavotirlangan, xavotir olgan, tashvishlangan = worried, anxious, alarmed, uneasy, nervous,
bothered ≠ unconcerned • She looked concerned. • [~ about/for sth] The manager is
deeply concerned about this issue. • I’m a bit
concerned about/for your health. • [~ to do
sth] He was concerned to hear that two of his
trusted workers were leaving. • [~ (that)…]
She was concerned that she might miss
the turning and get lost. ► concerned or
worried? Jamiyat va ko‘pchilikka taalluqli
tashvishlarga nisbatan bu so‘zlarning ikkalasidan ham foydalanish mumkin: • The
European Community has been concerned/
worried about reports of political violence in
Africa; Lekin shaxsiy xavotir va tashvishga
nisbatan esa ko‘pincha worried so‘zidan
foydalaniladi. • I’m really worried about my
brother. 2 jalb qilingan, tegishli, aloqador,
taalluqli = interested, involved, affected,
connected • It was quite a shock for all concerned. • [~ for (doing) sth] I’d like to thank
everyone concerned for making the occasion
run so smoothly. • [~ with sth/sb] Her job
is something concerned with computers. •
[~ in sth/sb] There was no evidence that he
was concerned in any criminal activity. • I’m
not very good where money is concerned. ►
Concerned “xavotirlangan” ma’nosida otdan
oldin “tegishli, aloqador” ma’nolarida esa
otdan keyin ishlatiladi: • Concerned parents
(=xavotirlangan ota-onalar) held a meeting.
• I’ll speak to the parents concerned (=tegishli ota-onalar). 3 bilishga qiziqmoq •
I’m concerned to know what people thought
after the information session. ● as far as
sb/sth is concerned ★ -ga kelsak/qolsa, hisobga olsak • As far as I’m concerned
(=Menga kelsak), this book is a load of rubbish. • That’s fine, as far as we’re concerned.
• As far as traffic is concerned there are
no delays at the moment. be concerned
with sth/sb haqida • Today’s lesson is concerned with punctuation. • This chapter is
concerned with the mental health of older
people.
concerning |kənˈsɜːrnɪŋ| prep (fml)
to‘g‘risida, borasida, bo‘yicha, haqida =
about, regarding, relating to • He asked several questions concerning the future of the
company. • All cases concerning children are
dealt with in a special way. ► Concerning
predlogidan so‘ng boshqa predlog ishlatilmaydi: • I am writing concerning about/to
the article in yesterday’s newspaper. Kundalik hayotda concerning o‘rniga, odatda,
about predlogidan foydalaniladi: • I’ve already written to him about the problem.
C
concert
C
114
concert |ˈkɑːnsərt| n konsert = gig, show • I
evidence is by no means conclusive. ■ adv
couldn’t go to the concert, so I gave my ticket
conclusively • It is impossible to demonto a friend. • a classical/rock/pop concert
strate/prove conclusively that the factory is
• They’re in concert at Wembley Arena. • a
responsible for the pollution.
concert hall/pianist
concrete |ˈkɑːŋkriːt| adj 1 sementli • a conconcession |kənˈseʃn| n |C,U| voz kechish,
crete path 2 aniq, yaqqol = definite,­ firm,­
ko‘nish, bahridan o‘tish • He stated firmly
positive, conclusive ≠ vague • The police are
that no concessions will be made to the tersure he is guilty, but they have no concrete
rorists.
evidence against him. • Let me give you a
concise |kənˈsaɪs| adj qisqa, lo‘nda = brief
concrete example of what I mean. 3 qattiq,
≠ lengthy, wordy • Make your answers clear
hayotiy = solid, material, real, physical,
and concise. • Your summary should be as
tangible ≠ abstract, imaginary • A stone is
clear and concise as possible. ■ adv cona concrete object. ■ adv concretely aniq,
cisely = shortly,­briefly­• She had the ability
yaqqol • They proved by way of making their
to explain things clearly and concisely. • He
point more concretely. ■ n beton, sement
spoke clearly and concisely.
qotishmasi/qorishmasi • The floors were
conclude ★ |kənˈkluːd| v 1 xulosaga kelmade of concrete. • Don’t walk on the concrete until it has set. ■ v sement yotqizmoq
moq, xulosa qilmoq = infer, deduce, read
• Why did you concrete over that nice garsth into sth, understand, reason, gather
den?
(inf) figure­• [~ sth (from sth)] What do you
conclude from that? • [~ (that)…] The report condemn |kənˈdem| v 1 ayblamoq, tanqid qilmoq = censure, criticize, denounce,
concluded (that) the cheapest option was to
revile ≠ praise, condone • [~ sb/sth (for/
close the laboratory. • [~ from sth that…]
as sth)] She condemned the police for their
He concluded from their remarks that they
treatment of the prisoners. • The film was
were not in favour of the plan. • [it is concondemned for its racism. 2 hukm qilmoq,
cluded that…] It was concluded that the
jazolamoq = sentence,­convict,­find­guilty ≠
level of change necessary would be low. • [~
acquit • [~ sb (to sth)] He was condemned to
speech] “So it should be safe to continue,” he
death for murder and later hanged. • [~ sb
concluded. 2 (fml) yakunlamoq, tugatmoq
to do sth] She was condemned to hang for
= finish,­ end,­ close,­ wind­ (sth) up, stop ≠
killing her husband.
commence, start, begin • Let me make just
a few concluding remarks. • To conclude, condition ★ |kənˈdɪʃn| n 1 |U| holat, ahvol
I’d like to express my thanks to my family.
=­ state,­ repair,­ shape,­ health,­ fitness­ • The
• [~ with sth] The concert concluded with
car is in very good condition. • to be in bad/
a rousing chorus. • [~ by doing sth] He congood/excellent condition • They left the flat
cluded by thanking all those who had helped
in a terrible condition - there was mess evarrange the exhibition. • [~ sth (with sth)]
erywhere. • (inf) She shouldn’t be driving in
She concluded her speech with a quotation
her condition (=chunki u homilador, kasal
from Shakespeare. • [~ speech] “Anyway, she
yoki ichib olgan). ► condition or state?
should be back soon,” he concluded. ► conCondition biror narsa yoki shaxsning qay
clude, finish, stop or end? → end
holatdaligini ifodalashda ishlatiladi: • The
conclusion |kənˈkluːʒn| n 1 |C| oxir, yakun
two-bedroom chalet is in good condition. •
= end,­ finish,­ ending­ ≠ beginning • The
He remains in a critical condition in a Califorconclusion of the book was disappointing. •
nia hospital; State, asosan, biror shaxs yoki
I found the conclusion of the film rather irnarsaning muayyan bir vaqtdagi hol-ahvoli
ritating. 2 |C|, (odatda, birlikda ishlatiladi)
va ko‘rinishini ifodalaydi: • For the first few
xulosa, yakun = inference,­deduction,­findmonths after Daniel died, I was in a state of
ing, judgement, verdict, ruling • I’ve come
clinical depression. • When we moved here
to the conclusion that he’s not the right perthe walls and ceiling were in an awful state.
son for the job. • It took the jury some time
Quyidagi so‘zlar bilan ko‘pincha condition
to reach the conclusion that she was guilty.
so‘zi ishlatiladi: • good/excellent/physical/
• What conclusions can you draw from the
poor/human/perfect/no/better condition;
evidence? ● in conclusion xulosa o‘rnida
Quyidagi so‘zlar esa, odatda, state so‘zi bilan
= finally,­in­closing,­to­conclude,­last­but­not­ ishlatiladi: • present/current/mental/soleast, to sum up, in short • In conclusion, I
lid/no/emotional/physical/natural state 2
would like to thank everyone who helped to
sog‘liq, ahvol = complaint, disease, illness,
make this event possible. • In conclusion, it is
trouble, ailment • She’s in excellent physical
clear that the market is maturing.
condition. • He suffers from a serious heart
conclusive |kənˈkluːsɪv| adj hal qiluvchi,
condition. • You are in no condition to go
yakuniy, shubhaga o‘rin qoldirmaydigan
anywhere. 3 sharoit, muhit = circumstanc= undeniable ≠ unconvincing • They had
es, situation, state of affairs, things • The
conclusive evidence/proof of her guilt. • The
plants grow best in cool, damp conditions.
115
• freezing/icy/humid, etc. conditions • living/housing/working conditions • changing
economic conditions • He dedicated his life
to improving prison conditions. • Conditions
are ideal for sailing today. • Under what
conditions do plants grow best? ► conditions or circumstances? → circumstances
4 qonun shartlari, qonun-qoidalar, talab =
terms,­ qualification,­ provision­ • the terms
and conditions of employment • Congress
can impose strict conditions on the bank. •
We’re not in a position to make/set any conditions - we’ll have to accept what they offer
us. • Under the conditions of the agreement,
she must leave the house on 12 July. • They
didn’t agree with some of the conditions of
the contract. ● under the/on condition
that sharti bilan = only if • I will come on
condition that you pay my fare. • (asosan,
AmEda) They agreed under the condition
that the matter be dealt with promptly.
conditional |kənˈdɪʃənl| adj 1 bog‘liq,
shart, bajarilishi kerak = subject to, dependent on, contingent on [~ on/upon sth] •
His agreement to buy our house was conditional on our leaving all the furniture in it. •
Payment is conditional upon delivery of the
goods. 2 cheklov/sharti bilan = contingent,
dependent,­ qualified,­ with­ reservations,­
limited • He was found guilty and given a
conditional discharge. • conditional approval/acceptance 3 (grammar) shartli gap (if
sentences) • the present/past/perfect conditional • the first/second/third conditional
• “If I won a lot of money, I’d go travelling”
is an example of a conditional (sentence). ■
adv conditionally sharti/cheklov bilan •
Barcelona’s participation in the competition
has been conditionally approved.
condolence |kənˈdoʊləns| n (odatda,
ko‘plikda ishlatiladi) ta’ziya, hamdardlik
• We offered/expressed our condolences to
David and his family on their tragic loss. •
Our condolences go to his wife and family.
conduct1 |kənˈdʌkt| v 1 (fml) olib bormoq,
o‘tkazmoq, boshqarmoq = manage, direct,
run, administer, organize • The interview
was conducted in English. • We are conducting a survey to find out what our customers
think of their local bus service. • They are
conducting an experiment into the effect of
TV advertising. • The negotiations have been
conducted in a positive manner. ► Kundalik
hayotda conduct so‘zining o‘rniga ko‘pincha
do yoki carry out so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi:
• They’re doing a survey of opinions about
organic food. • Police say they believe the
attacks were carried out by nationalists. 2
yo‘l ko‘rsatmoq = escort, guide, lead, usher,
show • The guests were conducted to their
seats. • May I conduct you to your table, sir?
confide
conduct2 |ˈkɑːndʌkt| |U| (fml) n o‘zini tutish, xatti-harakat, xulq-atvor = behavior,
performance, actions • His conduct in class
is becoming worse. • Her conduct during the
trial was remarkably calm. • bad/excellent/
disgraceful conduct
conductor |kənˈdʌktər| n 1 chiptachi • a
bus conductor 2 orkestr boshqaruvchi • The
conductor raised his baton.
cone |koʊn| n konus • a traffic cone • She
stopped by the ice-cream shop and had a
chocolate cone.
confer |kənˈfɜːr| v (-rr-) (fml) 1 kengashmoq, maslahatlashmoq = consult, talk,
speak, converse, have a chat [~ (with sb)
(on/about sth)] • He wanted to confer with
his colleagues before reaching a decision.
• I should like some time to confer with my
lawyer. 2 (fml) mukofotlamoq, daraja/unvon bermoq = bestow on, present to, grant
to, award to • An honorary degree was conferred on him by Oxford University in 2009.
conference |ˈkɑːnfərəns| n 1 konferensiya, yig‘ilish = convention, summit, session,
gathering, assembly, meeting • The organisation holds an annual conference in Brighton. • [~ on sth] an international conference
on the control of illegal drugs • a conference room/centre/hall • She is attending a
three-day conference on AIDS education. 2
uchrashuv, suhbat = discussion, consultation, debate, talk • 2000 people attended
the conference on genetic engineering. • The
meeting will be held in the conference room
at 10 am. • He was in conference with his
lawyers all day.
confess |kənˈfes| v tan olmoq, bo‘yniga
olmoq = admit, acknowledge, reveal, disclose, divulge, accept the blame, tell the
truth ≠ deny • After hours of questioning,
the suspect confessed. • [~ to (doing) sth]
She confessed to the murder. • I must confess
to knowing nothing about computers. • [~
(to sb) (that)…] He confessed (to her) that
he had stolen the money. • I have to confess
(that) when I first met Ian I didn’t think he
was very bright. ► Kundalik hayotda confess so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq admit so‘zidan
foydalaniladi: • I admit I’m not very good
with money.
confession |kənˈfeʃn| n |C,U| tan olish,
bo‘yniga olish = admission, acknowledgment, profession, revelation, disclosure •
He made a full confession to the police.
confide |kənˈfaɪd| v sirni oshkor qilmoq,
fosh etmoq, aytib bermoq = reveal, disclose,
divulge, lay bare, betray • [~ sth (to sb)] She
confided all her secrets to her best friend. •
[~ (to sb) that…] He confided to me that he
had applied for another job. • [~ speech] “It
was a lie,” he confided. ● confide in sb sirini/dardini aytmoq, yorilmoq = open sb’s
C
confidence
C
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heart to • It is important to have somebody
you can confide in. • She’s nice, but I don’t
feel I can confide in her.
confidence ★ |ˈkɑːnfɪdəns| n 1 |U|
ishonch, suyanish = faith, belief, trust •
[~ in sb/sth] I have every/complete/total
confidence in her. • He hasn’t got much confidence in himself. • [~ that] He expressed
his confidence that they would win. • They
could not say with confidence that he would
be able to walk again after the accident. ►
confidence or faith? Faith, asosan, odamlar orasidagi aloqa va rishtalarga nisbatan
ishlatiladi: • She had placed a great deal of
faith in Mr Penleigh; Confidence esa ko‘pincha rasmiy vaziyatlarda va nutqlarda ishlatiladi: • This has contributed to the lack
of confidence in the police. 2 o‘ziga bo‘lgan
ishonch = self-confidence,­ assurance,­ assertiveness • People often lose confidence
when they are criticized. • He gained confidence when he went to college. • While girls
lack confidence, boys often overestimate
their abilities. ► confidence, self-confidence or assurance? Confidence yoki
self-confidence o‘ziga bo‘lgan ishonchni
ifodalaydi. Assurance esa har kimga yoki
har qanday narsaga bo‘lgan ishonch bo‘lishi mumkin: • He will have been pleased
by Marshal Yazov’s assurance of the armed
forces’ loyalty. 3 sir = secret,­confidentiality,­
intimacy • They talked endlessly, exchanging
confidences. ● in confidence hech kimga
bildirmasdan,­ yashirincha,­ xufiyona­ • He
showed me the report in confidence. • Any
information given during the interview will
be treated in the strictest confidence.
confident ★ |ˈkɑːnfɪdənt| adj 1 o‘ziga
ishongan, dadil, xotirjam = self-confident,­
independent ≠ insecure • She was in a relaxed, confident mood. • The teacher wants
the children to feel confident about asking
questions when they don’t understand. ►
confident or self-confident? Confident
shaxs va uning xatti-harakatlarini ifodalashi mumkin; self-confident esa faqat
shaxsni ifodalashi mumkin xolos. 2 aniq
bilmoq, ishonchi komil bo‘lmoq, o‘ziga
ishongan = sure, certain, convinced, positive • [~ of (doing) sth] The team feels confident of winning. • [~ that…] I’m confident
that you will get the job. ■ adv confidently
dadil, ishonch bilan • She walked confidently into the interview room. • Try to act confidently, even if you feel nervous.
confidential |ˌkɑːnfɪˈdenʃl| adj sir,­ maxfiy,­
o‘zaro = private, personal, intimate, quiet,
secret, sensitive • This information is strictly/highly confidential. • Someone has leaked
confidential government information/documents to the press. ■ adv confidentially
sirli, o‘zaro = privately,­in­private,­in­confi-
dence, (just) between us • Can I speak to you
confidentially? • All information supplied
will be treated confidentially.
confine |kənˈfaɪn| v 1 cheklamoq, o‘tkizmaslik, tiymoq = restrict, limit [~ sb/sth to sth]
• Please confine your use of the telephone to
business calls. • Let’s confine our discussion
to the matter in question, please! 2 saqlamoq, qamamoq, ushlab turmoq = enclose,
incarcerate, imprison, intern, impound [~
sb/sth (in sth)] • Keep the dog confined in a
suitable travelling cage. • He was confined to
a wheelchair after the accident.
confirm ★ |kənˈfɜːrm| v 1 tasdiqlamoq,
ma’qullamoq, to‘g‘ri deb hisoblamoq = support, validate, back sb/sth up, bear sb/sth
out, verify, certify, testify ≠ contradict, deny
• [~ sth] Please write to confirm your reservation. • Rumours of job losses were later
confirmed. • [~ (that)…] Research has confirmed that the risk is higher for women. •
[~ wh…] Can you confirm what happened? •
[it­is­confirmed that…] It has been confirmed
that the meeting will take place next week.
2 kuchaytirmoq, oshirmoq = affirm,­assert,­
assure ≠ deny • The walk in the mountains
confirmed his fear of heights. 3 tayinlamoq,
belgilamoq = validate, sanction, endorse •
[~ sb as sth] He was confirmed as captain for
the rest of the season. • [~ sb in sth] I’m very
happy to confirm you in your post.
conflict1 |ˈkɑːnflɪkt| |C,U| 1 nizo, kelishmovchilik,­ konflikt = dispute, controversy,
war, disagreement, argument, row, quarrel
≠ agreement • The violence was the result of
political and ethnic conflicts. • I try to avoid
conflict wherever possible. • [~ between A
and B] There was a lot of conflict between
him and his father. • [~ over sth] She found
herself in conflict with her parents over
her future career. ► conflict or dispute?
Conflict, odatda, dispute dan ko‘ra jiddiyroq va uzoqroqqa cho‘ziladi: • The unions
are in dispute with management over pay.
2 to‘qnashuv, jang = war,­fighting,­combat,­
warfare, battle ≠ peace • The government is
engaged in armed conflict with rebel forces.
3 ziddiyat, qarama-qarshilik = clash, contradiction, opposition, collision ≠ harmony
• The story tells of a classic conflict between
love and duty. • Many of these ideas appear
to be in conflict with each other. ● come
into conflict (with sb) janjallashmoq, mojaroga kelmoq • They soon came into conflict over who should be in charge. • John
often comes into conflict with his boss.
conflict2 |kənˈflɪkt| v 1 zid kelmoq, aksini
ko‘rsatmoq, qarama-qarshi bo‘lmoq = contradict, be at odds, go against sth, contrast,
clash ≠ agree • There are conflicting views
about what caused the accident. • conflicting emotions/interests/loyalties • [~ with
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sth] These results conflict with earlier findings. 2 urushmoq, to‘qnash kelmoq = fight,­
contend • If the two sides conflict with each
other again, it will be disastrous for party
unity.
confront |kənˈfrʌnt| v 1 hal qilmoq, yengib
o‘tmoq = tackle, address, face, come to
grips with ≠ avoid • She knew that she had
to confront her fears. • It’s an issue we’ll have
to confront at some point, no matter how unpleasant it is. 2 yuzma-yuz kelmoq, ro‘baro‘
kelmoq, duch kelmoq = challenge, face (up
to), come face to face with, meet ≠ avoid •
I thought I would remain calm, but when I
was confronted with/by the TV camera, I became very nervous.
confrontation |ˌkɑːnfrənfrʌnˈteɪʃn| n |U,C|
ziddiyat, qarama-qarshilik, mojaro [~ (with
sb)] | [~ (between A and B)] • She wanted to
avoid another confrontation with her father.
• Thirteen people were injured following violent confrontations with the police.
confuse ★ |kənˈfjuːz| v 1 dovdiratmoq,
adashtirmoq, gangiratmoq = puzzle ≠ enlighten • You’re confusing him! Tell him
slowly and one thing at a time. • [~ sb (with
sth)] Stop confusing me with all those figures! 2 adashtirib/chalkashtirib yubormoq
= mistake for, take for (inf) mix up with ≠
distinguish • People might well confuse the
two products. • [~ A and/with B] I always
confuse you with your sister – you look so
alike. • People often confuse me and my twin
brother. 3 chalkashtirmoq, chigallashtirmoq = complicate, cloud, blur ≠ simplify •
His comments only served to confuse the issue further. • To confuse matters, each of the
experts says something different. ► confuse
or complicate? → complicate
confused ★ |kənˈfjuːzd| adj 1 be ~ tushunmaslik, chalkashib/adashib ketmoq = puzzled, at a loss, dazed, bewildered • I’m a bit
confused - did you say 8 p.m. or 8.30? • [~
about sth/sb] If you’re confused about anything, phone me. • I’m totally confused. Could
you explain that again? • Grandmother used
to get rather confused in her old age. 2 tushunarsiz, noaniq, mujmal = vague, unclear,
indistinct, imprecise ≠ clear, precise • The
children gave a confused account of what
had happened. • Your essay gets a bit confused halfway through when you introduce
too many ideas at once. ■ adv confusedly
• She looked confusedly and distrustfully at
me. • He shook his head confusedly.
confusing ★ |kənˈfjuːzɪŋ| adj adashtiradigan, chalkash(tiradigan), chalg‘itadigan,
tushunish qiyin = puzzling,­baffling,­bewildering, unclear, incomprehensible • They
found the instructions on the computer very
confusing. • It was all very confusing. • Some
of the questions he asked were very confus-
connect
ing. ■ adv confusingly • Their names are
confusingly similar.
confusion |kənˈfjuːʒn| n |U,C| 1 adashishlik, yanglishishlik, chalkashlik, chalg‘ishlik,
tushunmovchilik = uncertainty, doubt ≠
certainty • [~ about/over sth] There seems
to be some confusion about who actually won. • To avoid confusion, please write
the children’s names clearly on all their
school clothes. • These changes have just
caused more confusion among teachers. 2
dovdirash, nima qilishni bilmaslik/tushunmaslik • He looked at me in confusion and
did not answer the question. • Her unexpected arrival threw us into total confusion.
congratulate ★ |kənˈɡrætʃuleɪt| v tabriklamoq = send sb’s best wishes to, wish
sb good luck, wish sb joy ≠ curse, criticize
[~ sb (on sth)] • I want to congratulate you
on your promotion. • I congratulated them
all on their results. • I was just congratulating Ceri on winning/on having won her race.
congratulation |kənˌɡrætʃuˈleɪʃn| n tabrik • His grandparents sent him a letter of
congratulation on passing his degree. ■ n
congratulations pl 1 tabrik • a congratulations card • to offer/send your congratulations to sb • The office sent him their
congratulations on his wedding. 2 (inf
congrats) tabriklayman • “We’re getting
married!” “Congratulations!” • “I passed my
driving test yesterday.” “Did you? Congratulations!” • [~ on sth] “Congrats on your exam
results, pal!’
congress |ˈkɑːŋɡrəs| n |C| 1 yig‘ilish, majlis,
kongres = conference, convention, seminar
• an international/medical congress • the
congress of the Australian Council of Trade
Unions • Next year’s congress will take place
in Delhi. 2 senat = legislature, legislative assembly, senate • Congress passed a series of
important measures.
connect ★ |kəˈnekt| v 1 ulamoq, birlashtirmoq, bog‘lamoq = link, couple sth with sth
• She carefully connected the two wires. •
The towns are connected by train and bus
services. • [~ A to/with/and B] The railway
link would connect the Fargana valley with
Tashkent. ► connect or link? Link ikki
narsa bir-biri bilan chambarchas, uzviy
bog‘liqligini, bir-biriga ta’sir o‘tkaza olishini ifodalashda ishlatiladi: • be indissolubly/inescapably/inextricably linked. • The
campus is linked by regular bus services to
Coventry; Connect ikki narsaning umumiy
bog‘liqligiga ega ekanligini, ularni bo‘glab
turadigan narsa borligini ifodalashda ishlatiladi: • The two rooms have connecting
doors. Insonlarga faqat connect ishlatilishi
mumkin, link emas: • They were connected by marriage. (They were linked by marriage.) 2 tarmoqqa/manbaga ulanmoq
C
connection
C
118
= fasten, attach, tie, bind, couple [~ sth
(to sth)] • First connect the printer to the
computer. • Has the telephone/electricity/
gas been connected in your new place yet?
3 aloqasi bo‘lmoq, o‘xsha(t)moq, daxldor
bo‘lmoq = relate, associate, match • There
was nothing to connect him with the crime.
• Police are connecting the break-in with
other recent thefts in the area. ► connect,
relate or associate? → relate1
connection ★ |kəˈnekʃn| n 1 |C| bog‘liqlik,
aloqa = link, relationship, relation, interconnection • [~ between A and B] There is
a definite connection between smoking and
lung cancer. • [~ with sth] His resignation
must have some connection with the recent
scandal. • a direct/close/strong connection
with sth 2 |C| transport vositalari almashadigan joy/payt • My train was late and
I missed my connection to Birmingham. 3
|U,C| aloqa, bog‘lanish, ulanish = attachment, joint, fastening • I’m having problems
with my Internet connection. • There is a
loose connection somewhere. • Sorry, could
you repeat that? This is a very bad connection. 4 connections pl tanish-bilishlar =
contact, friend, acquaintance, ally • He only
got the job because of his connections! • He
has important connections in Washington.
● in connection with bo‘yicha, haqida,
borasida = regarding, concerning, with reference to, relating to • I’m writing in connection with your visit. • They want to talk
to you in connection with an unpaid tax bill.
conquer |ˈkɑːŋkər| v 1 bosib/egallab olmoq
= seize, take (over), appropriate • The Romans had conquered most of Europe. • In
330 BC Persia was conquered by Alexander
the Great. • conquered peoples/races/territories 2 yengmoq, bosmoq = defeat, beat,
vanquish, overcome, get the better of • I
eventually conquered my fear of flying. 3
zabt etmoq = climb, ascend, mount • Mount
Everest was conquered in 1953. • The band
is now setting out to conquer the world. ■
n conqueror istilochi, zabt etuvchi, bosib
oluvchi = vanquisher, victor, winner • the
European conquerors of Mexico • The disease was introduced by the Spanish conquerors in the sixteenth century.
conquest |ˈkɑːŋkwest| n zabt etish, istilo,
bosib olish • the Muslim conquest of Spain
in the 8th century • The Norman Conquest of
England in 1066 led to changes in the system
of government.
conscience |ˈkɑːnʃəns| n |C,U| vijdon, qalb,
aybdorlik hissi = sense of right and wrong,
moral sense, inner voice, morals • It’s hard
to live with a guilty conscience. • You didn’t
do anything wrong - you should have a clear
conscience. • After a night of wrestling with
his conscience, he decided to go to the police.
• It’s still on my conscience that I didn’t warn
him in time. • People give a few pounds to
charity in order to ease their consciences.
conscious ★ |ˈkɑːnʃəs| adj 1 xabardor,
xabari bor, anglab yetgan, fahmlagan =
aware, mindful, sensible ≠ unaware • [~
of sth] She’s very conscious of the problems
involved. • [~ of (doing) sth] Teachers are
increasingly conscious of the importance of
the Internet. • [~ that…] I was vaguely conscious that I was being watched. • I was very
conscious (of the fact) that I had to make a
good impression. 2 aql-hushi joyida, hushyor = aware, awake, alert ≠ unconscious •
She was conscious during the minor operation. • “Can I speak to Isobel, please?” “She’s
still in bed. I’ll just go and see if she’s conscious (=uyg‘oq) yet.” 3 puxta o‘ylangan,
aqlli = deliberate, intentional, intended •
Refusing the offer was a conscious decision
on his part. • I made a conscious effort to get
there on time.
consciousness |ˈkɑːnʃəsnəs| n |U| 1
hush, aql • She banged her head and lost
consciousness. • She did not regain/recover
consciousness and died the next day. 2 xabardorlik, ogohlik, fahmlash, tushuncha =
mind, awareness • We want to increase students’ consciousness of health issues. • Does
she have any consciousness of how rude other people find her?
consciously |ˈkɑːnʃəsli| adv o‘zi bilgan/
sezgan holda, atayin, ataylab • I wasn’t consciously ignoring her - I just didn’t notice her.
• I don’t think she’s consciously rude to people - it’s just her manner.
consequence ★ |ˈkɑːnsəkwens| n |C| oqibat, natija, ta’sir = result, outcome, effect,
impact, implication ≠ cause [~ (of sth) (for
sb/sth)] • Smoking has serious health consequences. • Climate change could have disastrous consequences for farmers. • He drove
too fast with tragic consequences. • Well, if
you insist on eating so much, you’ll have to
suffer/take/face the consequences! • Have
you considered the possible consequences?
● as a consequence | in consequence
(of sth) ★ natija(si)da, oqibatida = as a result (of sth), consequently • We queued for
two hours in the rain, and as a consequence
all of us got colds. • She was over the age limit and, in consequence, her application was
rejected.
consequent |ˈkɑːnsəkwənt| adj (fml) oqibatda bo‘ladigan, bundan kelib chiqqan =
resulting, resultant, following, subsequent
• Our use of harmful chemicals and the consequent damage to the environment is a
very serious matter. • [~ on/upon sth] the
responsibilities consequent upon the arrival
of a new child
119
consideration
• [it is considered that…] It is considered
consequently |ˈkɑːnsəkwentli| adv natithat the proposed development would crejada, oqibatida = as a result, as a conseate much-needed jobs. • It is considered bad
quence, so, thus, therefore • She failed her
manners in some cultures to speak with your
exams and was consequently unable to start
mouth full of food. ► consider, regard or
her studies at college. • They’ve increased
view? → regardv ● all things considered
the number of staff and consequently the
service is better.
hammasini hisobga olganda • All things
conservation |ˌkɑːnsərˈveɪʃn| n |U| asrash,
considered, the party went off quite well. •
saqlash, avaylash, ehtiyot qilish • The comAll things considered, I’m sure we made the
pany is spending more money on energy conright decision.
servation. • the conservation of coal/gas/oil considerable ★ |kənˈsɪdərəbl| adj (anreserves • wildlife conservation • the consercha rasmiy so‘z) sezilarli darajada, ulkan
vation of the countryside
miqyosda, katta, ancha = significant,­ subconservative |kənˈsɜːrvətɪv| adj 1 eskistantial, large, sizeable, extensive, great ≠
likni yoqlovchi, konservativ = traditional,
negligible,­ paltry,­ minor,­ insignificant­ • He
conventional, old-fashioned ≠ radical • He
lost a considerable amount of money at the
has very conservative views. • a conservative
horse race. • Damage to the building was
society/outlook 2 urfdan qolgan, eskicha =
considerable. • Considerable progress has
conventional, sober, modest, plain ≠ ostenbeen made in finding a cure for the disease.
tatious • He’s a very conservative dresser • The series has aroused considerable interhe always looks like he’s wearing his father’s
est. ► considerable or substantial? Pul
clothes!
va mablag‘larga nisbatan ikkalasidan ham
consider ★ |kənˈsɪdər| v 1 ko‘rib chiqmoq,
foydalanish mumkin: • We paid a considerable/substantial amount of cash for that
o‘ylab ko‘rmoq, muhokama qilmoq = think,
sport car; Considerable, odatda, narsa va
look­ at­ sth,­ take,­ wonder,­ reflect­ • I’d like
buyumlarga nisbatan ishlatilmaydi; uning
some time to consider before I make a decio‘rniga substantial so‘zidan foydalaniladi: •
sion. • She considered her options. • Let us
He ate a substantial breakfast. (... a considerconsider the facts. • He was considering an
appeal. • [~ doing sth] We’re considering
able breakfast); Substantial esa hissiyotlarbuying a new car. • [~ wh…] He is considga ishlatila olmaydi, uning o‘rniga considering whether to accept another job offer.
erable so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • Caring for
• Have you considered what you’ll do if you
elderly relatives requires considerable mordon’t get the job? ► Biror narsa haqida
al courage. (... substantial moral courage);
“o‘ylab ko‘rmoq” ma’nosida consider fe’li
■ adv considerably (fml) = significantly,­
about predlogisiz ishlatiladi: consider + sth
substantially, greatly, much, very much •
• I hope you will consider my application.
It’s considerably colder today. • Conditions
(... consider about my application.) Bunhave improved considerably over the past
dan­ tashqari­ undan­ so‘ng­ infinitive­ emas,­ few years. • He’s considerably fatter than he
was when I knew him.
gerundiy ishlatiladi: consider + doing sth
• Please consider paying my expenses. (• considerate |kənˈsɪdərət| adj o‘zgalarga
e’tiborli, qayg‘uradigan, g‘amxo‘r = attenPlease consider to pay my expenses.) 2 hitive, thoughtful, solicitous, mindful ≠ inconsobga olmoq, o‘ylab ko‘rmoq, haqida qaysiderate • She is always polite and considg‘urmoq = take into consideration, take acerate towards her employees. • It was very
count of, make allowances for, bear in mind
considerate of him to wait. • Louis was a
≠ ignore • You should consider other people
kind, caring and considerate young man. ■
before you act. • She never considers anyone
adv considerately e’tibor bilan, qayg‘urbut herself - she’s totally selfish! 3 deb higan holda • She drives carefully and considsoblamoq/bilmoq/qaramoq = regard, view,
erately.
see, count, call deem, think, believe, judge •
[~ sb/sth + n] Do you consider him the right consideration |kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn| n 1 |U,C|
(fml) ko‘rib chiqish, o‘ylab ko‘rish, muhokaman for the job? • [~ sb/sth (to be) sth] She
ma qilish = thought,­ reflection,­ examis considered (to be) one of the best lawyers
ination, inspection • After some considein town. • He considers himself an expert on
ration, we’ve decided to sell the house. • The
the subject. • [~ sb/sth (as) sth] These workwhole matter needs (to be given) careful
ers are considered (as) a high-risk group. •
consideration. 2 hisobga olinishi kerak
[~ sb/sth + adj] Consider yourself lucky you
bo‘lgan/e’tiborli jihat, muhim masala =
weren’t fired. • [~ sb/sth (to be) sth] Who do
factor, issue, matter, concern • The safety of
you consider (to be) responsible for the acthe children is more important than all othcident? • [~ sb/sth to do sth] He’s generally
er considerations. • economic/commercial/
considered to have the finest tenor voice in
environmental/practical considerations. •
the country. • [~ (that)…] She considers that
Comfort/Safety/Time is an important conit is too early to form a definite conclusion.
C
considering
C
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sideration. • Cost is not a consideration for
him. 3 e’tibor, hurmat, g‘amxo‘rlik, ehtirom
= attentiveness, concern, care, kindness,
understanding, respect • They’ve got no
consideration for others! • Could you turn
your music down and show a little consideration for the neighbours! ● take sth into
consideration hisobga/inobatga olmoq =
consider, give thought to, take into account,
allow for • The age of the children has to be
taken into consideration. • Please take all
my suggestions into consideration. under
consideration muhokamada • The proposals are currently under consideration. out
of consideration for sb/sth yuzidan, -ni
o‘ylab • We didn’t publish the details, out of
consideration for the victim’s family.
considering |kənˈsɪdərɪŋ| prep, cj, adv hisobga olganda, inobatga olsak, bo‘lsa-da,
-ga qaramasdan = bearing/keeping in
mind, taking into consideration/account •
He plays the violin extremely well, considering he’s only five. • She’s very active, considering her age. • Considering the weather,
we got here quite quickly. ■ adv vaziyatni
hisobga olganda = all things considered, all
in all, on the whole • (inf) You’ve done very
well, considering. • He didn’t look too tired,
considering.
consist of ★ |kənˈsɪst| v (davomiy zamonlarda ishlatilmaydi) -dan iborat, -dan tashkil topgan = be composed of, be made up of,
be formed of, comprise, contain, include •
The audience consisted mainly of teenagers.
• The committee consists of ten members. •
Their diet consisted largely of vegetables. •
[~ doing sth] My role seemed to consist of
standing and smiling at people. ► Consist
fe’li ma’no jihatdan majhul nisbatda keladiganday tuyulsa-da u aniq nisbatda ishlatiladi: • Her crew consisted of children. (Her
crew was consisted of ...)
consistent |kənˈsɪstənt| adj 1 qat’iy, qaytmas = constant, regular, uniform, steady,
stable ≠ irregular • He has been Milan’s
most consistent player this season. • We need
to be consistent in our approach. • We must
be consistent in applying the rules. 2 to‘g‘ri/
mos kelmoq = compatible with, congruous
with, consonant with ≠ incompatible • [~
with sth] The results are entirely consistent
with our earlier research. ■ adv consistently muntazam ravishda, doimo, qat’iy •
The President has consistently denied the rumours. • Her work has been of a consistently
high standard.
consolation |ˌkɑːnsəˈleɪʃn| n |U,C| 1 ovunchoq, yupanchiq = comfort, solace, sympathy, compassion • The children were a great
consolation to him when his wife died. ►
consolation or comfort? → comfort 2 ovutish, yupatish, xafa bo‘lmaydigan/ovunadi-
gan jihat = relief, help, support, moral support • At least you weren’t hurt — that’s one
consolation. • I didn’t know what to say - I
just offered a few words of consolation.
console |kənˈsoʊl| v taskin bermoq, yupatmoq, ko‘nglini ko‘tarmoq = comfort, sympathize with, commiserate with, show
compassion for ≠ upset • [~ sb/yourself]
Nothing could console him when his wife
died. • [~ sb/yourself with sth] Console
yourself with the thought that you did your
best. • [~ sb/yourself that…] I didn’t like
lying but I consoled myself that it was for a
good cause. • [~ sb + speech] “Never mind,”
Anne consoled her. ► console or comfort?
→ comfortv ■ n tugmali (masofaviy) boshqaruv jihozi/uskunasi • a computer/engineering/graphical/primary console
consolidate |kənˈsɑːlɪdeɪt| v 1 mustahkamlamoq, kuchaytirmoq = strengthen,
secure, stabilize, enhance, improve • With
this new movie he has consolidated his position as the country’s leading director. • Italy
consolidated their lead with a second goal.
2 qo‘shilmoq, birlashmoq = combine, unite,
merge, integrate • All the debts have been
consolidated. • The two companies consolidated for greater efficiency. ■ adj consolidated birlashtirilgan, mustahkamlangan •
consolidated trading/accounts ■ n consolidation mustahkamlash, birlashish • The
company is entering a period of consolidation • We have seen a similar consolidation
of booksellers and distributors.
consonant |ˈkɑːnsənənt| n undosh tovush •
Clear speech with crisp consonant sounds is
very important.
conspiracy |kənˈspɪrəsi| n |C,U| (pl -ies)
1­ fitna,­ til­ biriktirish = plot, scheme, plan,
plotting, collusion • [~ to do sth] I think
there was a conspiracy to keep me out of
the committee. • [~ against sb/sth] The
three men are accused of conspiracy against
the party leadership. • [~ to sth] They were
charged with conspiracy to murder.
conspire |kənˈspaɪər| v (fml) 1­fitna­uyushtirmoq, til biriktirmoq • [~ (with sb)
(against sb)] They were accused of conspiring against the king. • [~ (together) (to do
sth)] They deny conspiring together to smuggle drugs. • [~ (with sb) (to do sth)] She admitted conspiring with her lover to murder
her husband. 2 birlashib yomonlashtirmoq,
battar qilmoq • [~ against sb/sth] Circumstances had conspired against them. • [~ to
do sth] Everything conspired to make her life
a misery.
constant |ˈkɑːnstənt| adj 1 doimiy, muntazam, muttasil, uzluksiz, to‘xtovsiz = continual, continuous, persistent, sustained, (a)
round-the-clock ≠­ fitful,­ inconstant­ • Babies need constant attention. • The constant
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noise of music from the bar next door drives
me mad. • Her constant chatter was beginning to annoy him. 2 o‘zgarmas, bir xilda =
consistent, regular, steady ≠ variable • Prices have remained constant over this period.
• The level of unemployment remains fairly
constant at around 10%. ■ adv constantly
= always, all the time, continually, continuously ≠ occasionally • Fashion is constantly
changing. • Heat the sauce, stirring constantly. • He’s constantly changing his mind.
constitute |ˈkɑːnstətuːt| v (fml) 1 -deb
hisoblanmoq/qaralmoq, bo‘lmoq = be
equivalent to, be, embody, be regarded as •
Does such an activity constitute a criminal
offence? • This latest defeat constitutes a
major setback for the government. 2 tashkil qilmoq/topmoq, -dan iborat bo‘lmoq =
make up, amount to, add up to, account for,
form • Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force. • The under-18s constitute nearly 25% of the town’s population.
► Kundalik hayotda bu ma’noda constitute
so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘pincha make up iborasidan foydalaniladi: • This book is made up of
twelve separate short stories. ► constitute
or represent? → represent3 3 tashkil topmoq, vujudga kelgan = establish, initiate,
found • The Federation was constituted in
1949.
constitution |ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃn| n 1 |C| konstitutsiya, qomus = charter, social code, law •
The US Constitution guarantees freedom of
the press. • According to the constitution…
• Under the union constitution, a new committee must be elected each year. 2 sog‘liq,
badan = health, physical condition • She
has always had a strong constitution. 3 |U,C|
(fml) tuzum, tuzilish, tarkib = composition,
makeup, structure, construction • the genetic constitution of cells • He recommended
the constitution of a review committee.
constitutional |ˌkɑːnstəˈtuːʃənl| adj konstitutsiyaviy, qomusiy • constitutional government/reform • Whatever procedure we
follow, it must be constitutional.
constraint |kənˈstreɪnt| n |C| cheklov, ta’qiq
= restriction, limitation • [~ on sth] This decision will impose serious constraints on all
schools. • constraints of time/money/space
• financial/economic/legal/political constraints ► constraint, restraint, restriction
or limitation? → restriction
construct |kənˈstrʌkt| v 1 qurmoq, barpo
etmoq = build, erect, put up, set up, raise
≠ demolish • The airport was constructed
in 1995. • [~ sth from/out of/of sth] They
constructed a shelter out of fallen branches. • The walls are constructed of concrete.
2 birlashtirmoq, hosil qilmoq yaratmoq =
formulate, form, put together, create • You
must learn how to construct a logical ar-
consumer
gument. • to construct a theory/story/sentence/argument • a well-constructed novel.
construction |kənˈstrʌkʃn| n |U| 1 quri(li)
sh, barpo etish = building, assembly, making, production, manufacturing ≠ demolition • The construction of the new stadium
took three years. • She works in construction/in the construction industry. ► construction or building? → building 2 tuzilish
= structure, composition, form • The bridge
is of lightweight construction. • strong in
construction • ships of steel construction
● under construction qurilmoqda • The
new airport is still under construction. • This
website is currently under construction.
constructive |kənˈstrʌktɪv| adj asosli, foydali = useful, helpful, productive, positive,
creative ≠ destructive, negative • If you
don’t have anything constructive to say, I’d
rather you kept quiet. • constructive criticism/suggestions/advice. • We welcome any
constructive criticism.
consult |kənˈsʌlt| v 1 maslahat so‘ramoq,
uchramoq, ko‘rinmoq, maslahatlashmoq =
seek advice from, ask, take counsel from,
call on/upon, talk things over • If the pain
continues, consult your doctor. • [~ sb about
sth] Have you consulted your lawyer about
this? • (AmE) [~ with sb (about/on sth)] I
need to consult with my colleagues on the
proposals. ► Kundalik hayotda consult
so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq ask yoki see fe’llaridan foydalaniladi: • You need to ask your
lawyer. • I think you should go and see your
doctor. 2 qarab bilmoq = refer to, turn to,
look at • After consulting the map they decided to go north. • If you’re not sure which
plug to buy, consult the manual.
consultant |kənˈsʌltənt| n maslahatchi,
mutaxassis = adviser, expert, specialist •
His tax consultant advised him to sell the
shares. • a management/financial/computer consultant ► consultant or adviser? →
adviser
consultation |ˌkɑːnslˈteɪʃn| n konsultatsiya, maslahatlashish = discussion, dialogue,
discourse, meeting, talk • a consultation
document/paper/period/process • He chose
his study course in consultation with his parents and teachers.
consume |kənˈsuːm| v (fml) 1 iste’mol qilmoq,­ sarflamoq,­ ishlatmoq = use (up),
utilize • The new light bulbs consume less
electricity. • The world’s natural resources
are being consumed at an alarming rate. 2
iste’mol qilmoq, yemoq = eat • The guests
consumed over a hundred hamburgers.
consumer |kənˈsuːmər| n iste’molchi, xaridor, foydalanuvchi = user, end user, purchaser, buyer • Consumers are buying more
from supermarkets and less from small
shops. • consumer demand/choice/rights •
C
consumption
C
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Consumer spending was down by 0.1% last
month.
consumption |kənˈsʌmpʃn| n |U| 1 iste’mol
(qilish) = eating, drinking, ingestion • As a
nation, our consumption of junk food is horrifying. • Gas and oil consumption always
increases in cold weather. 2 foydalanish,
ishlatish = use, using up, utilization • This
memo is for internal consumption only. •
These products are not for national consumption, but for export.
contact ★ |ˈkɑːntækt| n 1 aloqa, rishta,
munosabat = communication, correspondence, touch, association [~ with sb/sth]
• We don’t have much contact with our old
friends in Australia. • She’s lost contact with
her son. • The company has maintained
trade contacts with India. ► Contact oti,
odatda, birlikda keladi, ko‘plikda emas: •
They live in an isolated place and have no
contact with the outside world. (... no contacts ...) Bundan tashqari u hech qachon
sonlar va noaniq (a/an) artikllari bilan
ishlatilmaydi: • You can only get a feel for
the language by having constant contact
with native English speakers. (... a constant
contact) 2 bog‘lanish, aloqa, duch kelish •
I finally made contact with her in Paris. •
Here’s my contact number while I’m away. •
In her job she often comes into contact with
lawyers. 3 tegish, aloqa = touch, touching,
proximity, exposure • [~ between A and B]
Avoid any contact between the acid and the
skin. • [~ with sb] Don’t let that glue come
into contact with your skin. • This pesticide
kills insects on contact. 4 contacts tanishlar, tanish-bilish = connection, acquaintance, associate • social/personal contacts
• I’ve made some useful contacts in journalism. • She has several contacts in New
York. • We’re building up our contacts in the
business. ■ v bog‘lanmoq, ulanmoq = get in
touch with, communicate with, make contact with • I’ve been trying to contact you all
day. • Please do not hesitate to contact me if
you have any questions. • He tried to contact
his office by phone. ► Kim bilandir bog‘lanmoq ma’nosida contact fe’li to‘ldiruvchi
bilan hech qanday predlogsiz bog‘lanadi:
• You can contact me by phone or email.
(You can contact with/to me ...) Kundalik
hayotda, odatda, contact fe’lidan ko‘ra get
in touch with birikmasidan ko‘proq foydalaniladi: • Is there a number where I can get
in touch with you? ● get in contact with
sb aloqa qilmoq, bog‘lanmoq • When I arrive Delhi I’ll get in contact with him. keep
in contact with sb gaplashib/xabarlashib
turmoq • Have you kept in contact with any
of your friends from college?
contagious |kənˈteɪdʒəs| adj (kasalliklarga
nisbatan) yuqumli = infectious, communi-
cable, transmittable • The infection is highly
contagious, so don’t let anyone else use your
towel. • (fig) His enthusiasm was contagious.
contain |kənˈteɪn| v (davomiy zamonlarda
ishlatilmaydi) 1 o‘z ichiga olmoq, tarkibida
bo‘lmoq, bor bo‘lmoq = include, comprise,
take in, hold, carry • A barrel contains 250
litres. • The envelope contained a cheque
for £1,000. • I have lost a briefcase containing important documents. ► Kundalik
hayotda contain so‘zining o‘rniga quyidagi
so‘zlardan ko‘proq foydalaniladi: • The box
contained books. → The box had books in it.
| The essay contained a lot of mistakes. →
There were a lot of mistakes in the essay. 2
to‘xtatib turmoq, bosmoq = restrain, curb,
rein in • The army tried to contain the advance of the enemy forces. • [~ yourself] I
was so furious I just couldn’t contain myself.
container |kənˈteɪnər| n idish = receptacle,
vessel, canister • We need a container for all
this rubbish. • The gas is shipped in strong
metal containers.
contaminate |kənˈtæmɪneɪt| v bulg‘amoq,
ifloslantirmoq = pollute, corrupt ≠ purify
• Much of the coast has been contaminated
by nuclear waste. • The food which had been
contaminated was destroyed. • contaminated blood/water/soil ■ n contamination
iflos­ bo‘lishi,­ bulg‘anganlik = soiling, pollution • The water supply is being tested for
contamination.
contemplate |ˈkɑːntəmpleɪt| v 1 o‘ylab
ko‘rmoq, ko‘rib chiqmoq = think about/
of,­ ponder,­ reflect­ on,­ consider,­ mull­ over­
• [~ sth] You’re too young to be contemplating retirement. • [~ doing sth] I have never
contemplated living abroad. • [~ wh…] He
continued while she contemplated how to
answer. 2 xayoliga keltirmoq, xayolidan
o‘tkazmoq = consider, think about, have
in mind • [~ sth] The thought of war is too
awful/horrific/dangerous to contemplate. •
[~ wh…] I can’t contemplate what it would
be like to be alone. • [~ that…] She contemplated that things might get even worse. 3
tikilib qaramoq = stare at, look at, view •
She contemplated him in silence. • He sat
there, contemplating his fingernails.
contemporary |kənˈtempəreri| adj 1 hozirgi davrning/zamonning = modern, present-day, present, current ≠ old-fashioned,
out of date • life in contemporary Britain
• contemporary fiction/music/dance • Although it was written hundreds of years
ago, it still has a contemporary feel to it. 2
zamondosh, o‘sha davrning = of the time,
of the day, contemporaneous • Most of the
writers he was contemporary with were interested in the same subjects. ■ n zamondosh = peer, fellow • Most of his contempo-
123
raries regarded him as a mere strange. • He
is one of my contemporaries from school.
contempt |kənˈtempt| n |U|, sl 1 mensimaslik, past nazar/baho = scorn, disdain,
disrespect ≠ respect • She looked at him
with contempt. • [~ for sb/sth] The firefighters showed a contempt for their own
safety. 2 bo‘ysunmaslik, behurmatlik =
disrespect, disregard, slighting ≠ respect •
He was jailed for seven days for contempt of
court.
content1 |ˈkɑːntent| n tarkib, ichidagi narsa
= amount, proportion, constituents, ingredients • He tipped the contents of the bag
onto the table. • The entire contents of the
house were put up for auction. • Chocolate
has a high fat content. ■ n pl contents 1
tarkib, ichidagi narsalar • The contents
of his bag spilled all over the floor. • The
contents of the document remain secret. 2
mundarija = chapters, sections • a table of
contents • He cast his eye down the contents
page. ● to your heart’s content ko‘ngli
to‘lgunicha, qoniqquncha • You can play the
piano to your heart’s content. • Living by
the sea, they can go sailing to their heart’s
content.
content2 adj ko‘ngli to‘lgan, qoniqqan,
mamnun = contented,­ satisfied,­ pleased,­
gratified­ ≠­ discontented,­ dissatisfied­ • [~
(with sth)] He seems fairly content with (his)
life. • He had to be content with third place.
► content or contented? → contented
contented |kənˈtentɪd| adj mamnun, xursand • He was a contented man. • She smiled
a contented smile. • I felt warm, cosy, and
contented. ► contented or content?
Hayotdan mamnun bo‘lgan insonga bu
so‘zlarning ikkalasidan ham foydalanish
mumkin. Lekin agar u hamma shart-sharoitlarga va to‘kin hayotga ega bo‘lganligi
uchun mamnun bo‘lsa, u holda u insonga
qarata contended; agarda u yetarlicha mablag‘ va sharoitga ega yoki ega emasligidan
qat’i nazar, u hayotga mamnunlik bilan
qaraydigan bo‘lsa u holda bunday inson
content so‘zi bilan ifodalaniladi. Bundan
tashqari contended odamlarga ham, hayvonlarga ham ishlatilishi mumkin, content
esa faqat insonlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.
■ adv contentedly • Finishing her meal,
she sat back and sighed contentedly. • She
smiled contentedly.
contention |kənˈtenʃn| n (fml) 1 tortishuv,
bahs = disagreement, dispute, argument
≠ agreement • There’s a lot of contention
about that issue. • The matter has been settled - it’s no longer in contention. 2 nuqtayi
nazar, qarash, da’vo = argument, claim,
plea, submission • It is our client’s contention that the fire was an accident. • I would
reject that contention.
continual
contest1 |ˈkɑːntest| n 1 musobaqa, bellashuv = competition, match, tournament,
game • an international sports contest • to
enter/win/lose a contest • Only two people
entered the leadership contest. • She’s won
a lot of beauty contests. 2 harakat, urinish,
kurash = fight,­battle,­tussle,­struggle­• After a bitter contest, he became party leader. • The contest for deputy leadership of
the party is gathering speed. ► contest
or race? Ko‘p hollarda bu so‘zlarning ikkisidan ham foydalanish mumkin, ayniqsa,
siyosiy saylovlarga nisbatan. Lekin contest
odatda, saylovni o‘zini ifodalasa, race butun
saylov jarayonini ifodalaydi. Race contest
so‘zidan ko’ra kengroq qamrovga ega ya’ni
u bellashuv va saylovdan tashqari musobaqa, poyga, tanlov va boshqa narsalarga
ham ishlatilishi mumkin: • The race is on
(=boshlandi) to find a cure for this disease.
(The contest is on ...)
contest2 |kənˈtest| v bahslashmoq, tortishmoq = compete for, oppose, object to
• There are four candidates contesting the
championship. • a hotly/fiercely/keenly contested game
context |ˈkɑːntekst| n |C,U| tushuntiruvchi
holat, kontekst, gapdagi bir so‘zning atrofidagi­ so‘zlar = circumstances, conditions,
factors • Even if you don’t know what a word
means, you can sometimes guess its meaning
from the context. • Such databases are being
used in a wide range of contexts. ● taken
out of context aytilgan gapni o‘zgartirmoq
= frame of reference, text o‘zgartirmoq • My
words have been taken out of context - I said
the book was “one of the best” not “the best”
I’d read. • The papers took my remarks completely out of context.
continent |ˈkɑːntɪnənt| n qit’a, materia, kontinent • Wolves are still found on the continent of Europe. • The continents make up
about 35% of the Earth’s crust. ■ adj continental |ˌkɑːntɪˈnentl| qit’aga doir, qit’a…,
qit’aviy • He sees no signs of improvement in
the UK and continental economy. • Britain’s
continental neighbours
continual |kənˈtɪnjuəl| adj 1 davomiy =
frequent, repeated, recurrent ≠ occasional,
sporadic • We have experienced a period of
continual change. • continual complaints/
interruptions ► continual, permanent,
persistent or continuous? → continuous
2 uzluksiz, tuganmas • The computer has
given us continual problems ever since we
bought it. • We lived in continual fear of
being discovered. • Her daughter was a continual source of delight to her. ■ adv continually = frequently, regularly, repeatedly,
constantly, continuously ≠ occasionally,
sporadically • They argue continually about
C
continue
C
124
money. • New products are continually being
developed.
continue ★ |kənˈtɪnjuː| v 1 davom et(tir)
moq = last, go on, keep on, carry on, drag
on, go on with sth | go on doing sth, keep
sth up | keep up with sth, proceed, keep,
carry (sth) on, stay, resume ≠ stop, cease,
end • The meeting started at 10 a.m. and
continued until 6 p.m. • Please continue —
I didn’t mean to interrupt. • [~ to do sth]
The rain continued to fall all afternoon. • [~
doing sth] She wanted to continue working
until she was 60. • [~ (with sth)] Do you intend to continue (with) your studies? • Are
you going to continue with the project? • [~
sth] The board of inquiry is continuing its
investigations. • [~ adv/prep] He continued
on his way. • The story continues/is continued in our next issue. • [~ speech] “In fact,”
he continued, “I’d like to congratulate you.”
2 vazifasida/holatda qolmoq = remain,
stay, carry on • [~ (as sth)] I want you to
continue as project manager. • She will continue in her present job until a replacement
can be found.
continuity |ˌkɑːntəˈnuːəti| n (pl -ies) davomiylik, uzluksizlik, uzviylik = continuousness,­ uninterruptedness,­ flow­ • to ensure/
provide/maintain continuity of fuel supplies
• We should ensure continuity of care between hospital and home.
continuous |kənˈtɪnjuəs| adj 1 davomiy,
uzluksiz, to‘xtovsiz = continual, unbroken,
uninterrupted, endless, perpetual, never-ending, persistent, round-the-clock,
non-stop ≠ momentary, temporary, intermittent • She has been in continuous pain for
three days. • My computer makes a continuous low buzzing noise. • The rain has been
continuous since this morning. 2 to‘xtovsiz
= continual, constant, persistent, frequent,
regular • For four days the town suffered
continuous attacks. ► continuous, permanent, persistent or continual? Persistent ko‘pincha kasalliklarga va jamiyatdagi muammolarga ishlatiladi: • His cough
grew more persistent until it never stopped;
Permanent esa davomiylikdan ko‘ra
ko‘proq doimiylikka urg‘u beradi: • Heavy
drinking can cause permanent damage to
the brain; Continuous va continual so‘zlari
esa, odatda, og‘zaki nutqda ko‘proq ishlatiladi. Continuous so‘zi continual so‘zidan
ko‘ra ko‘p uchraydigan va kengroq qamrovga ega bo‘lgan so‘z hisoblanadi. Continual,
asosan, tana va aql holatini ifodalashda ishlatiladi: • continual fear/pressure/delight. •
Despite continual pain, he refused all drugs.
3 (grammar) davomiy zamon = progressive
■ adv continuously = continually ≠ temporarily • He has lived and worked in France
almost continuously since 1990. • You can’t
work continuously for six hours without a
break!
contract1 ★ |ˈkɑːntrækt| n shartnoma, bitim = agreement, deal, settlement • I don’t
agree with some of the conditions of the contract. • [~ with sb/sth] He has signed a sixyear contract with Manchester United. • [~
between A and B] These clauses form part
of the contract between buyer and seller. • [~
for sth] a contract for the supply of vehicles
• [~ to do sth] The firm has won a £5 million
contract to build ships for the navy. • a contract worker • I was on a three-year contract
that expired last week. • They were sued for
breach of contract. ● under contract
hujjat bilan bog‘langan, shartnoma tuzgan
• She is under contract to a major American
computer firm. • Under his contract he is not
allowed to work for any other publisher.
contract2 |kənˈtrækt| v 1 kichraymoq, qisqarmoq, toraymoq = shrink, narrow, shorten ≠ expand, increase, lengthen • Metal contracts when it gets cold, and expands when
it is hot. • [~ sth to sth] “I will” and “I shall”
are usually contracted to “I’ll” ► contract
or shrink? Bozor va iqtisodiyotga nisbatan har ikkala so‘zdan ham foydalanish
mumkin: • The manufacturing economy
contracted/shrinked in October for the sixth
consecutive month; Shisha, metall, muskul
va gap-so‘zlar kichrayishiga nisbatan esa
ko‘pincha contract so‘zidan foydalaniladi: •
New research shows that an excess of meat
and salt can contract muscles. Boshqa (joy,
kiyim va mato kabi) narsalarga, odatda,
shrink so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • The vast
forests of West Africa have shrunk. • All my
jumpers have shrunk. 2 bitim tuzmoq =
undertake, promise • [~ sb to do sth] The
player is contracted to play until August. • [~
sb (to sth)] Several computer engineers have
been contracted to the finance department.
contradict |ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkt| v 1­ qarshi­ fikr­
bildirmoq, qarshi chiqmoq = deny, dispute, argue against ≠­ confirm,­ agree­ with­
• They didn’t dare contradict their mother.
• [~ sb/yourself] You’ve just contradicted
yourself (=o‘zing aytgan gapga o‘zing qarshi chiqyapsan). • [~ (sb) + speech] “No, it’s
not,” she contradicted (him). 2 zid bo‘lmoq,
teskari kelmoq = conflict­ with,­ be­ at­ odds­
with ≠ corroborate, support • What you
have just said contradicts what you said
yesterday. • [~ each other] The two stories
contradict each other.
contradiction |ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkʃn| n |C,U|
zidlik, o‘xshamaslik, nomutanosiblik =
conflict,­ clash,­ disagreement,­ opposition­
≠ agreement • You say that you’re good
friends and yet you don’t trust him. Isn’t that
a bit of a contradiction? • [~ (between A and
125
control
her promises. • Her actions and her promises
B)] There is a contradiction between the two
contrasted sharply.
sets of figures.
contrary |ˈkɑːntreri| adj zid, teskari = op- contribute |kənˈtrɪbjuːt| v 1 hissa/ulush
qo‘shmoq = give, donate, put up, subposite, opposing, opposed, contradictory
scribe, hand out, chip in, pitch in • [~ sth
≠ compatible, same • [~ to sth] The intro(to/towards sth)] We contributed £5 000
duction of such a tax would be contrary to
to the earthquake fund. • [~ (to/towards
our policy. ● contrary to sth aksi o‘laroq
= in­conflict­with,­against,­at­variance­with­ sth)] Would you like to contribute to our
collection? • Davis didn’t really contribute
• Contrary to popular belief, many cats dismuch to the game in the second half. 2 salike milk. • Contrary to expectations and
bab bo‘lmoq, olib kelmoq = make for, lead
the weather forecast, we had a fine day for
to, cause • [~ (to sth)] Alcohol contributes to
the experiment. ■ n the contrary sl 1 aksi,
100,000 deaths a year in the US. • Stress is
qarshi­ fikr,­ aksincha­ • Show me some evia contributing factor (=sabab bo‘luvchi) in
dence to the contrary. • I was worried that
many illnesses. ► Contribute to so‘zlaridan
it might be too difficult for me but I found
keyin­ infinitiv­ emas,­ gerundiydan­ foydalathe contrary. 2 qarshi = opposite, reverse •
niladi:­[contribute­to­+­doing­sth]­• Technolcontrary advice/opinions/arguments • The
ogy has contributed to improving our lives.
contrary view is that prison provides an ex(... contributed to improve our lives.) 3 rivojcellent education — in crime. ● on/quite
the contrary aksincha • “It must have been
lanishida/yaxshilanishida hissa qo‘shmoq
terrible.” “On the contrary, I enjoyed every
• [~ to sth] Immigrants have contributed to
minute.” • “Didn’t you find the film excitBritish culture in many ways. • [~ sth to sth]
ing?” “On the contrary, I nearly fell asleep
This book contributes little to our underhalf way through it!” ► On the contrary
standing of the subject.
hozirgina­aytilgan­fikrni­aksini­ifodalashda­ contribution |ˌkɑːntrɪˈbjuːʃn| n |C| hissa,
ishlatiladi: • “I suppose your wife doesn’t unxayriya, yordam, ko‘mak = donation, gift,
derstand you.” “On the contrary, she underoffering, present • [~ (to sth)] I want to
stands me very well.” Lekin ikki har xil narsa
thank you for your enormous contribution to
yoki shaxsni solishtirganda by/in contrast
the success of the project. • [~ to/toward(s)
birikmasidan foydalaniladi, on the contrary
(doing) sth] This invention made a major
birikmasidan emas: • Rory is always on time
contribution to road safety. ► “Yordam/
for work. By contrast, Vicki is always late.
ko‘mak bermoq” ma’nosida contribution
(On the contrary, Vicki is always late.)
bilan make fe’li ishlatiladi, boshqa fe’llar
1
emas: • She made a useful contribution to
contrast |ˈkɑːntræst| n |C,U| farq, tafovut =
the discussion. (She gave/had/did a useful
difference, dissimilarity, distinction = difference, dissimilarity, disparity, distinction
contribution to the discussion.) ► contri• [~ (between A and B)] • There’s a marked
bution or donation? Contribution ko‘pincontrast between his character and hers. •
cha so‘rab olinadi; donation esa, odatda
[~ (in sth)] The two cities are in sharp conko‘ngilli yordam hisoblanadi. • I’d like to
trast. • [~ (with sb/sth)] I like the contrast
make a small donation in my mother’s name.
of the white trousers with the black jacket. • control ★ |kənˈtroʊl| n |U| 1 nazorat = pow[~ (of sth)] Careful contrast of the two plans
er, rule, authority, command, hold, grasp •
shows some important differences. ● by/
He lost control of his business and resigned. •
in contrast (to/with) -dan farqli o‘laroq,
The party is expecting to gain control of the
taqqoslaganda, solishtirganda, qiyosan = as
council in the next election. • The city is in
opposed to • He is quite short, in contrast to
the control of enemy forces. ► control of
his sister who is very tall. • The north of the
or control over? Control so‘zining qaysi
country is green and wooded in contrast to
predlog bilan kelishi control bilan keladithe south which is dry and sandy. • When you
gan fe’llarga bog‘liq. Quyidagi hollarda conlook at their new system, ours seems very
trol so‘zi of predlogi bilan ishlatiladi: • take
old-fashioned by contrast.
control of • lose control of • be/feel in concontrast2 |kənˈtræst| v 1 solishtirmoq,
trol of something • Man has always tried to
take control of nature. (... take control over
taqqoslamoq, qiyoslamoq = compare with/
to, set side by side with [~ (A and/with B)]
nature.) • He drove too fast and lost con• If you contrast some of her early writing
trol of his van. (... lost control over his van.)
with her later work, you can see just how
Control quyidagi fe’llar bilan kelganda over
much she improved. • The poem contrasts
predlogi bilan ishlatiladi: • have/establish
youth and age. • Compare and contrast the
control over sth/sb • Some teachers have
two novels. 2 farq qilmoq, aksi bo‘lmoq =
more control over pupils than their parents
differ from, be at variance with, be contrary
have. 2 boshqaruv = charge, management,
to,­ conflict­ with ≠ resemble, echo [~ (with
direction, supervision • The teacher had no
sth)] • Her actions contrasted sharply with
control over the children. • She lost control
C
controlled
C
126
of her car on the ice. • He got so angry he
lost control. • There was nothing we could
do about it - the situation was out of/beyond/outside our control. 3 cheklov, ta’qiq,
nazorat = limit, limitation, restriction, constraint, restraint • government controls on
trade and industry • Price controls on food
were ended. • Rent controls ensured that
no one paid too much for housing. ● be
in control (of sth) boshqaruv/kuchga ega
bo‘lmoq, jilovi bo‘lmoq • He’s reached retiring age, but he’s still firmly in control. under
control ★ nazorat/qo‘l ostida, boshqaruvida • Everything is under control, sir. • It
took them two hours to bring/get the fire
under control. • Please keep your dog under
control! ■ v 1 nazorat qilmoq, boshqarmoq
= run, manage, be in charge, direct, be responsible for, manage, handle • If you can’t
control your dog, put it on a lead! • The police couldn’t control the crowds. • Can’t you
control your children? • This knob controls
the volume. 2 nazorat o‘rnatmoq, tartibga
solmoq, boshqarmoq = limit, restrict, curb,
check, keep/hold sth in check • [~ wh…]
Parents should control what their kids watch
on television. • The government is trying to
control spending. 3 to‘xtatmoq, bartaraf etmoq = overcome, bring/get/keep sth under
control, get over sth • Firefighters took two
hours to control the blaze. • She was given
drugs to control the pain. 4 hissiyotlarini
boshqarmoq = restrain, hold sth back, suppress,­repress,­stifle­• [~ yourself] I was so
furious I couldn’t control myself and I hit
him. • [~ sth] He was finding it difficult to
control his feelings.
controlled |kənˈtroʊld| adj 1 bosiq, vazmin,
o‘zini yaxshi tutib • He spoke in a controlled,
even voice. • He played very controlled football. 2 boshqaruvli, nazorat bilan • Access to
the site is closely controlled.
controller |kənˈtroʊlər| n boshqaruvchi,
nazorat qiluvchi • an air-traffic controller •
That was the year he became Controller of
Radio 4.
controversial |ˌkɑːntrəˈvɜːrʃl| adj mojaroli,
bahs-munozaraga sabab bo‘ladigan, dolzarb, ziddiyatli = disputed, at issue, hot • a
highly a controversial issue/topic/proposal/
decision • We tried to stay away from controversial topics at the dinner party. • The book
was very controversial. ■ adv controversially • Punishments for prisoners include
loss of privileges and, more controversially,
the stopping of visits.
controversy |ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi| n |U,C| (pl -ies)
munozara, bahs, tortishuv = disagreement,
dispute, argument, debate [~ (over/about/
surrounding sb/sth)] • There was a big controversy surrounding/over the use of drugs
in athletics. • The policy has caused fierce/
heated controversy ever since it was introduced.
convenience |kənˈviːniəns| n |U| qulaylik
= advantage, suitability, expedience, ease
of use • We have provided seats for the convenience of our customers. • It was a great
convenience to have the school so near.
convenient |kənˈviːniənt| adj 1 qulay, malol kelmaydigan, oson = appropriate, suitable, good ≠ inconvenient • I’ll call back at
a more convenient time. • A bicycle is often
more convenient than a car in towns. • [~
(for sb/sth)] Six o’clock in the morning is not
a very convenient time for a meeting. • [~ to
do sth] It is very convenient to pay by credit
card. • [~ that] It’s very convenient that you
live near the office. ► Kundalik hayotda
convenient time/day o‘rniga ko‘proq good
time/day so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • Is this
a good time for you to talk? 2 yaqin, qulay
joylashgan = near (to), close to, within easy
reach of [~ (for sth)] Our new flat is very convenient for the kids’ school. • (AmE) [~ (to
sth)] The hotel is convenient to downtown.
conveniently |kənˈviːniəntli| adv 1 osonlik
bilan • The report can be conveniently divided into three main sections. • Conveniently,
her parents are often willing to babysit. 2
qulay joylashgan • The hotel is conveniently
situated close to the beach.
convention |kənˈvenʃn| n 1 qurultoy, yig‘ilish = conference, meeting, congress, assembly • the national Democratic convention • Where are they holding their party
convention? 2 |C,U| odat, rasm, udum = custom, usage, practice, tradition • By convention the deputy leader was always a woman.
• Convention demands/dictates that a club
member should resign in such a situation.
• They defied/flouted/broke with convention by giving up their jobs and becoming
self-sufficient.
conventional |kənˈvenʃənl| adj oddiy, sodda, hamma -digan = normal, standard, regular, ordinary, usual • For your interview it’s
best to wear a conventional suit. • conventional behaviour/morality • conventional
methods/approaches • conventional medicine • You can use a microwave or cook it in
a conventional oven.
converge |kənˈvɜːrdʒ| v 1 bir joyda
uchrashmoq, to‘planmoq = close in on, bear
down on, approach ≠ diverge, leave • [~ (on
…)] Thousands of supporters converged on
London for the rally. • Ambulances, police
cars and fire engines all converged on the
scene. 2 tutashmoq, kesishmoq = meet, intersect, cross, connect ≠ diverge • The paths
all converge at the main gate of the park.
conversation ★ |ˌkɑːnvərˈseɪʃn| n |C,U|
suhbat, gap = discussion, talk, chat, debate,
consultation, dialogue [~ (with sb) (about
127
sth)] • We had a long conversation with
the bank manager. • Why did he suddenly
change the subject of the conversation? • It’s
impossible to hold/carry on a conversation
with all this noise going on! • (BrE) to get
into conversation with sb • (AmE) to get into
a conversation with sb • The conversation
turned to gardening. • I tried to make conversation. • I see no point in continuing this
conversation.
conversely |ˈkɑːnvɜːrsli| adv (fml) aksincha
• You can add the fluid to the powder, or, conversely, the powder to the fluid. • American
consumers prefer white eggs; conversely,
British buyers like brown eggs.
conversion |kənˈvɜːrʃn| n o‘zgarish, o‘tish
= change, changing, transformation, adaptation, alteration [~ (from sth) (into/to sth)]
• Conversion from oil to gas will save you a
lot of money. • Her conversion to Islam was a
very gradual process.
convert |kənˈvɜːrt| v 1 boshqa narsaga
aylan(tir)moq, o‘zgar(tir)moq = change,
turn, transform • [~ sth (into sth)] The hotel is going to be converted into a nursing
home. • The pub is a converted warehouse.
• [~ (from sth) (into/to sth)] We’ve converted from oil to gas central heating. 2 (boshqa) dinga kirmoq, • [~ (from sth) (to sth)]
He converted from Christianity to Islam. 3
munosabatini/qarashini o‘zgartirmoq • [~
(from sth) to sth] I’ve converted to organic
food. • [~ sb (from sth) (to sth)] I didn’t use
to like opera but my husband has converted
me.
convey |kənˈveɪ| v 1 ifodalamoq, bildirmoq
= express, indicate, pass on, make known
• Colours like red convey a sense of energy
and strength. • His poetry conveys a great
sense of religious devotion. • [~ sth to sb]
(fml) Please convey my apologies to your
wife. • [~ wh…] He tried desperately to
convey how urgent the situation was. • [~
that…] Ads convey the message that thin is
beautiful. ► convey or communicate? →
communicate2 2 olib bormoq, o‘tkazmoq,
yetkazmoq = transport, carry, bring, take •
Pipes convey hot water from the boiler to the
radiators. • Could you convey a message to
Mr Merrick for me, please?
convict1 |ˈkɑːnvɪkt| n (shuningdek, (inf)
con) mahbus = prisoner, inmate, criminal,
jailbird, con • The police are searching for
two escaped convicts.
convict2 |kənˈvɪkt| v (ko‘pincha majhul nisbatda ishlatiladi) hukm qilinmoq, aybdor
deb topmoq = find­guilty,­sentence­≠ acquit
• [~ sb (of sth)] She was convicted of shoplifting. • He has twice been convicted of robbery/theft/fraud.
conviction |kənˈvɪkʃn| n |C,U| 1 hukm qilish, aybdor deb topish = declaration of
cookie
guilt, sentence, judgment ≠ acquittal • [~
(for sth)] She has six previous convictions for
theft. • As it was her first conviction for stealing, she was given a less severe sentence. 2
maslak, ishonch = belief, opinion, view,
thought • strong political/moral convictions
• She was motivated by deep religious conviction. • a deep/strong/lifelong conviction
• [~ that] It’s my personal conviction that all
rapists should be locked away for life.
convince |kənˈvɪns| v 1 ishontirmoq =
make certain, persuade, satisfy, prove to,
assure • [~ sb/yourself (of sth)] He managed to convince the jury of his innocence.
• [~ sb/yourself (that)…] You don’t have to
convince me you’re the right person for the
job. 2 ko‘ndirmoq, undamoq = persuade,
induce, prevail on/upon, get, talk into • [~
to do] I hope this will convince you to change
your mind. • I’ve been trying to convince him
to see a doctor. ► convince or persuade?
→ persuade
convinced |kənˈvɪnst| adj 1 ishongan,
ko‘ngan = sure, certain, positive • Sam nodded but he didn’t look convinced. • [~ of sth]
I’m totally convinced of her innocence. • [~
that…] I am convinced that she is innocent.
2 mahkam tutgan, ishongan, e’tiqodli • a
convinced Christian/atheist/Muslim • a convinced socialist.
convincing |kənˈvɪnsɪŋ| adj ishonarli, asosli, ishonsa bo‘ladigan • a convincing argument/explanation/case • She sounded very
convincing to me. • I didn’t find the ending
of the film very convincing. ■ adv convincingly • They won convincingly. • She spoke
convincingly of the need for a more humane
prison system.
cook ★ |kʊk| v pishirmoq, tayyorlamoq =
make, bake, roast, toast, fry, grill, barbecue
• It’s my turn to cook the dinner tonight. • [~
sth] He cooked lunch for me. • [~ sb sth] He
cooked me lunch. • While the pasta is cooking, prepare the sauce. ■ n oshpaz, pazanda • He worked as a cook in a pub during
the summer. • She’s a wonderful cook. ■ n
cooking pishirish, tayyorlash = baking,
cookery, cuisine • My husband does all the
cooking. • Home cooking seems to be on the/
in decline. • a book on Indian cooking
cooker |ˈkʊkər| n (BrE) (AmE range) (shuningdek stove AmE, BrE) gaz plitasi • a
gas/electric cooker • I can’t get the cooker
to light.
cookery |ˈkʊkəri| n |U| (asosan, BrEda)
pazandalik, oshpazlik = cooking • I’m going
on a one-year cookery course. • I’ve bought a
new cookery book.
cookie |ˈkʊki| n (pl -ies) (asosan, AmEda)
pechenye = biscuit • She bought a packet of
cookies. ► cookie or biscuit? → biscuit
C
cool
C
128
cool ★ |kuːl| adj 1 salqin = cold, chilly, chill
≠ warm, hot • It gets cool in the evenings in
September. • a cool breeze/drink/climate •
It’s a bit cool in here, isn’t it? I think I’ll close
the window. 2 sovuq munosabatda bo‘lgan
= cold, unfriendly, frosty, chilly, remote ≠
warm, friendly • I got a cool reception when
I arrived half an hour late. • Their proposal
got a cool response. • She was rather cool towards me last time we met. 3 bosiq, o‘zini
yo‘qotib qo‘ymaydigan = calm, relaxed, controlled • Stay/Keep cool! • She tried to remain cool, calm and collected. ► cool, calm
or relaxed? → relaxed 4 (inf) zamonaviy,
zo‘r = fashionable, stylish • They thought it
was cool to wear white trainers. • You look
pretty cool with that new haircut. 5 (inf)
zo‘r, ajoyib, juda yaxshi = great, fantastic,
fabulous (inf) terrific, brilliant, awesome,
wicked ≠ uncool, rubbish • “So how was the
concert?” “It was cool!” • “Can you come at
10.30 tomorrow?” “That’s cool”. • “Do you
want to come with us?” “Yeah, cool!” ■ v
1 sovutmoq, salqinlantirmoq = cool (sb/
sth) down, chill, freeze ≠ warm, heat • She
boiled the jam for several hours and then
put it aside to cool. • The evening breeze
cooled her face. ► cool or cool (sb/sth)
down? Cool down, asosan, og‘zaki nutqda,
ko‘pincha o‘zlik olmoshlari (myself, yourself,
himself kabi olmoshlar) bilan keladi: • How
about a swim to cool ourselves down? Cool
so‘zining o‘zidan esa, odatda, ilmiy tilda va
tajribalarda foydalaniladi: • The cylinder is
cooled by a jet of water. 2 jahlidan/hovuridan tushmoq • I think we should wait until
tempers have cooled. 3 (munosabatlarga
nisbatan) sovimoq, ko‘ngli qolmoq • I think
we should wait until tempers have cooled.
• Relations between them have definitely
cooled. ■ n salqin joy = chill ≠ warmth •
After the heat of the town centre, it is nice
to sit in the cool of the garden. ■ adv coolly bosiqlik/sovuqlik bilan = calmly • Kate
handled the situation very coolly. • “We’re
just good friends,” she said coolly. ● be cool
with sth (inf) yaxshi, ma’qul • We can go tomorrow - I’m cool with that. • I was surprised
that she got the job, but I’m cool with it. lose
your cool o‘zini yo‘qotmoq, hissiyotlarga
berilmoq, yig‘lab/baqirib yubormoq • He
completely lost his cool and started yelling. •
I lost my cool and shouted at them. cool off
1 salqinlamoq • We cooled off with a swim
in the lake. • We went for a swim to cool off.
2 hovuridan tushmoq, • I think you should
wait until she’s cooled down a little. cool
sb down/off 1 salqinlatmoq, sovutmoq
• Drink plenty of cold water to cool yourself down. • She waited until her coffee had
cooled down before taking a sip. 2 hovuridan tushirmoq, bosmoq = subside, lessen,
diminish ≠ intensify • Leave her to cool off
and then talk to her.
cooperate |koʊˈɑːpəreɪt| v hamkorlik qilmoq, yordamlashmoq, ko‘maklashmoq =
collaborate, work together, work side by
side • [~ (with sb)] The two groups agreed to
cooperate with each other. • [~ (in/on sth)]
They had cooperated closely in the planning
of the project.
cooperation (BrEda, shuningdek, cooperation) |koʊˌɑːpəˈreɪʃn| n |U| hamkorlik
(qilish), yordam, ko‘mak = collaboration,
joint action, combined effort, teamwork,
partnership • [~ (with sb) (in doing sth)]
The company produces computers in cooperation with a German firm. • [~ (between
A and B)] There’s very little cooperation between the two countries.
cooperative (BrEda, shuningdek, co-operative) |koʊˈɑːpərətɪv| adj 1 hamkorlikda,
hamjihat = collaborative, collective, combined • Cooperative activity is essential
to effective community work. 2 yordamga
tayyor = helpful, eager to help, glad to be
of assistance • Jean is cooperative and helpful in the classroom. ■ adv cooperatively
• To sum up: We welcome the statement of
the Government and appreciate its willingness and commitment to work cooperatively
with us.
cop |kɑːp| n (inf) militsiya, politsiya = a police­officer­• Somebody call the cops! • Children are playing cops and robbers
cope |koʊp| v bardosh bermoq, uddalamoq,
bas kelmoq, yengib o‘tmoq = manage, get
by/on, deal with, handle (inf) make it •
She had to cope without any help. • [~ with
sth] Desert plants are adapted to cope with
extreme heat. • It must be difficult to cope
with three small children and a job. ► cope,
manage or succeed in? → manage
copper |kɑːpə(r)| n |U| (symb Cu) mis • Copper is a good conductor of electricity.
copy ★ |ˈkɑːpi| n (pl -ies) 1 nusxa = photocopy, printout, transcript • You should make
a copy of the disk as a backup. • The thieves
replaced the original painting with a copy.
► copy or photocopy? Photocopy faqat
nusxa ko‘chirish moslamasi (kserokopiya)
orqali ko‘chirilgan nusxaga ishlatiladi: •
Staff photocopied the cheque before cashing
it; Copy esa har qanday ko‘chirilgan nusxaga nisbatan ishlatilishi mumkin: • Always
keep a copy of everything in your own files. •
The reporter apparently obtained a copy of
Steve’s resignation letter. 2 gazeta, kitob =
replica, duplicate, facsimile, reproduction,
model • Where’s my copy of today’s “Times”?
• The book sold 20 000 copies within two
weeks. ■ v 1 nusxa olmoq, ko‘chirmoq =
duplicate, photocopy, xerox • He stole a
credit card and copied the signature. • Ev-
129
erything in the computer’s memory can be
copied onto DVDs. • [~ sth (from sth) (into/
onto sth)] She copied the phone number into
her address book. • He was always copying from/off other children, but never got
caught. • Copy out the poem on page six. 2
taqlid qilmoq, o‘xshatmoq = imitate, reproduce, follow • She copies everything her sister does. • Children often copy what they see
on television. • She tried to copy the actress’s
clothes.
copyright |ˈkɑːpiraɪt| n |U,C|­ mualliflik­
huquqi [~ (in/on sth)] • Who owns/holds
the copyright on this article? • They were
sued for breach/infringement of copyright. •
The symbol © shows that something is protected by copyright.
cord |kɔːrd| n 1 |U,C| chilvir, ip, arqon • Pull
the cord to open the parachute. • Have you
got some cord that I can tie this parcel up
with? 2 |C,U| (asosan, AmEda) (BrEda,
shuningdek, flex) sim, kabel • an extension
cord • a telephone cord
core |kɔːr| n 1 markaz = center, interior,
middle • the earth’s core • The ball has a
core of hard rubber. • These six countries are
the geographical core of Western Europe.
2 o‘zak, yurak = heart, heart of the matter, body • Debt is at the core of the problem. • These 2,500 words form the core of
the language. 3 eng asosiy narsa/masala •
Concern for the environment is at the core
of our policies. ■ adj eng muhim, asosiy =
central, key, basic, fundamental, principal,
primary, main ≠ peripheral • These are the
core points of the report. • We need to concentrate on our core business.
corn |kɔːrn| n donli ekin, makka, jo‘xori =
grain, seed • a field of corn • ears/sheaves of
corn • Do you feed your chickens corn? • The
corn grew waist-high in the fields.
corner ★ |ˈkɔːrnər| n 1 burchak = bend,
turn, twist, zigzag • There was a television
in the far corner of the room. • She sat in
the corner reading. • a corner table/seat/
cupboard • Watch the baby - that table has
sharp corners. • That’s me, in the bottom
right-hand corner of the picture. 2 ko‘cha
chorrahasi, ko‘chalar tutashgan joy • I get
my newspaper from the shop on the corner.
• There’s a hotel on/at the corner of my
street. 3 joy, chet, chekka, yer = district, region, area • Let’s find a quiet corner and talk
about it. • People came from the four corners
of the earth to take part in these games. ●
(just) (a)round the corner juda yaqin •
Her house is just around the corner. • (fig)
There were good times around the corner
• There’s a great restaurant just round the
corner.
corporate |ˈkɔːrpərət| adj 1 kompaniyaning, kompaniya … • Corporate profits are
correlate
down this year. • corporate finance/planning/strategy 2 umumiy, birgalikdagi =
united, collective • They made a corporate
effort to finish the job.
corporation |ˌkɔːrpəˈreɪʃn| n katta tashkilot/kompaniya, korporatsiya = company,
firm,­ business­ • the British Broadcasting
Corporation • He works for a large American
corporation.
corpse |kɔːrps| n o‘lik, murda, jasad = dead
body, body, carcass • The corpse was barely
recognizable.
correct ★ |kəˈrekt| adj to‘g‘ri, aniq = right,
accurate, proper, true, exact, precise ≠
wrong, inaccurate, improper • I think you’ve
made the correct decision. • The sentence is
grammatically correct, but doesn’t sound
natural. • Please check that these details are
correct. • “Are you in charge here?” “That’s
correct.” ► correct or right? Correct right
so‘zidan ko‘ra rasmiyroq hisoblanadi va
shuning uchun u ko‘pincha rasmiy vaziyatlarda, hujjat va yo‘riqnomalarda ishlatiladi:
• The correct answers can be found at the
bottom of page 8. • Make sure you have been
given the correct information; Kundalik hayotda esa, odatda, right so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • Are you sure you’ve got the right address? ► correct, right or proper? → right4
■ v to‘g‘rilamoq = rectify, put right, set
right • Read through your work and correct
any mistakes that you find. • Some eyesight
problems are relatively easy to correct. • I
spent all evening correcting essays. • Correct
me if I’m wrong, but isn’t this last year’s brochure? • Yes, you’re right — I stand corrected. • [~ (sb) + speech] “It’s Yates, not Wates,”
she corrected him. ► Kundalik hayotda bu
ma’noda correct so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq put
(sth) right birikmasidan foydalaniladi: • You
must put matters right. • How much did it
cost to have the television put right.
correction |kəˈrekʃn| n 1 to‘g‘rilash, o‘zgartirish • I just need to make a few corrections,
and then we can send it to the printer. • She
was disappointed to see her essay returned
with a mass of corrections in red ink. 2
(adashib ketganda) yo‘g‘e, uzr • That will
basically cover 50... correction 60 percent of
all charges. • The time is 11.28. Correction,
11.38.
correctly |kəˈrektli| adv to‘g‘ri, aniq = accurately, right, properly • Have you spelled it
correctly? • She guessed my age correctly. •
He was looking correctly grave.
correlate |ˈkɑːrəleɪt| v (fml) o‘zaro aloqasi/mos bo‘lmoq, bog‘liqlikni ko‘rsatmoq =
correspond to/with, match, parallel, connect ≠ contrast • The figures do not seem to
correlate. • [~ with sth] A high-fat diet correlates with a greater risk of heart disease. •
C
correlation
C
130
Stress levels and heart disease are strongly
correlated.
correlation |ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃn| n |C,U| o‘zaro
munosabat/bog‘liqlik, aloqa = connection,
association, link, relation, relationship • [~
(between A and B)] • There’s a high correlation between smoking and lung cancer. • [~
(of A with B)] The second group of measurements had a high correlation with the first.
correspond |ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːnd| |ˌkɑːrəˈspɑːnd|
v 1 mos/to‘g‘ri kelmoq, o‘xshash bo‘lmoq
= correlate with, agree with, be in agreement/compatible with • Your account and
hers do not correspond. • [~ with sth] Your
account of events does not correspond with
hers. • [~ to sth] The written record of the
conversation doesn’t correspond to what
was actually said. 2 bir xil bo‘lmoq = be
equivalent • The British job of Lecturer corresponds roughly to the US Associate Professor. • The American FBI corresponds to the
British MI5.
correspondence |ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːndəns| |ˌkɑːrəˈspɑːndəns| n (fml) 1 |U| xat yozish, xat
= letters, communication, messages • [~
(with sb)] She kept up a thirty-year correspondence with Mary Hays. • Any further
correspondence should be sent to my new
address. 2 |U,C| aloqadorlik, bog‘liqlik =
correlation, agreement, consistency • [~
(between A and B)] There is a close correspondence between the two extracts.
correspondent |ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːndənt| |ˌkɑːrəˈspɑːndənt| n 1 muxbir = reporter, journalist • Now, a report from our Hong Kong
correspondent. • She’s the BBC’s political
correspondent. • a foreign/war/sports, etc.
correspondent 2 xat yozuvchi = writer • I’m
a terrible correspondent - I never seem to get
the time to write.
corridor |ˈkɔːrɪdɔːr| |ˈkɑːrɪdɔːr| n yo‘lak, koridor = hall, hallway, passage • Go down here
and the bathroom’s at the end of the corridor. • She hurried down the corridor. ► hall,
corridor or hallway? → hall
corrupt |kəˈrʌpt| adj poraxo‘r, insofsiz = dishonest, dishonorable ≠ honest, law-abiding
• The whole system was corrupt - every official she approached wanted money before
helping her. • They had been engaged in corrupt practices. ■ v bulg‘amoq, zaharlamoq,
buzmoq • The study claimed that violence
on television corrupts the minds of children.
• Most of the data on the hard drive was corrupted by the power cut. ■ adv corruptly
• Several government officials charged with
acting corruptly.
corruption |kəˈrʌpʃn| n |U| poraxo‘rlik,
buzilish = bribery ≠ honesty, morality, purity • This police unit was established to fight
corruption. • Political corruption is widespread throughout the country.
cosmetic |kɑːzˈmetɪk| n (odatda, ko‘plikda
ishlatiladi) kosmetika mahsuloti • We sell a
wide range of cosmetics and toiletries at a
very reasonable price.
cost ★ |kɔːst| n 1 |C,U| narx, pul = price,
value, expense, rate, charge, worth • What
is the cost of a return ticket to London?
• Computer costs are falling each year. •
We’re organizing a trip to London, at a cost
of £15 per head. • This scheme helps homeless people at no cost to the taxpayer. ►
Kundalik hayotda cost so‘zining ot shaklidan ko‘ra ko‘proq fe’l shaklidan foydalanib
narx so‘raladi: • What was the cost of the
accommodation? → How much did the accommodation cost? • I’ll find out the cost.
→ I’ll find out how much it costs/is. Yoki
How much ning o‘zidan foydalaniladi: •
How much is it? ► cost, price or value?
To‘lashi so‘ralayotgan narxga nisbatan,
odatda, price so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • to
ask/charge a high price (to ask/charge a
high cost/value) Biror ish qilish yoki xizmat
haqiga nisbatan asosan cost so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • the cost of moving house; Value
biror-bir narsaning biror-bir muayyan paytdagi yoki vaziyatdagi asl narxiga nisbatan
ishlatiladi: • The house now has a market
value of twice what we paid for it. 2 xarajat,
chiqim = expenses, spending, expenditure,
outlay • We did not even make enough money
to cover the cost of the food. • The total cost
to you is £3 000. • The use of cheap labour
helped to keep costs down. • to cut/reduce
costs • running/operating/labour costs 3 |U|
evaziga = sacrifice,­loss,­expense­• She saved
him from the fire but at the cost of her own
life. • He worked non-stop for three months,
at considerable cost to his health. ■ v (cost,
cost) 1 (narxda) turmoq, narxi … bo‘lmoq,
tushmoq = be priced at, sell for, be valued at,
fetch, come to, amount to • Potatoes cost 20p
a kilo. • Tickets cost ten dollars each. • How
much did it cost? • It costs a fortune to fly
first class. • [~ sb sth] The meal cost us about
£40. 2 yo‘qolishiga/qo‘ldan ketishiga sabab
bo‘lmoq, -ga tushmoq • That one mistake almost cost him his life. • A late penalty cost
United the game. • The closure of the factory
is likely to cost 1 000 jobs.
costly |ˈkɔːstli| adj (-ier, -iest) (more/most
costly shakllaridan ham foydalanish mumkin) 1 qimmat = expensive, dear ≠ cheap,
inexpensive • Buying new furniture may
prove too costly. 2 qimmatga tushadigan,
yomon oqibatga olib keladigan = disastrous
≠­beneficial­• a costly mistake/failure • Mining can be costly in terms of lives.
costume |ˈkɑːstuːm| n kostyum, teatr va
kino liboslari • The costumes for the film are
magnificent.
131
cosy (BrE) (AmE cozy) |ˈkoʊzi| adj (-ier,
-iest) shinam, iliq = warm, comfortable,
safe • An open log fire always makes a room
feel cosy. • This room is nice and cosy in the
winter.
cottage |ˈkɑːtɪdʒ| n kottedj, qishloq uyi,
dacha • We have a weekend cottage in the
mountains. • It was her dream to have a little cottage in the country.
cotton |ˈkɑːtn| n |U| 1 paxta • cotton fields/
plants • a bale of cotton • I bought some blue
cotton to make a skirt. • cotton wool balls/
pads 2 paxtadan tayyorlangan, paxtali • He
was wearing a pair of cotton trousers. • She
looked pretty in a simple cotton dress.
cough |kɔːf| v yo‘talmoq = hack, bark • People with colds usually cough and sneeze. •
I couldn’t stop coughing. • to cough nervously/politely/discreetly/uncontrollably
■ n yo‘tal = hack, bark • to have a dry/
persistent/hacking cough • He gave a little
cough to attract the waitress’s attention. •
My cold’s better, but I can’t seem to shake off
this cough.
could ★ |kəd| kuchli talaffuz qilinganda |kʊd| modal v (inkor shakli could not,
qisqartma shakli couldn’t |ˈkʊdnt|) 1 (“can”
ning o‘tgan zamon shakli) ol(ma)di • The
old lady fell down and couldn’t get up (=tura
olmadi). • I couldn’t find her phone number
(=topa olmadim). • She said that she couldn’t
come. • I came as quickly as I could. • I’m
glad you could come. • When I was younger I
could stay up all night and not get tired. • We
asked if the computer could access the Internet. • You said we could watch television
when we’ve finished our homework. ► Could
modal fe’li feel, hear, see, smell, taste kabi
holat fe’llar bilan kelganda bu harakatlarni davomiyligini bildirib keladi va “-ardi,
-masdi” deb tarjima qilinadi. Solishtiring: •
In the distance I could see (=ko‘rinib turardi) a cloud of smoke. • In the distance I saw
(=ko‘rdim/ko‘rib qoldim) a cloud of smoke; •
I could smell something burning (=nimanidir
hidi kelardi/kelib turardi). • I smelt (=hidladim) the soup; • I could hear (=eshitilib turardi) angry voices. • I heard (=eshitdim) an
angry voice. • I could feel (=sezilib turardi)
the warm sun on my back. • I felt (=sezdim,
his qildim) the warm sun on my back. • I
couldn’t hear (=eshita olmas edim/eshita
olmadim) what they were saying. • I didn’t
here (=eshitganim yo‘q/eshitmadim) what
they were saying. ► can, could, be able to
or manage to? → can1 2 (xushmuomalalik/odob bilan so‘raganda) -olasizmi/-olmaysizmi?, -ring, bo‘ladimi? • Could you
pass me the salt (=uzatib yuboring), please?
• I’m frozen - could you close the window?
• Could I use your phone, please? • Could I
borrow your pen? • Could I have some more
could
pudding? • Could we see her now, please?
• Could you help me with these boxes? ►
could, can or may? → may5 3 qolishi/bo‘lishi mumkin (emas), ehtimoli bor/yo‘q • She
could arrive anytime now. • The new shopping centre could be finished by Christmas.
• I could do it now, if you like. • “Have some
more cake.” “Oh, I couldn’t, thank you.” • A
faulty connection could easily cause a fire.
► can (could) or may (might)? → may1 4
(taklif kiritganda) ham mumkin, -sa ham
bo‘laveradi • We could go for a drink after
work tomorrow, if you like. • You could always try borrowing money from the bank. •
You could ask your doctor for a check-up. •
Couldn’t you get one of your friends to help
you? 5 (jahli chiqqanda) -sa ham bo‘lverardi, bo‘lardi-ku • You could at least say that
you’re sorry. 6 (xohlagan taqdirda ham,
xohlasam ham) iloji yo‘q • Sorry, I couldn’t
get any more. 7 (bo‘rttirganda, lof qilganda,
mubolag‘ada) bo‘lardi(m) • I’m so fed up I
could scream! • I’m so hungry I could eat a
horse! • I was so angry I could have killed
her. ● could do with sth -sa/-bo‘lganda yaxshi bo‘lardi, kerak • I could do with
a drink! • Her hair could have done with a
wash. could have done ★ 1 -shi mumkin
edi, ehtimoli bor edi • I could have won the
game but decided to let her win. • I could
have been killed. • That stick could have
gone in my eye! • He could have escaped,
but he chose to stand and fight. ► could
have done or could? Could, asosan, biror
insonni o‘tmishda biror ishni qila olganligini, qo‘lidan o‘sha ish kelishini ifodalaydi.
• Our daughter could walk when she was
nine months old. • She could play the piano quite well; Could have esa o‘tmishdagi
bo‘lib o‘tmagan ish harakatning aslida iloji bor, bo‘lishi mumkin, qilinishi mumkin
bo‘lganligini ifodalaydi: • I could have won
the game but decided to let her win. • He
could have made a fortune as a lawyer. • You
could have been killed! Solishtiring: • I could
win all of them (=Men ularni hammasini
yuta olar edim — oldin yaxshi o‘ynar edim)
• I could’ve won all of them (=Men ularni
hammasini yutishim mumkin edi lekin ularni yuta olmadim). 2 (o‘tgan zamonda bo‘lib
o‘tgan ishga nisbatan) -gan bo‘lishi mumkin
• Don’t worry - they could have just forgotten to call. • You couldn’t have left it on the
bus, could you? • What was that noise? Could
it have been the wind? • It could have been
Dan, but I’m not sure. 3 (jahli chiqqanda
yoki kinoya qilganda) -sa ham bo‘laverardi,
bo‘lardi-ku • They could have let me know
they were going to be late! • I waited ages
for you - you could’ve said that you weren’t
coming! couldn’t be better/worse/-er
bundan yaxshi/battar/-roq bo‘lishi mum-
C
council
C
132
kin emas • “How are things?” “Fine! Couldn’t
be better.” • Ordering online couldn’t be
simpler. • Their lifestyles couldn’t be more
different. How could … qanday qilib yo‘l
qo‘yish/jur’at etishi/haddi siqqan/bo‘lishi
mumkin. • How could I have been so stupid?
• How could she do this to me? • How could
you have lied to us all these years?
council |ˈkaʊnsl| n |C| (ham birlik, ham
ko‘plik fe’li bilan kelishi mumkin) kengash =
authority, administration, executive, chamber, advisory body, meeting • a council set
up to promote the arts in the eastern region
• a city/county/borough/district council •
She’s on the local council. • a council member/meeting • council workers/services •
The town/city council is/are responsible for
keeping the streets clean.
counsel |ˈkaʊnsl| n |U,C| 1 maslahat,
ko‘rsatma = advice, guidance, counseling,
direction • Listen to the counsel of your elders. • I should have listened to my father’s
wise counsel. 2 n advokat, himoyachi =
lawyer, advocate, attorney • The judge addressed counsel. • Counsel for the defence
argued convincingly that his client was not
guilty. ■ v maslahat bermoq = advise, recommend, direct, advocate • My job involves
counselling unemployed people on/about
how to find work.
counselling (AmEda, asosan, counseling)
|ˈkaʊnsəlɪŋ| n |U| maslahat (berish), ko‘mak •
a student counselling service • The survivors
were offered counselling. • [~ for sth] She’s
been undergoing counseling for depression.
counsellor (AmEda, asosan, counselor)
|ˈkaʊnsələr| n maslahatchi • The college
now has a counsellor to help students with
both personal and work problems. • a marriage-guidance counsellor
count ★ |kaʊnt| v 1 sanamoq = add up, add
together, reckon up, total • She put the money in her bag without counting it. • [~ to/up
to sth] She can count up to 10 in Italian. • [~
(from sth) to/up to sth] Let’s count out loud
from one to ten. • He began counting backwards: “Ten, nine, eight...” 2 hisoblamoq,
sanamoq = include, take into account, take
account of • [~ sth (up)] The diet is based
on counting calories. • [~ (up) how many…]
She began to count up how many guests
they had to invite. • [~ from…] There are 12
weeks to go, counting from today. • There
were sixty people on the boat if you count
the children. 3 hisoblanmoq, deb bilmoq,
sanamoq = consider, think, feel, regard •
I’ve always counted Lucy among my closest
friends. • I count myself fortunate to have
had such a good education. 4 hisobga olinmoq, ahamiyatga ega bo‘lmoq = matter, be
of consequence, be of account • [~ for sth]
Your appearance counts for a lot in an inter-
view. • Every point in this game counts. • My
opinion doesn’t count for anything around
here. • I’ve always believed that happiness
counts more than money. • Applications received after 1 July will not be counted. • His
overseas results count for nothing. 5 -deb
hisoblamoq/bilmoq • [~ (sb/sth) as sb/sth]
I don’t count him as a friend any more. • [~
sb/sth/yourself + adv/prep] I count him
among my closest friends. • [~ sb/sth/yourself + adj] You should count yourself lucky
that you weren’t hurt. • [~ sb/sth/yourself
+ n] She counts herself one of the lucky ones.
● count on sb/sth ★ suyanmoq, ishonmoq, tayanib ish ko‘rmoq = rely on, depend
on, expect, reckon on • I’ll be back. You can
count on it. • You can always count on Michael in a crisis. • “I’m sure he’ll help.” “Don’t
count on it.” • [~ sb/sth to do sth] I’m counting on you to help me. • [~ doing sth] Few
people can count on having a job for life. •
[~ sb/sth doing sth] We can’t count on this
warm weather lasting. count down (to sth)
teskari sanamoq, tepadan pastga qarab
sanamoq • We are counting down the days
until the end of the exams. count sb in/out
hisobga qo‘shmoq/hisobdan chiqarib tashlamoq • “Do you want to come swimming tomorrow?” “Yes, count me in.” • If you’re going
out tonight you’ll have to count me out. not
counting hisobga olmaganda = not including • There are three of us, not counting the
baby. • We have three computers, not counting the old ones that don’t work anymore.
■ n 1 sanash = calculation, computation •
Raise your leg and hold for a count of ten. •
On the count of three, take one step forward.
2 miqdor, hisobi = amount, number, total •
Today there is a high pollen count. ● lose
count 1 sanog‘ini yo‘qotmoq, sanoqda
adashib ketmoq • I tried to add up all the
sales figures but lost count and had to start
again. 2 bilmadim necha marta …, sanog‘i
yo‘q • I’ve lost count of the number of times
he’s left his umbrella on the train. • There
have been so many accidents here, the police
have lost count of them.
counter |ˈkaʊntər| n 1 rasta, xizmat
ko‘rsatish xonachasi • The cheese counter
is over there. • I asked the woman behind
the counter if they had any postcards. • You
will find sausages on the meat counter/
rolls on the bread counter. 2 donacha, taxtacha • You’ve thrown a six - you can move
your counter six places. • She placed a pile
of counters on the board. ■ v qarshi/zid
chiqmoq,­ qarshi­ fikr­ bildirmoq = oppose,
respond to, argue against/with, contradict
≠ support • [~ sb/sth] He was determined
to counter the bribery allegations. • [~
that…] I tried to argue but he countered that
the plans were not yet finished. • [~ (sb) +
133
speech] “But I was standing right here!” he
countered. • [~ with sth] Butler has countered with a lawsuit against the firm.
countless |ˈkaʊntləs| adj son-sanoqsiz,
juda ko‘p = numerous, untold ≠ few, calculable, limitary • I’ve warned her countless
times. • The new treatment could save Emma’s life and the lives of countless others.
country ★ |ˈkʌntri| n (pl -ies) 1 davlat,
mamlakat • Which is the largest country in
Europe? • It’s good to meet people from different parts of the country. • The climate is
cooler in the east of the country. • She didn’t
know what life in a foreign country would
be like. ► country, nation or state? → nation ► country or land? → land4 2 qishloq,
shahar tashqarisi = countryside, landscape,
the land, scenery • He lives in the country.
• Would you prefer to live in the country instead of a town? • We went walking in the
country. 3 the country aholi, xalq, millat =
the nation, population, the public, community • They have the support of most of the
country. • The whole country celebrated the
signing of the peace treaty. ► the nation or
the country? → (the) nation
countryman |ˈkʌntrimən| n (pl -men
|-mən|) 1 vatandosh, yurtdosh • The champion looks set to play his fellow countryman
in the final. • It was two years since I’d seen
any fellow countrymen. 2 qishloqi, qishloqlik • Even after thirty years living in the
country, I fear I am not a proper countryman.
countryside |ˈkʌntrisaɪd| n |U| shahar
tashqarisi, tabiat qo‘yni = the country,
landscape, scenery, surroundings • There
is growing concern over the future of the
countryside. • Every summer thousands of
people flock to the countryside. ► countryside, environment or nature? → nature ►
To‘g‘ri foydalaning. Countryside oldidan,
odatda, the artikli ishlatiladi: • They live in
a beautiful cottage in the countryside. (... in
countryside) Lekin countryside so‘zi boshqa
ot oldidan aniqlovchi vazifasida keladigan
bo‘lsa, u holda a artiklidan ham foydalanish
mumkin: • The cottage is in a countryside
location.
county |ˈkaʊnti| n (pl -ies) (abbr Co.) graflik, o‘z-o‘zini boshqarish hududi = region,
province • He returned to his home county
in North Carolina. • A county usually consists
of several towns and the rural areas which
surround them. • Texas is divided into 254
counties. ► county, state or province? →
state22
coup |kuː| n (pl -s |kuːz|) 1 ijtimoiy tizimdagi keskin o‘zgarish, to‘ntarilish, burilish
= seizure of power, overthrow, takeover,
revolution • He seized power in a military
coup in 2008. • to stage/mount a coup • a
course
failed/an abortive coup • She lost her position in a coup. 2 kutilmagan muvaffaqiyatli
ish = success, triumph, accomplishment,
achievement • I got him to come to a party
which was something of a coup. • Beating
Arsenal was a major coup for the club.
couple |ˈkʌpl| n 1 ikki(ta), bir juft = pair •
I saw a couple of men get out. • They’ve got
a couple of children. • The film lasted a couple of hours. 2 bir nechta, ikki-uch = some,
a few, a handful of, one or two • We went
there a couple of years ago. • I’ve seen her a
couple of times before. • I’ll be with you in a
minute. There are a couple of things I have to
do first. • The last couple of years have been
difficult. 3 er-xotin, juftlik = husband and
wife • They are a charming couple. • They
make a beautiful couple. • An elderly couple
(BrE) live/(AmE) lives next door.
coupon |ˈkjuːpɑːn| n 1 kupon = token • To
find out more about our products, fill in the
coupon and send it to us at the address given below. 2 ma’lumotnoma = form • If you
collect ten coupons from the newspaper, you
can get a free beach towel.
courage |ˈkɜːrɪdʒ| n |U| mardlik, dadillik,
jasorat = bravery, nerve, daring, guts ≠
cowardice • He showed great courage and
determination. • I didn’t have the courage to
disagree with him. • It took me ages to summon/pluck up the courage to ask for a promotion. • moral/physical courage ► courage or bravery? Qarshilik va e’tirozlarni
mardlarcha yengib o‘tishga, yoki ularga
qarshi turishga nisbatan courage so‘zidan
foydalaniladi: • They lack the moral courage
to speak out against them; Xavf-xatar yoki
qiyinchiliklarni jasorat bilan yengib o‘tishga yoki ularga qarshi turishga nisbatan esa,
asosan, bravery ishlatiladi: • He received the
medal as an award for bravery in the war.
courier |ˈkʊriər| n kuryer, yetkazib beruvchi
= messenger, runner, letter carrier, deliverer • I’ll send a courier with the blueprints. •
I want to have this package delivered by motorcycle courier.
course |kɔːrs| n 1 kurs, dars = class, course
of study, program • I’m taking a maths
course. • She’s going on a painting course.
• [~ (in/on sth)] The hotel offers weekend
courses in a variety of subjects. • a French/
chemistry, etc. course • Tim did a three-year
course in linguistics at Newcastle. • I’d like to
(BrE) do/(AmE) take a writing course when I
retire. ► Course so‘zi on predlogi bilan ishlatiladi: • On this course you will learn how
to manage your time. (At/In this course ...)
Course biror fanni ifodalab kelganda esa
in predlogidan foydalaniladi, of dan emas:
• a course in Business Studies. (a course of
Business Studies) ► course, class or program? BrEda course deyilganda ma’lum
C
court
C
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bir fan yoki kasbga oid dars yoki darslar
jamlanmasi tushuniladi: • a physics course
• a course of ten lectures. AmEda ma’lum
bir fan yoki kasbga oid darsga course va
program so‘zlaridan foydalanish mumkin,
lekin darslar to‘plamiga esa, asosan, program so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • a physics
course/program • a program of ten lectures. AmEda bir semestr yoki bir chorakda
o‘qiladigan fan yoki darslarga ninsbatan,
odatda, course ishlatiladi, lekin kundalik hayotda ko‘pincha class yoki classes
so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • I have to take a
physics course/class. Bu BrEda module deb
yuritiladi, ayniqsa kollej va universitetlarda. BrEda program kollej yoki institutda
olingan ta’lim vaqt oralig‘iga nisbatan ham
ishlatilishi mumkin: • a two-year college
program. Imtihonga tayyorlanish jarayoni
BrEda course AmEda esa program, deb yuritiladi. 2 davolanish kursi • He’s taking a
course of antibiotics. 3 tortiladigan ovqat
tartibi/soni (birinchisi, ikkinchisi) • a fivecourse meal • The first course is soup, and
then you can have either fish or roast lamb.
4 yo‘nalish = route, way, track, direction •
He radioed the pilot to change course. • The
plane was on/off course. • They set a course
for the islands. ● (of) course ★ (inf) albatta, bo‘lmasamchi, ha, tabiiy(ki) = naturally,
as might be expected, as you/sb would
expect, certainly, sure, obviously, it goes
without saying • “Can I come, too?” “Course
you can.” • “Can I have one of those pens?”
“Of course — help yourself.” • Ben, of course,
was the last to arrive. • Of course, there are
other ways of doing this. • “Have you written
your English essay yet?” “Of course, I finished
it last week.” • “Are you going?” “Of course
not.” • “Do you mind?” “No, of course not.”
► Of course, odatda, aytilgan gapni odatiy
holligini, hayratda qoladigan joyi yo‘qligini ifodalashda ishlatiladi. Lekin bu to‘g‘ri
urg‘u bilan aytilmasa ba’zan qo‘pol eshitilishi ham mumkin: • “I expect you’re right.”
- “Of course I’m right.” (=“Albatda haqman,
sen nima deb o‘ylagan eding) Shuning
uchun uning o‘rniga ko‘pincha quyidagi
javoblardan foydalaniladi: • “Is this the
right room for the English class?” “Yes, it is.”
→ “Of course.” yoki “Of course it is.” • “Can
I borrow your dictionary?” “Certainly.” fml;
“Sure.” (inf) • “Do you mind if I borrow your
dictionary?” “Not at all.’; “Go ahead.” inf.
Agar­ biror­ gap­ yoki­ fikrga­ of course bilan
tasdiq yoki javob berilsa, bu, odatda, javobi
juda oddiy, bunday gapga o‘rin yo‘qligini,
u bunday deyishi kerak emasligini bildiradi: • “It is so hot, isn’t it?” “Of course it is.”
(=“Albatta shunday, - Sen nima deb o‘ylagan
eding, buni endi sezdingmi? Hamma bilib
turibdi-ku issiqligini ...) Agar javob berish-
dan bu narsalar nazarda tutilmagan bo‘lsa,
u holda odatdagi javoblardan foydalangan
ma’qulroq: • “It’s a lovely day.” “It certainly
is.’/‘Yes it is.” • “I think you’ll enjoy that play.”
“I’m sure I will.’/‘Yes, it sounds really good.’
court |kɔːrt| n 1 sud = courtroom, court of
appeal, appeal court, tribunal, law court,
courthouse • She will appear in court tomorrow. • The case took five years to come
to court.• There wasn’t enough evidence to
bring the case to court. • He won the court
case and was awarded damages. • the civil/
criminal courts. 2 the court sud a’zolari/
hakamlari • Please tell the court what you
saw when you opened the door. • The court
heard yesterday how the man collapsed and
died after being stabbed. 3 o‘yin maydoni •
a tennis/squash/badminton/volleyball/basketball/court • He won after only 52 minutes
on court. • The tennis courts are behind the
hotel. ► court or the court? → school ●
take sb to court sudga oshirmoq/bermoq
• They took their landlord to court for breaking the contract. • She’s threatening to take
me to court for not paying the bill on time.
courtesy |ˈkɜːrtəsi| n (pl -ies) xushmuomalalik, odob-axloq = politeness, courteousness, good manners, civility, respect • I was
treated with the utmost courtesy by the staff.
• It’s only common courtesy to tell the neighbours that we’ll be having a party. ■ adj
bepul ta’minlangan • A courtesy bus operates between the hotel and the town centre.
• The dealer will provide you with a courtesy
car while your vehicle is being repaired.
cousin ★ |ˈkʌzn| n jiyan, (amaki/
tog‘a)-vachcha • Daniel and Ralph are cousins - their mums are sisters. • He’s a distant
cousin of mine.
cover ★ |ˈkʌvər| v 1 qoplamoq, yopmoq,
to‘smoq = protect, shield, hide, conceal • [~
sth/sb (with sth)] She covered him (up) with
a blanket. • She covered her face with her
hands. • The light was so bright that I had
to cover my eyes. 2 yashirmoq = hide, mask,
disguise, conceal • He covered the hole in
the ground with branches. • She covered her
face with her hands. • (fig) He laughed to
cover his nervousness. 3 qoplamoq, o‘ramoq
= coat, cake, spread, rub, smear, daub •
Snow covered the ground. • Much of the
country is covered by forest. • [~ sb/sth in
sth] The players were soon covered in mud.
• [~ sb/sth by/with sth] How much of the
Earth’s surface is covered by/with water? 4
qamrab olmoq, o‘z ichiga olmoq = include,
take sth in, contain, incorporate, embrace,
encompass • The lectures covered a lot of
ground. • The new office will cover the whole
of Scotland. 5 xarajatlarni qoplamoq = pay
(for), be enough for, fund • $100 should cover your expenses. • The show barely covered
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its costs. • Does your travel insurance cover
you against/for the loss or theft of cash? 6
bosib o‘tmoq • They made good progress,
covering twenty miles a day. • They walked
for a long time and covered a good deal of
ground. 7 axborot bermoq, yoritmoq = report on, write about, describe • She’s covering the American election for BBC television.
• He was in Greece covering the Olympics.
8 o‘rniga turmoq, o‘rnini to‘ldirib turmoq
= stand­ in­ for,­ fill­ in­ for­ • I’m going to the
doctor’s tomorrow, so do you think you could
cover my shift for me? • Sorry, I’m already
covering for someone else. ● cover your
ass/butt/backside bo‘lishi mumkin
bo‘lgan ayblov/tanqidni oldini olish uchun
ish ko‘rib yurmoq • Get everything in writing in order to cover your back. • I kept
copies of my expense receipts, just to cover
myself. cover sth ↔ up ★ 1 yashirmoq,
sir saqlamoq = whitewash, conceal, hide,
keep secret • Mum’s worried, but she covers it up by joking. • It was a real scandal,
but the school tried to cover the whole thing
up. 2 o‘ra(n)moq, yop(in)moq • He covered
up the body with a sheet. • It’s freezing outside, so cover up. • Cover up, or stay out of
the sun. ■ n 1 qoplama, yopqich = wrapper,
wrapping, sheath, casing, covering, wrap •
duvet/cushion covers • Put a cover over the
meat to keep the flies off. • She put plastic
covers on all the furniture. 2 jild = binding,
jacket • Her face was on the cover of every
magazine. • She read the book from cover to
cover (=boshidan oxirigacha). 3 pana = shelter, protection • They ran for cover when it
started to rain. • The climbers took cover
from the storm in a cave.
coverage |ˈkʌvərɪdʒ| n |U| matbuot/radio/
televideniyada voqea-hodisalarni yoritish •
media/newspaper/press coverage • You can
see live coverage of England’s game against
France. • The allegations received widespread media coverage.
cow |kaʊ| n sigir • a field of cows • The farmer was milking a cow. • The cows were
grazing in the meadow.
coward |ˈkaʊərd| n qo‘rqoq, quyonyurak
= wimp, sissy, chicken, wuss ≠ hero • You
coward! What are you afraid of? • Try it.
Don’t be such a coward. ■ adj cowardly
nomardlarcha, qo‘rqoqlarcha = chicken-hearted, timid ≠ brave • This was a particularly brutal and cowardly attack.
crab |kræb| n krab (dengiz qisqichbaqasimon hayvoni) • This crab meat/salad is delicious! • All the shops on the seafront had
crab for sale.
crack |kræk| v 1 shiqirla(t)moq, qarsilla(t)
moq • The ice cracked as I stepped onto it. 2
darz ketmoq • I dropped a plate and cracked
it. • Her lips were dry and cracked. 3 qarsil-
crash
latib sin(dir)moq/bo‘lmoq • She cracked an
egg into the pan. • They used a hammer to
crack open the coconuts. ■ n 1 darz, yoriq,
siniq [~ (in sth)] • This cup has a crack in it.
• Cracks began to appear in the walls. • Her
ring fell down a crack in the floorboards.
2 darcha, yoriq • She peeped through the
crack in the curtains. • The door opened a
crack (=qiya, ozgina).
craft |kræft| n 1 qo‘l mehnati, kasb • traditional crafts like basket-weaving. • I bought
a wooden salad bowl at the local craft fair/
workshop. • They learned the craft of weaving. 2 suv/havo kemasi = vessel, ship, boat
• naval/civilian/patrol/rescue craft • Eighteen craft set out in the race. 3 mahorat =
skill, ability, capability, competence • The
musician spends years perfecting his craft. •
He knew how to win by craft and diplomacy
what he could not gain by force.
cram |kræm| v (-mm-) tiqishtirmoq, zichlab
joyla(n)moq, sig‘(dir)moq = push,­fill,­stuff,­
pack, crowd, pile, thrust • [~ sb/sth into/
onto sth] He crammed eight people into
his car. • [~ sth in] I could never cram in all
that she does in a day. • [~ sth + adv/prep]
I managed to cram down a few mouthfuls
of food. • [~ sth] Supporters crammed the
streets. • [~ sth full] I bought a large basket
and crammed it full of presents. • [~ into/
onto sth] We all managed to cram into his
car. ► cram, pack, stuff or jam? → pack
crane |kreɪn| n 1 kran • The container
slipped as the crane was lifting it onto the
ship. • The crane lifted the container off the
ship. 2 turna
crash |kræʃ| n 1 (AmEda, shuningdek, wreck)
to‘qnashuv, urishib ketish = accident,
collision • He was killed in a train crash. •
His car was badly damaged in the crash. 2
gursillash, qarsillash = bang, smash, smack,
crack • There was a loud crash in the kitchen. • The tree fell with a great crash. 3
qulash = collapse, failure • the 1987 stock
market crash 4 komputer/tizim buzilishi •
A systems crash in the morning and a bomb
scare in the afternoon provided enough excitement for one day. ■ v 1 to‘qnashmoq,
urishib ketmoq, zarb bilan urmoq = smash
into, collide with, be in collision with, hit
• Her brother borrowed her motorbike and
crashed it. • [~ sth (into sth)] He crashed his
car into a wall. • [~ into sth] A truck went
out of control and crashed into the back of
a bus. ► crash, slam or smash? Crash,
asosan, avtoulovlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi
va predlogsiz ham ishlatilishi mumkin: •
We’re going to crash, aren’t we? “To‘qnashmoq” ma’nosida slam va smash doim predlog bilan keladi va har qanday narsaning
to‘qnashuviga nisbatan ishlatilishi mumkin:
• The plane slammed into the building after
C
crawl
C
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losing an engine shortly after take-off. • The
bottle smashed against a wall; Crash ham
agar predlog bilan ishlatiladigan bo‘lsa,
har qanday narsaga ishlatilishi mumkin: •
He crashed down the telephone receiver. 2
gursillamoq, shovqin bilan -moq = smash,
wreck; total • Thunder crashed overhead. •
The ladder crashed onto the floor. • [~ adj]
The door crashed open. 3 qulamoq, barbod
bo‘lmoq • The company crashed with debts
of £50 million. • Share prices crashed to an
all-time low yesterday. 4 buzilmoq • Files
can be lost if the system suddenly crashes. •
My laptop’s crashed again.
crawl |krɔːl| v 1 emaklamoq, = creep,
worm sb’s way, go on all fours • The baby
has just started to crawl. • She crawled under the fence. • We crawled into bed at 2
am. 2 ezmalanmoq, juda sekin ketmoq/
o‘tmoq • The traffic was crawling along.
• The weeks crawled by. 3 o‘rmalamoq •
There’s a spider crawling up your leg.
crazy ★ |ˈkreɪzi| adj (-ier, -iest) inf 1 ahmoq,
jinni, telba, es-hushidan ayrilgan, aqldan
ozgan; ahmoqona = mad, insane, out of sb’s
mind, stupid, foolish, idiotic, silly ≠ sane,
sensible • Are you crazy? We could get killed
doing that. • It was a crazy idea to go mountain-climbing in sandals. • The crowd went
crazy when the band came on stage. • I know
it sounds crazy but it just might work. • She’s
crazy — she ought to be locked up. • You’re
so beautiful you’re driving me crazy. ► crazy, stupid, silly, foolish, dumb, mad or
mentally ill? Stupid, silly, foolish, dumb va
mad odamlar va ularning xatti-harakatiga
nisbatan ishlatilishi mumkin. Lekin kundalik hayotda odamlar foolish dan ko‘ra
ko‘proq silly yoki stupid so‘zlaridan foydalanishni afzal ko‘rishadi: • It was a silly
thing to say. • I felt a bit stupid when she said
no. Crazy bular ichida eng ko‘p qo‘llaniladigani hisoblanadi va bundan tashqari u
ahmoqona­ va­ xavfli­ ish­ harakatlarga­ ham­
ishlatilishi mumkin: • It was crazy to hope
that good might come out of this mess. Bu
so‘zlardan boshqalarga qarata ishlatishda
ehtiyot bo‘lish kerak chunki bu so‘zlarning
hammasi haqorat yoki mazah qilish uchun
ishlatiladigan qo‘pol so‘zlar hisoblanadi,
ayniqsa, ular rostdan ham aqli zaif odamlar
bo‘ladigan bo‘lsa. Shuning uchun ularning
o‘rniga­aqli­zaiflarga­nisbatan­mentally ill/
disabled/handicapped so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • We have to care about the needs
of the mentally ill and the mentally handicapped. 2 jahli chiqmoq, qo‘zib qolmoq
• That noise is driving me crazy. • Marie
says he went crazy, and smashed the room
up. 3 mukkasidan ketgan, ishqibozi, jinnisi = passionate about, (very) keen on, wild
about, mad about ≠ indifferent, apathetic •
[~ (about sth)] Rick is crazy about football.
• He’s football-crazy. • Lorna is completely
crazy about her boyfriend. • I’m not crazy
about Chinese food.
creak |kriːk| n g‘ichir(lagan tovush) =
squeak, grate • The gate swung open with a
creak. ■ v g‘ichirlamoq = scratch, grit • The
chair creaked as she sat down. • [~ adj] The
door creaked open.
cream |kriːm| n 1 |U| qaymoq • I like strawberries and cream. • Would you like milk
or cream in your coffee? • fresh/whipped
cream 2 krem = lotion, ointment • face/
hand cream • shaving/shoe cream • Put
some sun cream on to protect your face. 3
molochniy/qaymoq rang • Do you have this
blouse in cream? ■ adj qaymoq rang, molochniy = off-white, whitish, cream-colored
• He was wearing a cream shirt. • Do you like
our new cream carpet?
create |kriˈeɪt| v 1 yaratmoq, vujudga
kel(tir)moq = make, produce, form, build,
generate, develop, establish ≠ destroy •
Her behaviour is creating a lot of problems.
• The main purpose of industry is to create
wealth. • Scientists believe the universe was
created by a big explosion. • The government
plans to create more jobs for young people.
► create or make? → make1 2 hosil/paydo qilmoq, sabab bo‘lmoq = cause, produce,
stimulate, arouse, result in sth, lead to sth,
bring sth about, provoke • The company is
trying to create a young energetic image. •
The announcement only succeeded in creating confusion.
creation |kriˈeɪʃn| n 1 |U| yaratish, hosil
qilish = establishment, formation, foundation ≠ destruction • Our aim is the creation
of new jobs for young unemployed people. •
Their policies are all towards the creation of
wealth. 2 o‘zgacha yaratilgan/tayyorlangan
narsa = work, work of art, production •
The cake was a delicious creation of sponge,
cream and fruit. • What an amazing creation you’re wearing!
creative |kriˈeɪtɪv| adj yaratuvchan, yangicha g‘oyalarga boy = inventive, imaginative, innovative • She’s very creative — she
writes poetry and paints. • Do you have any
ideas? You’re the creative one. • This job is so
boring. I wish I could do something more creative. • a creative person/artist/designer/
programmer • creative talents/powers/
abilities • creative thinking ■ adv creatively • The students are encouraged to think
creatively. • Power can be used creatively or
destructively. ■ n creativity yaratuvchanlik
• Too many rules might kill creativity. • Creativity, ingenuity and flair are the songwriter’s real talents.
creator |kriˈeɪtər| n 1­ yaratuvchi,­ kashfiyotchi = author, writer, designer, originator,
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inventor • Walt Disney, the creator of Mickey Mouse • He’s the creator of a successful
“Twins” series. 2 Yaratgan (Xudo) • The
power of the Creator over all his creatures is
entirely uncontrollable.
creature |ˈkriːtʃər| n 1 jonzot, mavjudot,
maxluqot = animal, beast, living thing/being • We try not to harm any living creature.
• Blue whales are the largest creatures ever
to have lived. 2 odam, inson = person, individual, human being • John is a strange/
weak/pathetic creature. • A lovely blonde
creature walked into the room.
credentials |krəˈdenʃlz| n pl 1 malaka, ixtisos = previous achievements, training,
general background [~ (as/for sth)] • She
has impeccable credentials as a researcher.
• Her academic credentials include an MA
and a PhD. 2 ishonch yorlig‘i = documents,
documentation,­ certificates­ • The commissioner presented his credentials to the State
Department.
credibility |ˌkredəˈbɪləti| n |U| ishonch(lilik)
= reliability, authority • The jury had doubts
about the credibility of some of the witnesses. • The scandal has damaged his credibility
as a leader.
credible |ˈkredəbl| adj ishonchli, ishonarli
= believable ≠ inconceivable • She was not
a credible witness. • Her excuse was barely
credible. ■ adv credibly ishonch bilan • We
can credibly describe the band’s latest album
as their best yet.
credit |ˈkredɪt| n 1 kredit, qarzga sotib olish
= loan,­advance,­financing,­installments­• We
bought the dishwasher on credit. • We give
purchasers six months’ credit. • Your credit
limit is now £2 000. • He’s a bad credit risk
(=Uni qarzni qaytarib berishi ehtimoldan
yiroq). ► credit or loan? Loan deganda
pul qarz olib, biror muddatdan so‘ng qaytarib berish tushuniladi; credit esa bankda,
hisob-kitobda va pul aylanmalarida ishlatiladigan umumiy termin hisoblanadi. 2 bank
hisobidagi pul mablag‘i • Her credit is good.
• Now I’ve paid in that cheque, I’m in credit again. 3 obro‘, faxr = reputation, repute,
image, name • She is a credit to her family.
• She does her teachers credit. 4 |U| maqtov,
e’tibor = praise, commendation, acclaim,
acknowledgment [~ (for sth)] • The professor took all the credit for the invention. • We
did all the work and she gets all the credit! •
She got no credit for solving the problem. • I
can’t take all the credit for the show’s success
— it was a team effort. ► credit or praise?
→ praisen 5 credits pl ko‘mak berganlar •
Her name appears in the credits. ■ v 1 bank
hisobraqamiga pul qo‘ymoq/o‘tkazmoq =
deposit ≠ debit • [~ A (with B)] Your account
has been credited with $50 000. • [~ B (to A)]
$50 000 has been credited to your account.
crime
2 ishonmoq, asosli deb bilmoq = believe,
accept, trust • It was hard to credit some of
the stories we heard about her. • [~ A with B]
The company is credited with inventing the
industrial robot. • [~ B to A] The invention
of the industrial robot is credited to the company. 3 -dan deb bilmoq, sababli bo‘lmoq
= ascribe, attribute, assign, accredit • [~ to
sb/sth] Much of Manchester United’s success
can be credited to their manager.
credit card n kredit/plastic kartochka •
Do they take credit cards at this shop? • We
accept all major credit cards.
creditor |ˈkredɪtər| n kreditor, qarz beruvchi
= lender ≠ debtor • The company couldn’t
pay its creditors.
creep |kriːp| v (crept, crept |krept|) 1 pismayib/sekin-asta harakatlanmoq, o‘rmalamoq = tiptoe, crawl • They crept softly
down the stairs. • She turned off the light
and crept through the door. • The spider
crept up the wall. 2 ohista harakatlanmoq,
sekin yurmoq • The traffic was creeping
along the motorway because of the fog. •
His arm crept around her shoulder. ● give
sb the creeps qo‘rqitmoq, etini jimirlatib yubormoq • This old house gives me the
creeps. • Living next to a graveyard would
give me the creeps.
crew |kruː| n 1 ekipaj, kema/samolyot xodimlari • The aircraft has/carries a crew
of seven. • None of the passengers and crew
were injured. 2 ishchi xodimlar/guruh =
team, group • an ambulance/lifeboat crew •
a TV/film/camera crew • He is a member of
our camera crew.
cricket |ˈkrɪkɪt| n 1 kriket o‘yini • We are
going to a cricket match this afternoon. • a
cricket match/team/club/ball 2 chigirtka •
the chirping of crickets
crime ★ |kraɪm| n 1 |U| jinoyat, huquqbuzarlik, qonunbuzarlik = lawbreaking, delinquency, wrongdoing • We must try to reduce
the levels of crime. • an increase in violent
crime • the fight against crime • He has admitted committing several petty/serious crimes,
including two murders. • The defendant is
accused of/charged with a range of crimes,
from theft to murder. • He turned to crime
when he dropped out of school. • The crime
rate is rising. ► crime or offence? Kundalik hayotda jiddiyroq jinoyatlarga, masalan qotillik yoki zo‘ravonliklarga offence
so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq crime so‘zidan foydalaniladi. Offence, asosan, yengil jinoyatlar, masalan tezlikni oshirgani, qurol olib
yurish yoki qora dorilardan foydalanish
kabi jinoyatlarga ishlatiladi. Lekin rasmiy
hujjatlarda hamma jinoyatlarga nisbatan,
asosan, offence so‘zi ishlatiladi: • In Britain the Consumer Protection Act makes it a
criminal offence to sell goods that are unsafe.
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criminal
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2 |C| jinoyat = offense, unlawful act, illegal
act • More crimes are committed at night
than during the daytime. • [~ against sb] The
massacre was a crime against humanity. • A
knife was found at the scene of the crime. •
crime fiction/novels • crime figures/statistics • She’s a crime writer. ► Jinoyat sodir
etmoq ma’nosida do yoki make fe’llaridan
emas, commit yoki carry out fe’llaridan
foydalaniladi: • I have never committed any
crime. (I have never done/made any crime.)
3 yomon/noto‘g‘ri ish = sin • It would be a
crime to spend such a beautiful day indoors.
criminal |ˈkrɪmɪnl| adj 1 jinoiy = unlawful,
illegal, illicit ≠ lawful • Stealing is a criminal
offence. • You could face criminal charges.
• There is not enough evidence to start
criminal proceedings against him. 2 juda
noto‘g‘ri, adolatdan emas = wicked ≠ commendable • It’s criminal to charge so much
for a book. • The way we waste this planet’s
resources is criminal. ■ n jinoyatchi = lawbreaker, offender, villain • Today’s problem
child may be tomorrow’s criminal. • Many of
the country’s toughest criminals are held in
this prison.
crimson adj to‘q qizil, qirmizi = dark red •
She went/turned crimson with embarrassment. • She was crimson with rage.
crinkle |ˈkrɪŋkl| v g‘ijimlamoq, bujmay(tir)
moq = wrinkle • She crinkled (up) her nose
in distaste. • The pages crinkled and curled
and turned to ashes in the fire. ■ adj crinkly g‘ijim, burama, bujmaygan = wrinkled,
wrinkly • She looked fondly at his crinkly
face. • The paper was brown and crinkly at
the edges.
crisis |ˈkraɪsɪs| n |C,U| (pl crises |ˈkraɪsiːz|) 1
inqiroz, krizis, tanazzul = emergency, disaster, catastrophe • The business is still in crisis. 2 muammolar girdobi, mushkul vaziyat
= mess, trouble • We provide help to families
in crisis situations. • In times of crisis I know
which friends I can turn to. • He seems to be
going through a crisis.
crisp |krɪsp| adj qarsildoq, suvli = crunchy,
crispy ≠ soft • These biscuits are not crisp
any more, they have gone soft. • Pick an apple off the tree, they’re really very crisp. • a
crisp apple/lettuce ■ n qovurilgan kortoshka, chips • A packet of crisps, please.
criterion |kraɪˈtɪriən| n (pl criteria |kraɪˈtɪriə|)
mezon, talab = standard, measure, guide •
Does the candidate meet/satisfy all our criteria? • What criteria are used for assessing
a student’s ability?
critic |ˈkrɪtɪk| n tanqidchi, qarshi chiquvchi
= reviewer, commentator, attacker • She’s a
film/theatre critic for The Times. • The play
has been well received by the critics.
critical |ˈkrɪtɪkl| adj 1 tanqidiy, qarshi
(fikr­ bildirgan) = censorious, condemn-
ing ≠ complimentary • [~ of sb/sth] Tom’s
parents were highly critical of the school. •
The report was highly critical of the actor. •
Students are encouraged to develop critical
thinking instead of accepting opinions without questioning them. • His last film won/
received critical acclaim. 2 juda muhim =
important, crucial, vital, essential ≠ unimportant • It is absolutely critical for us to
know the truth. • Foreign trade is of critical
importance to the economy. • Your decision
is critical to our future. 3 juda jiddiy/og‘ir =
serious, dangerous, risky ≠ safe • He is still
in a critical condition in hospital. • With the
enemy attacking on all sides, our position
was becoming critical. ■ adv critically 1
tanqidiy ravishda • She spoke critically of
her father. • I looked at myself critically in
the mirror. 2 juda og‘ir/jiddiy • He is critically ill in intensive care. • They were both
critically injured in the crash.
criticize (BrEda, shuningdek -ise) |ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz|
v 1­ tanqid­ qilmoq,­ qarshi­ fikr­ bildirmoq,­
aybini topmoq = attack,­condemn,­find­fault­
with, blame (inf) knock, pan ≠ praise • The
design of the new car has been criticised. •
All you ever do is criticize! • Ron does nothing but criticize and complain all the time.
• [~ sb/sth for sth] The government has
been criticized for not taking the problem
seriously. 2 tahlil/muhokama qilmoq = find­
fault with, censure • We were taught how
to criticize poems. • We’re a group of artists
who meet to discuss things and criticize each
other’s work.
criticism |ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm| n |U,C| tanqid, ayb
yoki kamchiligini aytish = disapproval, attack, assault • Ben is very sensitive, he just
can’t take criticism. • [~ of/about sb/sth] I
have a few criticisms to make of/about your
speech. • [~ that…] My only criticism of the
house is that it is on a main road.
crocodile |ˈkrɑːkədaɪl| (shuningdek, (inf)
croc) n timsoh • Crocodiles lay on the banks
of the river waiting for the animals to come
to drink.
crooked |ˈkrʊkɪd| adj 1 qiyshiq, qing‘ir, egri
= winding, twisting, bent, twisted ≠ straight
• That picture is crooked. • You have to drive
slowly on these crooked country roads. •
His front teeth are crooked. 2 qing‘ir/yomon ishlarni qiladigan = dishonest, bent
≠ law-abiding, honest • a crooked businessman/deal • All the officials are crooked. ■
adv crookedly • She smiled crookedly at
me, turned and left.
crop |krɑːp| n 1 ekin, hosil = harvest, year’s
growth, yield • Sugar is an important crop
on the island. • crop rotation/production/
yield • They’re all out planting the crops today. • We had a wonderful crop of potatoes/a
wonderful potato crop this year. 2 guruh =
139
batch, lot • The judges will select the best
from this year’s crop of first novels. 3 kalta
soch turmagi • She’s had a very short crop.
■ v sochini kaltalatmoq = cut short, cut,
clip • Stella’s had her hair closely cropped.
• He had his hair cropped when he went into
the army. ● crop up (inf) to‘satdan sodir
bo‘lmoq, kutilmaganda chiqib qolmoq =
come up, arise • His name just cropped up
in conversation. • I’ll be late — something‘s
cropped up at work.
cross |krɔːs| n |C| krest (X) belgisi • There
is a cross on the top of the church tower. • I
got all the answers wrong - look, the teacher
put a cross against all of them! ■ v 1 (kesib)
o‘tmoq • It was the first time she had crossed
the Atlantic. • [~ over sth] He crossed over
the road and joined me. • [~ (over) (from…)
(to/into…)] We crossed from Dover to Calais.
• They crossed the mountains into Spain. •
A look of annoyance crossed her face. 2 ustma-ust qo‘ymoq/tushmoq, tutashmoq • He
crossed his arms and looked annoyed. • She
sat down and crossed her legs. • The road
crosses the railway line about 10 km from
here. ■ adj jahli chiqqan, ranjigan = angry,
annoyed [~ (with sb)] • The teacher will be
cross with you for missing school. • Don’t be
cross - the children were only trying to help.
• Please don’t get cross. Let me explain. ●
cross sb/sth ↔ off/out ro‘yxatdan o‘chirmoq/chiqarib tashlamoq, olib tashlamoq =
delete, strike out • We can cross his name
off; he’s not coming. • If you think it’s wrong,
cross it out and write it again. cross your
fingers Xudodan tilamoq • I’m just going
to cross my fingers and hope it works. • It’s
her exam this morning so cross your fingers.
cross sb’s mind xayolidan o‘tmoq, xayoliga kelmoq • It didn’t cross her mind that she
might be doing something illegal.
crossing |ˈkrɔːsɪŋ| n 1 kesib o‘tish, tutashgan joy • How long is the crossing from
England to Germany? • He was arrested by
guards at the border crossing. 2 kesib o‘tish
joyi/yo‘lagi • Cars have to take care at the
railway crossing. • The child was killed when
a car failed to stop at the crossing.
crossroads |ˈkrɔːsroʊdz| n (pl crossroads)
chorraha • At the next crossroads, turn right.
• (fig) He has reached a career crossroads.
crossword |ˈkrɔːswɜːrd| (shuningdek,
crossword puzzle) n krossvord, so‘zli boshqotirma • I’ve finished the crossword apart
from 3 across and 10 down. • I do the Times
crossword every morning.
crouch |kraʊtʃ| v cho‘kkalamoq, cho‘kkalab o‘tirmoq = squat, bend (down) • She
crouched down to talk to the child.
crow |kroʊ| n 1 qarg‘a 2 qag‘illash = cry,
squawk, screech, caw ■ v qichqirmoq,
qag‘g‘illamoq • A cock began to crow.
cruel
crowd ★ |kraʊd| n |C| (ham birlik, ham
ko‘plik fe’li bilan kelishi mumkin) 1 omma,
olomon, guruh, to‘p = audience, mass, herd,
flock,­ bunch­• A crowd of about 15,000 attended the concert. • The boys disappeared
into the crowd. • Police had to break up the
crowd. • Crowds of people poured into the
street. 2 oddiy xalq = majority, common
people • He prefers to be one of the crowd.
• She’s quite happy to follow the crowd. ■
v guruh bo‘lib to‘planmoq, to‘dalashib
-moq = cluster,­ flock­ • The children were
crowding round their teacher. • As soon as
he appeared, reporters crowded round. • We
all crowded into her office to sing “Happy
Birthday”.
crowded |ˈkraʊdɪd| adj (odamlar bilan) gavjum, to‘la, tiqilinch = packed,­ full,­ filled­ to­
capacity, overcrowded, jam-packed, stuffed
≠ deserted • London is very crowded. • The
town gets very crowded during the holiday
season. • [~ (with sth)] In the spring the
place is crowded with skiers.
crown |kraʊn| n toj • The crown was placed
upon the new monarch’s head. • In 1553 the
crown passed from Edward VI to Mary. • He
lost his world crown to the Korean champion.
• a crown of wild flowers ■ v 1 toj kiymoq •
The Queen was crowned in Westminster Abbey. • [~ sb + n] The prince was soon to be
crowned King of England. 2 muvaffaqiyatli
yakunlamoq = round off, cap, be the climax
of • He crowned his career by winning a gold
medal.
crucial |ˈkruːʃl| adj juda muhim, asosiy, hal
qiladigan = critical, vital, essential, of the
essence,­ decisive,­ important,­ significant ≠
minor, unimportant • a crucial decision/
question/factor/issue • [~ to/for sth] Winning this contract is crucial to the success of
the company. • [~ that…] It is crucial that we
get this right. • Parents play a crucial role
in preparing their child for school. • The
conservation of tropical forests is of crucial
importance. • He wasn’t there at the crucial
moment.
crude |kruːd| adj 1 ishlov berilmagan, oddiy,
sodda = unrefined,­ unpurified,­ primitive,­
simple ≠­ refined,­ sophisticated­ • The boxes were used as a crude table and chairs. •
a crude device/weapon 2 nojo‘ya, axloqsiz,
qo‘pol = vulgar, rude, naughty ≠ decent, inoffensive • a crude remark/comment • His
language was often crude. ■ adv crudely
• To put it crudely, the poor are going without food so that the rich can drive cars. • a
crudely drawn picture
cruel |ˈkruːəl| adj shafqatsiz, zolim, ozor beradigan = brutal, savage, vicious, inhuman,
ruthless ≠ kind, humane [~ (to sb/sth)] •
Don’t be so cruel! • It was cruel of him to
mention her weight problem. • Fate played
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cruelty
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140
a cruel trick on him when he was badly injured in his first international game. ► cruel or brutal? Brutal, asosan, zo‘ravon yoki
qotillarga nisbatan ishlatiladi va jismoniy
aziyatga urg‘u beradi. • He was imprisoned
in 1945 for the brutal murder of a 12-year
old girl; Cruel esa jismoniy aziyatdan tashqari aqliy va ma’naviy aziyat yetkazuvchilarga ham ishlatilishi mumkin. Cruel har
xil ma’noda, ba’zan “shafqatsiz” ba’zan esa
“qo‘pol” ma’nolarida ham kelishi mumkin. Brutal esa doim shafqatsiz ma’nosida
keladi va doim cruel so‘zidan kuchliroq
hissiyotni ifodalab keladi. 2 azobli, og‘ir
botadigan = harsh, severe, bitter ≠ mild • a
cruel punishment/joke • Her father’s death
was a cruel blow. • Don’t tease him about his
weight - it’s cruel. ■ adv cruelly = sorely
• The dog had been cruelly treated. • I was
cruelly deceived.
cruelty |ˈkruːəlti| n (pl -ies) shafqatsizlik,
zolimlik, dilozorlik = brutality, savagery,
inhumanity [~ (to sb/sth)] • The farmer
was accused of cruelty to animals. • She was
shocked by the cruelty of his words.
cruise |kruːz| n dengiz sayohati = sail, boat
trip, crossing, voyage • When he retired they
went on a cruise round the Mediterranean.
• I’d love to go on a round-the-world cruise.
■ v kemada sayohat qilmoq = sail, voyage,
journey • They spent May cruising in the Aegean Sea. • [~ adv/prep] They cruised down
the Nile. • The ship cruised from island to island. ■ n cruising sayohat qilish • Mediterranean/luxury cruising • a popular cruising
area/ground
crush |krʌʃ| v 1 majaqlamoq, ez(g‘ila)moq,
maydalamoq = squash, squeeze, crease •
The car was completely crushed under the
truck. • The package had been badly crushed
in the post. 2 sig‘(ish)moq, tiq(il)moq •
Over twenty prisoners were crushed into a
small dark cell. 3 maydalamoq, yanchmoq
= pound, grind • Add two cloves of crushed
garlic.
crust |krʌst| n 1 ustki qattiq qatlam = covering, layer, coating • The mud had formed
a thick crust on the surface of the road. 2
pishirilgan narsaning ustki qattiq qismi,
garbushka • You can cut the crusts off the
sandwiches.
crutch |krʌʧ| n qo‘ltiqtayoq • After the accident I spent six months on crutches.
cry ★ |kraɪ| v (-ies, -ying, -ied) 1 yig‘lamoq
= be in tears, sob, whimper, whine, weep ≠
laugh • It’s all right. Don’t cry. • The baby
cried when her mother took away her toys.
• Cutting up onions makes me cry. • I just
couldn’t stop crying. • [~ for sb/sth] The
baby was crying for its mother. • He cried
for joy when he heard that his son had been
found alive and well. • [~ about/over sth]
There’s nothing to cry about. • [~ with sth]
He felt like crying with rage. • [~ speech]
“Waaa!” she cried. • She cried bitter tears
when she got the letter. ► cry or be in
tears? Be in tears cry so‘zidan ko‘ra rasmiyroq va badiiyroq eshitiladi va asosan, yosh
bolalarning yig‘isiga nisbatan ishlatiladi:
• He was in floods of tears on the phone. 2
qichqirmoq, baqirmoq, hayqirmoq = shout,
yell, scream, cry out, call, shriek ≠ whisper
• [~ speech] “You’re safe!” Tom cried in delight. • “Help!” he cried out. • [~ for sth] She
ran to the window and cried for help. • She
tried to stop herself from crying out. • to cry
out in fear/alarm/pain ► cry, scream,
shout or yell? Ko‘chirma gaplarda, odatda,
cry so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • “Get me out of
here!” she cried; Scream, odatda, qo‘rquvdan
qichqirganda yoki baqirganda ishlatiladi
va u, odatda, so‘zlardan emas faqat baland
tovushdan, qichqiriqdan iborat bo‘ladi: •
As he grabbed her arm, she screamed and
tried to get away. (... she cried/shouted and
tried to get away.) Shout va yell esa, asosan,
“baqirib chaqirmoq” yoki “baqirib gapirmoq” ma’nolarida ishlatiladi: • Alex shouted something to me across the street. (Alex
cried/screamed something ...) • Don’t you
yell at me like that! ■ n 1 qichqiriq, chaqiruv = call, shout, exclamation, yell • No one
heard her cries for help. • to give a cry of anguish/despair/relief/surprise/terror, etc. 2
yig‘i = sob, weep • I felt a lot better after a
good long cry. • a cry of pain
crystal |ˈkrɪstl| n kristall, billur, tosh • The
salt formed crystals at the bottom of the jar.
• We bought them a set of crystal bowls.
cub |kʌb| n hayvonlar (onasidan ajramagan)
bolasi • A lioness is guarding her cubs. • a
tiger and her cubs.
cube |kjuːb| n 1 kub (olti teng tomonli
kvadratdan tashkil topgan shakl) = dice
• Cut the meat into cubes. 2 kubli bo‘lak =
block, lump • He put two cubes of sugar in
his tea. • The ice cubes chinked in the glasses.
3 (matematika) biror sonning kubi (3 karra
ko‘paytirilgani) • 27 is the cube of 3. • The
cube of 5 (53) is 125 (5×5×5). • 2 cubed (=2 x
2 x 2) equals 8, and is written 23.
cucumber |ˈkjuːkʌmbər| n |C,U| bodring • A
cucumber was sliced into rounds. • Peel the
cucumber and chop it into small cubes.
cuddle |ˈkʌdl| v quchoqlamoq, bag‘riga bosmoq = hug, embrace, clasp • [~ sth (+ adj)]
The little boy cuddled the teddy bear close. ■
n bag‘riga bosish, quchoqlash • She picked
up her daughter and gave her a cuddle.
cue |kjuː| n 1 ishora, alomat, dalolat = signal,
sign, indication, hint • [~ (for sth)] Jon’s arrival was a cue for more champagne. • [~ (to
do sth)] I think that’s my cue to explain why
I’m here. 2 billiard kiyasi
141
cultivate |ˈkʌltɪveɪt| v (fml) 1 yer haydamoq, yerga ishlov bermoq, madaniylashtirmoq = till, plow, dig • The land around here
has never been cultivated. • Most of the land
there is too poor to cultivate. 2 yetishtirmoq, o‘stirmoq = grow, raise • The people
cultivate mainly rice and beans. • The villagers cultivate mostly maize and beans.
► Kundalik hayotda cultivate so‘zidan
ko‘ra ko‘proq grow so‘zidan foydalaniladi:
• They have been growing grapes there for
hundreds of years. ■ n cultivation • fertile
land that is under cultivation • rice/wheat,
etc. cultivation • Sugar cane cultivation is in
decline on the island.
cultural ★ |ˈkʌltʃərəl| adj madaniy = ethnic, racial, folk • There will be cultural activities available such as a visit to the museum.
• They organised a series of cultural events.
• In the later Middle Ages, Prague was an
important cultural centre. • cultural diversity/differences • cultural heritage • cultural
activities • a cultural centre • a cultural desert/wasteland ■ adv culturally • The two
cities are culturally very similar. • Historically and culturally, Britain has always been
linked to the continent.
culture ★ |ˈkʌltʃər| n 1 madaniyat = civilization, society, way of life, lifestyle, customs, traditions, heritage • She’s studying
modern Japanese language and culture. •
European/Islamic/Western/American, etc.
culture • working-class culture • American
culture has been exported all over the world.
• The children are taught to respect different cultures. 2 san’at = the arts • If you’re
looking for culture, then Paris is the place for
you. • Venice is a beautiful city full of culture
and history. 3 tuzum, nizom, shakl • The
two firms have very different corporate cultures. • The political cultures of the United
States and Europe are very different.
cumulative |ˈkjuːmjəleɪtɪv| adj birgalikda, qo‘shilgan = increasing, accumulative,
growing, collective • The cumulative effect
of using so many chemicals on the land could
be disastrous. • Learning is a cumulative
process. ■ adv cumulatively • Cumulatively, these archaeological discoveries give a
very clear picture of Celtic life.
cunning |ˈkʌnɪŋ| adj 1 ayyor = crafty, deceitful, devious, sly honest • a cunning plan
• He was as cunning as a fox. • That cunning
old rogue is up to something, I’m sure. 2 aqlli
va tajribali, ustasi farang • It was a cunning
piece of detective work. ■ adv cunningly
• The microphone was cunningly concealed
in the bookcase. ■ n cunning ayyorlik • He
showed cunning in his attempts to hide his
mistake.
cup ★ |kʌp| n 1 chashka, krujka = teacup,
coffee cup, mug • Would you like a cup
curious
of tea? • He drank two cups of coffee. • a
plastic/paper cup • a coffee cup/teacup •
two cups of flour and half a cup of butter 2
kubok = trophy, loving cup, award • He has
won three cups for golf. • The World Cup is
an important championship.
cupboard |ˈkʌbərd| n shkaf = cabinet, unit,
wardrobe, locker, pantry • Put the jam in
the kitchen cupboard. • a built-in cupboard
• I found my tennis racket at the back of the
cupboard.
curable |ˈkjʊrəbl| adj davosi bor, davolasa
bo‘ladigan ≠ incurable • Most skin cancers
are curable if treated early.
curb |kɜːrb| v nazorat qilmoq, tiyib turmoq,
bosmoq = restrain, hold back/in, keep back
• He needs to learn to curb his temper. • The
Government should act to curb inflation.
• You really need to curb your spending. ■
n tutib turuvchi kuch, limit, me’yor = restraint, restriction, check • [~ (on sth)] You
must try to put a curb on your bad temper/
spending habits. • We are trying to keep a
curb on their activities.
cure |kjʊr| n davo, shifo = remedy, medicine,
treatment, therapy • Doctors are still trying
to find a cure for colds. • The only real cure
is rest. ■ v davolamoq = heal (inf) make sb
better • Will you be able to cure him, Doctor?
• TB is a serious illness, but it can be cured.
curiosity |ˌkjʊriˈɑːsəti| n (pl -ies) 1 |U|, sl
bilishga bo‘lgan qiziqish = interest, spirit of
inquiry [~ (about sth)] • Children show curiosity about everything. • I’m burning with
curiosity - you must tell me who’s won! • The
letter wasn’t addressed to me but I opened
it out of curiosity. • “Why do you ask?” “Oh,
just idle curiosity” • Margaret looked at him
with curiosity. 2 qiziqlik, g‘ayrioddiylik •
The museum is full of historical curiosities. •
I kept this old pot for its curiosity value.
curious ★ |ˈkjʊriəs| adj 1 qiziqqon, bilishga qiziqadigan = nosy/nosey, interested,
eager to know ≠ uninterested • He is such a
curious boy, always asking questions. • “Why
did you ask?” “I was just curious.” • [~ (to do
sth)] I’m curious to know what happened
at the meeting. • [~ (about sth)] They were
very curious about the people who lived upstairs. • Babies are curious about everything
around them. 2 qiziq(arli), g‘alati, ajabtovur
= strange, odd, bizarre, funny, weird ≠ ordinary • We found a curious object. • A curious
thing happened to me yesterday. • [~ that…]
It’s curious that no one knew where he lived.
• There was a curious-looking man standing
outside. ■ adv curiously qiziqib, ajablanarli = strangely, oddly • “Are you really an
artist?” Sara asked curiously. • Curiously
(enough) (=qizig‘i shundaki), there didn’t
seem to be a bank in the town.
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curl
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142
curl |kɜːrl| v g‘ujanak bo‘lmoq/qilmoq,
bur(al)moq = roll, coil, wind, twist • My hair
curls naturally. • As she talked, she curled a
strand of hair on one finger. • [~ adv/prep]
The cat curled into a ball and went to sleep.
• [~ sth (+ adv/prep)] She curled her legs
up under her. ■ n jingalak soch = ringlet,
corkscrew • The little girl looked lovely with
her golden curls. • The baby had dark eyes
and dark curls. ● curl up buralib g‘ujanak
bo‘lmoq • She curled up in the chair and
went to sleep. • Sam’s hands curled up into
fists.
curly |ˈkɜːrli| adj (-ier, -iest) jingalak = wavy,
curling, curled ≠ straight • He has blond
curly hair. • I wish my hair was curly. • a
curly-headed boy • These pigs all have curly
tails.
currency |ˈkɜːrənsi| n (pl -ies) 1 |C,U| pul
birligi, valuta = money, legal tender, cash,
banknotes • I want to change my pounds
into French currency. • the buying and selling of foreign currencies 2 ko‘plab odamlar
tomonidan tan olingan/ishlatiladi = prevalence, circulation, exposure, acceptance
• The term “post-industrial” now has wide
currency. • The idea was common currency
in European political life.
current ★ |ˈkɜːrənt| adj 1 ayni paytdagi/
vaqtdagi, amaldagi, hozirgi = contemporary, present-day, modern, present ≠ past,
former • Who is the current prime minister
of Japan? • Is this your current address? •
The word “thou” is no longer in current use.
• There are several reasons for the current
political situation. • Given current trends,
car usage will increase. 2 hali ham mavjud,
amalda = prevalent, prevailing, common,
valid ≠ obsolete, expired • current ideas
about how to treat children • The idea that
the world was flat was current in the Middle
Ages. ■ n 1 oqim = flow,­stream,­backdraft­
• Don’t go swimming in the river - the current is very strong. • A warm westerly current of air is flowing across the country. •
to swim against/with the current • Switch
off the electric current before touching that
machine. 2­ tushuncha,­ fikr = trend, drift •
There is a growing current of support for
green issues among voters.
currently |ˈkɜːrəntli| adv ayni vaqtda, hozir(gi) = now, at the moment • He is currently the manager of our Paris office. • The
hourly charge is currently £35. • Currently,
over 500 students are enrolled on the course.
• All the options are currently available. •
The Director is currently having talks in the
USA.
curriculum |kəˈrɪkjələm| n (pl curricula
|kəˈrɪkjələ| or curriculums) ta’lim dasturi,
o‘qiladigan fanlar = syllabus • Languages
are an essential part of the school curricu-
lum. • The Romans aren’t on/(AmE) in this
year’s curriculum.
curriculum vitae |kəˌrɪkjələm ˈviːtaɪ|
(abbr CV) n (BrE) (AmE résumé) rezyume
(ishga hujjat topshirganda ta’limi va oldingi ish faoliyati haqidagi qo‘lyozma) • Please
enclose a curriculum vitae with your letter
of application. • Send a full CV with your job
application.
curse |kɜːrs| n 1 so‘kinmoq = swear • He
looked at his watch, cursed, and ran for
a taxi. • We could hear him cursing and
swearing as he tried to get the door open. 2
la’natlamoq, duoyibad qilmoq = put a curse
on, put the evil eye on • Things were going
so badly - it was as if I’d been cursed. • I could
curse her for losing my key!
curtain |ˈkɜːrtn| n |C| parda = blind, hanging,
screen, shade • Can you close the curtains,
please? • to draw/pull/close the curtains •
to draw/draw back/pull back the curtains •
The audience was waiting for the curtain to
rise. • There was tremendous applause when
the curtain came down.
curve |kɜːrv| n egri chiziq = bend, turn, loop,
curl, arc, arch • She drew a curve on the paper. • There is a curve in the river just here.
■ v bur(il)moq = bend, turn, loop, wind •
The road curves round the side of the mountain. • The path curved down to the bay. ■
adj curved egri, qayrilgan = round, rounded, convex, domed ≠ straight • The knife has
a curved blade.
cushion |ˈkʊʃn| n 1 (AmEda, shuningdek,
pillow) yostiq, bolish • Put a cushion behind
your back if you find your chair is too hard.
• She sank back against/into the cushions. 2
himoya chorasi = protection, buffer • Savings can act as a cushion against unemployment.
custody |ˈkʌstədi| n |U| 1 vasiylik, qaramog‘iga olish, zimmasida bo‘lish = care,
charge, keeping • Who will have custody of
the children? • The court awarded/granted/
gave custody of the child to the father. • The
castle is now in the custody of the state. 2
qamoqqa/hibsga olish = in prison, in jail,
imprisoned • After the riot, 32 people were
taken into police custody. • Suspects can be
kept in police custody for up to 48 hours.
custom |ˈkʌstəm| n 1 urf-odat, rasm-rusum,
an’ana = convention, tradition, practice •
It’s a local custom. • an old/ancient custom •
the custom of giving presents at Christmas •
It is the custom in that country for women to
marry young. • It’s a custom which is beginning to die out. • She covered her head out of
deference (=hurmat bajo keltirib) to Muslim
custom. 2 odat, doimgi ish = habit, practice
• He left the house at nine exactly, as is his
custom.
143
customary |ˈkʌstəmeri| adj 1 odatiy, oddiy holat = usual, traditional, normal • It’s
customary to give taxi drivers a tip. • It is
customary to offer the repairman a cup of
coffee. 2 har doimgi, odatdagi = usual, accustomed, habitual ≠ unusual • She’s not
her customary cheerful self today. • She arranged everything with her customary efficiency.
customer |ˈkʌstəmər| n xaridor = client,
shopper, consumer, buyer, end-user • His
bar is always full of customers. • The shops
are lowering their prices to attract more
customers. • one of the shop’s best/biggest
customers • They know me — I’m a regular
customer.
customs |ˈkʌstəmz| n pl 1 (odatda, Customs) (BrEda, shuningdek, Customs and
Excise) (AmEda shuningdek Customs
Service) bojxona • The Customs have seized
large quantities of smuggled heroin. • to go
through customs 2 boj, bojxona badali • to
pay customs on sth • customs duty/duties
cut ★ |kʌt| v (cutting, cut, cut) 1 kesmoq =
slash, split • The meat is very tough - I can’t
cut it with my knife. • She cut her finger on
a piece of glass. • This knife won’t cut. • [~
yourself] He cut himself (=yuzini) shaving.
• [~ through sth] You need a powerful saw
to cut through metal. • (fig) The canoe cut
through the water. 2 kaltalatmoq • Where
did you have your hair cut? • [~ sth + adj]
He’s had his hair cut really short. 3 kesib
olmoq/bermoq = chop, slice, carve, dice
• [~ sth (from sth)] He cut four thick slices from the loaf. • [~ sb sth] I cut them all
a piece of birthday cake. • [~ sth for sb] I
cut a piece of birthday cake for them all. •
This scene was cut from the final version of
the movie. 4 bo‘lmoq • [~ sth in/into sth]
There were six children, so she cut the cake
into six pieces. • [~ sth] Don’t cut the string,
untie the knots. • Now cut the tomatoes in
half. 5 kamaytirmoq, ozaytirmoq, pasaytirmoq = cut sth back/cut back on sth, cut sth
down, cut down on sth, reduce, lower, bring
sth down ≠ increase, raise • [~ sth] to cut
prices/taxes/spending/production • [~ sth
by…] Accidents have been cut by 10%. • [~
sth (from…) (to…)] Could you cut your essay
from 5 000 to 3 000 words? • We are trying
to cut the number of staff. • Since my heart
attack, I’ve cut fatty foods out altogether. ►
cut, cut sth back, cut sth down or scale
sth back? Bu so‘zlarning ichida cut eng
ko‘p foydalaniladigan va keng qamrovli so‘z
hisoblanadi. Cut sth back va scale sth back
birikmalari esa ko‘pincha pul va mablag‘ga
nisbatan ishlatiladi. Cut sth down ulardan
kengroq ravishda qo‘llaniladi va biznesdan
boshqa narsalarga ham ishlatilishi mumkin. ● cut sth back qisqartirmoq, kamay-
cutting
tirmoq, ozaytirmoq = economize (inf) slash
• If we don’t sell more we’ll have to cut back
production. • to cut back on spending cut
sth ↔ down (on/to sth) 1 kamaytirmoq,
ozaytirmoq • We need to cut the article
down to 1 000 words. • The doctor told him
to cut down on his drinking. 2 kesib/arralab yiqitmoq = fell, chop down • He cut the
tree down/cut down the tree. cut sb/sth ↔
off (from sb/sth) 1 aloqasi/ta’minoti uzilib qolmoq, ajralib qolmoq = discontinue,
break off • We were cut off before she could
give me directions. • When his wife died, he
cut himself off from other people. • Many villages have been cut off by the heavy snow. •
Our water supply has been cut off. 2 kesib/
uzib/yulib olmoq = remove, take out, chop/
hack off • He cut off two slices of ham. • Remember to cut off the fat before you fry the
steak. • (fig) The winner cut ten seconds off
the world record. 3 to‘sib qo‘ymoq = isolate,
separate • They cut off the enemy’s retreat. •
The new factory cuts off our view of the hills.
cut sth ↔ out 1 uzib/kesib olmoq = remove, take out • She cut an advertisement
out of the newspaper. • She cut the dress out
of some old material. 2 miqdorini kamaytirmoq = give up, refrain from (inf) quit • Since
my heart attack, I’ve cut fatty foods out altogether. • She’s decided to cut out sweet things
so as to lose weight. 3 ishdan chiqmoq =
stop working, stop, fail (inf) die • One of the
plane’s engines cut out, so they had to land
with only one. 4 yo‘lni kesib o‘tmoq • Don’t
cut out when everyone is going fast. cut sb
↔ up yo‘liga chiqib yubormoq • I got/was
cut up several times on the motorway this
morning. • Did you see the way he cut me up
there? cut sth ↔ up bo‘laklarga bo‘lmoq,
bo‘lib/kesib tashlamoq • Can you cut up the
meat for the children? • OK then - we’ll cut
the cake up into equal pieces. ■ n 1 yara,
kesilgan joy = gash, graze, scratch, wound •
cuts and bruises on the face • Blood poured
from the deep cut on his arm. 2 kesik joy
• Using sharp scissors, make a small cut in
the material. 3 kamaytirish, qisqartirish =
reduction, cutback ≠ increase, rise, raise •
price/tax/job cuts • They had to take a 20%
cut in pay. • They announced cuts in public
spending. • large cuts in spending • a cut in
working hours ► cut, decrease or reduction? → decreasen 4 soch kaltalatish • Your
hair could do with a cut (=kaltalatish kerak).
• a cut and blow-dry
cute |kjuːt| adj 1 yoqimtoy, chiroyli • What a
cute (little) baby/picture/dress etc! • Check
out those cute guys over there! 2 aqlli, dono
• Don’t be cute with me (=menga aqllilik qilma), Vicki. • She had a really cute idea.
cutting |ˈkʌtɪŋ| n qirqib olingan bo‘lak,
kesilgan narsa = slip, piece, bit • newspa-
C
CV
C
D
144
per/press cuttings • Take geranium cuttings
in late summer.
CV |si͟ː vi͟ː| n → curriculum vitae
cycle |ˈsaɪkl| n 1 davr, aylanish, qaytarilish
= round, rotation, series, sequence • Global
warming is starting to affect the natural cycle of the seasons. • the life cycle of a moth
2 velosiped (yoki AmEda mototsikl) • We
went for a cycle ride on Sunday. • a cycle
route/track • Cycles cannot be taken on this
train. ■ v (velosiped) minmoq • I usually
cycle to work.
cyclist |ˈsaɪklɪst| n velosipedchi, mototsiklchi • They are both very keen cyclists.
cylinder |ˈsɪlɪndər| n silindr • Deep-sea divers carry cylinders of oxygen on their backs.
D
dad ★ |dæd| n (inf) dada, ada = daddy, father
• Is it OK if I borrow the car, Dad? • That’s
my dad over there. ► dad(dy) or father? →
father
daddy |ˈdædi| n (pl -ies) dadajon, adajon =
dad, father • Daddy, where are you? • Come
to Daddy. • Will you read me a story, daddy?
► dad(dy) or father? → father
daft |dæft| adj (BrE, inf) ahmoq, tentak = stupid, idiotic, silly • Don’t be so daft! • She’s
not as daft as she looks.
daily ★ |ˈdeɪli| adj har kunlik, har kungi =
everyday, day-to-day • There’s a daily flight
to Washington. • Exercise has become part of
my daily routine. • The information is updated on a daily basis. ■ adv har kuni = every
day, once a day • We can deliver milk daily. •
Take one tablet twice daily.
dairy |ˈderi| adj sutli, sut... • dairy cattle •
I’m trying to cut down on dairy products. ■
n sut va sut mahsulotlari sotiladigan yoki
qayta ishlanadigan joy • We get our milk
and cheese from the local dairy. • This dairy
is famous for its delicious ice-cream.
daisy |ˈdeɪzi| n dastorgul • Our lawn is a carpet of daisies. • After a good night’s sleep I’ll
be as fresh as a daisy.
dam |dæm| n damba = barrage, barrier •
After the heavy rain people were afraid the
dam would burst.
damage ★ |ˈdæmɪdʒ| n |U| 1 zarar, talafot
= harm, destruction, detriment • The storm
did a lot of damage. • [~ (to sb/sth)] It will
take us months to repair the damage to the
restaurant. • serious/severe/extensive/permanent/minor damage • I insist on paying
for the damage. • The earthquake caused
damage to property estimated at $6 million. 2 zarar, ziyon, shikast = cost, price • I
hope the experience of the crash won’t cause
the children lasting damage. • I’m going —
I’ve done enough damage here already. ►
damage or harm? Harm, odatda, inson
yoki atrof-muhitga yetkaziladigan zararga
nisbatan ishlatiladi: • Luckily, no harm was
done. Damage ham shu narsalarga ham ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin u ko‘pincha narsalar nisbatan ishlatiladi va ko‘pincha ofatlar
(bo‘ron, yer qimirlash, vahkz) natijasida
yetkazilgan zararlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • storm/flood/smoke damage • brain/
liver/kidney damage • The car was badly
damaged in the crash. (... badly harmed in
the crash.) Lekin ikkalasi ham hissiyot va
ma’naviy zararlarga nisbatan ishlatilishi
mumkin: • emotional/psychological/social
damage/harm. Bu so‘zlar sanalmaydigan
otlar hisoblanadi, va shuning uchun ular
hech qachon ko‘plikda va artikl yoki sonlar
bilan kela olmaydi: • These toxins can cause
damage to the lungs and brains. (These
toxins can cause damages/harms ...) Lekin
zarar miqdorini some, a lot of kabi miqdor
olmoshlari yordamida ifodalash mumkin:
• Tourism causes a lot of damage to the environment. ■ v zararlanmoq, talafot/ziyon
ko‘rmoq = hurt, harm ≠ repair • Smoking
seriously damages your health. • A large
number of shops were damaged in the fire. •
These glasses are easily damaged.
damaging |ˈdæmɪdʒɪŋ| adj zararli, ziyon yetkazadigan • Many chemicals have a damaging consequences/effects on the environment. • [~ to sb/sth] Smoking is damaging
to your health. ► damaging or harmful? →
harmful
damn ★ |dæm| excl (shuningdek, (urfdan
qolgan) dammit |ˈdæmɪt| damn it) (inf) jin
ursin! palakat! la’nati! = darn • Damn! I’ve
broken one of my nails. • Damn, I’ve spilt coffee down my blouse! • Damn this machine!
Why won’t it work? ■ adj jin urgur, la’nati,
palakat • I can’t open the damn window. •
Where’s that damn book! • The damned
thing won’t start! ■ adv juda ham • Don’t
be so damn silly! • What a damn stupid question! • You know damn well what I mean! •
She works damn hard. • “It isn’t easy.” “Damn
right, it’s not.” • There’s not a damn thing
you can do about it. ● (I’ll be/I’m) damned
if… o‘ley/o‘laman agar… • “Where’s Wally?”
“Damned if I know.” • I’ll be damned if I can
find my keys • I’ll be damned if I let him in
the house.
damp |dæmp| adj nam, ho‘l = moist, wet ≠
dry • She’d just had a shower and her hair
was still damp. • It feels damp in here.
dance ★ |dæns| n 1 raqs = disco, ball, party
• Scottish dances are very lively. • Let’s have
a dance. • Find a partner and practise these
new dance steps. • an evening of drama,
music and dance • modern/classical dance
2 raqs bazmi/kechasi • The club is holding
a New Year’s dance. • They met at a youth
club dance. ■ v 1 raqsga tushmoq = sway,
trip, twirl, whirl • Do you want to dance?
• He asked me to dance. • Ruth danced all
145
evening with Richard. • Ruth and Richard
danced together all evening. 2 quvonganidan sakramoq = flicker,­ leap • She danced
into the room and announced she’d got the
job. • The football fans were dancing in the
streets.
dancer |ˈdænsər| n raqqos • She’s a fantastic/brilliant dancer. • The dancers moved
gracefully to the music.
dancing |ˈdænsɪŋ| n |U| raqs (tushish) •
There was music and dancing till two in the
morning. • dancing classes • We went dancing at a nightclub.
danger ★ |ˈdeɪndʒər| n |U,C| 1 xavf, xatar =
hazard, risk, threat ≠ safety • [~ of sth] The
building is in danger of collapsing. • There’s
no danger he’ll find out. • How many factory
workers are in danger of losing their jobs? •
Danger! Keep Out! • [~ that…] There is a very
real danger that people will lose interest. 2
zarar/ziyon yetkazuvchi narsa = hazard,
threat [~ to sb/sth] • Smoking is a serious
danger to health. • Police said the man was a
danger to the public. ► danger, risk, hazard or threat? Danger, odatda, odamlar
yoki narsalar tomonidan yetkazilishi mumkin bo‘lgan jismoniy va ma’naviy xavf-xatarga nisbatan ishlatiladi. Risk yoki hazard esa
odamdan emas, narsa yoki holat keltirishi
mumkin bo‘lgan xavf-xatarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • Obesity is a major risk factor in
many diseases. Threat bulardan tashqari
xavf-xatar ehtimoliga nisbatan ham ishlatilishi mumkin va, odatda, a threat to sth
ko‘rinishida keladi: • Some couples see single women as a threat to their relationships.
● out of danger xavfdan yiroq, xatardan
holi • Doctors said she is now out of danger.
in danger xavf ostida • Get an ambulance
- her life is in danger. • His actions put the
child’s life in danger.
dangerous ★ |ˈdeɪndʒərəs| adj xavfli =
risky, high-risk, unsafe, hazardous ≠ safe,
harmless • Be careful - that old staircase
is dangerous! • Some of these prisoners are
extremely dangerous. • [~ for sb] The traffic here is very dangerous for children. • [~
for sb to do sth] It would be dangerous for
you to stay here. ■ adv dangerously xavfli darajada/ravishda • She was standing
dangerously close to the fire. • His father is
dangerously ill • He likes to live dangerously.
dare ★ |der| v 1 jur’at (y)etmoq = be brave
enough, have the courage, risk, hazard, go
so/as far as to • [~ (to) do sth] He didn’t
dare (to) say what he thought. • She never
went there on her own - she didn’t dare to.
• I drove as fast as I dared. 2 undamoq =
challenge • I dared him to go the meeting
in his pink track-suit. • I dare you to jump
across that stream. • Go on! Take it! I dare
you. 3 haddi sig‘moq • How dare you look in
dash
my desk drawers! • They daren’t ask for any
more money. ► Dare, odatda, inkor gaplarda­infinitiv­bilan­keladi:­[(not) dare + to
do] • I didn’t dare to ask. • He won’t dare to
break his promise. • I hardly dared to hope
she’d remember me. Darak gaplarda ko‘pincha uning o‘rniga not be afraid birikmasidan foydalaniladi: • She wasn’t afraid to tell
him the truth. Dare bundan tashqari hozirgi
zamonda (ayniqsa, BrEda) modal fe’l sifatida­ ham­ qo‘llanilishi­ mumkin:­ [dare(n’t)
+ do] • I daren’t tell her the truth. Og‘zaki
nutqda­ esa­ ko‘pincha­ uning­ infinitiv­ bilan­
keladigan oddiy fe’l ko‘rinishidagi shaklidan foydalaniladi: • Don’t you dare tell her
what I said! • I didn’t dare look at him. ●
don’t you dare! zinhor -a ko‘rma • “I’ll tell
her about it.” “Don’t you dare!” • Don’t you
dare do that again! how dare you qanday
hadding sig‘di/jur’at etding • How dare you
talk to me like that? • How dare she imply
that I was lying? • How dare you go into my
room without asking me!
dark ★ |dɑːrk| adj 1 qorong‘i, zulmat =
black, shady ≠ bright, light • Can you switch
the light on? It’s getting too dark to see. • It
was dark outside and I couldn’t see much. 2
(ranglarga nisbatan) tim, to‘q (qora) ≠ light,
pale • a dark suit • dark blue/green/red
• She was wearing a dark blue coat. • Sue
has long dark hair. • He was handsome with
dark eyes. ■ n the dark qorong‘i, zulmat •
All the lights went out and we were left in
the dark. • Are the children afraid of the
dark? ● after/before dark qorong‘i/kech
tushishidan keyin/oldin • Try to get home
before dark. • Don’t go out alone after dark.
darkness |ˈdɑːrknəs| n |U| qorong‘ilik, zulmat = the dark, blackness ≠ light • After a
few minutes our eyes got used to the darkness. • The sun went down and darkness fell.
darling |ˈdɑːrlɪŋ| n (inf) azizam, mahbubam
= love, dear, sweetheart, sweetie (inf) honey, (slang) babe • Darling! I’m back from
the shops. • What’s the matter, darling? ■
adj juda ajoyib, chiroyli = adorable, appealing • They’ve just bought a darling little cottage. • What a darling little dress!
dart |dɑːrt| n 1 nish = small arrow • Each
player takes a turn to throw his or her three
darts. 2 darts aylana nishonga nish otish • a
game of darts • a darts tournament
dash |dæʃ| n 1 (-) belgisi • The reference
number is one four six dash seven (146-7).
2 tezkor harakat, sapchib harakat qilish =
rush, race • There was a mad dash to buy
tickets. • [~ for sth] While the policeman
wasn’t looking she made a dash for the door.
■ v shoshilmoq, sapchimoq = rush, race,
run • I dashed home to watch the football on
television. • She dashed into a shop so that he
wouldn’t see her.
D
data
D
146
data |ˈdeɪtə| |ˈdætə| n ma’lumot = information,­ facts,­ figures • The data is stored in
our main computer. • The data was/were
collected by various researchers. ► Data,
odatda, sanalmaydigan ot hisoblanadi lekin u rasmiy holatlarda ko‘plikda ham kelishi mumkin: • These data are summarized
in Table 5. Lekin u hech qachon ko‘plik
qo‘shimchasi yoki artikl bilan ishlatilmaydi: • The study was based on data from 2,100
women. (... a data from 2,100 women.) • To
cope with these data, hospitals bought large
mainframe computers. (To cope with these
datas ...)
database |ˈdeɪtəbeɪs|, |ˈdætəbeɪs| n ma’lummotlar bazasi • The database is updated
monthly. • The information is stored on a
large database.
date ★ |deɪt| n 1 sana, kun = day, time, occasion • “What’s the date today?” “The 10th.”
• Write today’s date at the top of the page. •
We need to fix a date for the next meeting. •
They haven’t set a date for the wedding yet.
• Please give your name, address and date
of birth. • The closing date for applications
is 25 May. • This milk is past its sell-by/
pull date. 2 ishqiy uchrashuv = meeting,
appointment • I’ve got a date with Lucy tomorrow night. • Paul’s not coming. He’s got
a hot date. • Would you ever go on a blind
date? 3 xurmo ■ v 1 sana yozmoq • The letter was dated 15 June. • You forgot to date
the cheque. 2 sanasini aytmoq/aniqlamoq •
The skeleton has been dated at about 2 000
BC. 3 (ayol/erkak kishi bilan) uchrashmoq,
uchrashib yurmoq • She’s been dating Ron
for several months. ● date back (to…) |
date from… borib taqalmoq, -da boshlangan, -dan beri mavjud • This tradition dates
back to medieval times. • The custom dates
back hundreds of years. up-to-date eng
so‘nggi, zamonaviy = the latest, modern,
contemporary ≠ out of date, old-fashioned
• Visit our website for the most up-to-date
match reports. • Our magazine will keep you
up-to-date with fashion. • The old system
should be brought up-to-date. out of date
eskirgan, davri o‘tgan, zamon/rusumdan
qolgan, muddati o‘tgan = outdated • The
information in the tourist guide is already
out-of-date. • Their manufacturing methods
are hopelessly out-of-date. • an out-of-date
passport
daughter ★ |ˈdɔːtər| n qiz farzand = girl,
child ≠ son • They have two sons and one
daughter. • My daughter Mary goes to the
local school.
daughter-in-law |ˈdɑːtəɪnlɑː| n kelin • My
daughter-in-law said that I was interfering,
but I was only trying to help.
dawn |dɔːn| n 1 sahar, tong (paytida) = daybreak, sunrise ≠ dusk • They start work at
dawn. • We arrived in Sydney as dawn broke.
• I was up at the crack of dawn to get the
plane. 2 boshlanish, debocha [~ of sth] • the
dawn of civilization/time/history • Peace
marked a new dawn in the country’s history.
● from dawn to dusk ertalabdan kechgacha • We worked from dawn to dusk, seven
days a week. ■ v yorishmoq, tong otmoq •
He left the house just as the day was dawning. • The day of the cricket match dawned
wet and windy.
day ★ |deɪ| n 1 kun = daytime, daylight ≠
night • There are 365 days in a year. • “What
day is it today?” “Monday.” • They went on a
ten-day tour of southern Spain. • I spoke to
him on the phone the day before yesterday
(=ilgari kuni). • We are planning to meet the
day after tomorrow (=indinga). • We’re going away in a few days/in a few days’ time.
• Take the medicine three times a day. • We
can’t go there today. You can go another day.
• I must get some sleep - I’ve got a big day
(=muhim kun) tomorrow. • One of these days
(=shu yaqin kunlarda) I’m going to walk
right out of here and never come back. • The
day will come (=o‘sha kun keladi) when he
won’t be able to care for himself any more. ►
Kunlarga nisbatan, odatda, on predlogidan
foydalaniladi, in yoki at predloglaridan
emas: on that day/Monday/my birthday/
Independence day/May 10/Friday morning;
• I will always remember where I was on
that day. (... in/at that day). Lekin kun (day)
so‘zi bilan kelmagan kunlar, dam olish kuni
yoki bayramlar bilan at predlogi ishlatiladi: • What do you do at the weekends. (... on
the weekends.) • At Christmas (=On Christmas day) we usually have dinner with our
family. 2 kunduz, kun = daytime • It’s been
a long day (=og‘ir kun bo‘ldi). • I’ve been
studying all day. I’m beat! • These animals
sleep in the day and hunt at night. • I took
a half day off yesterday. • (AmE) Have a nice
day! ► day or daytime? Day butun kunga
(ham kechqurun, ham kunduziga) nisbatan
ishlatilishi mumkin. Daytime esa faqat kunduziga nisbatan ishlatiladi. • during the
day/daytime • Did you have a good day?
(Did you have a good daytime?) Daytime
ko‘proq “kunduzgi” ma’nosida ishlatiladi: •
daytime television/temperatures (day televsion/temperatures) 3 davr, kunlar, payt =
period, time, age • in Queen Victoria’s day •
the early days of computers • (inf) in the old
days • How did people communicate in the
days before email? • I used to run six miles a
day in my army days. • Game shows like that
they have had their day (=o‘z davrini yashab
bo‘lgan, davri o‘tgan). ► day, time, age or
epoch? → age ● any day now tez orada,
shu kunlarda • They should be moving house
any day now. • Kelly’s expecting the baby any
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day now. from day one birinchi kundanoq,
boshidanoq • I told you from day one that
this would never work. • This game makes
reading and spelling fun from day one. from
day to day 1 ertani o‘ylamasdan, bugunini
o‘ylab • They live from day to day, looking
after their sick daughter. 2 tez-tez o‘zgarish
• A baby’s need for food can vary from day to
day. • He seems to change his opinion from
day to day. in those days u paytlari, o‘sha
vaqtlarda • Most people married young in
those days. • Most women stayed at home
in those days. night and day | day and
night tun-u kun, kun-u tun • The machines
are kept running night and day. • The store
is open day and night. one day ★ bir kun(i)
• She hopes to own her own business one day.
• One day, I want to leave the city and move
to the country. • One day he just walked out
and never came back. one of these days
yaqin/shu kunlarda • One of these days
you’ll come back and ask me to forgive you.
• You’re going to get into serious trouble one
of these days. the other day tunov/o‘tgan
kuni, 3-4 kun oldin • I had a phone call from
Mandy the other day. • I saw Andy the other day. sb’s day yoshlik davri • The place
has changed completely since my day. • In
my day, all young men had to do military
service. the good/bad old days o‘tgan
yaxshi/yomon kunlar • They loved to sit and
chat about the good old days. • That was in
the bad old days of rampant inflation. these
days hozirgi/shu kunlarda • These days
kids grow up so quickly. • Vegetarianism is
very popular these days. (to) this day hattoki hozir ham • To this day nobody knows
what happened to him. • To this day, I still
don’t understand why he did it.
daylight |ˈdeɪlaɪt| n |U| kunduz kuni, kunning yorug‘i = daytime, day ≠ nighttime •
The street looks very different in daylight. •
They left before daylight. • The park is open
to the public during daylight hours. ● in
broad daylight kuppa-kundizi = openly •
Three men robbed the bank in broad daylight.
daytime |ˈdeɪtaɪm| n |U| kunduz(g)i • You
don’t often see this bird in (the) daytime. •
The park is open during (the) daytime. •
Daytime temperatures never fell below 30°C.
► daytime or day? → day
dead ★ |ded| adj 1 o‘lik, o‘lgan = passed
on/away, expired ≠ alive, living, live • The
police don’t know whether she’s alive or
dead. • Dead fish were floating in the water.
• I raked up the dead leaves. • The shootings
left 14 people dead. • He dropped dead (=birdan vafot etdi) last week. • (fig) In ten years
he’ll be dead and buried as a politician. •
You’ll be sorry you said that when I’m dead
and gone. • By the time I had my children,
deal
Grandma was long dead. ► dead or died?
Dead bu “o‘lik” ma’nosini beruvchi sifat hisoblanadi: • The man was already dead (...
already died). • That idea has been dead for
years. (... been died for years.); Died esa die,
ya’ni “o‘lmoq, vafot etmoq” fe’lining o‘tgan
zamon shakli hisoblanadi: • Shakespeare
died in 1616. (Shakespeare dead in 1616) •
She died in a car crash. (She dead in ...) 2
mutlaqo, qoq, shundoq(qina) = complete
• There was dead silence in the exam room.
• The train came to a dead stop. • The bullet hit the target dead centre. 3 bo‘lmag‘ur,
amaldan chiqqan • Many believe the peace
plan is dead. • Though the idea may be dead,
it is far from being buried. ■ adv 1 butunlay, mutlaqo, rosa • He was dead tired after
his long walk. • You’re dead right. • I’m dead
certain I left my purse on the desk. 2 juda,
rosa • I’m dead hungry. • The train arrived
dead on time. • I was dead scared. • The
exam was dead easy. • “How was the film?”
“It was dead good.” ■ n the dead o‘lganlar,
o‘liklar • The dead and wounded in that one
attack amounted to 6 000. • Christians believe that God raised Jesus from the dead.
deadline |ˈdedlaɪn| n so‘nggi muddat, muddatning tugash payti • [~ for sth] I’m afraid
you’ve missed the deadline - the deadline for
applications was May 30th. • We’re asking
them to extend the deadline. • There’s no
way I can meet that deadline. • We’re working to a tight deadline.
deadly |ˈdedli| adj (-ier, -iest) 1 o‘limlik,
o‘limga sabab bo‘luvchi = fatal, mortal ≠
harmless,­beneficial • The cobra is one of the
world’s deadliest snakes. • a deadly weapon
• deadly poison • This is a potentially deadly disease. ► Qiyosiy darajalarda deadlier
so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq more deadly ishlatiladi. “Most deadly” ni ham ishlatish mumkin. 2 butunlay, juda = intense, great ≠ mild
• We sat in deadly silence. • deadly serious/
dull • It started as a joke, but soon they were
fighting in deadly earnest (=rostakamiga).
deaf |def| adj garang, kar, qulog‘i og‘ir =
hearing impaired, hard of hearing • My
grandma is going deaf. • She was born deaf.
• She’s deaf and dumb and communicates using sign language.
deafening |ˈdefnɪŋ| adj kar qiladigan darajada baland, quloqni qomatga keltiradigan
= very loud/noisy ≠ quiet • The noise of the
machine was deafening. • The music was
deafening.
deal |diːl| v (dealt, dealt |delt|) (qarta) tarqatmoq, suzmoq= distribute, give out, share
out • It’s my turn to deal. • He dealt me two
aces. ● deal in sth savdosi bilan shug‘ullanmoq = trade in, buy and sell • The company deals in computer software. • They
mainly deal in rare books. deal with sb/
D
dealer
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to see you! ■ excl voy Xudoyim/sho‘rim,
sth ★ 1 hal qilmoq = cope with, handle,
D
manage, control • to deal with enquiries/
issues/complaints • The government has to
deal with the problem of teenage crime. •
Have you dealt with these letters yet? • He’s
good at dealing with pressure. • We will deal
with your order as soon as we can. ► deal
with sth or handle? → handle 2 bilan ishlamoq, shug‘ullanmoq • She is used to dealing
with all kinds of people in her job. • General
enquiries are dealt with by our head office.
• The job involves dealing with the public.
3 haqida bo‘lmoq, mavzusini ko‘tarmoq,
yoritmoq = concern, be about, have to do
with, discuss • Her new film deals with the
relationship between a woman and her sick
daughter. • The author has tried to deal with
a very difficult subject. ■ n bitim, kelishuv
= agreement, bargain, arrangement • We’ve
signed a deal with a German firm. • (inf) Did
you cut a deal (=kelishib oldingmi)? • The
sales director set up a deal with a Russian
bank. • to make/sign/conclude/close a deal
(with sb) • A deal was struck after lengthy
negotiations. • The deal fell through (=kelishuvga erishilmadi). • I got a good deal on
the car (=arzon oldim). • It’s a deal! (=kelishdik) • Listen. This is the deal (=gap bunday).
● a good/great deal of sth ★ ancha,
ko‘p = a lot, a large amount, a fair amount,
lots, loads, heaps • She didn’t say a great
deal. • He made a good deal of money from
his business. • He’s feeling a good deal better after two days off work. • There’s a great
deal of work still to be done. • It took a great
deal of time. ► A great/good deal of faqat
sanalmaydigan otlar bilan ishlatiladi: • a
great deal of time/money/work. Ko‘plikdagi otlarga esa a lot of ishlatiladi: • a lot of
people/animals/shops ► deal of, amount
of, number of, lot(s) of or quantity of? →
number (of)
dealer |ˈdiːlər| n dallol, diller, yetkazib
beruvchi = trader, supplier, merchant • [~
in sth] He’s a dealer in second-hand cars. •
Always buy from a reputable dealer.
dealing |ˈdiːlɪŋ| n 1 tarqatish, savdo = business methods • drug dealing • dealings in
shares 2 dealings pl hamkorlik, aloqa = relations, relationship, association • Have you
had any previous dealings with this company? • She has always been very polite in her
dealings with me.
dean |diːn| n 1 bosh ruhoniy 2 dekan = faculty head, department head • She is the
new dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences.
dear ★ |dɪr| adj 1 aziz, ardoqli, qadrdon,
qadrli = much loved, precious, beloved ≠
hated • She’s a very dear friend of mine. •
[~ to sb] Her daughter is very dear to her.
2 muhtaram, azizim • Dear James • Dear
Sir or Madam • My dear Gina - how lovely
ana bo‘lmasa • Oh dear! I think I’ve lost my
purse! • Oh dear! What a shame. • Dear me!
What a mess! • Dear oh dear! What are you
going to do now? ■ n 1 azizim = darling
(inf) sweetie, sugar • Did you have a good
day, dear? • Would you like a drink, dear?
2 g‘amxo‘r odam, ardoqli = darling, sweetheart • Isn’t he a dear? • Be a dear and fetch
me my coat.
death ★ |deθ| n 1 o‘lim, vafot etish = dying,
end, passing ≠ life • Do you believe in life after death? • a sudden/violent/peaceful, etc.
death • He died a slow and painful death.
• He was sentenced to death. • His friend
was close to death. • Two of the passengers
managed to escape death (=o‘limdan qutulib qolishdi). • His family are still mourning John’s tragic death. 2 barbod bo‘lish,
tugash, chippakka chiqish = end,­ finish­ ≠
birth • the death of all my plans • the death
of fascism • That child will be the death of
me (=bir kun boshimga yetadi)! ● to death
(inf) 1 o‘lguday = completely • He was bored
to death sitting watching TV. • I am sick to
death of always having to do the housework.
• Spiders frighten him to death. 2 o‘lgunicha, -dan o‘lmoq • Two children were burnt
to death in the fire. • He’s drinking himself
to death. • These people will starve to death
unless they receive help soon. put sb to
death o‘limga hukm qilmoq, o‘lim jazosiga
mahkum etmoq = execute, hang, behead •
The prisoner will be put to death at dawn.
debate |dɪˈbeɪt| n |C,U| muzokara, bahs,
tortishuv = discussion, conversation, argument, dispute • The minister opened the
debate. • [~ on/about/over sth] There has
been intense debate over political union. • a
debate on increasing student fees • a heated/wide-ranging/lively debate • Her books
have been the subject of much debate. •
Whether he deserves what has happened to
him is open to debate/a matter for debate.
■ v 1 bahs/muzokara qilmoq = discuss,
talk over/through, talk about • [~ (sth)]
Parliament is still debating the bill. • This
is one of the most hotly debated (=eng bahs
munozarali) issues today. • [~ wh…] The
two sides debated whether to raise taxes. 2
yaxshilab/atroflicha­ o‘ylamoq = consider,
think over/about, chew over • [~ with yourself] She debated with herself for a while,
and then picked up the phone. • [~ wh…]
We’re debating whether or not to go skiing
this winter. • [~ doing sth] For a moment he
debated going after her
debt |det| n qarz = bill, liability, debit ≠ credit
• I need to pay off all my debts before I leave
the country. • He died heavily in debt. • He
had run up credit card debts of thousands of
149
dollars. • The club is £4 million in debt. • We
were poor but we never got into debt.
debut (shuningdek, début) |deɪˈbjuː| n debyut, birinchi chiqish = first­ appearance,­
first­performance,­launch,­kickoff • He will
make his debut for the first team this week. •
the band’s debut album
decade |ˈdekeɪd| |dɪˈkeɪd| n 10 yil(lik muddat) • in/over/during/within the past/last/
next decade • Air traffic has increased 30%
in the last decade. • Hines has spent the last
decade in Austin, Texas. • India attained independence in 1947, after decades of struggle.
decay |dɪˈkeɪ| n |U| 1 chirish, yemirilish =
decompose, rot • Tooth decay is especially
bad in children who eat sweets. • You must
treat the wood to prevent decay. 2 (no pl)
yomonlashish, kamayish = deterioration,
degeneration • economic/moral/urban decay • the decay of the old industries • This
industry has been in decay for some time.
■ v 1 chirimoq, yemirilmoq = rot • Sugar
makes your teeth decay. • The jungle path
was blocked by decaying branches. • decaying leaves/teeth/food ► Kundalik hayotda
oziq-ovqatga nisbatan decay so‘zidan ko‘ra
rot so‘zidan ko‘proq foydalaniladi: • There
was a smell of rotting vegetables. 2 yomonlashmoq, yemirilmoq = deteriorate, decline
• decaying inner city areas • The role of the
extended family has been decaying for some
time.
deceive |dɪˈsiːv| v 1 aldamoq, laqqa tushirmoq,­ firibgarlik­ qilmoq,­ adashtirmoq =
trick, cheat • They had tried to deceive me,
but I realised just in time. • The company
deceived customers by selling old computers
as new ones. • Her husband had been deceiving her for years. • [~ sb into doing sth] She
deceived him into handing over all his savings. ► Kundalik hayotda deceive so‘zidan
ko‘ra ko‘proq trick so‘zidan foydalaniladi: •
She thought they were trying to trick her. ►
deiceive, cheat, betray, take sb in, fool,
con or trick? Bu so‘zlarning hammasi
boshqa odamni aldashga nisbatan ishlatiladi, lekin ularning ba’zilari boshqalaridan
ko‘ra haqoratomuz hisoblanadi. Deceive
ularning orasida eng yomoni hisoblanadi,
chunki u, odattda, unga ishongan yaqin insonlarni, do‘stlar, qarindoshlarni aldashga
nisbatan ishlatiladi. Biror niyatiga erishish
yoki o‘ylagan qing‘ir ishini amalga oshirish­ uchun­ xiyla,­ firibgarlik­ qilishga­ cheat
so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • Kids have always
found ways of cheating in school exams. Xiyonat qilib, ishonchni suiiste’mol qilishga
nisbatan esa betray so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • She had betrayed her parents’ trust.
Yaxshi so‘zlar va maftunkorligidan foydalanib kimnidir chuv tushirishga nisbatan esa
decide
take sb in birikmasidan foydalaniladi: • I
married in my late teens and was taken in by
his charm - which soon vanished. Biror narsaga erishish uchun kimnidir aldash yoki
ahmoq qilishga nisbatan cheat/fool/trick/
con fe’llaridan foydalanish mumkin. Lekin
kimnidir shunchaki hazillashib aldash yoki
ahmoq qilishga nisbatan esa, odatda, fool
ishlatiladi. • You can’t fool me with that old
excuse. Kimnidir ustalik bilan, mohirona aldab chuv tushurishga nisbatan trick so‘zida
foydalaniladi: • I suddenly realized that I’d
been tricked. 2 noto‘g‘ri tushuncha bermoq
= mislead • Unless my eyes deceive me, that’s
his wife. • [~ sb into doing sth] The sound
of the door closing deceived me into thinking
they had gone out.
December ★ |dɪˈsembər| n |U,C| (abbr
Dec.) dekabr • Jake’s birthday is on 23(rd)
December/December 23(rd) • We went to
Mexico on the twelfth of December/December the twelfth/(asosan, AmEda) December
twelfth. • Their baby was born last December. • My parents got married in/during December. • It was one of the coldest Decembers ever.
decent |ˈdiːsnt| adj 1 yetarlicha, yaxshi =
satisfactory, reasonable, fair ≠ unsatisfactory • I need a decent night’s sleep. • (inf)
All I need is a roof over my head and a decent meal. • Barcelona have a decent chance
of winning the game. 2 axloqli, odobli =
honorable, honest, respectable, upright ≠
dishonest • ordinary, decent, hard-working people • Everyone said he was a decent
sort of guy. • It was decent of you to show
up today. 3 tartibli, to‘g‘ri = proper, correct,
appropriate • That dress isn’t decent. • She
ought to have waited for a decent interval
before getting married again.
deception |dɪˈsepʃn| n 1­firibgarlik = deceit
• He was accused of obtaining property by
deception. • She didn’t have the courage to
admit to her deception. 2 hiyla-nayrang =
trick, deceit, fraud • He’ll use deception to
get what he wants.
deceptive |dɪˈseptɪv| adj aldaydigan,
adashtiradigan, noto‘g‘ri tushuncha beradigan = misleading, illusory • The firm
was found guilty of publishing a misleading
and deceptive advertisement. • It’s deceptive
- from the outside the building looks small,
but inside it’s quite big. ► misleading or deceptive? → misleading ■ adv deceptively
• The plan seemed deceptively simple. • The
house looks deceptively small from the outside.
decide ★ |dɪˈsaɪd| v qaror qilmoq, bir
to‘xtamga kelmoq = resolve, choose, make
up your mind, make your mind up • They
have to decide by next Friday. • It’s up to
you to decide. • I can’t tell you what to do —
D
decision
D
150
you’ll have to decide for yourself. • [~ to do
sth] In the end, we decided (not) to go to the
theatre. • [~ between A and B] It was difficult to decide between the two candidates. •
[~ wh…] I can’t decide what to wear. • Have
you decided which restaurant to go to? • [~
(that)…] She decided (that) she wanted to
live in France. • [it is decided (that)…] It was
decided (that) the school should purchase
new software. • The committee decided in favour of (=foydasiga qaror qilmoq) the cheapest option. ● decide against qilmaslikka/
qarshi qaror qilmoq • She decided against
spending her money on a new car. • They
decided against taking legal action. decide
on/upon sth bir necha narsa/odamlar
orasidan tanlamoq • I’ve decided on blue
for the bathroom. • I can’t decide on who to
invite.
decision ★ |dɪˈsɪʒn| n qaror, hukm = resolution, conclusion, settlement ≠ indecision
• He is really bad at making decisions. • The
judges’ decision is final. • The final decision is
yours. • [~ on/about sth] We need a decision
on this by next week. • We finally came to/
reached a firm decision on the matter. • [~
to do sth] Who took the decision to go ahead
with the project? • Mary is the decision-maker in the house. • [~ that...] I accepted his decision that he wished to die with dignity.
decision-making n |U| qaror qabul qilish
jarayoni • We need to take a lot of factors
into account in our decision-making.
decisive |dɪˈsaɪsɪv| adj 1 hal qiluvchi, eng
muhim = deciding, conclusive, determining, key • a decisive factor/victory/battle •
She has played a decisive role in the peace
negotiations. • We will take decisive steps towards a cleaner environment. 2 ikkilanmaydigan, dadil, qat’iyatli = firm,­strong-minded, purposeful, forceful • You need to be
more decisive. • a decisive leader • a talent
for quick decisive action • The answer was a
decisive no. ■ adv decisively ikkilanmasdan, qat’iylik bilan • She shook her head
decisively.
deck |dek| n paluba = terrace, balcony • I’ll
stay on deck because I’m feeling seasick. •
The upper/top deck of the bus was always
full of people smoking.
declaration |ˌdekləˈreɪʃn| n bayonot, e’lon,
bayonnoma, ma’lum qilish = announcement, statement, proclamation • All four
countries have adopted the declaration
against hunting these rare animals. • to issue/sign/make a declaration • a declaration
of love/faith/guilt
declare |dɪˈkler| v 1 e’lon/ma’lum qilmoq,
bayonot bermoq = proclaim, announce,
state • We celebrate September 1, the day
when Uzbekistan declared independence
from the Soviet Union. • Germany declared
war on France on 1 August 1914. • [~ that…]
The court declared that strike action was
illegal. • [~ sth + n] The area has been declared a national park. • [~ sth (to be) sth]
They declared themselves (to be) bankrupt.
• [~ sth + adj] I declare this bridge open. •
She was declared dead on arrival at hospital. ► declare or announce? → announce
2 ta’kidlamoq, dadil aytmoq = assert, maintain • [+ speech] “I’ll do it!” Tom declared.
• [~ that…] He declared that he was in love
with her. 3 soliq solmoq • All income must
be declared. • Do you have anything to declare?
decline ★ |dɪˈklaɪn| n |C|, (odatda, birlikda
ishlatiladi) pasayish, kamayish, tushish
= fall, drop, reduction, decrease, downturn • [~ in sth] There has been a decline
in the size of families. • Sales figures have
gone into a rapid/sharp/gradual decline. •
urban/economic decline • [~ of sth] An increase in cars has resulted in the decline of
public transport. ► decline, fall or drop?
Bu otlarning hammasi biror ko‘rsatkichni tabiiy ravishda, ba’zi omillar ta’sirida
tushishiga, pasayishiga nisbatan ishlatiladi
(atayin emas): We’ve seen a steady decline/
fall/drop in prices this year. (They made a
big decline/fall/drop in prices this year)
Fall va decline biror vaqt oralig‘iga nisbatan
ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin drop ishlatila olmaydi: • a gradual decline/fall (a gradual
drop) ■ v (ancha rasmiy so‘z) kamaymoq,
pasaymoq = decrease, reduce, lessen, fall,
drop, come down ≠ increase • Our sales
declined over the last year. • The number
of tourists to the resort declined by 10%
last year. • The fish population has declined
sharply. • Support for the party continues to
decline. ► decline, fall or drop? Bu fe’llar
raqamlar, ko‘rsatkichlar, narxlar, foyda va
savdodagi pasayish va tushishga nisbatan
ishlatilishi mumkin. Lekin biror bir hududdagi iqtisodiyotning pasayishiga, odatda,
decline ishlatiladi: • The city/industry has
declined (in importance). Decline bundan
tashqari odamlarning sog‘lig‘iga, qo‘llabquvvatlashiga yoki yordam-ko‘magiga ham
ishlatilishi mumkin: • Her health began to
decline • Support for the party continues to
decline. Ovoz, tovush va temperaturalarga
nisbatan esa fall yoki drop so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • Temperatures can drop/fall to
freezing at night. • He dropped his voice and
glanced round at the door. Fall va decline
biror bir vaqt oralig‘iga nisbatan ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin drop ishlatila olmaydi:
• Sales have been falling/declining. (Sales
have been dropping.)
decorate |ˈdekəreɪt| v bezamoq, yasatmoq
= ornament • She’s decorating the kitchen.
• [~ sth (with sth)] They decorated the room
151
with flowers and balloons. • The cake was
decorated to look like a car. • Photographs of
actors decorated the walls of the restaurant.
decoration |ˌdekəˈreɪʃn| n 1 |U,C| beza(ti)sh,
yasatish, oro berish = ornamentation, ornament • She is in charge of the decoration of
the church for the wedding. • He’s good at
cake decoration. 2 |C|, (odatda, ko‘plikda
ishlatiladi) shakl, bezak = design, pattern
• Dad was putting up the Christmas decorations. • a Chinese theme in the interior decoration • party/table/cake decorations
decorative |ˈdekəreɪtɪv| adj bezakli, dekorativ, chiroy bag‘ishlaydigan, bezatilgan
= ornamental, fancy ≠ functional • The
lighting in the room is functional as well as
decorative. • purely decorative arches • He
gave the picture a decorative border, which
changed the look of the page. ► decorative or ornamental? Ornamental, asosan
bog‘ va manzaralarga ishlatiladi: • an ornamental garden/fountain/lake/pond/pool/
plant/tree/shrub; Decorative esa har qanday bezatilgan narsaga ishlatilishi mumkin: • The curtains are for purely decorative
purposes and do not open or close. ■ adv
decoratively • A shawl was arranged decoratively over the back of the chair.
decrease ★ v |dɪˈkriːs| (ancha rasmiy
so‘z) kamaymoq, pasaymoq, tushib ketmoq = fall, drop, decline, come down • The
number of people who have the disease has
decreased significantly in recent years. •
[~ (from sth) (to sth)] The number of new
students decreased from 210 to 160 this
year. • [~ by sth] The price of wheat has
decreased by 5%. • [~ in sth] This species of
bird is decreasing in numbers every year. •
[~ sth] People should decrease the amount
of fat they eat. ■ |ˈdiːkriːs| n |C,U| pasayish,
kamayish, tushish = reduction, fall, drop ≠
increase • Sales show a 10% decrease on last
year. • [~ in sth] There has been a steady decrease in the number of visitors. • [~ of sth]
a decrease of nearly 6% in the number of
visitors to the museum. • There has been a
steady decrease of temperature. ► Decrease
pasayayotgan narsani ifodalab kelganda in
predlogidan foydalaniladi: • There has been
a 2% decrease in the rate of unemployment.
(... decrease of the rate of unemployment.)
Decrease qiymatni, qanchaga pasayayotganini ifodalab kelganda esa of predlogidan
foydalaniladi: • There has been a decrease
of 2%. (... decrease in/to 2%.) ► decrease,
cut or reduction? Decrease, odatda, atayin emas balki ba’zi omillar sababli vujudga
kelgan pasayish va kamayishlarga nisbatan
ishlatiladi: • In Spain and Portugal there has
been a decrease in the number of young people out of work. Shaxs yoki tashkilotlar tomonidan atayin pasaytirishlarga esa reduc-
deep
tion yoki cut so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • We
made a reduction/cut in a number of employees. (We made a decrease ...) Reduction
o‘z-o‘zidan yoki kim tomondandir ataylab
kamaytirilgan narsalarga ham ishlatilishi
mumkin. Cut esa doim kim tomondandir
atayin qisqartirilgan yoki kamaytirilgan
narsalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi. Bundan
tashqari reduction asta-sekinlik bilan yoki
tezlik bilan pasaygan ko‘rsatkichlarga ishlatilishi mumkin: • a gradual reduction in output (a gradual cut in output); Cut esa, odatda, birdaniga sodir bo‘ladi va ko‘proq salbiy
narsalarga ishlatiladi: • job/salary/pay
cuts; ● be on the decrease pasaymoqda, pasayish jarayonida • Road accidents
are on the decrease.
dedicate |ˈdedɪkeɪt| v bag‘ishlamoq, baxshida etmoq = devote, commit • [~ yourself/
sth to sth] She dedicates herself to her work.
• [~ yourself/sth to doing sth] He dedicated his life to helping the poor. • This book is
dedicated to my parents. ► dedicate or devote? → devote
dedicated |ˈdedɪkeɪtɪd| adj o‘zini bag‘ishlagan = committed, devoted ≠ indifferent •
She is a dedicated teacher. • [~ to sth] She is
dedicated to her job.
dedication |ˌdedɪˈkeɪʃn| n |U| fidokorlik,­
o‘zini bag‘ishlash, bahshida etish = commitment, devotion ≠ apathy, laziness, indifference • [~ to sth] I really admire Gina for her
dedication to her family. • It takes dedication
to be successful in a sport. • She thanked the
staff for their dedication and enthusiasm.
deduct |dɪˈdʌkt| v (ko‘pincha majhul nisbatda ishlatiladi) ayirib/olib tashlamoq = subtract, take away, take off ≠ add • [~ sth] Ten
points will be deducted for a wrong answer. •
[~ sth from sth] The cost of your uniform will
be deducted from your wages.
deed |diːd| n amal, ish = act, action • a brave/
charitable/evil/good deed • She’s always
helping people and doing other good deeds.
• It seems to me that a lot of evil deeds are
done in the name of Islam.
deep ★ |diːp| adj 1 chuqur = low, cavernous, yawning ≠ shallow • The water is very
deep in the middle of the river. • This is the
deepest lake in North America. • a deep mine
• How deep is the water? • The water’s only
ankle/knee/waist-deep, so we’ll be able to
get across the river easily. • She took a deep
breath. • He gave a deep sigh. 2 (ovoz/tovushga nisbatan) past = low ≠ high • I heard
his deep warm voice filling the room. • a
deep roar/groan • “Who’s been sitting on my
chair?” said Father Bear in his deep voice. ►
deep or low? → low 3 (ranglarga nisbatan)
tim, to‘q = dark, rich ≠ pale • a rich deep
red • The sky was deep blue. 4 juda, og‘ir,
qattiq • He’s in deep trouble. • a deep eco-
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deeply
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nomic recession • Their son has been a deep
disappointment to them. • a place of great
power and of deep significance • to be in a
deep coma 5 (his-tuyg‘ularga nisbatan) =
sincere, real, genuine ≠­ superficial • deep
respect • a deep sense of loss • a deep understanding 6 murakkab, chuqur ma’noli =
serious, profound • This discussion’s getting
too deep for me. • His films are generally a
bit deep for me. ● deep down ich-ichimdan, aslida esa • Deep down I still loved him.
• Deep down I knew that Caroline was right.
deep in thought chuqur o‘yga botib • She
sat, not listening, but deep in thought. ■ adv
chuqur • The mine goes deep under the sea.
• Dig deeper! • They sat and talked deep into
the night. ► deep or deeply? “Chuqur”
ma’nosida ikkala ravishdan ham foydalanish mumkin, lekin bu ma’noda ko‘proq
deep ravishidan foydalaniladi va u ko‘pincha into yoki below kabi predloglar bilan
keladi: • We decided to go deeper into the
jungle; Deeply, odatda, “juda (ham), qattiq”
ma’nolarida ishlatiladi: • deeply in love •
deeply shocked. Odamning ichki kechinmalariga nisbatan esa, odatda, faqat deep
(down) so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • She can
seem stern, but deep down she’s a very kind
person. (... but deeply she’s a very kind person.)
deeply |ˈdiːpli| adv chuqur, qattiq, kuchli =
profoundly, greatly, enormously, extremely
• She is deeply upset. • He loves her deeply.
• deeply rooted customs/ideas • deeply held
beliefs/convictions/views • to breathe/sigh/
exhale deeply • sleep deeply • I’m deeply
grateful to you. • Most doctors think deeply about what their patients want. • deeply
held religious beliefs • We deeply regret having to make so many people redundant. ►
deeply or deep? → deepadv
deer |dɪr| n (pl deer) bug‘u • Deer are naturally timid creatures. • a herd of deer
default |dɪˈfɔːlt| |ˈdiːfɔːlt| n 1 |U,C| majburiyatni bajarmaslik, qarzni to‘lay olmaslik =
nonpayment, failure to pay • The company
is in default on the loan. • Mortgage defaults
have risen in the last year. 2 alohida qaror
qabul qilinmaganda o‘zidan o‘zi tanlanadigan tanlov = revert, select automatically
• The default option is to save your work
every five minutes. • Unless something else
happens, the default is to meet at the hotel
at 7.00 p.m.
defeat ★ |dɪˈfiːt| v 1 mag‘lub qilmoq,
mag‘lubiyatga uchratmoq, ustun kelmoq,
yutmoq = beat, get the better of sb, conquer, win against, triumph over, lick, thrash,
whip ≠ lose to sb • He defeated the champion in three sets. • Our team has not been
defeated so far this season. ► defeat or
beat? → beat 2 muvaffaqiyatsiz bo‘lishiga
sabab bo‘lmoq, yaxshi bo‘lishiga to‘sqinlik qilmoq = reject, overthrow, throw out,
give the thumbs down • Our ambitions for
this tournament have been defeated by the
weather. • I’m afraid anything that involves
language learning has always defeated me.
■ n mag‘lubiyat, yutqazish, boy berish =
loss, conquest, downfall ≠ victory, success
• It was the team’s first defeat for two years.
• a narrow/heavy defeat • They finally had
to admit defeat. • If we can defeat the Italian
team, we’ll be through to the final.
defect |ˈdiːfekt| |dɪˈfekt| n |C| kamchilik,
nuqson = fault,­ flaw, imperfection, bug,
virus, glitch • Goods with slight defects
are sold at half price. • She suffers from a
heart/sight/speech defect. • There are so
many defects in our education system. • The
book contains serious defects. ► defect or
fault? Fault faqatgina odamlar tomonidan
qilingan kamchiliklarga nisbatan ishlatiladi va u avvaldan mavjud yoki keyinroq
paydo bo‘lgan bo‘lishi ham mumkin: • If a
fault develops in the equipment please call
us. (If a defect develops…) • My worst fault
is impatience; Defect esa odamlar yoki
boshqa omillar tomonidan paydo bo‘lgan
narsalardagi yoki tanadagi kamchiliklarga
nisbatan ishlatiladi va u azaldan mavjud
bo‘ladi: • a birth defect (a birth fault) • He
was born with a hearing defect. • A report
has pointed out the defects of the present
system. ■ v |dɪˈfekt| qarshi/dushman tomonga o‘tib ketmoq = desert, change sides,
turn traitor, rebel, break faith • She defected
from the party just days before the election.
• The British spy, Kim Philby, defected to the
Soviet Union/defected from Britain in 1963.
defence ★ (AmEda, asosan, -se) |dɪˈfens|
n 1 |U| himoya qilish, oldini olish = protection, shield, safeguard • When Helen
criticized me, my sister came/rushed/leapt
to my defence. • I have to say in her defence
that she knew nothing about it beforehand.
2 |C,U| muhofaza, himoya • Some countries
spend more on defence than on education. •
[~ against sth] The town walls were built as
a defence against enemy attacks. • The immune system is the body’s defence against
infection. • (BrE) the Ministry of Defence
• (AmE) the Department of Defense • He
used the gun in self-defence. 3 (o‘yinlarda)
himoya • The England defence came under
attack from the other team’s forwards.
defend ★ |dɪˈfend| v 1 himoya qilmoq =
protect, guard, shield ≠ attack • [~ sb/yourself/sth] Troops have been sent to defend
the borders. • I’m going to karate lessons
to learn how to defend myself. • They are
fighting to defend their beliefs/interests/
rights. • He will defend his 1500m title at
the weekend. • [~ from/against sb/sth] All
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our officers are trained to defend themselves
against knife attacks. • The male ape defends his females from other males. 2 oldini
olmoq, himoya qilmoq, ma’qullamoq = justify, explain, stand up for sb/sth ≠ attack,
criticize • [~ sth] How can you defend such
behaviour? • He defended his decision to
punish the boy. • [~ sb/yourself/sth from/
against sb/sth] Politicians are skilled at defending themselves against their critics. ►
Kundalik hayotda kimnidir “himoya qilish”
ma’nosida defend sb o‘rniga ko‘pincha stand
up for sb birikmasidan foydalaniladi: • She
was the only person who stood up for me at
the meeting.
defender |dɪˈfendər| n 1 (o‘yinda) himoyachi • It’s his fourth season as an Arsenal
defender. 2 oldini oluvchi, himoya qiluvchi
odam • So far they have found few defenders
of their point of view on campus.
deficiency |dɪˈfɪʃnsi| n (pl -ies) (fml) 1
|U,C| tanqislik, yetishmovchilik = shortage,
insufficiency,­lack­≠ surplus • [~ in/of sth]
Vitamin deficiency in the diet can cause illness. • Lack of sunlight can cause deficiency
in vitamin D. • Pregnant women often suffer
from iron deficiency. 2 |C|­kuchsizlik,­zaiflik,­
kamchilik = defect,­fault,­flaw,­imperfection,­
weakness, inadequacy ≠ strength • There
are deep deficiencies in this law. • The deficiencies in their argument are easy to spot.
deficient |dɪˈfɪʃnt| adj (fml) 1 tanqis, kam,
yetishmaydigan = lacking, wanting, inadequate,­insufficient • [~ in sth] A diet deficient
in vitamin D may cause the disease. • Women
who are dieting can become iron deficient. 2
kamchiliklarga ega bo‘lgan, nuqsonli, yetarlicha emas = defective,­faulty,­flawed,­inadequate • His theory is deficient in several
respects. • Our prisons are our most deficient
social service.
deficit |ˈdefɪsɪt| n kam, tanqis = shortfall,
deficiency,­ shortage­ ≠ surplus • The trade
balance has been in deficit for the past five
years. • The country is running a balanceof-payments/budget/trade deficit of $250
million.
define |dɪˈfaɪn| v ta’riflamoq,­ izoh­ bermoq,­
tushuntirmoq, aniqlamoq = explain, expound, interpret, determine, establish •
How would you define the word “environmental”? • Defining the word “love” can be
very difficult. • [~ sth as sth] • Unemployment can be defined as the number of people
who are willing and able to work, but who
can not find jobs. • [~ wh…] It is difficult to
define what makes him so popular.
definite ★ |ˈdefɪnət| adj 1 aniq, muayyan =
certain, sure, conclusive, explicit ≠ vague •
Can you give me a definite answer by tomorrow? • I’ve heard rumours, but nothing definite. • [~ that…] Is it definite that he’s leaving?
defraud
• I’m not sure — I can find out for definite
if you like. • [~ about sth] “Are you sure I’m
invited too?” “Yes, Roger was quite definite
about it on the phone.” 2 yaqqol, aniq = distinct, clear, noticeable ≠ uncertain, ambiguous • The look on her face was a definite sign
that something was wrong. • [~ about sth]
Amy was very definite about her intention
to travel the world. ► definite, marked or
pronounced? Definite, asosan, ko‘rib turgan, his qilib turgan narsalarga ishlatiladi: •
a definite smell of gas; Marked, asosan, tijorat va savdoda ishlatiladi: • a marked effect
on sales; Pronounced esa ko‘pincha jismoniy
va insoniy xarakterlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • a pronounced limp. ■ n aniq, turgan
gap • “We’re moving our office to Glasgow.”
“That’s a definite, is it?” • “Is Sarah coming to
the party?” “Yes, she’s a definite.’
definitely ★ |ˈdefɪnətli| adv (inf) aniq,
albatta = certainly, surely, for sure • I’ll
definitely be there by 7 o’clock. • Are you
coming? - Definitely not! • I definitely remember sending the letter. • “Was it what
you expected?” “Yes, definitely.” • The date of
the move has not been definitely decided yet.
definition |ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn| n izoh, ta’rif, tushuntirish = interpretation, meaning, understanding, reading • Look up the definition
of “democracy” in the dictionary. • What’s
your definition of happiness? ► definition,
interpretation or understanding? Definition, asosan, so‘z va jumlalarning lug‘aviy
ma’nosini, izohini bildiradi: • There is no
general agreement on a standard definition
of “intelligence’; Interpretation biror narsa yoki ishning tushuntirilishiga nisbatan
ishlatiladi: • interpretation of data/information/results/the law/dreams. Biror narsaning nima uchunligini, qanday ishlashini
ifodalashda yoki u haqida tushunchaga
egaligi haqida gap ketganda understanding
so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • an understanding
of a process/a relationship/an issue. • They
have to have a basic understanding of computers in order to use the advanced technology. ● by definition tabiatan, aslida,
aniqki • Neighbours by definition live close
by. • People say that students are by definition impatient.
definitive |dɪˈfɪnətɪv| adj eng ma’qul/so‘nggi, yakuniy, aniq • There are no definitive answers/solutions to this problem. • The police
have no definitive proof of her guilt.
defraud |dɪˈfrɔːd| v ayyorlik bilan pulni
o‘zlashtirmoq,­firibgarlik­qilmoq,­aldab­pulini olmoq = swindle, cheat, rob, deceive,
con, do, sting • All three men were charged
with conspiracy to defraud. • [~ sb (of sth)]
They were accused of defrauding the company of $14 000.
D
defy
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defy |dɪˈfaɪ| v (-ies, -ying, -ied) 1 qarshi
chiqmoq, itoat etmaslik, bo‘ysunmaslik =
disobey,­go­against,­flout ≠ obey • The commander defied a direct order to surrender. •
I wouldn’t have dared to defy my teachers. 2
bajarish qiyin bo‘lgan narsaga chorlamoq/
chaqirmoq = challenge, dare • I defy anyone
not to cry at the end of the film. • I defy you
to leave without buying something.
degree ★ |dɪˈɡriː| n 1 daraja, gradus (°) =
extent, level, scale • Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit (32°F) or zero/nought degrees Celsius (0°C). • A right angle is an angle of 90°. • New York is on a latitude of 41°N
and a longitude of 74°W. 2 unvon, diplom
= diploma, academic program • She’s got
a physics degree/a degree in physics from
Oxford. • My brother has got a bachelor’s/
master’s degree in history from Harvard. 3
daraja, miqyos = extent, point • This job demands a high degree of skill. • I agree with
you to a certain degree. • To some degree I
think that’s right, but there are other factors
which affect the situation. • To what degree
can parents be held responsible for a child’s
behaviour? • “That’s really bad.” “Well, it’s
all a matter/question of degree.” • Most pop
music is influenced, to a greater or lesser
degree, by the blues.
delay |dɪˈleɪ| n |C,U| kechikish, kechga surish, qoldirish = holdup, wait, postponement, deferral • We are sorry for the delay
in replying to your letter. • There will be a
delay of ten minutes before the meeting
starts. • Report it to the police without delay. • There’s no time for delay. ■ v 1 kechikmoq, kechga qoldirmoq/surmoq =
postpone, put sth off, stall ≠ advance, hasten, hurry • Don’t delay — call us today! •
The train has been delayed by fog. • [~ doing
sth] He delayed telling her the news, waiting
for the right moment. 2 ushlab turmoq/
qolmoq = hold sb/sth up, block, hinder •
The company has delayed payment of all invoices. • The government is accused of using
delaying tactics.
delegate1 |ˈdelɪɡət| n delegat, vakil = representative, envoy, emissary • The conference
was attended by delegates from 56 countries. • They decided not to send a delegate
to the conference. ► delegate or representative? → representativen
delegate2 |ˈdelɪɡeɪt| v vakil qilmoq, ish
buyurmoq, majburiy yuklamoq = assign,
entrust, pass on, authorize, commission •
Some managers find it difficult to delegate.
• [~ (sth) (to sb)] The job had to be delegated
to an assistant.
delegation |ˌdelɪˈɡeɪʃn| n 1 |C| (ham birlik,
ham ko‘plik fe’li bilan kelishi mumkin) delegatsiya, vakillar • They agreed to send a delegation to the African summit meeting. • A
delegation from Spain has/have arrived for
a month. 2 yuklash, buyurish, vakil qilish •
delegation of authority/decision-making •
Delegation of responsibility is a key part of
a manager’s job.
delete |dɪˈliːt| v o‘chirib/olib tashlamoq =
erase, remove, wipe, cross sth out ≠ add, insert • Delete the word “it” and insert “them”.
• [~ sth (from sth)] Your name has been deleted from the list.
deliberate |dɪˈlɪbərət| adj 1 atayin qilingan, kelishilgan, uyushtirilgan, o‘ylangan =
intentional, planned, on purpose ≠ unintentional, accidental • It was a deliberate
attempt to spoil her birthday party. • a deliberate attack/insult/lie • The attack on him
was quite deliberate. 2 shoshilmay, ohista,
asta, ehtiyotkorlik bilan = careful, cautious
≠ careless • He approached her with slow,
deliberate steps. • She spoke in a slow and
deliberate way. ■ adv deliberately atayin,
ataylab = intentionally, on purpose • It was
an accident - I didn’t hit her deliberately. •
You did that deliberately, just to annoy me.
delicate |ˈdelɪkət| adj 1 nozik, nimjon =
fragile, brittle ≠ strong, durable • a delicate
china vase • Babies have very delicate skin. •
The eye is one of the most delicate organs of
the body. ► delicate or fragile? Delicate
tarkib, material, xom-ashyo tufayli nozik,
nimjon hisoblanadi: • Use a cool wash for
delicate fabrics; Fragile esa juda ham eskiligi uchun nozik, nimjon hisoblanadi: • He
leaned back in his fragile chair. 2 tez chalinuvchan, nozik, nimjon = sickly, unhealthy
≠ inept, clumsy, strong • Little babies are
very delicate. • She was a delicate child. 3
ehtiyotli, nozik = subtle, careful, sensitive,
soft ≠ bold • I admired your delicate handling of the situation. • The delicate surgical
operation took five hours. • a delicate fragrance/flavour • a river scene painted in
delicate watercolours ■ adv delicately ehtiyotkorlik/noziklik bilan • He stepped delicately over the broken glass. • I thought you
handled the situation very delicately
delicious |dɪˈlɪʃəs| adj mazali, totli = tasty,
mouth-watering, appetizing ≠ unpalatable,
unpleasant • Who cooked this? It’s delicious.
• Can I have another piece of that delicious
cake?
delight ★ |dɪˈlaɪt| n |U| zavq, shavq, rohat,
xursandchilik = joy, bliss, pleasure, happiness ≠ displeasure, dismay, horror • My
sister’s little boy is a real delight. • Their
singing was a pure delight. • The children
jumped with delight when they saw the
puppy. • To my great delight, she said yes.
● take (great) delight in sth maza/kayf
qilmoq = enjoy • He takes (great) delight
in proving others wrong. • He seems to take
great delight in teasing his sister. ► delight,
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joy, bliss or pleasure? → joy ■ v zavqlanmoq, xursand qilmoq = please, charm,
fascinate, captivate, entrance, enchant, bewitch ≠ dismay, disgust • Peter’s success at
college delighted his family. • She delights in
teasing her little brother. • Some people delight in the misfortunes of others.
delighted ★ |dɪˈlaɪtɪd| adj mamnun, xursand = pleased, glad, happy (inf) over the
moon, tickled pink ≠ disappointed, horrified • [~ to do sth] I’d be absolutely delighted
to come. • “Can you stay for dinner?” “I’d be
delighted (to)!” • [~ that…] I was delighted
that you could stay. • [~ by/at sth] She was
delighted by/at the news of the wedding. • [~
with sth] I was delighted with my presents.
► delighted, overjoyed or thrilled?
Overjoyed va thrilled so‘zlari delighted
so‘zidan kuchliroq hissiyot berishi mumkin.
Lekin delighted so‘zi absolutely, more than
yoki only too so‘zlari bilan yanada kuchli ehtirosni ifodalashi mumkin: • I know
Frank will be absolutely delighted to see you.
(... very delighted to see you.) Overjoyed va
thrilled so‘zlari not exactly yoki less than
so‘zlari bilan unchalik xursand emasligini
ham ifodalab kelishlari ham mumkin: • He’s
less than thrilled at the prospect of moving
house. ► delighted, glad, pleased or happy? → happy
delightful |dɪˈlaɪtfl| adj zavqli, ajoyib, xursand qiladigan = pleasant, lovely, charming,
enchanting • What a delightful show of flowers! • The whole house is delightful. • Our
new neighbours are delightful. ► delightful,
wonderful or lovely? → lovely
deliver ★ |dɪˈlɪvər| v 1 yetkazib/eltib bermoq = bring, take, convey, carry ≠ collect •
The shop is delivering our new bed on Thursday. • [~ to sb/sth] We promise to deliver
within 48 hours. • Do you have your milk delivered? • [~ (sth) to sb/sth] Mail is delivered
to our office twice a day. 2 o‘qib eshittirmoq,
ma’ruza bermoq, nutq so‘zlamoq = utter,
give, make • The priest delivered a passionate sermon/speech against war. • The jury
delivered a verdict of not guilty. • She is due
to deliver a lecture on genetic engineering.
► Kundalik hayotda deliver so‘zidan ko‘ra
give so‘zidan ko‘proq foydalaniladi: • give a
speech/lecture/talk
delivery |dɪˈlɪvəri| n (pl -ies) yetkazib/
eltib berish, olib borish, tashish = conveyance, carriage, transportation ≠ collection
• There is no charge for delivery within the
London area. • You can pay for the carpet on
delivery (=yetkazib berilganda). • Is there
a postal/mail delivery on Saturdays? • We
expect to take delivery of our new car next
week.
demand ★ |dɪˈmænd| n 1 talab, so‘rov •
Production is increasing faster than de-
demolish
mand. • [~ for sth/that…] There’s an increased demand for organic produce these
days. • [~ of sth] | [~ on sb] Flying makes
enormous demands on pilots. 2 ehtiyoj, talab • We can’t sell the book, because there is
no demand for it. • We cannot keep up with
the demand for our services. • Demand is
exceeding supply. ● in demand talab/ehtiyoj katta = sought-after, desired, wanted
• Good secretaries are always in demand. •
As a teacher he was always in demand. ■
v talab qilmoq, so‘ramoq = call for, ask for,
request • [~ sth] She demanded an immediate explanation. • [~ that sb/sth do sth] She
demanded that he return the books he borrowed from her. • This sport demands both
speed and strength. • (BrEda shuningdek)
They are demanding that all troops should
be withdrawn. • [~ to do sth] I demand to
see the manager. • [+ speech] “Who the hell
are you?” he demanded angrily. ► Demand
fe’llik ma’nosida odatda to‘ldiruvchi bilan hech qanday predlogsiz bog‘lanadi: • I
demand my money back! (I demand for my
money back!) ► demand, ask or expect? →
expect3
demanding |dɪˈmændɪŋ| adj 1 ko‘p
mehnat/e’tibor talab qiladigan, mashaqqatli = difficult,­ challenging,­ tough ≠ easy,
effortless • The work is physically demanding. • She’s a very demanding child. • It is a
demanding role and she needs to work hard
at it. 2 talabchan, injiq = nagging, clamorous easygoing • a demanding boss/child •
My grandma became very demanding as she
got older.
democracy |dɪˈmɑːkrəsi| n (pl -ies) xalq
hokimiyati ≠ dictatorship • The people want
democracy, not a dictatorship. • The government has promised to uphold the principles
of democracy. • new/emerging/fledgling
democracies
democrat |ˈdeməkræt| n 1 demokrat • This
bill will be welcomed by democrats everywhere. 2 demokratik partiya a’zosi • Congressman Tom Downey is a Democrat from
New York.
democratic |ˌdeməˈkrætɪk| adj demokratik
= elected, representative • They promised
to restore democratic government. • Do you
think Australia is a more democratic country
than Britain?
demolish |dɪˈmɑːlɪʃ| v 1 buzib tashlamoq =
knock down, pull down ≠ construct • The
car had skidded across the road and demolished part of the wall. • A number of houses
were demolished so that the supermarket
could be built. 2 vayron qilmoq = destroy,
ruin, wreck • Hurricane demolished more
than half a million homes. • You’ve demolished my lovely arrangement - now I’ll have
to do it all over again!
D
demon
D
156
demon |ˈdiːmən| n iblis, shayton = devil, evil
spirit • demons torturing the sinners in Hell
• (hazilomus) That’s the last time I look after
her kids - I’ll be glad when the little demons
go home.
demonstrate |ˈdemənstreɪt| v 1 namoyish
qilmoq, ko‘rsatmoq, bildirmoq = show,
prove, indicate, illustrate, reveal • [~ that…]
The study demonstrates that cigarette advertising does encourage children to smoke.
• [~ sth (to sb)] Let me demonstrate to you
some of the difficulties we are facing. • [~
wh…] He demonstrated how the machine
worked. • [~ sb/sth to be sth] The theories were demonstrated to be false. • [it is
demonstrated that…] It has been demonstrated that this drug is effective. • [~ sth
(to sb)] Her job involves demonstrating new
educational software. • [~ (to sb) wh…] Let
me demonstrate to you how it works. ►
demonstrate, indicate or illustrate?
Demonstrate vaziyatga qolganlaridan ko‘ra
kuchliroq urg‘u beradi va u shaxs bilan kela
oladi, qolganlari esa yo‘q: • Let me demonstrate to you some of the difficulties we face.
(Let me indicate/illustrate to you ...) ► display, exhibit or demonstrate? → display
2 namoyish o‘tkazmoq, norozilik qilmoq
= protest, rally • [~ against sth] What are
they demonstrating against? • [~ in favour/
support of sth] They are demonstrating in
favour of free higher education.
demonstration |ˌdemənˈstreɪʃn| n (shuningdek (inf) demo) 1 namoyish (qilish),
ko‘rsatib berish = proof • Let me give you
a demonstration of how the camera works. •
This disaster is a clear demonstration of the
need for tighter controls. 2 norozilik, namoyish o‘tkazish = protest, march • We went to
a demonstration in Trafalgar Square. • They
staged demonstrations against the government in several towns. ► demonstration or
protest? → protest2
denial |dɪˈnaɪəl| n 1 rad, inkor = rebuttal [~
of sth/that…] • the prisoner’s repeated denials of the charges against him • The terrorists issued a denial of responsibility for the
attack. 2 rad/inkor qilish = refusal • the denial of basic human rights • The advertising
ban is a denial of freedom of speech. • a gross
denial of justice
denounce |dɪˈnaʊns| v 1 kuchli tanqid
qilmoq • [~ sb/sth] She publicly denounced
the government’s handling of the crisis. • [~
sb/sth as sth] The project was denounced
as a scandalous waste of public money. 2
ma’lum qilmoq, ogoh qilib qo‘ymoq • [~ sb
as sth] They were denounced as spies. • [~ sb
(to sb)] Many people denounced their neighbours to the secret police.
dense |dens| adj qalin, zich = thick, heavy ≠
sparse • Dense fog closed the airport. • They
tried to find their way through dense forest.
density |ˈdensəti| n (pl -ies) zichlik = thickness • low density forest • The area has a
high/low population density. • We were unable to move because of the density of the
crowd. • Lead has a high density. • Aluminium is low in density.
dental |ˈdentl| adj tishga oid, tish... • dental
decay/disease/care/treatment/health • She
had to cancel her dental appointment. • Dental care was free in the 60s.
dentist |ˈdentɪst| n dentist (tish shifokori)
• You should have your teeth checked by a
dentist at least twice a year. • I hate going
to the dentist’s.
deny |dɪˈnaɪ| v (-ies, -ying, -ied) 1 rad etmoq,
tan olmaslik = contradict, controvert ≠ confirm,­ admit • You were there, weren’t you?
- Don’t deny it! • [~ sth] to deny a claim/a
charge/an accusation • Even under torture,
he refused to deny his beliefs/faith. • [~
(that)…] She denied (that) she had ever seen
him. • Neil denies that he broke the window,
but I’m sure he did. • [~ doing sth] Neil denies
breaking the window. 2 ruxsat bermaslik,
rad etmoq= refuse, turn down, reject ≠ accept • Her request for time off work was denied. • No one should be denied a good education./A good education should be denied
to no one. ● there’s no denying (that/sth)
mubolag‘a yo‘q-ki, shak-shubhasiz • There’s
no denying that this has been a difficult year
for the company. • There’s no denying that
this is an important event.
depart |dɪˈpɑːrt| v (ancha rasmiy so‘z) jo‘nab
ketmoq, chiqib ketmoq = leave, go (away)
≠ arrive • She waited until the last of the
guests had departed. • He departed his job
December 16. • [~ (for…) (from…)] Our flight
departs from Shannon Airport at 2 o’clock.
• The Foreign Minister will depart for Cairo this evening. • [~ sth] (AmE) The train
departed Amritsar at 6.15 p.m. ► Kundalik hayotda depart so‘zining o‘rniga leave
yoki go so‘zlaridan ko‘proq foydalaniladi: •
What time does the next plane leave/go? •
She left for Germany last week. ► leave or
leave for → leave
department |dɪˈpɑːrtmənt| n (abbr Dept)
bo‘lim = division, section, sector • He is in
charge of the marketing/sales department.
• the Department for Education and Skills •
the Department of Transport • You will find
beds in the furniture department. • a government/university, etc. department • the
children’s department
department store n katta supermarket =
general store, mall • The department store
has branches in all major capitals. • I found
157
her looking in the window of a department
store.
departure |dɪˈpɑːrtʃər| n |C,U| jo‘nab ketish,
tark etish = leaving, going • The departure
time is 3 o’clock. • The plane’s departure was
delayed by two hours. • [~ from…] They had
received no news of him since his departure
from the island. • the departure lounge/
time/gate • the departures board
depend ★ |dɪˈpend| v 1 bog‘liq bo‘lmoq =
be contingent on, be conditional on (inf) be
up to • “How much will I have to pay for a
car?” “It depends what sort of car you want.”
• [~ on/upon sb/sth] Does the quality of
teaching depend on class size? • [~ wh…] I
might not go. It depends how tired I am. ►
depend or depend on? Norasmiy vaziyatlarda ko‘pincha what, how yoki whether
kabi so‘zlardan oldin depend predloglarsiz
ishlatiladi: • It depends what you mean by
“hostile”. Rasmiy holatlarda depend doim
on yoki upon predloglari bilan kelishi kerak: • It depends on how you define the term
“hostile”. Depend ni upon bilan kelishi on
bilan kelishidan-da rasmiyroq hisolanadi: •
How much it costs depends upon how much
you buy. 2 suyanmoq, tayanmoq, ishonmoq
= rely on, lean on, count on • I don’t want
to depend too much on my parents. • The
country depends heavily on its tourist trade.
• He was the sort of person you could depend
on. • [~ sb/sth to do sth] He knew he could
depend upon her to deal with the situation. •
[~ sb/sth doing sth] Can we depend on you
coming in on Sunday? • [~ on/upon sb/sth
for sth] The community depends on the shipping industry for its survival. • (kinoyali) You
can depend on her to be late. ► depend on,
trust or rely on? Odamlarga va ularning
qaror yoki maslahatlariga ishonch bildirilganda trust so‘zidan foydalaniladi. Lekin
“suyanmoq, yordamiga tayanmoq” ma’nosida trust so‘zidan emas, rely on yoki depend on so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • You can
depend on him - he’s always ready to help.
● depending on ga qarab/asosan = according to • Starting salary varies from £26
000 to £30 500, depending on experience.
• Prices vary depending on the area you
choose. that depends | it (all) depends ★
(inf) bu vaziyatga bog‘liq, sharoitga qarab,
ko‘ramiz(da) • We may go to France on holiday, or Spain, it all depends. • “Is he coming?”
“That depends. He may not have the time.” •
“How long are you staying?” “I don’t know;
it depends.”
dependence |dɪˈpendəns| n |U| tayanish,
suyanish, bog‘lanib qolish = dependence,
reliance ≠ independence • financial/economic dependence • [~ on/upon sb/sth] The
company needs to reduce its dependence on
just one particular product. • Drug depen-
depreciation
dence led to her early death. • She has developed a deep dependence on him.
dependent |dɪˈpendənt| adj 1 bog‘lanib
qolgan, suyangan, tayangan, qo‘liga qarab
qolgan = conditional on, contingent, reliant
on, relying on ≠ independent • She has five
dependent relatives. • [~ on/upon sb/sth]
You can’t be dependent on your parents all
your life. • [~ on/upon sb/sth for sth] The
festival is heavily dependent on sponsorship for its success. 2 o‘rganib/qaram bo‘lib
qolmoq = addicted • The patients become
very dependent on the hospital staff. • It’s
very easy to become dependent on sleeping
pills. ► dependent or dependant? Bu
so‘zlarni adashtirib yubormang. Dependent (bog‘lanib qolgan) sifat, dependant
esa (qaram, tobe) ot hisoblanadi: • Society’s
stereotypes of women as weak, passive and
dependent individuals. (... dependent indivudials) • The British Legion raises funds to
help ex-service personnel and their dependants. (... their dependents)
depict |dɪˈpɪkt| v (ancha rasmiy so‘z) tasvirlab bermoq, ifodalamoq chizib bermoq,
chizib ko‘rsatmoq • [~ sb/sth (as sb/sth)]
Her paintings depict the lives of ordinary
people in the last century. • In the book, he
depicts his father as a hero. • [~ sb/sth doing sth] The artist had depicted her lying on
a bed.
deposit |dɪˈpɑːzɪt| n 1 boshlang‘ich mablag‘
= down payment • They normally ask you
to pay $100 (as a) deposit. • All deposits are
non-refundable. 2 to‘lanadigan pulning oldindan beriladigan bir qismi, zaklad • Can
you leave £50 as deposit? • She had to pay a
deposit on the watch. ■ v 1 hisobraqamiga
pul qo‘ymoq = put (down), place ≠ withdrawal • She deposited £100 in her current
account. • Millions were deposited in Swiss
bank accounts. ► Kundalik hayotda depozit
so‘zidan ko‘ra put in yoki pay in so‘zlaridan
ko‘proq foydalaniladi: • I paid/put $100 into
his account. • You should put your valuables
in the hotel safe. 2 garov to‘lamoq, zaklad
bermoq • You deposit 20% now and pay the
rest when the car is delivered. • When we
moved in, we had to deposit $1000 with the
landlord in case we broke any of his things.
depreciate |dɪˈpriːʃieɪt| v qadr-qimmati
tushmoq, qadrsizlanmoq = decrease in
value, lose value, fall in price ≠ appreciate,
overrate • New cars start to depreciate as
soon as they are on the road. • Shares continued to depreciate on the stock markets
today.
depreciation |dɪˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn| n |U| qadrsizlanish = devaluation, devaluing, decrease in
value • currency depreciation • the depreciation of fixed assets • the depreciation of
the dollar
D
depress
D
158
depress |dɪˈpres| v 1 tushkunlikka/ruhini tushirmoq, (yuragini) siqmoq, ezmoq =
sadden, discourage ≠ cheer sb up • [~ sb]
Wet weather always depresses me. • Losing
my job depressed me even further. • [it depresses sb to do sth] It depresses me to see
so many young girls smoking. • [~ doing]
Doesn’t it depress you listening to the news
these days? 2 bosmoq, ezmoq • Depress the
clutch fully. • Slowly depress the accelerator/brake pedal. ► Kundalik hayotda “tugmani bosmoq” ma’nosida depress so‘zidan
ko‘ra ko‘proq push (down) yoki press (down)
so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • Push this button
for cold water. • Push the clutch down fully.
depressed |dɪˈprest| adj 1 tushkunlikka
tushgan, siqilgan, ruhi tushgan = sad, unhappy, miserable, gloomy ≠ cheerful • She’s
been feeling depressed since the accident.
• She felt very depressed about the future.
• She became deeply depressed when her
husband died. • He seemed a bit depressed
about his work situation. 2 bahosi/qiymati
pasaygan, zaif = weak, enervated, devitalized ≠ strong • In a depressed market, it’s
difficult to sell goods unless you lower your
prices. • an economically depressed area. •
Britain’s depressed housing market.
depressing |dɪˈpresɪŋ| adj tushkunlikka tushuradigan, siqadigan = miserable,
gloomy, upsetting • Looking for a job these
days can be very depressing. • a depressing
sight/thought/experience • [~ doing sth]
It was very depressing watching the news
on television tonight. • The whole experience was very depressing. ► depressing
or miserable? Depressing odatda boshqa
odamlarning vaziyat yoki ahvoli yurakni
siqadigan holat ekanligini ifodalashda ishlatiladi: • The report on the state of water
pollution paints a depressing picture; Miserable esa, odatda, shaxsiy bo‘ladi: • My
schooldays were thoroughly miserable.
depression |dɪˈpreʃn| n 1 |U| depressiya,
og‘ir­ ruhiy­ kayfiyat = unhappiness, sadness • She suffered from severe depression
after losing her job. • If you suffer from depression, it’s best to get professional help.
2 |U,C| depressiya, umidsizlik, tushkunlik
= low spirits, a heavy heart, upset • I was
overwhelmed by feelings of depression. • The
country was in the grip of (an) economic depression. 3 |U,C| iqtisodiy inqiroz, tanazzul
= recession, slump, decline • The stock market crash marked the start of a severe depression. • the great Depression of the 1930s
deprive |dɪˈpraɪv| v ● deprive sb/sth of
sth mahrum/judo qilmoq = dispossess of,
strip of (inf) do out of • They were imprisoned and deprived of their freedom/rights. •
A lot of these children have been deprived of
a normal home life.
deprived |dɪˈpraɪvd| adj kerakli narsalardan
mahrum bo‘lgan, qiynalgan, ezilgan • She
had a deprived childhood. • economically/
emotionally/socially deprived
depth |depθ| n 1 |C,U| chuqurlik, tub = deepness ≠ shallowness • The depth of the lake
is 20m. • The submarine dived to a depth of
200m. • The ship sank slowly to the depths of
the ocean. 2 |C,U| tepasidan pastigacha, balandligi = distance downward • The depth
of the shelves is 30 centimetres. ● in depth
atroflicha,­ chuqur,­ izchil,­ mayda­ detallarigacha = thoroughly, extensively, comprehensively • I haven’t looked at the report in
depth yet. • an in-depth study • The subject
was discussed in great depth.
deputy |ˈdepjuti| n (pl -ies) o‘rinbosar =
second, second-in-command • I’m acting
as deputy till the manager returns. • He appointed her as his deputy. • the deputy chairperson/manager/(AmE) sheriff, etc.
derive |dɪˈraɪv| v olmoq = obtain, get, take •
She derives great pleasure/satisfaction from
playing the violin. • The institute derives
all its money from foreign investments. ●
derive from sth | be derived from sth
-dan kelib chiqmoq, olinmoq = originate
in, stem/come from • The word “politics” is
derived from a Greek word meaning “city”. •
The English word “olive” is derived from the
Latin word “oliva”. ► Kundalik hayotda (is)
derived from birikmasidan ko‘ra comes from
jumlasidan ko‘proq foydalaniladi: • This
word comes from Latin.
descend |dɪˈsend| v (fml) pastga tushmoq,
pasaymoq • The plane began to descend. •
She descended the stairs slowly.
descent |dɪˈsent| n (fml) 1 pasayish, pastlash = dive, drop; fall, pitch • The plane
began its descent to Heathrow. • There is a
steep descent to the village below. 2 kelib
chiqish, nasl-nasab = ancestry, parentage,
extraction, origin, lineage, line, roots • She’s
a woman of mixed/French descent.
describe ★ |dɪˈskraɪb| v tasvirlamoq, tasvirlab bermoq, ifodalamoq, ta’rif bermoq =
report, tell, portray, explain • [~ sb/sth (to/
for sb)] Can you describe him to me? • He described the painting in detail. • [~ sb/sth as
sth] The man was described as tall and dark,
and aged about 20. • Jim was described by
his colleagues as “unusual”. • [~ wh…] Describe how you did it. • Let me describe (to
you) how it happened. • [~ (sb/sth) doing
sth] Several people described seeing strange
lights in the sky. ► call or describe? → call2
description |dɪˈskrɪpʃn| n |C,U| tavfsif, tasvirlash, bayon = picture,­ portrait,­ profile,­
account, report • [~ of sb/sth] She has given
the police a very detailed/full description of
the robber. • a brief/general description of
the software
159
desert1 |ˈdezərt| n |C,U| cho‘l • They were
lost in the desert for nine days. • Somalia is
mostly desert.
desert2 |dɪˈzɜːrt| v tashlab ketmoq, tark etmoq, yolg‘iz qoldirib ketmoq = abandon,
leave, turn sb’s back on, dump, walk out
• Don’t worry — I won’t desert you. • She
was deserted by her husband. • [~ from …]
How many people desert from the army each
year? ► desert or abandon? → abandon
deserted |dɪˈzɜːrtɪd| adj tashlandiq, tashlab
ketilgan = abandoned, thrown over • We
walked around the deserted town. • The office was completely deserted.
deserve |dɪˈzɜːrv| v munosib/loyiq bo‘lmoq,
arzimoq = merit, earn, warrant • After all
that hard work, you deserve a holiday. • I
hope they get the punishment they deserve.
• [~ to do sth] He didn’t deserve to win because he cheated. • [~ doing sth] Several
other points deserve mentioning. • I don’t
feel sorry for him. He got what he deserved.
• They deserve better. ► deserve or earn?
Deserve biror yaxshi ish qilgani uchun
rag‘batga loyiq yoki biror yomon ish qilganligi uchun jazoga loyiq ekanligini ifodalashda ishlatiladi. Earn esa faqat rag‘batga loyiq
ma’nosida ishlatiladi: • Companies must
earn a reputation for honesty.
design |dɪˈzaɪn| n |U,C| shakl, ko‘rinish,
dizayn = layout, plan, format, pattern, creation • [~ for sth] Here are the designs for
the book cover. • The architect has produced
the designs for the new opera house. • floral/
abstract/geometric designs • The tiles come
in a huge range of colours and designs. ■ v
1 loyihalashtirmoq, chizib/shakl bermoq
= plan, outline, engineer, invent • He designed and built his own house. • Who designed this dress/furniture? • [~ sth for sb/
sth] They asked me to design a poster for the
campaign. • [~ sb sth] Could you design us a
poster? 2 o‘ylab topmoq = invent, originate,
create • We need to design a new syllabus
for the third year. ► design, engineer, discover or invent? → invent 3 mo‘ljallangan,
maqsadida -gan, qaratilgan = be aimed at
sth, be intended for/as/to be sth, mean • [~
sth (for sth)] This dictionary is designed for
intermediate learners of English. • [~ sth (as
sth)] This course is primarily designed as an
introduction to the subject. • [~ sth to do sth]
The programme is designed to help people
who have been out of work for a long time.
designate |ˈdezɪɡneɪt| (ko‘pincha majhul
nisbatda ishlatiladi) (fml) belgilamoq, ajratmoq, (deb) qabul qilinmoq = classify, class,
name, call • [~ sb/sth (as) sth] This area has
been designated (as) a National Park. • [~
sb/sth (as being/having sth)] Several pupils
were designated as having moderate or severe learning difficulties.
despair
designer |dɪˈzaɪnər| n loyihachi, yaratuvchi,
dizayner = developer, planner, architect •
They brought in an interior designer to do
the house. • an industrial designer • She always wore clothes by top designers. • Christian Lacroix was one of Paris’s most wellknown dress/fashion designers.
desirable |dɪˈzaɪərəbl| adj (fml) maqbul,
maqsadga­muvofiq,­xohlangan • The house
is in a very desirable area of the city. • It’s regarded as a highly desirable job. • [~ that] It
is desirable that you (BrE should) have some
familiarity with computers. • [~ (for sb) (to
do sth)] It is no longer desirable for adult
children to live with their parents.
desire ★ |dɪˈzaɪər| n |C,U| xohish, istak, tilak, istash, o‘tinch = need, urge, temptation
• [~ to do sth] She expressed an overwhelming/a burning desire to visit Dubai. • I have
no desire (=xohlamayman) to cause any
trouble. • [~ for sth] Most children have an
insatiable desire for knowledge. • [~ that …]
It was Harold’s desire that he should be buried next to his wife. ► Desire otidan so‘ng
fe’lning­ infinitiv­ shaklidan­ foydalaniladi:­
[desire­+­to­do] • Our parents and grandparents had the desire to create a better world
for future generations. (... had the desire of
creating ...) U boshqa ot bilan kelganida
esa for­predlogi­bilan­ishlatiladi:­[desire­for­
sth] • It’s not money itself that causes evil,
it’s the desire for money. (... desire for money.)
► desire, wish or need? Bu so‘zlarning
ichida need eng kuchlisi hisoblanadi va u
juda zarur ekanligini ifodalaydi. Wish bilan desire so‘zlarining muhimlik darajalari
deyarli bir xil, lekin desire so‘zi deep, great,
urgent kabi so‘zlar bilan kelganda u wish
dan ko‘ra kuchliroq xohishni ifodalaydi. •
a strong desire to win ■ v (fml) (davomiy
zamonlarda ishlatilmaydi) xohlamoq, istamoq, tilamoq = want, wish, like • [~ sth] We
all desire health and happiness. • Most of us
desire a large comfortable home. • [~ (sb/
sth) to do sth] Fewer people desire to live in
the north of the country. ► Deisre so‘zi want
dan ham kuchliroq xohishni ifodalasa-da
kundalik hayotda desire so‘zining o‘rniga
ko‘proq want so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • You
can have anything you want. • I wanted to
meet her.
desk ★ |desk| n 1 parta, yozuv stoli • He had
a pile of papers on his desk. • She sat at her
desk writing letters. • The report arrived on/
landed on/reached my desk this morning.
2 xizmat ko‘rsatish joyi • a check-in/information/reception desk • the foreign/sports
desk
despair |dɪˈsper| n |U| noumidlik, tushkunlik
= desperation, discouragement ≠ hope, joy
• When he lost his job and his girlfriend left
him, he was filled with despair. • They’re in
D
desperate
D
160
(the depths of) despair over/about the money they’ve lost. • Their fourth year without
rain drove many farmers to despair (=umidsizlikka tushirib qo‘ydi).
desperate |ˈdespərət| adj 1 umidsiz, tushkunlikka tushgan, ilojsiz, xavotirlangan =
despairing, hopeless • Food ran out and
the people were becoming desperate. • The
missing man’s family are getting increasingly desperate. 2 muhtoj, juda kerak = in great
need of, urgent, serious, critical • There is a
desperate need for medical supplies. • [~ for
sth] He was so desperate for a job he would
have done anything. • (inf) I’m desperate for
a cigarette. • [~ to do sth] I was absolutely
desperate to see her. • The children are in
desperate need of love and attention.
desperately |ˈdespərətli| adv 1 ilojsiz, noiloj, umidsiz, xavotirlanib = in desperation,
in despair, wretchedly • desperately ill/unhappy/lonely • He took a deep breath, desperately trying to keep calm. • The doctors
tried desperately to save her life. 2 juda =
urgently, pressingly; intensely, eagerly •
John desperately wanted to go to university.
• I was desperately lonely. 3 jiddiy, og‘ir =
seriously, critically, very, extremely, hopelessly, terribly • He was desperately ill. • He
was desperately ill with a fever.
desperation |ˌdespəˈreɪʃn| n |U| umidsizlik,
noilojlik = hopelessness, discouragement •
There was a note of desperation in his voice.
• In desperation, they jumped out of the window to escape the fire.
despite ★ |dɪˈspaɪt| prep -ga qaramasdan =
in spite of, notwithstanding, regardless of •
Despite the wet weather we still enjoyed our
holiday. • [~ doing sth] Despite applying for
hundreds of jobs, he is still out of work. • He
still loves her, despite the fact that she left
him. ► Despite hech qachon of predlogi bilan ishlatilmaydi: • Recycling is a good way
to manage waste despite its cost. (... despite
of its cost) • Her voice was shaking despite
all her efforts to control it. Despite bundan
tashqari hech qachon ega kesimli kelishik
bilan ishlatilmaydi. Uning o‘rniga gerundiy,
despite the fact yoki although (though)
birikmalaridan foydalaniladi: • Despite
neglecting his studies, he got his degree
(Despite he neglected his studies ...). • She
seemed no happier, despite the fact that her
physical condition had improved. • Although
I learned a great deal, I thought the course
was too narrowly based. ► despite, in spite
of, (even) though or although? → although
dessert |dɪˈzɜːrt| n |U,C| dessert (asosiy
ovqatdan keyingi shirinlik) • What’s for
dessert? • If you make the main course, I’ll
make a dessert. ► Desert, asosan, restoran
va kafelarda ishlatiladi. Uyda esa, odatda,
uning o‘rniga the sweet, afters yoki pudding
so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • There was apple
pie for afters.
destination |ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn| n belgilangan/
tayinlangan joy = journey’s end, end of the
line • We reached our destination at eight
o’clock. • The Caribbean is a popular tourist/
(BrE holiday)/(AmE vacation) destination.
destiny |ˈdestəni| n (pl -ies) taqdir, kelajak =
future, fate, fortune • He came to Paris and
found his true destiny as a poet. • The destiny
of our nation depends on this vote!
destroy ★ |dɪˈstrɔɪ| v vayron/yakson qilmoq, yo‘q qilmoq, buzmoq = devastate,
wipe sb/sth out, demolish, knock down
≠ build, reconstruct, create, restore • The
bomb destroyed several buildings. • They’ve
destroyed all the evidence. • The accident
seemed to have completely/totally destroyed
his confidence. ► destroy or devastate?
Devastate destroy dan ko‘ra kuchliroq hisoblanadi va faqat bino va joylarga nisbatan ishlatiladi. U odamlarga nisbatan
ishlatilganda boshqacha ma’noni bildiradi:
• She was devastated (=Uning qalbi tilka-pora bo‘lgan edi) by the loss of Damian Destroy
esa hamma narsalar va odamlarga ishlatilishi mumkin.
destruction |dɪˈstrʌkʃn| n |U| vayron(garchilik), buzi(li)sh, yo‘qolish = demolition,
wreckage, ruins, devastation • The volcano
caused enormous destruction. • weapons of
mass destruction • The floods brought death
and destruction to the area.
destructive |dɪˈstrʌktɪv| adj vayronkor,
buzg‘unchi = devastating, harmful, damaging, violent, savage • the destructive power
of nuclear weapons • People have to learn
how to handle destructive emotions like anger. ■ adv destructively • Power can be
used creatively or destructively.
detach |dɪˈtætʃ| v ajratmoq, ko‘chirmoq =
unfasten, disconnect ≠ attach • [~ sth from
sth] Detach the lower part of the form from
this letter and return it to the above address.
• [~ from sth] The skis should detach from
the boot if you fall. • You can detach the hood
if you prefer the coat without it.
detached |dɪˈtætʃt| adj 1 alohida, ajra(ti)l
gan = unfastened, disconnected, separated
• The label became detached from your parcel. 2 alohida/qo‘shilmagan uy = standing
alone, separate • a detached house.
detail ★ |ˈdiːteɪl| |dɪˈteɪl| n tafsilot, ma’lumot,
detal = point, fact, circumstance, information [~ about/of sth/sb] • We don’t know the
full/precise details of the story yet. • She refused to disclose/divulge any details about/
of the plan. • Can you give me further details
of when the accident took place? ma’lumot •
They didn’t give any details about the game.
• “We had a terrible time” — “Oh, spare me
the details.” ■ v tafsilot/ma’lumot bermoq
161
• He detailed the work which had to be
done. • The brochure details all the hotels
in the area and their facilities. ● in detail
batafsil,­ atroflicha = thoroughly, in depth,
exhaustively • The catalogue lists all the furniture in detail. • This issue will be discussed
in more detail in the next chapter. go into
detail(s)­ batafsil­ tushuntirmoq,­ atroflicha­
muhokama qilmoq • I can’t go into details
now; it would take too long. • I won’t go into
detail over the phone, but I’ve been having a
few health problems recently.
detailed |ˈdiːteɪld| |dɪˈteɪld| adj batafsil yoritilgan,­ atroflicha­ berilgan = minute, indepth, comprehensive, thorough ≠ general
• a detailed description/analysis/study • He
gave me detailed instructions on how to get
there. • A witness gave a detailed description
of the man.
detective |dɪˈtektɪv| n (abbr Det) izquvar,
detektiv = investigator • Detectives have interviewed four suspects. • She hired a private
detective to follow her husband.
detector |dɪˈtektər| n aniqlovchi moslama •
a metal/smoke detector
detention |dɪˈtenʃn| n 1 |U| qo‘lga olish,
tutqunlik • He was held in detention from
1991 to 2001. • If found guilty, she could face
indefinite detention. 2 darsdan keyin olib/
ushlab qolish • They can’t give me (a) detention for this. • Any student caught smoking
would be given detention immediately.
deteriorate |dɪˈtɪriəreɪt| v keskinlashmoq,
jiddiylashmoq, og‘irlashmoq, yomonlashmoq = worsen, decline ≠ improve • Her
health deteriorated rapidly, and she died
shortly afterwards. • [~ into sth] The discussion quickly deteriorated into an angry argument. ► Kundalik hayotda ko‘pchilik deteriorate so‘zidan ko‘ra get worse birikmasidan
foydalanishni afzal ko‘radi: • Her health got
worse. • The situation is getting worse.
determination |dɪˌtɜːrmɪˈneɪʃn| n qasd/
ahd qilish, qat’iyat(lik), qattiq harakat qilish, qaytmaslik = persistence, spirit, perseverance • He has overcome his difficulties
with courage and determination. • [~ to do
sth] Zilola shows great determination to
learn English. • fierce/grim/dogged determination
determine |dɪˈtɜːrmɪn| v (fml) 1 aniqlamoq,
oydinlashtirmoq, oydinlik kiritmoq = discover,­ find,­ establish,­ identify • Investigators are still trying to determine the cause of
the fire. • [~ wh…] We set out to determine
exactly what happened that night. • [it is determined that…] It was determined that she
had died of natural causes. 2 ta’sir qilmoq,
belgilanmoq, boshqarmoq = specify,­set,­fix,­
decide on, settle • Our prices are determined
by the market. • Eye colour is genetically determined.
develop
determined |dɪˈtɜːrmɪnd| adj 1 qasd/ahd
qilgan, qati’yatli, oldiga maqsad qo‘ygan,
bor e’tiborini/kuchini qaratgan = bent on
sth, insistent, resolved, intent on/upon •
She’s sure to get the job she wants - she’s a
very determined person. • [~ to do sth] I’m
determined to succeed. • I’m determined to
get this piece of work finished today. 2 qaytmas, qat’iy = persistent, resolute • I made
a determined effort to stop smoking. • The
library was closed down despite determined
opposition.
deterrent |dɪˈtɜːrənt| n tiyib/to‘sib turish
vositasi, to‘xtatib turuvchi narsa [~ to sb/
sth] • Fear of being caught acts as a deterrent to breaking the law. • There is no effective deterrent for these young criminals.
devastate |ˈdevəsteɪt| v 1 vayron qilmoq,
xarob qilmoq = destroy, ruin, wreck • The
bomb devastated much of the old part of the
city. • Western India was devastated by a
huge earthquake. ► devastate or destroy?
→ destroy 2 karaxt bo‘lib qolmoq, o‘zini
yo‘qotib qo‘ymoq = shatter, shock, stun •
Mary’s sisters were devastated by her disappearance. • Rob was devastated by the news
of her death.
devastating |ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ| adj 1 qaqshatqich, vayronkor, buzuvchi = destructive,
disastrous • a devastating explosion/fire/
cyclone • Gambling can have a devastating
effect on families. • It will be a devastating
blow to the local community if the factory
closes. 2 karaxt qilib qo‘yadigan, og‘ir =
shattering, shocking, overwhelming • The
news that he was leaving home was absolutely devastating. • She had a devastating
beauty/charm/smile that few men could
resist.
devastation |ˌdevəˈsteɪʃn| n |U| 1 vayron
qilish, xarob qilish = destruction, ruin,
wrecking, demolition • The bomb caused
widespread devastation. • The cost of the
devastation could run to £6 million. 2
karaxtlik, o‘zini yo‘qotib qo‘yish = shock,
trauma, distress • She had a look of utter
devastation on her faces.
develop ★ |dɪˈveləp| v 1 rivojlanmoq,
o‘smoq, ravnaq topmoq, taraqqiy etmoq
= progress, evolve, advance • The child is
developing normally. • Markets for such
high-priced products develop slowly. • [~
sth (from sth) (into sth)] She developed the
company from nothing. 2 yaxshila(n)moq,
kuchay(tir)moq, rivojlan(tir)moq = grow,
expand • Their relationship has developed
over a number of years. • I’m looking for
a job which will enable me to develop my
skills/talents. 3 kasallik/nuqsonni orttirmoq = get, have, suffer from • She developed a cold at the weekend. • The car developed engine trouble and we had to stop. 4
D
developed
D
162
o‘ylab topmoq va amalga oshirmoq, ishlab
chiqmoq = create, build, pioneer • We must
develop a new policy/strategy to deal with
the problem. • The company is spending
$650 million on developing new products/
technology. 5 rivojlanib -ga aylan(tir)moq
• [~ sth (from sth) (into sth)] Over time,
their acquaintance developed into a lasting
friendship. • They’re planning to develop the
whole site into a shopping complex.
developed |dɪˈveləpt| adj rivojlangan, ravnaq topgan, taraqqiy etgan • We spend
less on health care than most other developed nations. • Sharks have a highly developed sense of smell. • The developed world
(=rivojlangan davlatlar) has a responsibility
towards poorer countries.
developing |dɪˈveləpɪŋ| adj rivojlanayotgan, taraqqiy etayotgan • developing countries/nations/economies • Children in many
developing countries lack basic medical
care.
development |dɪˈveləpmənt| n 1 rivojlanish, o‘sish = progress, advance, rise,
growth • The development of the embryo
takes place rapidly. • We encourage our staff
in their development of new skills. 2 o‘ylab
topish va bajarish, ishlab chiqish = design,
innovation, creation • The development of
new pesticides will take some time. • a new
housing development 3 voqealar rivoji, olg‘a
siljish • Are there further developments in
the investigation?
deviate |ˈdiːvieɪt| v og‘moq, odatdagidan
o‘zgarmoq = diverge from [~ from sth] • The
bus had to deviate from its usual route because of a road closure. • He never deviated
from his original plan.
device |dɪˈvaɪs| n 1 uskuna, asbob = gadget,
tool, instrument, aid • Secure your bike with
this simple locking device. • This device enables deaf people to communicate by typing
messages instead of speaking. 2 qurol, usul
• Testing yourself with information on cards
is a useful device for studying. • Sending
advertising by email is very successful as a
marketing device.
devil |ˈdevl| n 1 iblis, shayton = Satan, evil
spirit, demon • He would sell his soul to the
Devil. • He’s a sly old devil - I wouldn’t trust
him with my money. 2 zumrasha, shaytoncha • He’s a naughty little/young devil. •
Have another slice of cake - go on, be a devil!
devise |dɪˈvaɪz| v usul/yo‘lini o‘ylab topmoq
= conceive, think up, dream up, work out •
They’ve devised a scheme to allow students
to study part-time. • He’s good at devising
language games that you can play with students in class.
devote |dɪˈvoʊt| v ● devote sth to sth/
sb 1 bag‘ishlamoq, baxshida etmoq = dedicate • She devoted herself to her career. •
She has devoted all her energies/life to the
care of homeless people. • At the age of 25,
he decided to devote himself to God and started learning Karan. • Over half his speech
was devoted to the issue of unemployment.
► devote or dedicate? Devote dedicate
so‘zidan ko‘ra kengroq qamrovga ega, ya’ni
u e’tibor va o‘yga nisbatan ham ishlatilishi
mumkin: • He devoted all his attention to
his mother. (He dedicated all his attention to
his mother.) Dedicate esa, asosan, umrini va
hayotini bag‘ishlashga nisbatan ishlatiladi:
• Back on the island, he dedicated himself
to politics. • Bessie has dedicated her life to
caring for others. 2 ajratmoq, yo‘naltirmoq,
safarbar etmoq = allocate, assign, set aside
• I could only devote two hours a day to the
work. • He left government to devote more
time to his family. ► Kundalik hayotda devote so‘zining o‘rniga ko‘proq put so‘zidan
foydalaniladi: • He put a lot of time into the
project.
devoted |dɪˈvoʊtɪd| adj sevgan,­fidoyi,­o‘zini­
bag‘ishlagan = loyal, faithful, fond, loving •
[~ to sb/sth] They are devoted to their children. • She has left behind a devoted son and
many good friends. • a devoted fan/husband
• Lucy is devoted to her cats.
devotion |dɪˈvoʊʃn| n muhabbat qo‘yish,
sodiqlik, o‘zni bag‘ishlash, muxlislik = loyalty, fondness, love [~ to sb/sth] • His devotion to his wife and family is touching. •
Atkinson showed great time and devotion to
duty.
diagnose |ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊs| v diagnoz/tashxis qo‘ymoq, kasalini aniqlamoq = identify,
determine, distinguish • [~ (sth)] The test
is used to diagnose a variety of diseases. •
[~ sth as sth] The illness was diagnosed as
cancer. • [~ sb with sth] He has recently been
diagnosed with angina. • [~ sb (as) sth] He
was diagnosed (as) a diabetic when he was
64. • She was diagnosed with/as having diabetes. • [~ sb + adj/n] He was diagnosed (a)
diabetic.
diagnosis |ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊsɪs| n |C,U| (pl diagnoses |ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊsiːz|) tashxis, diagnostika •
They are waiting for the doctor’s diagnosis.
• [~ of sth] Her doctor made a diagnosis of
appendicitis.
diagram |ˈdaɪəɡræm| n diagramma, chizma
= chart, illustration, drawing • She drew a
diagram to show how to get to her house. •
The results are shown in diagram.
dial |ˈdaɪəl| v (-ll-, AmE -l-) raqam termoq •
To call the police you must dial 02. • He dialled the number and waited.
dialect |ˈdaɪəlekt| n |C,U| sheva, lahja • They
were speaking in a local dialect. • All languages and dialects change over time.
dialogue (AmEda, shuningdek, dialog)
|ˈdaɪəlɑːɡ| |ˈdaɪəlɔːɡ| n |C,U| ikki kishilik
163
suhbat, gaplashish • Act Two begins with
a short dialogue between father and son. •
They are trying to open a dialogue with the
opposing party.
diameter |daɪˈæmɪtər| n diameter • The mirror is 25cm in diameter.
diamond |ˈdaɪəmənd| n 1 |U,C| olmos, brilyant • He gave her a diamond ring/necklace.
• The lights shone like diamonds. 2 (karta
o‘ynida) g‘ishtin • He held the ten of diamonds.
diary |ˈdaɪəri| n (pl -ies) 1 BrE (AmE datebook) ish, reja daftari = calendar, schedule, timetable • I’ll make a note of our next
meeting in my diary. • Don’t forget to write/
enter/put the date of the meeting in your diary. 2 kundalik = journal, blog • She’s kept
a diary of the places she visited on holiday
since she was twelve. • The writer’s letters
and diaries are being published next year.
dictate |ˈdɪkteɪt| v 1 aytib yozdirmoq, diktovka qilmoq [~ (sth) (to sb)] • He dictated
a letter to his secretary. 2 nazorat qilmoq,
hal qilmoq = give orders to, order around/
about, ay down the law to • [~ wh…] It’s
generally your job that dictates where you
live now. • She refused to be dictated to by
anyone.
dictionary |ˈdɪkʃəneri| n (pl -ies) lug‘at =
lexicon, wordbook • I couldn’t find the word
in the dictionary. • If you don’t know the
meaning of a word, look it up in the dictionary. • You need a good dictionary to learn
English.
didn’t |ˈdɪdnt| did not qisqartmasi (ko‘p
holatlarda -madi/-magan bo‘lib tarjima
qilinadi) • I didn’t want to go. • We didn’t arrive at our hotel until after midnight. • You
saw him, didn’t you?
die ★ |daɪ| v (dies, dying, died) 1 o‘lmoq, vafot etmoq, olamdan o‘tmoq, qazo qilmoq =
pass away, pass on, lose sb’s life ≠ live, survive • Her husband died suddenly last week.
• If you don’t water the plants they’ll die. •
[~ of/from sth] She died of/from hunger/
cancer/a heart attack/her injuries. • [~ for
sth] He died for his beliefs. • I’ll never forget it to my dying day (=o‘lgunimcha). • We
nearly died laughing when he told us. • I’d
rather die than work for him! • [~ adj] She
died young. • At least they died happy. • [~
n] He died a poor man. • I almost/could have
died of embarrassment. ► Die (o‘ldi) so‘zi
qo‘pol hisoblanadi va shuning uchun uning
o‘rniga pass away (olamdan o‘tdi) yoki pass
on (vafot etdi) kabi yumshoqroq ma’noga
ega bo‘lgan birikmalardan foydalaniladi: •
He passed away with a heart attack at the
age of 72. Ta’ziya bildirilganda esa odatda
“I am sorry for your loss” yoki “I was sorry
to hear about your father/mother” kabi
gaplardan foydalaniladi. ► died or dead?
difference
→ dead 2 yo‘qolmoq, to‘xtamoq • The old
customs are dying. • His secret died with him
• Old habits die hard. • The words died on
my lips. • The play, like so many before it,
died the death after a week. ● be dying for
sth/to do sth o‘lguday xohlamoq = long,
yearn, itch • We’re dying for a cold drink. •
She was wearing a dress to die for. • I’m dying to know what happened. die away ovozi
asta pasaymoq/yo‘qolmoq • The sound of
their laughter died away. • Her voice died
away as she saw the look on David’s face.
die down kuchsizlanmoq, susaymoq • The
wind began to die down. • The government
is waiting for the street protests to die down.
die out ko‘zdan asta yo‘qolmoq • Dinosaurs
died out millions of years ago. • This species
has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.
diesel |ˈdiːzl| n (shuningdek, diesel fuel/oil)
|U| dizel, dizel yoqilg‘isi • These buses run on
diesel. • It’s one of the best diesel cars you
can buy.
diet ★ |ˈdaɪət| n 1 |C,U| odatiy taom, ozuqa = selection of food • She doesn’t eat a
very healthy diet. • It is important to have
a balanced diet. • Rice is the staple diet of
many people in China. • Diet varies between
different countries in the world. 2 |C| parhez
• I’m going on a diet next week and hope to
lose two kilos before Christmas. • a crash/
strict/calorie-controlled diet • The doctor
put me on a low-salt diet to reduce my blood
pressure. ► Parhez qilayotgan odamga nisbatan she’s doing a diet deb emas she’s on a
diet deb ta’rif beriladi. Parhezni davom ettirmoq, unda qattiq turmoq ma’nosida keep
fe’lidan emas stick fe’lidan foydalaniladi. •
Most people find it hard to stick to a diet.
differ |ˈdɪfər| v 1 farq qilmoq, ajralib turmoq
= vary, range ≠ resemble • Our views on
education differ. • The findings of the various studies differ significantly/markedly/
radically. • [A ~ from B] English differs from
Spanish in that it is not pronounced as it
is written. • [~ between A and B] Ideas on
childcare may differ considerably between
the parents. 2 bohslashmoq, tortishmoq •
Experts differ on the causes of the disease. •
[~ as to sth] Opinions differ as to the likely
winner of the tournament.
difference ★ |ˈdɪfrəns| n 1 farq, tafovut
= contrast, variation, distinction ≠ similarity • [~ (between A and B)] What’s the
difference between an ape and a monkey? •
There’s a world of difference between liking
someone and loving them. • What a difference! You look great with your hair like that.
• [~ in sth] Is there any significant difference
in quality between these two items? • I can
never tell the difference (=farqlay olmayman) between the twins. • There’s an age
D
different
D
164
difference of six years between the boys. ►
Ikki narsa yoki shaxs orasidagi farq haqida gapirilganda difference in predlogi bilan ishlatiladi: • There is a big difference
in grammar between Japanese and English.
(There is a big difference of/about grammar
...) Difference son, qiymat yoki foizni ifodalab kelganda u of predlogi bilan ishlatiladi:
He secured 50.7 per cent of the vote against
49.3 per cent, a difference of 227 votes. Difference of yana difference of opinion (=norozilik, qarama-qarshilik) jumlasida ishlatiladi: • On this issue there is a major difference
of opinion between the British government
and most business leaders. ► difference
or distinction? Farq, tafovut ma’nosida
ikkala so‘zdan ham foydalanish mumkin.
Lekin farqlamoq ma’nosida, make yoki
draw fe’llari bilan faqat distinction so‘zi ishlatiladi: • Children cannot always make the
distinction between fiction and reality. • He
draws a distinction between art and culture.
2 kelishmovchilik = disagreements • We’ve
had our differences in the past. ● make a
(big) difference (shuningdek, make all
the difference) o‘zgartirmoq, o‘zgartirib
yubormoq • Exercise can make a big difference to your state of health. • Having a good
teacher has made all the difference for Alex.
• Whatever she did, it made no difference.
different ★ |ˈdɪfrənt| adj har xil, farq qiladigan, boshqa(cha) = unlike, unequal,
contrasting, varied ≠ similar, the same [~
from/to sb/sth] • Emily is very/completely/
entirely different from her sister. • Living in
London is very different from living in the
country. • There are many different types/
kinds of bacteria. • He looks different now
that he has a beard. • American English is
significantly different from British English. •
[~ than sb/sth] It’s different now than it was
a year ago.
differentiate |ˌdɪfəˈrenʃieɪt| v 1 farqlamoq,
farqiga bormoq = distinguish, discriminate,
make/draw a distinction • [~ (between) A
and B] Neil is colour-blind and cannot differentiate between red and green. • [~ A (from
B)] It’s sometimes hard to differentiate one
sample from another. ► differentiate or
distinguish? → distinguish 2 farq qilmoq,
boshqalardan ajratib turmoq = make different, distinguish, set apart, single out • The
male’s yellow beak differentiates it from the
female. • The roof differentiates this house
from others in the area. 3 ajratmoq, alohida
qilmoq • Present your main arguments in
clearly differentiated paragraphs. • We do
not differentiate between our workers on the
basis of their background or ethnic origin.
difficult ★ |ˈdɪfɪkəlt| adj 1 qiyin, mushkul
= hard, complicated, complex, demanding ≠
easy, simple, straightforward [~ (for sb) (to
do sth)] • The exam questions were too difficult. • Finding a parking space is difficult on
Saturdays. • [~ (for sb) (to do sth)] Talking
to teenagers can be difficult for parents. • It’s
really difficult to read your writing. • Your
writing is really difficult to read. • [~ doing
sth] He finds it extremely difficult being a
single parent. ► hard or difficult? → hard 2
og‘ir, mashaqqatli = tough, hard, bad ≠ easy
• She had a difficult childhood. • My boss is
making life very difficult for me. • 13 is a
difficult age. 3 chiqishish/kelishish qiyin,
injiq = awkward, obstructive • a difficult
child/customer/boss • Don’t pay any attention to her — she’s just being difficult. • The
manager is difficult to deal with/a difficult
person to deal with. ● make it difficult to
do sth qiyinlashtirmoq, muammoga sabab
bo‘lmoq • Her age made it difficult to get another job. • Many things make it difficult for
women to reach the top in business.
difficulty ★ |ˈdɪfɪkəlti| n (pl -ies) |C|, (odatda, ko‘plikda ishlatiladi) qiyinchilik, muammo = problem, trouble, complication ≠
ease • The difficulty is that nobody in the
group can drive. • He is in financial difficulties. • She went swimming in the rough sea
and got into difficulties. • We’ve run into
difficulties/difficulty with the new project.
• They discussed the difficulty of studying
abroad. ► difficulty or problem? → problem ● have difficulty (with/in) doing sth
qiynalmoq, qiyinchilikka uchramoq, og‘ir
kechmoq • She has difficulty (in) paying
the rent. • I had no difficulty making myself
understood. with/without difficulty qiyinchilik bilan/qiyinchiliksiz • She walks with
difficulty. • He spoke slowly and with great
difficulty. • We found the house without difficulty.
dig |dɪɡ| v (digging, dug, dug |dʌɡ|) kovlamoq • [~ for sth] to dig for coal/gold/Roman
remains • [~ sth] to dig a ditch/grave/hole/
tunnel • They dug deeper and deeper but
still found nothing. • She’s been digging in
the garden all morning. • The prisoners dug
a tunnel to try to escape.
digest |daɪˈdʒest| |dɪˈdʒest| v 1 hazm qilmoq • Humans cannot digest plants such as
grass. • I find this meat difficult to digest. 2
tushunmoq, aqliga sig‘dirmoq, ilg‘amoq,
o‘zlashtirmoq = absorb, take in, understand, grasp • Give me time to digest this
news. • This chapter is so difficult to digest, I
shall have to read it again later.
digital |ˈdɪdʒɪtl| adj raqamli ≠ analogue • a
digital radio/clock/watch • digital data • a
digital recording • a digital camera • digital TV • digital compact/audio cassettes • A
green light appeared on the digital display
and the door swung open.
165
dignified |ˈdɪɡnɪfaɪd| adj og‘ir-bosiq, savlatli, viqorli = stately, noble ≠­undignified •
He was handsome and dignified. • They left
quietly in an orderly and dignified manner.
dignity |ˈdɪɡnəti| n |U| 1 viqor, salobat,
og‘ir-bosiqlik = pride, self-respect, self-esteem • She accepted the criticism with quiet
dignity. • It’s difficult to preserve your dignity when you have no job and no home. 2 hurmat, ehtirom, e’tibor = stateliness, nobility,
majesty • How could you wear something
so indecent? Have you no dignity? • Arguing
was beneath her dignity.
dilemma |dɪˈlemə| |daɪˈlemə| n dilemma,
arosat (ikki mushkul imkoniyatdan birini
tanlashdan boshqa iloji yo‘qlik holati) = difficulty,­problem • I couldn’t see any way out
of the dilemma. • She faces the dilemma of
disobeying her father or losing the man she
loves. • a moral/ethical dilemma
dim |dɪm| adj qorong‘i, nursiz • The room
was very dim. • This light is too dim to read
by. ► dim, faint or weak? → faint1
dimension |daɪˈmenʃn| |dɪˈmenʃn| n 1
ko‘lam, kattalik, o‘lcham, miqyos = size,
measurements, proportions • We measured
the dimensions of the kitchen. • The task is
taking on huge dimensions. 2 jihat, tomon
= aspect, feature • Her job added a new dimension to her life. • His personality has several dimensions.
diminish |dɪˈmɪnɪʃ| v (fml) kamaymoq,
pasaymoq, ozaymoq = decrease, lessen,
decline, reduce ≠ increase • The world’s
resources are rapidly diminishing. • His influence has diminished with time. • We’ve
seen our house diminish greatly/sharply/substantially in value over the last six
months.
dining room n ovqatlanish xonasi • Breakfast is served in the dining room from 8.3010. • The dining room seats up to 60 guests.
dinner ★ |ˈdɪnər| n kunning asosiy ovqati,
kechki ovqat • It’s time for dinner. • What
are we having for dinner? | What’s for dinner? • Would you like to come to dinner on
Saturday? • I’d like to take you out to dinner
tonight. ► dinner or lunch? → lunch
dinosaur |ˈdaɪnəsɔːr| n dinozavr • We can
only guess how fast a dinosaur might have
run.
dip |dɪp| v (-pp-) 1 botirmoq, solmoq = immerse, submerge, plunge • [~ sth (into sth)]
He dipped the brush into the paint. • She
dipped the biscuit into her coffee. • [~ sth
(in)] Dip your hand in to see how hot the
water is. 2 pasaymoq, botmoq, cho‘kmoq =
sink, set, drop, go/drop down, fall ≠ rise • [+
adv/prep] We watched the sun dip below the
horizon. • Sales for this quarter have dipped
from 38.7 million to 33 million. • She dipped
her head and spoke into the microphone. ■ n
direction
1 botirish, suvga solish • Watch out - there’s
a dip in the road which makes it difficult to
see approaching cars. 2 cho‘milish = swim,
bathe • Let’s take a dip in the pool.
direct ★ |dəˈrekt| |dɪˈrekt| |daɪˈrekt| adj
1 to‘g‘ri = straight, nonstop ≠ indirect •
What’s the most direct way of getting to London? • Is there a direct train to Edinburgh?
2 bevosita, to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri, uzviy = face to
face, personal, immediate • Employees have
little direct contact with management. • This
plant should be kept out of direct sunlight.
3 aniq, yaqqol = exact, absolute • There is
a direct link/connection between smoking
and lung cancer. • Weight increases in direct
proportion to mass. 4 ochiq-oydin, o‘ylaganini gapiradigan, to‘g‘ri = frank, blunt
straightforward, honest, open, outspoken,
upfront • I like her open and direct manner.
• Now, let me ask you a direct question, and
I expect a direct answer. • She has a very
direct way of speaking. ■ v 1 o‘qtalmoq =
aim at, target at • I hope you’re not directing
that gun at me! 2 yo‘naltirmoq, qaratmoq =
aim, point, focus, target at, address to • [~
sth at sth/sb] The machine directs a powerful beam at the affected part of the body. •
[~ sth to/towards sth/sb] I’d like to direct
your attention to paragraph four. • [~ sth
against sth/sb] Most of his anger was directed against himself. 3 yo‘l ko‘rsatmoq = give
directions, show the way, guide • Can you
direct me to the nearest post office? • A police officer was directing the traffic. 4 boshqarmoq, nazorat qilmoq = manage, run, be
in charge, control, instruct • A new manager
has been appointed to direct the project. •
She prefers to act rather than direct. • [~ sb/
sth] The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg. ■ adv to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri, to‘xtamasdan
= nonstop • The plane flies direct to Anchorage.
direction ★ |dəˈrekʃn|, |dɪˈrekʃn|, |daɪˈrekʃn|
n 1 |C,U| yo‘nalish, tomon = way, route,
path, course • You are going in the wrong
direction if you want to get to the station. •
The post office is in the opposite direction. •
She keeps looking in my direction. • When
the police arrived, the crowd scattered in all
directions. • Which way is it? - I have no/a
lousy sense of direction! ► Kundalik hayotda yo‘lni so‘rashga which direction? dan
ko‘ra which way? savolidan foydalaniladi:
• Which direction did they go in? → Which
way did they go?; Which direction is north?
→ Which way is north? 2 olg‘a siljish, rivojlanish = course, path, road • Remember to
follow the directions on the label. • It’s only
a small improvement, but at least it’s a step
for the right direction. 3 maqsad, yo‘l • We
are looking for somebody with a clear sense
of direction. • Once again her life felt lack-
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a dirty word. • a dirty magazine/film/joke 3
ing in direction. 4 directions pl ko‘rsatma,
yo‘nalish = instructions • I couldn’t under(inf) nojo‘ya, noto‘g‘ri, axloqsiz, vijdonsiz =
stand the directions on the packet. • He will
dishonest, deceitful ≠ honest, decent • She
be giving/issuing directions to judges on
played a dirty trick on me by telling me Disentencing in the next few days. 5 nazorat,
ane was having a party when she wasn’t. •
boshqaruv = control • All work was proShe’s a dirty player. • That’s a dirty lie!
duced by the students under the direction of disability |ˌdɪsəˈbɪləti| n (pl -ies) 1 |C| qo‘liJohn Williams. • She was entrusted with the
dan kelmaslik, qobiliyatsizlik = incapacity,
direction of the project.
inability • No one knows what causes learndirective |dəˈrektɪv| |dɪˈrektɪv| |daɪˈrektɪv| n
ing disabilities. • a physical/learning disabiyo‘riqnoma, ko‘rsatma, nizom, dastur = inlity 2 |U| nuqsonlik, nogironlik = handicap,
struction, direction, command, order • The
disablement, incapacity • His disability preEU has issued a new set of directives on polvents him from driving. • Public places are
lution. • Don’t start anything without a clear
becoming more accessible to people with
directive from management.
disabilities.
directly ★ |dəˈrektli|, |dɪˈrektli|, |daɪˈrekt- disabled |dɪsˈeɪbld| adj nogiron, majruh,
li| adv 1 to‘g‘ri, to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri = straight
nuqsonli = handicapped ≠ able-bodied •
• He drove her directly to her hotel. • The
physically/mentally disabled • He was born
new property tax law won’t directly affect
disabled. • The car crash left him permanentus. • Our hotel room was directly above a
ly/severely disabled. • Does the theatre have
building site. 2 shundoq(qina) = right • She
disabled access? ► disabled, impaired
looked directly at us. • The sun shone directly
or handicapped? Nogiron ma’nosida
in my eyes. • The girl was sitting directly opko‘pincha disabled so‘zidan foydalaniladi:
posite him. 3 mutlaqo, umuman = exactly,
• mentally disabled • learning disabilities;
right, immediately • directly opposite/beNogiron odamlarga nisbatan handicapped
low/ahead • They remain directly opposed
so‘zining ishlatilishi qo‘pol va haqoratomuz
to these new plans. 4 -dan keyinoq, bilanoq
eshitilishi mumkin va bu so‘z hozir urfdan
= immediately, at once • She left directly
chiqib borayotgan so‘zlar sirasiga kiradi.
after the show. • I’ll be with you directly. 5
Shuning uchun uning o‘rniga aqliy noochiq-oydin, ochiqchasiga • Let me answer
sog‘lomlarga nisbatan (they have) learning
that question directly. • “Did you tell him to
difficulties/a learning disability jumlalarigo?” “Not directly, no.’
dan foydalaniladi. Ba’zi odamlar esa rasmiy
director |dəˈrektər|, |dɪˈrektər|, |daɪˈrektər| n
holatlarda ularni people with disabilities
1 rahbar, boshliq = administrator, manadeb ta’rif berishni afzal ko‘rishadi. Muayyan
ger, chairman, chief executive (officer),
nuqsonli insonlarni o‘sha nuqsonlari bilan
CEO • The sales director gave a report on
ham atash mumkin, misol uchun ko‘rlarga
sales to date. • the managing director • an
blind, karlarga esa deaf deb murojaat qiexecutive/non-executive director • She has
lish mumkin. Lekin hozirda ko‘pchilik odob
become the director of the new information
yuzasidan ko‘rlarni visually impaired, qiscentre. ► director or manager? → manman ko‘rlarni esa partially sighted; karlarni
ager ► director, chairman, chief or presiesa hearing impaired deb atamoqda: • The
dent? → president2 2 rejissor • Who was
museum has special facilities for blind and
the first female director to win an Oscar? • a
partially sighted visitors. Ba’zilar esa ularga
famous film/movie director
qarata ijobiy ma’noda challenged so‘zidan
directory |dəˈrektəri| |dɪˈrektəri| |daɪˈrektəri|
n (pl -ies)­alifbo­tartibdagi­ma’lumotnoma,­ foydalanishni afzal ko‘rishadi. ■ n the disabled nogironlar • It is often very difficult
katalog • I found the company’s name in a
for the disabled to find jobs. • The theatre
trade directory. • Look up their number in
has good access for the disabled.
the telephone directory.
dirt |dɜːrt| n |U| 1 kir = grime, mud, dust • disadvantage |ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪdʒ| n |C,U|
yomon/nuqsonli jihat, kamchilik, zarar =
His clothes were covered in dirt. • Angelo
drawback, snag, downside ≠ advantage,
brushed the dirt off his coat. 2 tuproq, qum
benefit • What’s the main disadvantage? •
= soil, earth, dust • Children were playing in
[~ of sth] Her main disadvantage is her lack
the dirt. 3 ayb, kir, g‘iybat = a scandal, gosof experience. • [~ to sth] There are disadsip • Journalists are always digging for dirt.
vantages to the plan. • The advantages of the
dirty ★ |ˈdɜːrti| adj (-ier, -iest) 1­kir,­iflos­=
scheme far outweighed the disadvantages. •
grubby,­muddy,­grimy,­filthy­≠ clean • How
We aim to improve opportunities for the less
did you get so dirty? • Someone has to wash
advantaged in society. ● at a disadvanall the dirty plates. • I always get given the
tage nisbatan yomon/qiyin ahvolda • He’s
dirty jobs. 2 uyatsiz, bema’ni, behayo = inat a disadvantage being so shy. • The fact
decent, obscene, rude, naughty • He’s got a
that he didn’t speak a foreign language put/
dirty mind. • She looked at me as if I had said
167
placed him at a distinct distinct disadvantage.
disagree |ˌdɪsəˈɡriː| v bahslashmoq, tortishib qolmoq, qo‘shilmaslik, kelisha olmaslik, qarshi chiqmoq, norozi bo‘lmoq = differ,
dispute, disapprove of, be at odds, not see
eye to eye with sb, contradict, oppose ≠
agree • Even friends disagree sometimes. •
Teenagers and their parents often disagree.
• [~ (with sb) (about/on/over sth)] He disagreed with his parents on most things. • I
profoundly/strongly disagree with the decision that has been taken. • They disagreed
about what to do next. • [~ that…] Few would
disagree that students learn best when they
are interested in the topic.
disagreement |ˌdɪsəˈɡriːmənt| n |U,C| kelishmovchilik, bahs, tortishish, tortishuv =
argument, dispute, difference, quarrel, controversy ≠ agreement • [~ about/on/over/
as to sth] They had a disagreement about
who should sit in the front row. • There’s
no room for disagreement on this point. •
[~ between A and B] Money is a source of
disagreement between many couples. • [~
among…] There is disagreement among archaeologists as to the age of the sculpture.
• [~ with sb] They have had several disagreements with their neighbours. • [be in
~ ] We’re still in disagreement with management about the pay offer.
disappear ★ |ˌdɪsəˈpɪr| v 1 ko‘zdan g‘oyib
bo‘lmoq, yo‘qolmoq = vanish, fade, melt,
die out, clear ≠ appear, materialize • The
moon disappeared behind the clouds. • He
hit the ball hard and it disappeared into the
bushes. • Lisa watched until the train disappeared from view. 2 ketmoq, yo‘qolmoq •
Where have the kids disappeared to? • Half
the guests have disappeared already. • Our
countryside is disappearing at an alarming
rate. 3 bedarak ketmoq, yo‘qolmoq • The
two boys disappeared on their way home
from school. • [~ from sth] The child disappeared from his home some time after four.
disappoint |ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪnt| v hafsalasi pir
bo‘lmoq,­ ruhini/kayfiyatini­ tushirmoq,­
ko‘ngli qolmoq = fail, let sb down ≠ satisfy,
please [~ (sb)] | [it disappoints sb that…] •
Her decision to cancel the concert is bound
to disappoint her fans. • I’m sorry to disappoint you, but I’m afraid I can’t come after
all. • The movie had disappointed her.
disappointed ★ |ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd| adj 1 be ~
hafsalasi­ pir­ bo‘lmoq,­ ruhi/kayfiyati­ tushmoq, ko‘ngli qolmoq, xafa bo‘lmoq = unhappy,­ upset,­ let­ down,­ dissatisfied­ ≠ pleased,
satisfied • [~ at/by/about sth] We were
deeply disappointed at/about the result of
the game. • I was disappointed by the quality of the meal. • [~ in/with sb/sth] I’m disappointed in you — I really thought I could
disc
trust you! • [~ that…] I’m disappointed (that)
it was sold out. • [~ (not) to be…] She was
disappointed not to be chosen. 2 hafsalasi
pir­ bo‘lgan,­ ruhi/kayfiyati­ tushgan,­ ko‘ngli­
qolgan, xafa bo‘lgan • You should have seen
the disappointed expression on his face.
disappointing |ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪŋ| adj hafsalani
pir­ qiladigan,­ ruhini/kayfiyatini­ tushiradigan, ko‘nglini qoldiradigan = discouraging,
unsatisfactory, sorry ≠ encouraging, satisfactory • What a disappointing result! • The
team has had a disappointing start to the
season. • This year’s sales figures were very
disappointing.
disappointment |ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntmənt| n hafsalasi­ pir­ bo‘lish,­ ruhi/kayfiyati­ tushish,­
ko‘ngli qolish = anticlimax, blow, failure •
(inf) let-down,­flop­≠ satisfaction • She tried
hard not to show her disappointment. • [~ to
sb] It was a disappointment to his parents
when he failed his exam. • To our great disappointment, it rained every day of the trip.
• Book early to avoid disappointment.
disapproval |ˌdɪsəˈpruːvl| n |U| ma’qullamaslik, yoqmaslik • He shook his head in
disapproval. • She looked at my clothes with
disapproval. • [~ of sb/sth] Although they
said nothing, she could sense their disapproval of her suggestion.
disapprove |ˌdɪsəˈpruːv| v noma’qul/noto‘g‘ri deb hisoblamoq, noloyiq deb bilmoq,
qarshi chiqmoq = object, frown on/upon
sth, have a poor opinion of ≠ approve • She
wants to be an actress, but her parents disapprove. • [~ of sb/sth] Why do you always
have to disapprove of everything I do? ►
Kundalik hayotda disapprove of birikmasidan ko‘ra ko‘proq don’t agree with jumlasidan foydalaniladi: • I don’t agree with capital punishment.
disapproving |ˌdɪsəˈpruːvɪŋ| adj ma’qullamaydigan, qarshi • She gave him a disapproving glance/tone/look. • She sounded
disapproving as we discussed my plans.
disaster |dɪˈzæstər| n 1 falokat, fojea, halokat = catastrophe, tragedy, crisis, emergency ≠ blessing • It would be a disaster for me
if I lost my job. • Ten people died in the air
disaster. • The disaster was caused by fog. •
We’re insured against natural disasters such
as hurricanes and earthquakes. • Disaster
struck when the wheel came off. 2 mutlaqo
bo‘lmaydi, muvaffaqiyatsiz = failure ≠ success • As a teacher, he’s a disaster. • The
play’s first night was a total disaster.
disastrous |dɪˈzæstrəs| adj fojeali, falokatli,
halokatli = devastating, catastrophic, terrible • It was a disastrous start to the season
for the team. • [~ for sb/sth] Such a war
would be disastrous for the country.
disc (shuningdek, disk, asosan, AmEda)
|dɪsk| n 1 aylanasimon ingichka narsa • He
D
discharge
D
168
wears an identity disc around his neck. 2
kompakt disk • This recording is available
online or on disc. • He inserted the disc into
the machine.
discharge1 |dɪsˈtʃɑːrdʒ| (fml) 1 (odatda, majhul nisbatda ishlatiladi) ajralib chiqmoq,
otilib/oqib chiqmoq = send out, release,
eject, emit, exude ≠ absorb • [~ into sth] The
river is diverted through the power station
before discharging into the sea. • [~ sth (into
sth)] The factory was fined for discharging
chemicals into the river. 2 bajarmoq, ijro
etmoq • If the authority is to discharge its
legal duty to house the homeless, it needs
government support.
discharge2 |dɪstʃɑːrdʒ| (fml) n 1 chiqarish,
bo‘shatish, ketishiga ruxsat berish = dismissal, release, removal, the sack, the boot,
the ax • The judge gave him a one-year conditional discharge. 2 oqib chiqqan narsa,
ajralib chiqqan narsa = leak, leakage, emission • a ban on the discharge of toxic waste
• thunder and lightning caused by electrical discharges • nasal/vaginal discharge •
Thousands of fish were killed as a result of
a discharge of poisonous chemicals from a
nearby factory.
discipline |ˈdɪsəplɪn| n |U| tartib-intizom,
tizim, qonun-qoida = order, control, regulation, authority • There should be better
discipline in schools. • He reacted by imposing tough discipline and demanding better
results. • parental/military/school discipline • I don’t have enough (self) discipline
to save money. ■ v 1 jazolamoq, tartibga
solmoq = punish, penalize, rebuke • As a
result of the investigation, one employee was
dismissed and three were disciplined. • [~ sb
(for sth)] She was disciplined for swearing
at her supervisor. 2 tartib/tizim o‘rnatmoq,
reja qilib olmoq = control, restrain, regulate, govern • [~ yourself] Try to discipline
yourself to write every day. • [~ yourself to
do sth] He disciplined himself to exercise at
least three times a week.
disclose |dɪsˈkloʊz| v (fml) oshkor/ma’lum
qilmoq, bildirmoq = reveal, make known,
divulge, uncover, tell (inf) let on, blab, spill
the beans ≠ conceal • [~ sth (to sb)] The
spokesman refused to disclose details to
the press. • [~ that…] The police have disclosed that two officers are under internal
investigation. • [it is disclosed that…] It was
disclosed that £3.5 million was needed to
modernize the building. • [~ wh…] I cannot
disclose what we discussed.
disclosure |dɪsˈkloʊʒər| n |U| oshkor qilish,
ma’lum qilish = revelation, declaration, announcement, leak • The bank will need full
disclosure of your financial situation and assets. • The newspaper made damaging disclosures of management incompetence.
disco |ˈdɪskoʊ| (pl -s) n diskoteka, bazm •
He organized the school disco. • They have a
disco there every Wednesday night.
discomfort |dɪsˈkʌmfərt| n (fml) 1 ozgina
og‘riq = pain, aches and pains • You will experience some minor discomfort during the
treatment. • If the exercise causes discomfort, stop immediately. 2 noqulaylik = inconvenience,­difficulty,­bother,­hassle • You
may feel a little discomfort for a few days
after the operation. • the discomforts of air
travel 3 xijolat(chilik), noqulaylik = embarrassment,­ discomfiture,­ unease,­ chagrin,­
mortification • John’s presence caused her
considerable discomfort. • To her discomfort, he laughed.
discount1 |ˈdɪskaʊnt| |C,U| chegirma, bonus,
skidka = reduction, deduction • discount
rates/prices • [~ on/off sth] They offer a 10
percent discount on rail travel for students.
• [at a ~ ] They were selling everything at a
discount. • a discount shop • Do you give any
discount? • Members get a 15% discount.
discount2 |dɪsˈkaʊnt|; |ˈdɪskaʊnt| v 1
muhim/to‘g‘ri deb hisoblamaslik, yetarlicha e’tibor bermaslik = disregard, pay no
attention to, take no notice of ≠ believe •
General Hausken had not discounted the
possibility of an aerial attack. • [~ sth as sth]
The news reports were being discounted as
propaganda. 2 narxini tushirmoq = reduce,
mark down, cut, lower, knock down, deduct, take off ≠ increase, add • All sale items
have been heavily discounted. • Games were
discounted to as little as $5.
discourage |dɪsˈkɜːrɪdʒ| v 1 umidsizlantirmoq,­ruhini/kayfiyatini­tushirib­yubormoq,­
shashtidan qaytarmoq = deter, talk sb out
of sth, put off ≠ encourage, hearten • [~ sb]
Don’t be discouraged by the first failure —
try again! • What she said didn’t discourage
me. • [~ sb from doing sth] The bad weather
discouraged people from attending. ► Discourage fe’li odatda from va gerundiy bilan
ishlatiladi: • We want to discourage children
from smoking. (... discourage smoking to
children). 2­hafsalasini­pir­qilmoq,­fikridan­
qaytarmoq = deter from, advise against,
prevent, stop (inf) get sb down ≠ encourage
• [~ (doing) sth] a campaign to discourage
smoking among teenagers • [~ sb] I leave a
light on when I’m out to discourage burglars.
• [~ sb from doing sth] His parents tried to
discourage him from being an actor.
discover ★ |dɪˈskʌvər| v 1 kashf qilmoq,
topmoq = find,­ identify,­ establish­ formal­
determine • Who discovered America? • William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781. •
[~ wh…] Scientists have discovered how to
predict an earthquake. ► discover, design,
engineer, or invent? → invent 2 aniqlamoq,
topmoq = find,­ come­ across­ sb/sth,­ catch,­
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stumble on/across • The firm discovered
some errors in the accounts. • [~ sb/sth doing sth] He was discovered hiding in a shed.
• [~ sb/sth + adj] She was discovered dead
at her home in Leeds. • [~ sb doing] The boss
discovered him stealing money from the till.
3 haqida bilmoq, xabar topmoq = find,­find­
out (sth), hear, learn • We discovered that
the estate agent had sold the house twice. •
[~ (that)…] It was a shock to discover (that)
he couldn’t read. • [~ wh…] We never did discover why she gave up her job. • [it is discovered that…] It was later discovered that the
diaries were a fraud. • [sb/sth is discovered
to be/have…] He was later discovered to be
seriously ill.
discovery |dɪˈskʌvəri| n (pl -ies) 1 topilish,
aniqlanish, bilish = realization, recognition
• [~ of sth] The discovery of a child’s body in
the river has shocked the community. • [~
that…] In 1974 Hawking made the discovery
that black holes give off radiation. 2 ixtiro,
topilma = invention,­finding,­breakthrough,­
innovation • Leonardo made many scientific
discoveries. • They congratulated him on his
discovery of a new planet. • The drug is not
a new discovery — it’s been known about for
years.
discreet |dɪˈskriːt| adj ehtiyotkor, mulohazali = careful, tactful • He was always very
discreet about his love affairs. • The family
made discreet enquiries about his background. ■ adv discreetly = prudently, in
a discreet manner • She coughed discreetly
to announce her presence. • Ellen remained
discreetly silent.
discretion |dɪˈskreʃn| n |U| 1 ehtiyotkorlik,
vazminlik, sir tutish = carefulness, caution,
tact, tactfulness • This is confidential, but I
know that I can rely on your discretion. • Use
the utmost discretion when you talk to her.
2 mustaqil qaror qilish, hukm chiqarish =
choice, option, preference, pleasure, liking
• I leave the decision to your discretion. •
Students can be expelled at the discretion of
the head teacher.
discriminate |dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt| v 1 kamsitmoq, teng ko‘rmaslik, ajratib qo‘ymoq,
toptamoq = be biased/prejudiced against,
treat differently/unfairly ≠ indiscriminate •
[~ against sb] He claims he was racially discriminated against when he applied for the
job. • [~ in favour of sb] They discriminate
positively in favour of workers from ethnic
minorities. • [~ on the grounds of sth] It is
illegal to discriminate on grounds of race,
sex or religion. 2 farqlamoq, farqiga bormoq, ajratmoq = differentiate, distinguish ≠
blur, confuse, jumble • [~ between A and B]
Newborn babies can discriminate between a
man’s and a woman’s voice. • [~ A from B] A
number of features discriminate this species
disguise
from others. ■ adj discriminatory adolatsiz, kamsitadigan, ajratadigan = unfair,
unjust • Women’s groups claim that the laws
are discriminatory.
discuss ★ |dɪˈskʌs| v muhokama/muzokara qilmoq, ko‘rib chiqmoq, gaplashmoq
= talk over/about/through, debate, speak,
consult • [~ sth with sb] Have you discussed the problem with anyone? • [~ sth]
They spent hours discussing the details of
the wedding. • [~ wh…] We need to discuss
when we should go. • [~ (sb/sth) doing sth]
We briefly discussed buying a second car. ►
Discuss fe’li to‘ldiruvchi bilan predloglarsiz bog‘lanadi: • I would like to discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of students
using credit cards. (I would like to discuss
about the advantages ...) ► Kundalik hayotda discuss so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq talk about
jumlasidan foydalaniladi: • We talked about
the new plan.
discussion ★ |dɪˈskʌʃn| n |U,C| muhokama, muzokara, munozara, gaplashib olish,
ko‘rib chiqish = talk, conversation, consultation, debate • Most problems can be solved
by discussion. • [~ (with sb) (about/on sb/
sth)] We had a discussion with them about
the differences between Britain and the US.
• She had a heated discussion with the bus
driver.
disease ★ |dɪˈziːz| n |U,C| kasallik, xastalik, dard = illness, sickness, infection, condition, ailment • a contagious/infectious
disease • heart/liver/kidney, etc. disease • a
common/rare/incurable/fatal disease • The
first symptom of the disease is a very high
temperature. • She has caught/contracted a
lung disease/disease of the lungs. • He suffers from a rare blood disease. ► disease
or illness? Disease, odatda, muhim a’zolar
bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan jiddiy kasalliklarga
nisbatan ishlatiladi: • heart/kidney/liver
disease (heart/kidney/liver illness). Illness
ko‘plab boshqa kasalliklarga ham ishlatilishi mumkin. Aqliy va ruhiy kasalliklarga,
odatda, faqat illness so‘zidan foydalaniladi.
Bundan tashqari illness davomiy, uzoqqa
cho‘zilgan kasalliklarga nisbatan ham ishlatilishi mumkin: • He died after a long illness.
(He died after a long disease.)
disguise |dɪsˈɡaɪz| v 1 qiyofasini o‘zgartirmoq = camouflage,­ conceal,­ hide,­ cover­
up ≠ expose • [~ sb as sb/sth] They got in
disguised as security guards. • [~ yourself
(as sb/sth)] She disguised herself as a boy.
2 yashirmoq • She made no attempt to disguise her surprise. • I couldn’t disguise my
disappointment. • There’s no disguising the
fact that business is bad. ■ n boshqa qiyofa,
sezdirmaslik • I didn’t recognise him as he
was wearing a disguise. • She wore glasses and a wig as a disguise. ● in disguise
D
disgust
D
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boshqa qiyofada(gi) • The tramp turned out
to be a policeman in disguise. • She usually
goes out in disguise to avoid being bothered
by the public.
disgust |dɪsˈɡʌst| n |U| nafrat, jirkanish, yoqtirmaslik ≠ delight • Joan looked at him with
disgust. • [~ at/with sth] • He resigned from
the committee in disgust at the corruption.
• [~ for sb] I can only feel disgust for these
criminals. • Much to my disgust, the examiner passed my friend and failed me. ● in
disgust nafratlangan holda, jirkanib • She
walked out of the interview in disgust. • She
wrinkled her nose in disgust at the smell. ■
v jirkanmoq, nafratini uyg‘otmoq = revolt,
gross out, outrage, shock • The smell of
cooking disgusted her. • The greediness of
these people disgusts me.
disgusted |dɪsˈɡʌstɪd| adj be ~ jirkanib ketmoq, nafratlanmoq, ko‘ngli buzilmoq = appalled • [~ at/by sb/sth] I was disgusted at/
by the sight. • [~ with sb/sth/yourself] I was
disgusted with myself for eating so much. •
[~ to see, hear, etc…] He was disgusted to see
such awful living conditions.
disgusting |dɪsˈɡʌstɪŋ| adj 1 jirkanch,
ko‘ngilni xira qiladigan, yoqimsiz = revolting, foul, horrible ≠ delicious, appealing •
What a disgusting smell! • The kitchen was
in a disgusting state when she left. 2 juda
yomon, noxush = hateful, sickening • His
language is disgusting. • It’s disgusting that
there are no schools or hospitals for these
people.
dish |dɪʃ| n 1 idish, tovoq = bowl, plate,
platter • She carefully arranged the slices
of meat on a dish. • They helped themselves
from a large dish of pasta. • I’ll do the dishes
(=idishlarni men yuvib qo‘yaman). 2 taom,
ovqat • We are trying a new Mexican dish. •
Her favourite dish is roast chicken. • Do you
have any vegetarian dishes?
dishonest |dɪsˈɑːnɪst| adj vijdonsiz, ikki yuzlamachi, insofsiz = corrupt, lying (inf) twofaced ≠ honest • What they are doing is not
considered dishonest. • Beware of dishonest
traders in the tourist areas. ■ adv dishonestly vijdonsizlarcha, ikkiyuzlamalik bilan
≠ honestly • They were accused of dishonestly obtaining bank loans. • It’s clear to me
that they acted dishonestly.
disk |dɪsk| n 1 → disc 2 (shuningdek, magnetic disk) (komputerga oid) diskovod •
How much data do these disks hold? • Do you
have the file on disk? • Each disk holds 47 GB.
dislike |dɪsˈlaɪk| v (ancha rasmiy so‘z) yoq(tir)maslik = hate, despise, can’t stand/
bear ≠ like • [~ sb/sth] Why do you dislike
him so much? • I dislike it when the people
behind me at the cinema start whispering. •
[~ doing sth] I dislike being away from my
family. • [~ sb/sth doing sth] He disliked
her staying away from home. ► Kundalik
hayotda ko‘pchilik dislike so‘zidan ko‘ra
ko‘proq don’t like jumlasidan foydalanishni
afzal ko‘radi: • Why don’t you like her? • He
doesn’t like being criticized. ■ n 1 yoq(tir)
maslik = hatred, hate ≠ liking • [~ of/for sb/
sth] She had a great dislike of noisy parties.
• She took an instant dislike to the house
and the neighbourhood. 2 yoq(tir)maydigan
narsa • I’ve told you all my likes and dislikes.
• We try to take account of the likes and dislikes of individual customers.
dismiss |dɪsˈmɪs| v 1 uncha ahamiyat bermaslik, e’tiborsiz qoldirmoq = brush sb/
sth aside, shrug sth off/aside, set sth aside,
sack ≠ engage • All his suggestions were
dismissed. • [~ sb/sth] I think we can safely
dismiss their objections. • [~ sb/sth as sth]
Her plan was dismissed as being quite impractical. 2 miyasidan/xayolidan chiqarib
tashlamoq = banish, set aside, disregard
≠ entertain • [~ sth] Dismissing her fears,
she climbed higher. • [~ sb/sth from sth]
He dismissed her from his mind. 3 (ishdan)
bo‘shatmoq, haydamoq = fire,­ lay­ sb­ off,­
sack, give sb the sack ≠ appoint • He was
dismissed for being late. ► Kundalik hayotda dismiss so‘zining o‘rniga BrEda ko‘pincha sack so‘zidan, AmEda esa ko‘proq fire
so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • He was sacked
(BrE)/fired (AmE) for being late all the time.
4 ketishga ruxsat bermoq = send away, let
go ≠ assemble • The teacher dismissed the
class early because she had a meeting. • The
class was dismissed early today.
disorder |dɪsˈɔːrdər| n |U| (fml) tartibsizlik,
palapartishlik = untidiness, unrest, disturbance ≠ order, peace • The room was in a
state of disorder. • His financial affairs were
in complete disorder. • Twenty people were
arrested after a night of civil disorder.
disperse |dɪˈspɜːrs| v 1 tarqatmoq, tarqa(l)moq, to‘zg‘itib yubormoq = break up, split
up, disband ≠ assemble • The fog began to
disperse. • The crowd dispersed quickly. • [~
sb/sth] Police dispersed the protesters with
tear gas. 2 sochilib/yoyilib/tarqab ketmoq
= scatter, disseminate, dissipate, dissolve ≠
gather • The seeds are dispersed by the wind.
• The clouds dispersed as quickly as they had
gathered.
display |dɪˈspleɪ| v ko‘rsatmoq, namoyish
qilmoq = exhibit, show, present, demonstrate ≠ hide, conceal [~ sth (to sb)] • She is
displaying her collection of Persian carpets
at the antiques fair. • These statistics display a definite trend. • Family photographs
were displayed on the wall. ► display, exhibit or demonstrate? O‘zi bilmagan yoki
xohlamagan holda hissiyotlarini ko‘rsatib,
oshkor qilib qo‘yishga nisbatan display yoki
exhibit so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • display/
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exhibit signs of emotion/fatigue; Boshqalarni hurmat va e’tiboriga erishish uchun
ularga sifatlari, qobiliyati va hissiyotlarini
atayin ko‘rsatishga demonstrate so‘zidan
foydalaniladi: • You have to demonstrate
that you are reliable. (You have to display/
exhibit ...) • They are anxious to demonstrate
to the voters that they have practical policies.
(They are anxious to display/exhibit ...) ■ n
1 namoyish, ko‘rgazma = show, exhibition
• a display of local crafts • The window display caught her eye. ► display or show?
Show ko‘rgazmalar uchun umumiy qo‘llaniladigan va display dan ko‘ra norasmiyroq
so‘z hisoblanadi. Display, asosan, hamma
ko‘radigan joyga, o‘ziga jalb qiladigan tarzda qo‘yilgan narsalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.
2 tomosha, chiqish = show, spectacle, performance • a firework display • a fireworks
display • His performance is described in the
paper as “a breathtaking display of physical
agility”. ● on display namoyish qilinmoq
= on show • There’s an Egyptian art collection on display at the museum at the moment. • Mapplethorpe’s photographs were
first put on display in New York.
disposable |dɪˈspoʊzəbl| adj bir martalik = throwaway, expendable, single-use
• disposable gloves/razors • disposable
(BrE) nappies/(AmE) diapers ■ n bir martalik narsa • paper/plastic/medical disposables • Do you use disposables or washable
nappies?
disposal |dɪˈspoʊzl| n 1 qutulish, xalos
bo‘lish = throwing away, discarding, dumping • waste disposal • the disposal of hazardous substances 2 sotish = sale, selling • The
next step is to think about disposal of your
assets.
dispose |dɪˈspoʊz| v (fml) 1 joylashtirmoq,
joy-joyiga qo‘ymoq = arrange, place, put,
position [~ sth/sb + adv/prep] • Chinese
vases are disposed around the gallery. 2
fikrini­ o‘zgartirmoq,­ undamoq = incline,
encourage, persuade • [~ sb to/toward(s)
sth] | [~ sb to do sth] His rudeness when
we first met didn’t dispose me very kindly
to/towards him. ● dispose of sb/sth 1
qutulmoq, yo‘q qilmoq = throw away/out,
get rid of, give away, hand over (inf) dump,
ditch • How did they dispose of the body? 2
hal qilmoq • That seems to have disposed of
most of their arguments.
dispute |dɪˈspjuːt|, |ˈdɪspjuːt| |C,U| tortishuv,
mojaro, kelishmovchilik, bahs, janjal =
debate, discussion, argument, quarrel ≠
agreement • [~ over/about sth] There was
some dispute over who would pay the bill. •
They have been unable to settle/resolve the
dispute over working conditions. • [~ between A and B] a dispute between the two
countries about the border • His theories
dissatisfied
are open to dispute. ► conflict or dispute?
→ conflict1 ● be beyond dispute bahsga
o‘rin yo‘q • It is beyond dispute that advances in medicine have enabled people to live
longer. ■ v bahslashmoq, tortishmoq, qarshi chiqmoq = debate, discuss, exchange
views, quarrel, argue ≠ agree, accept • [~
sth] The family wanted to dispute the will.
• [~ that…] Few would dispute that travel
broadens the mind. • [it is disputed wh…]
It is disputed whether the law applies in this
case. • There is no disputing the fact that
Sarah is the best player.
disqualify |dɪsˈkwɑːlɪfaɪ| v (-ies, -ying,
-ied)­ diskvalifikatsiya­ qilmoq,­ chetlashtirmoq, mahrum qilmoq = ban, exclude • [~
sb (from sth)] He was disqualified from the
competition for using drugs. • [~ sb (from
doing sth)] BrE You could be disqualified
from driving for up to three years. • [~ sb
(for sth)] A heart condition disqualified him
for military service.
disqualification |dɪsˌkwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃn| n diskvalifikatsiya,­chetlashtirish,­mahrum­etish •
Any form of cheating means automatic disqualification.
disrespect |ˌdɪsrɪˈspekt| n |U,C| hurmatsizlik, nazarga ilmaslik, bepisandlik, kamsitish
= contempt, lack of respect, discourtesy,
rudeness ≠ esteem • [~ for/to sb/sth] They
have shown a total disrespect for the law. •
No disrespect intended sir; it was just a joke.
■ v hurmatsizlik qilmoq ≠ respect • Don’t
disrespect what I believe in. • They were accused of disrespecting the country’s flag.
disrupt |dɪsˈrʌpt| v putur yetkazmoq, xalaqit
bermoq, yomon ta’sir qilmoq = interrupt,
upset, interfere with sth • Demonstrators
succeeded in disrupting the meeting. • A
heavy fall of snow had disrupted the city’s
transport system. • Climate change could
disrupt the agricultural economy.
disruption |dɪsˈrʌpʃn| n |U,C| to‘qinlik, halal
berish, putur, muammo • The strike caused
widespread disruption. • There will be some
disruption to traffic while the work is in
progress.
dissatisfaction |ˌdɪsˌsætɪsˈfækʃn| n |U|
norozilik, qoniqmaslik = discontent, disapproval ≠ satisfaction • Pay cuts have led to
widespread dissatisfaction. [~ with/at sb/
sth] • At the moment she’s experiencing a lot
of dissatisfaction with her job.
dissatisfied |dɪsˈsætɪsfaɪd| |dɪˈsætɪsfaɪd| adj
qoniqmaslik, ko‘ngli to‘lmaslik = discontented, disappointed ≠­satisfied,­contented
• [~ with sb/sth] If you are dissatisfied with
our service, please write to the manager. •
He had been feeling very dissatisfied with his
life in recent months. • He has to deal with
complaints from dissatisfied guests.
D
dissolve
D
172
dissolve |dɪˈzɑːlv| v 1 eri(t)moq = go into
solution, break down • Heat gently until
the sugar dissolves. • [~ in sth] Dissolve the
tablet in water. 2 tugamoq, tarqab ketmoq
= disperse, disband, break up, bring to an
end • Their marriage was dissolved in 1999.
• Parliament has been dissolved.
distance ★ |ˈdɪstəns| n |C,U| masofa, uzoqlik = interval, space, span, gap, remoteness
• The hotel is only a short distance away. •
What’s the distance between New York City
and Boston/from New York City to Boston?
• In the US, distance is measured in miles. •
Our parents live some distance away. • Distance is no problem on the Internet. • You’ll
never get the ball in from that distance. ►
Kundalik hayotda distance so‘zidan ko‘ra
masofalarni so‘rashda how far yoki qisqa va
uzun masofalarga nisbatan esa a long/short
way so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • What is the
distance from Chicago to Detroit? → How far
is it from Chicago to Detroit? | • The cottage
is some distance from the road. → The cottage is a long way from the road. ● within
walking distance piyoda borsa bo‘ladigan
uzoqlikda • The beach is within walking distance of my house. in/into the distance
uzoqdan, uzoq masofaga = far away/off,
afar, just in view • Alice stood staring into
the distance. • I caught sight of the mountain
in the distance.
distant |ˈdɪstənt| adj 1 uzoq(dagi), yiroq(dan) = faraway, long ago ≠ near, recent •
We could hear the sound of distant gunfire. •
The time we spent together is now a distant
memory. • The President hopes to visit Ireland in the not too distant future. • a distant
cousin/aunt/relative 2 har xil, farqli = remote • [~ from sth] Their life seemed utterly
distant from his own. ■ adv distantly • We
are distantly related. • Somewhere, distantly,
he could hear the sound of the sea.
distinct |dɪˈstɪŋkt| adj 1 aniq, yaqqol = clear,
definite ≠­ indistinct,­ indefinite • There’s a
distinct smell of cigarettes in here. • Being
tall gave Tony a distinct advantage. • There
are four distinct types. 2 alohida, har xil,
ajralib turadigan = discrete, separate, different ≠ overlapping • There are two distinct varieties of this plant. • [~ from sth]
The two concepts are quite distinct (from
each other).
distinction |dɪˈstɪŋkʃn| n 1 tafovut, farq =
difference, contrast, dissimilarity ≠ similarity • [~ between A and B] There’s a clear
distinction between the dialects spoken in
the two regions. • This company makes no
distinction between the sexes. ► Rasmiy holatlarda farqlamoq, ajratmoq ma’nolarida
make distinction so‘zlaridan ko‘ra ko‘pincha
draw distinction jumlasidan foydalaniladi:
• The law draws a distinction between
temporary and permanent employees. ►
difference or distinction? → difference 2
ajralib turuvchi jihat, oliy = importance,
significance,­note ≠ mediocrity • She got a
distinction in her exam. • a writer/scientist/
wine of distinction ■ adv distinctly aniq,
yaqqol, tiniq = clearly, plainly, decidedly
≠ indistinctly • I distinctly heard someone
calling me. • He could remember everything
very distinctly.
distinguish |dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ| v farqlamoq, ajratmoq, farqiga bormoq = differentiate, tell
apart, separate, set apart • [~ between A
and B] At what age are children able to distinguish between right and wrong? • [~ A
from B] It was hard to distinguish one twin
from the other. • [~ A and B] Sometimes reality and fantasy are hard to distinguish. •
[~ A (from B)] I sometimes have difficulty
distinguishing Spanish from Portuguese. ►
Kundalik hayotda distinguish so‘zidan ko‘ra
tell the difference between sb/sth yoki tell
sb/sth from sb/sth kabi jumlalardan foydalaniladi: • He can’t tell the difference between
right and wrong. • How do you tell cancer
cells from healthy cells? ► distinguish or
differentiate? Differentiate biroz rasmiyroq hisoblanadi va tafovut va farqlarni
topib ularni ko‘rsatib berishga nisbatan
ishlatiladi. • At what age are children able
to distinguish between right and wrong? (...
differentiate between right and wrong)
distort |dɪˈstɔːrt| v 1 shakli/ko‘rinishi/
ovozi… o‘zgarib ko‘rinmoq = bend • The
loudspeaker seemed to distort his voice. •
Her face was distorted with pain. 2 buzib
ko‘rsatmoq, no‘to‘g‘ri talqin qilmoq = misrepresent (inf) fix,­fiddle • Newspapers are
often guilty of distorting the truth. • The
article gave a distorted picture of his childhood.
distortion |dɪˈstɔːrʃn| n |C,U| o‘zgartirish,
o‘zgartirib ko‘rsatish • This is clearly a distortion of the facts.
distract ★ |dɪˈstrækt| v chalg‘itmoq, xayolini/fikrini­olmoq = divert, sidetrack, draw
away [~ sb/sth (from sth)] • You’re distracting me from my work. • He tried to distract
attention from his own illegal activities. •
Don’t talk to her — she’s very easily distracted. ■ adj distracting chalg‘itadigan, xayolni oladigan = off-putting • Please turn your
music down - it’s very distracting. • I find it
too distracting to work with the television
on.
distraction |dɪˈstrækʃn| n 1 |C,U| chalg‘ish,
og‘ish = diversion, interruption, disturbance • She worked hard all morning, without distraction. • The TV provided a distraction from his work. 2 |C|­fikrni­chalg‘ituvchi­
vosita/narsa = amusement, entertainment
• I find it hard to work at home because
173
there are too many distractions. • I can turn
the television off if you find it a distraction.
distress |dɪˈstres| n |U| qayg‘u, g‘am, tashvish = pain, suffering, misery, agony, hurt ≠
prosperity • I don’t want to cause the family
any distress. • economic/financial distress
• She was obviously in distress after the attack. ► distress, pain or suffering? → pain
distribute ★ |dɪˈstrɪbjuːt|, |ˈdɪstrɪbjuːt| v
tarqatmoq, ulashmoq, taqsimlamoq =
hand/give/pass/dole/dish sth out ≠ collect
• Who distributes our products in the UK? •
[~ sth to sb/sth] The organization distributed food to the earthquake victims. • [~ sth
among sb/sth] The money was distributed
among schools in the area.
distribution |ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn| n |U,C| tarqatish, tarqalish, yoyilish • The map shows the
distribution of this species across the world.
• He was arrested on drug distribution
charges. • We must find a way of achieving a
more equitable distribution (=taqsimlash) of
resources/wealth.
distributor |dɪˈstrɪbjətər| n tarqatuvchi, yetkazib beruvchi • They are Japan’s largest
software distributor. • We will act as the exclusive distributor for these Russian goods to
the world market.
district |ˈdɪstrɪkt| n tuman, hudud = neighborhood, area, region • They live in one of
the most exclusive districts of Paris. • Every
city has its central business district.
disturb |dɪˈstɜːrb| v 1 bezovta qilmoq, xalaqit bermoq = interrupt, barge in, bother
• Don’t disturb your mother - she’s resting.
• Sorry to disturb you but there’s a phone
call. • If you get up early, try not to disturb
everyone else. ► disturb, bother or interrupt? → bother 2 bezovta qilmoq, xavotirga/tashvishga solmoq = worry, trouble,
concern • [it ~ sb to do sth] It disturbed her
to realize that she was alone. • [~ sb] The
letter shocked and disturbed me. 3 o‘rnini/
joyini o‘zgartirmoq = disarrange, muddle,
rearrange, disorganize, disorder • The police told us that nothing must be disturbed
in the bedroom. • Don’t disturb the papers
on my desk.
disturbance |dɪˈstɜːrbəns| n 1 |U,C|, (odatda
birlikda ishlatiladi) xalaqit berish, bezovtalik = disruption, distraction, interference,
bother • I need to work somewhere where
there won’t be any disturbance. • Residents
are fed up with the disturbance caused by
the nightclub. • Phone calls are the biggest
disturbance at work. 2 |C| to‘qnashuv, janjal
= riot • He was charged with causing a disturbance after the game. • There was a minor disturbance during the demonstration,
but nobody was injured.
disturbed |dɪˈstɜːrbd| adj 1 ruhan ezilgan
= disrupted, interrupted • These are very
diversion
disturbed children who need help. • a centre
for emotionally/mentally disturbed teenagers 2 tashvishga tushgan, siqilgan, bezovta
bo‘lgan = troubled, distressed, upset • I was
deeply disturbed and depressed by the news.
disturbing |dɪˈstɜːrbɪŋ| adj tashvishga soladigan, xavotirli = worrying, alarming,
upsetting • This is an extremely disturbing
piece of news. • I found the book deeply disturbing.
dive |daɪv| v (dived, dived, AmEda, shuningdek, dove |doʊv| dived) 1 sho‘ng‘imoq, suvga sakramoq, kalla tashlamoq = plunge,
jump­ head­ first • [~ (in)] He dived in and
swam across the pool under water. • [~
from/off sth] He dived off the bridge. • [~
into sth] We dived into the river to cool off.
2 (narxga nisbatan) keskin pasaymoq,
sho‘ng‘imoq, tushib ketmoq = plunge • The
share price dived from 49p to an all-time low
of 40p. • The plane dived to the ground. 3
...tomon keskin/tez harakat qilmoq = leap,
jump • The goalie dived for the ball, but
missed it. • She dived into her bag and took
out a couple of coins. ■ n suvga sakrash/
sho‘ng‘ish • a spectacular high dive
diverge |daɪˈvɜːrdʒ| v (fml) 1 turli tomonga
yo‘nalmoq, ajralmoq, bo‘linmoq = separate,
part, fork ≠ converge • We went through
school and college together, but then our
paths diverged. • [~ from sth] Many species have diverged from a single ancestor.
2 bir-biriga to‘g‘ri kelmaslik, har xil bo‘lib
chiqmoq = differ, be different, be dissimilar;
disagree ≠ agree • Opinions diverge greatly
on this issue. • [~ from sth] Their views on
foreign policy diverge consistently from ours.
diverse |daɪˈvɜːrs| adj har xil, turli, turli-tuman = mixed, contrasting, wide-ranging,
various, different ≠ similar • My interests
are very diverse. • New York is a very culturally/ethnically diverse city. • The newspaper
aims to cover a diverse range of issues.
diversify |daɪˈvɜːrsɪfaɪ| v 1 turi xil mahsulotlar chiqarmoq, tadbirkorlik tarmog‘ini
ko‘paytirmoq = branch out, expand • The
company has been trying to diversify its
business. • [~ into sth] Many wheat farmers
have begun to diversify into other forms of
agriculture. 2 o‘zgarmoq, boshqa shaklga
kirmoq, shakllanmoq = vary, bring variety
to; modify, alter • Patterns of family life are
diversifying. • [~ sth] The culture has been
diversified with the arrival of immigrants.
diversion |daɪˈvɜːrʒn| n 1 boshqa tomonga
og‘ish, chalg‘itish, yo‘nalishini o‘zgartirish =
redirection • We made a short diversion to
go and look at the castle. • the diversion of
funds from the public to the private sector of
industry 2 aylanib o‘tish joyi, aylanma yo‘l
= bypass • Diversions will be signposted. •
Traffic diversions will be kept to a minimum
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diversity
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174
throughout the festival. 3 ovunchoq, ermak,
o‘yin-kulgi = distraction, disturbance •
Reading is a pleasant diversion.
diversity |daɪˈvɜːrsəti| n turfa xillik, har xillik, rang-baranglik = variety, mixture, variation • We value the rich ethnic and cultural
diversity of the group. • There is a great/
wide/rich diversity of opinion on the question of unilateral disarmament.
divert |daɪˈvɜːrt| v boshqa tomonga burmoq/o‘zgartirmoq = redirect, change the
course of [~ sb/sth (from sth) (to sth)] • Police are trying to divert traffic away from the
trouble spot. • Our flight had to be diverted
to Stansted because of the storm.
divide ★ |dɪˈvaɪd| v 1 bo‘l(in)moq = split up,
cut up, carve up ≠ unify, join, converge • [~
sth (up) (into sth)] Divide the class into three
groups. • The film divides into two distinct
halves. • After World War Two, Germany
was divided into two separate countries. ►
divide, split or break up? Divide qolganlaridan biroz rasmiyroq hisoblanadi. Ular
ma’no jihatidan ham farq qilishadi. Solishtiring: • The empire was broken up into
four parts (=to‘rt qismga bo‘linib ketgan
- nizolar chiqqanligi sababli, qaytib tiklanmaydigan bo‘lib). • The empire was divided/
split into four parts (=to‘rt qismga bo‘lingan
- to‘rt qismdan tashkil topgan). Tabiiy holdagi, ilmiy tildagi bo‘linishlarga nisbatan ham
divide yoki split so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi:
• The physical benefits of exercise can be
divided into three factors. (... can be broken
up into ...) 2 taqsimlamoq, bo‘lmoq = share,
split, allocate, allot • [~ (up) (into sth)] How
can you divide the cake into thirteen pieces?
• [~ sth (up/out)] Jack divided up the rest of
the cash. • [~ sth (up/out) between/among
sb] We divided the work between us. ► divide, share or split? → share 3 bo‘lish amali • Ten divided by two gives five. • 30 divided
by 6 is 5 (30 ÷ 6= 5). ► Bo‘lish belgisi odatda, quyidagi bir necha ko‘rinishda bo‘lishi
mumkin: 10 : 2 =5; 10/2 =5; =5 Ularning
hammasi “ten divided by two equals/is five”
deb o‘qiladi. 4 ajratmoq, alohida qilmoq =
split, separate, come between sb and sb, diverge ≠ unify, join • [~ A from B] Can it ever
be right to divide a mother from her child? •
Where the path divides, keep right.
dividend |ˈdɪvɪdend| n dividend (aksiyadorlarga sarmoyasi uchun to‘lanadigan ulush)
• Dividends will be sent to shareholders. •
Her hard work paid dividends when she won
the school dancing competition.
divine |dɪˈvaɪn| adj 1 ilohiy, ilohga oid = godly, angelic, heavenly, religious, holy ≠ mortal
• The Ayatollah described the earthquake in
Iran as a divine test. • Some fans seem to
regard footballers as divine beings. • divine
law/love/will • divine intervention 2 (fml)
ajoyib, jannatbahsh • We had a perfectly divine time in Switzerland. • Their new house
is quite divine! • That mango tasted divine!
division |dɪˈvɪʒn| n 1 bo‘linma, bo‘lim = separation, split, partition • The sales division
employs twenty people. • She is the head of
the production division. 2 bo‘lish, taqsimlash = dividing (up), breaking up, breakup •
[~ of sth] a fair division of time and resources
• [~ of sth between A and B] the division of
labour between the sexes • [~ (of sth) into
sth] Many parents opposed the division of
the classes into different sets. 3 bo‘lish amali
• My little sister is just learning how to do
division. • the division sign (÷)
divorce |dɪˈvɔːrs| n |U,C| ajralish = dissolution ≠ marriage • Her parents are getting a
divorce. • The marriage ended in divorce in
1996. • Divorce proceedings started today. ■
v ajralmoq = separate, break (sth) up, split
up ≠ marry, get married • She divorced her
husband and married the man next door. ►
divorce or get divorced? Bir odam bilan
boshqa odam ajrashadigan bo‘lsa u holda
divorce­ so‘zidan­ foydalaniladi:­ [sb­ divorce­
sb] • She divorced her husband last year. [be­
divorced + from sb] • She is divorced from
the boy’s father. Ko‘pchilikka nisbatan esa
get divorced ishlatiladi: • They got divorced
last year. (They are divorced ...) • John and
Lilly got divorced three years ago. Og‘zaki
nutqda ko‘pincha get divorced so‘zidan foydalaniladi.
divorced |dɪˈvɔːrst| adj ajrashgan = separated, estranged ≠ married • His parents
are divorced. • They’re getting divorced. •
Many divorced men remarry and have second families. ► divorced or get divorced?
→ divorcev
dizzy |ˈdɪzi| adj (-iest, -iest) 1 boshni aylan
(tiradi)gan, lanj qiladigan, ko‘ngli buzil(adi)gan = giddy, lightheaded, faint • Can
we stop the car, please, I feel dizzy. • After
standing in the sun, he became dizzy and
had to lie down. 2 juda tez va tushunarsiz
• Who could have predicted the dizzy pace
of change in the country? • the dizzy descent
from the summit
DJ |ˈdiː dʒeɪ| abbr di jey, musiqa qo‘yuvchi
= disc jockey • I kept praying that the DJ
would speed the music up.
DNA |ˌdiː en ˈeɪ| n |U| DNK • A DNA test
showed that he was not the baby’s father.
do1 ★ |də| |du| kuchli talaffuz qilinganda |duː|
(did, |dɪd| done | dʌn|) auxiliary v 1 (hozirgi va o‘tgan oddiy zamonlarda savol va
inkor shakllarini yasashda qo‘llaniladigan
ko‘makchi fe’l) • Does this train go to London? • Where do they live? • What did you
find there? • I don’t like fish. • They didn’t
go to Paris. • She does not understand. • His
parents don’t live in London. 2 (kuchaytirish
175
va urg‘u berish uchun darak gaplarda ham
ishlatish mumkin) • Why don’t you work
harder? -I do work hard! • Do shut up, Georgia, and get on with your homework. • Do be
careful. • You do look nice in that hat. • “You
should have warned me.” “But I did warn
you.” 3 (hozirgi va o‘tgan oddiy zamonlarda berilgan qisqa javoblarda ishlatiladi) •
Do you live in London? - Yes I do. • But your
parents don’t live there, do they? - No they
don’t. • Did you go to the concert after all?
- Yes I did. 4 shunday emasmi?, -(y)a? (agar
birinchi gap inkor gap bo‘lsa unda question
tag bo‘lishli bo‘ladi va agar birinchi gap
darak gap bo‘lsa unda question tag inkor
ko‘rinishda bo‘ladi) • You live in New York,
don’t you (=Sen Nyu Yorkda yashaysan-a)? •
It doesn’t rain a lot in Spain, does it (=...ko‘p
yog‘maydi, shunday emasmi)? • It looks very
nice, doesn’t it? • You don’t understand the
question, do you (=tushunmading-a)? • You
met him at our dinner party, didn’t you? 5
(gapdagi ma’lum fe’lni qaytarmaslik uchun
uni o‘rnida ishlatiladi) • Can you run as
fast as he does? • “Who won?” “I did.” • He
speaks German better than I do. • She asked
me to close the door but I’d already done so.
• They got to the pub before we did. • “I love
peaches.” “So do I.” • “I don’t want to go back.”
“Neither do I.” • “May I join you?” “Please
do!” • “Who said that?” “She did.” 6 (buyruq
gaplarda biror narsani qilmaslikni aytganda ishlatiladi) -ma! • Don’t throw away that
letter (=tashlab yuborma)! • Don’t put your
coffee cups on the computer! ■ v 1 qilmoq,
bajarmoq, amalga oshirmoq • What are you
doing this evening? • Do whatever you like. •
We will do what we can to help. • What (on
Earth) were you doing in the library at two
o’clock in the morning? • What are these
toys doing here? • Are you doing anything
tomorrow evening? • The company ought to
do something about the poor service. • What
have you done to your hair? • What can I do
for you? • There’s nothing we can do about it.
2 biror ish/yumush/vazifani qilmoq/bajarmoq • Have you done the dishes yet? • [~ the
-ing] She’s doing the shopping. • He always
does the washing-up. • She was doing the
ironing. • What have you been doing all day?
• I’m doing some research on the subject. • I
have a number of things to do today. • (inf)
Sorry. I don’t do funny. • [~ some, a little, etc.
acting, writing, etc.] She did a lot of acting
when she was at college. • Who did your tie
for you? It’s not straight. 3 ishlari yaxshi/
yomon bo‘lmoq, eplamoq, muvaffaqiyatga
erishmoq = perform, get on/along, go • How
is Mary doing in her new job? • She’s doing
very well at school. • He did badly in the interview. • How’s your business doing? • Both
mother and baby are doing well. • How do
do
you do? • (inf) How are you doing? ► do or
go? Do shaxs yoki jarayonning ishi qanday
ketayotganligi, o‘zgarish bor yoki yo‘qligi
haqida gap ketganda ishlatiladi: • (inf) How
are you doing? (=Ahvollaring qalay?); Go esa
faqat narsa va jarayonlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • How is it going? (=Qalay ketyapti?)
4 kasb va ishga nisbatan • What do you
do? • What does she want to do when she
leaves school? • What did she do for a living? 5 tayyorlamoq, qilmoq • [~ sth] to do
a drawing/painting/sketch • [~ sth for sb]
I’ll do a copy for you. • [~ sb sth] I’ll do you
a copy. • I can’t come out tonight - I’ve got
to do my history essay. • Where did you have
your hair done? ► do or make? → make
6 tugatmoq, ishlatib/foydalanib bo‘lmoq
= finish • Sit there and wait till I’ve done. •
[have/be done doing sth] I’ve done talking
— let’s get started. • Are you done with that
pen? • [get sth done] Did you get your homework done in time? • Have you done with
those scissors yet? • Where the hell are you
going? I haven’t done with you yet. 7 vaqtini
sarflamoq = spend • She did a year at college, but then dropped out. • He did six years
for armed robbery. 8 pish(ir)moq, tayyor
bo‘lmoq, tayyorlamoq • The carrots aren’t
done yet. • How would you like your steak
done? • Who’s doing the food for your party?
• I’ll do you some scrambled eggs. 9 bo‘la(vera)di, (not) ketmaydi, bo‘lmaydi • Will this
size do? • “Can you lend me some money?”
“Sure — will $20 do?” • Have you got any
ID? A driving licence or cheque card will do.
• [~ for sb/sth] These shoes won’t do for the
party. • [~ as sth] The box will do fine as a
table. • This kind of behaviour just won’t do.
• [~ to do] It doesn’t do to criticize your parents. • This is the third time you’ve been late
this week; it simply won’t do (=bunaqasi ketmaydi). 10 o‘rganmoq, o‘qimoq • Diane did
anthropology at university. • “What degree
did you do at York?” “Geography.” 11 javob
topmoq, yechmoq • I’ve never been able to
do crosswords. • I remember how much I
hated doing sums when I was at school. 12
sayohat qilmoq, yo‘l yurmoq = travel • We
did the journey to Wales in five hours. • My
car only does about 60 mph, even when it’s
going flat out. ● do sth over qaytadan bajarmoq • This essay’s the worst you’ve ever
done. I think you should do it over. do sth
↔ up qadamoq, taqmoq, biriktirmoq =
fasten, tie ≠ undo • He’s still a baby and he
can’t do his buttons up properly. • Can you do
up the zip at the back of my dress? do with
sb/sth ★ 1 aloqasi bo‘lmoq, bilan bog‘liq
bo‘lmoq • I’m sorry about the accident, but
it’s nothing to do with me (=buni menga hech
qanday aloqasi yo‘q). • “But I didn’t have any
money.” “What has that got to do with it? You
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dock
D
176
still shouldn’t have taken my purse without
asking me.” 2 nima qilding/qilishni • What
have you done with the newspaper? • What
have you done with my umbrella? • I don’t
know what to do with all the food that’s left
over. 3 kerak = need • After that long walk
I could do with a cup of tea. • The car could
do with a wash. do without -siz eplamoq/
qilmoq • She can’t do without a secretary.
• There’s no mayonnaise left, so I’m afraid
you’ll just have to do without.
dock |dɑːk| n 1 the docks to‘xtash joyi = harbour • The ship is in dock for repairs. • Cars
should arrive at the docks 45 minutes before
sailing time. 2 sudda sudlanuvchi o‘tiradigan joy • She was in the dock, facing charges
of theft.
doctor ★ |ˈdɑːktər| n (abbr Dr) 1 shifokor,
doktor = surgeon, paramedic, nurse, doc •
You’d better see a doctor about that cough.
• He went to the doctor’s last Friday. • The
doctor prescribed some pills. • Good morning, Dr (Jane) Walker. 2 eng yuqori universitet maqomi • a Doctor of Philosophy/Law.
• Doctor Franks
doctrine |ˈdɑːktrɪn| n nazariya, ta’limot,
aqida = belief, teaching • He was deeply
committed to political doctrines of social
equality.
document ★ |ˈdɑːkjumənt| n 1 hujjat, qaydnoma = file,­ papers,­ paperwork • Please
read this document carefully and sign at
the bottom of page two. • Copies of the relevant documents must be filed at court. 2
kompyuterda yozilgan matn • The letter
was saved as a Word document. • Save the
document before closing. ■ v |ˈdɑːkjument|
qayd qilmoq, yozib olmoq = record, register, report • Causes of the disease have been
well documented. • The results are documented in Chapter 3.
documentary |ˌdɑːkjuˈmentri| n (pl -ies)
hujjatli­ film = factual­ program/film,­ program • They showed a documentary on animal communication.
dog ★ |dɔːɡ| n it, ko‘ppak = hound • I took
the dog for a walk. • Have you fed the dog? •
I could hear a dog barking.
doll |dɑːl| n qo‘g‘irchoq = figure,­model­toy •
She is playing with a rag doll • She had a doll
tucked under her arm.
dollar |ˈdɑːlər| n dollar (pul birligi) • a 5-dollar bill • Do you have a dollar? • What is the
price in Australian dollars? • In the financial markets today, the dollar rose against/
fell against the pound. ► Dollar pul birligi
sonlar oldidan $ belgisi bilan yoziladi: $250.
Boshqa davlatlar dollar valutalari quyidagicha yoziladi: Can$ (=Canadian dollar) Aus$
(=Australian dollar)
dolphin |ˈdɑːlfɪn| n delfin • A dolphin leapt
out of the water. • a school of dolphins
domain |doʊˈmeɪn| n 1 soha, tarmoq, jabha
= field,­area,­sphere • Physics used to be very
much a male domain. • You’d better ask Paul
- electronics is not my domain, I’m afraid. 2
egalik, qaramog‘, kuch = realm, kingdom •
The Spice Islands were within the Spanish
domains. • These documents are in the public domain
domestic |dəˈmestɪk| adj 1 uy … = family,
home, household • She hated having to do
all the domestic work. • domestic chores/
animal/duties/arrangements 2 ichki, mamlakatning ichidagi = national, home, internal ≠ foreign • Sales in the domestic market have risen. • domestic affairs/politics •
domestic flights • The company has made
losses in both its domestic and international
operations. ► national or domestic? → national ■ adv domestically • Such a policy
would be unacceptable both domestically
and internationally.
dominance |ˈdɑːmɪnəns| n |U| hukmronlik,
ustu(vor)lik • With this victory, the team has
maintained its dominance of European football. • political/economic dominance
dominant |ˈdɑːmɪnənt| adj 1 ustunvor, ajralib turadigan, eng muhim = main, principal,
prime, premier, chief, central, key, crucial
(inf) number-one ≠ secondary • The firm
has achieved a dominant position in the
world market. • Unemployment will be a
dominant issue at the next election. 2 dominant, qolganlardan ustun/ajralib turadigan
= ruling, governing, controlling, authoritative, forceful • It is easy to spot the dominant
wolf in the pack. • Red is usually the dominant colour in his paintings.
dominate |ˈdɑːmɪneɪt| v 1 ustulik qilmoq,
qo‘lga olmoq, hukmronlik qilmoq, hukmini/ta’sirini o‘tkazmoq = control,­ influence,­
command, head up, be in the driver’s seat
• He tended to dominate the conversation.
• Barcelona completely dominated the first
half of the match. 2 (inshoot va binolarga
nisbatan) boshqalardan baland bo‘lmoq
= overlook, command • The cathedral
dominates the city. 3 eng muhimi/ustuvor
bo‘lmoq = predominate, prevail, kick butt •
The train crash dominated the news. • Constitutional issues have become the dominating concern over the last few months.
domination |ˌdɒmɪˈneɪʃn| n |U| ustuvorlik,
hukmronlik = rule, government • The film
was about a group of robots set on world
domination. • political domination • companies fighting for domination of the software
market
donate |ˈdoʊneɪt| v 1 hadya qilmoq, xayrehson qilmoq = give, give/make a donation
of, contribute, chip in • [~ sth (to sb/sth)] He
donated a lot of money to a charity for the
homeless. 2 qon yoki biror bir tana a’zosini
177
doubtful
double meaning. 2 ikkitali, ikki -li • Go through
boshqa insonga bermoq • All donated blood
the double doors and turn left. • a double bed
is tested for HIV and other infections.
► double or dual? Double quyidagi so‘zlar
donation |doʊˈneɪʃn| n |C,U| xayriya, hadya,
bilan ko‘p qo‘llaniladi: • double bed/doors/
ehson = gift, contribution, present • I’d like
figures/standards/thickness; Dual esa quyito make a small donation in my mother’s
dagi so‘zlar bilan: • dual purpose/function/
name.
role/approach/citizenship. Dual, odatda, ikdone ★ |dʌn| 1 past participle of do 2 tuga(t)moq, (ishlatib/-b) bo‘lmoq = finished,­ kita yo bir xil, yoki bir-biriga o‘xshamagan
ended, concluded, over ≠ incomplete, to
narsalarni ifodalashda ishlatiladi. Double
come, ongoing • When you’re done (=gaesa, asosan, ikkita bir xil yoki juda o‘xshash
pirib bo‘lganingdan keyin), perhaps I can
narsalarni ifodalashda ishlatiladi. Dual bunsay something. • [~ with] Are you done with
dan tashqari juftlikning ishlatilishi, vazifasi
that pen? • The job’s nearly done. • That’s my
va boshqa xususiyatlariga nisbatan ham
article for the magazine done and dusted. •
ishlatilishi mumkin: • All parents have their
Let’s just give them what they want and have
dual role at work and home. Ikki kishi yoki
done with it. 3 pishmoq = cooked (through),
narsa uchun qilingan/yasalgan narsalarga
ready ≠ raw, underdone • The meat isn’t
nisbatan faqat double so‘zidan foydalaniladi:
quite done yet. ■ excl bo‘ldi, bo‘laveradi,
• Bed and breakfast cost ₤180 for two peokelishdik • “I’ll give you £800 for it.” “Done!”
ple in a double room. Ikki marta ma’nosida
donkey |ˈdɑːŋki| n eshak, xachir = ass, jackham faqat double so‘zidan foydalaniladi: •
ass • The donkey is traditionally used as a
I’ll pay double what I paid last time 3 ikki
beast of burden.
baravar/hissa • She asked for a double pordonor |ˈdoʊnər| n 1 donor, qon yoki biror
tion of ice cream. • He earns double what she
bir organini birovga beruvchi • Donors give
does. ■ v ikki barobar osh(ir)moq, ikki karra
blood twice a year. • The heart transplant
ko‘pay(tir)moq • Think of a number and then
will take place as soon as a suitable donor
double it. • Membership almost doubled in
can be found. 2 hadya qiluvchi, yordam
two years.
beruvchi = giver, contributor (inf) angel • doubt ★ |daʊt| n |U,C| shubha = uncerThanks to a large gift from an anonymous
tainty, question, a question mark over sth,
donor, the charity was able to continue its
confusion ≠ certainty • He might be telling
work. • Japan has been one of the country’s
the truth, but I have my doubts. • [~ about
biggest aid donors.
sth] The accident raised doubts (=shubha
door ★ |dɔːr| n 1 eshik, kirish = entrance,
uyg‘otdi) about the safety of the aircraft. • [~
that…] I have no doubt that he will succeed.
exit, doorway • to open/shut/close/slam/
• [~ as to sth] There seems to be some doubt
lock/bolt the door • to answer the door •
as to whether this is legal. ● (be) in doubt
the front/back door • the bedroom door • a
aniq bilmaslik/bo‘lmaslik, ikkilanmoq =
four-door saloon car • Close the door behind
doubtful, uncertain • The result of the game
you, please. • Leave the door open! • There’s
was in doubt until the last minute. • I’m in
somebody at the door. • [~ to …] The door to
doubt about whether I should take the job or
his bedroom was locked. • (inf) He walked
not. • If in doubt, get someone to help you. no
out the door. • She opened the car door and
doubt shak-shubha yo‘q(-ki) = doubtless,
hit a passing cyclist. 2 uy = house • They
undoubtedly, certainly • No doubt they will
live a few doors away from us. • The cat is
be asking for more money soon. • He’s made
from the house next door (=qo‘shnimizning
some great movies. There’s no doubt about
uyidan). • We promise to deliver to your door
it. without/beyond doubt shak-shubhawithin 48 hours of you ordering.
siz • This meeting has been, without doubt,
dose |doʊs| n doza, miqdor = measure, meaone of the most useful we have had so far. •
surement,­portion,­hit,­fix • a high/low/leShe knew without a shadow of a doubt that
thal dose • Repeat the dose after 12 hours if
he was lying to her. ■ v shubhalanmoq,
necessary. • I always take my daily dose of
shubhasi bo‘lmoq = question, challenge,
vitamin C.
dispute • [~ sth] I doubt her honesty. • “Do
dot |dɑːt| n 1 nuqta = patch, spot • There are
you think England will win?” — “I doubt
dots above the letters i and j. • A blue tie with
it.” • [~ (that)…] I never doubted (that) she
white dots. • The plane was just a dot on the
would come. • [~ wh…] I doubt whether he
horizon. 2 internet sahifalarida ishlatilawill want to go to the funeral.
di (.) • My email address is jane@supertek.
com (=“Jane at Supertek dot com” o‘qiladi). doubtful |ˈdaʊtfl| adj be ~ ikkilanmoq,
shubhalanmoq, aniq bilmaslik/bo‘lmaslik,
• “What’s the web address?” “www dot wisishonchi komil bo‘lmaslik = irresolute, hesdom dot uz”. (=www.wisdom.uz)
itant, dubious ≠­confident,­decisive,­certain
double ★ |ˈdʌbl| adj 1 ikkita, ikkitalik, bir
• [~ about doing sth] He was doubtful about
juft • The word “immeasurable” is spelt with
accepting extra work. • [~ whether/if …]
a double “m”. • A lot of the jokes were based on
D
doubtless
D
178
It’s doubtful if this painting is a Picasso. • [~
for sth] He is injured and is doubtful for the
game tomorrow.
doubtless |ˈdaʊtləs| adv (shuningdek,
ba’zida doubtlessly) shak-shubhasiz, aniq
= without doubt, undoubtedly, no doubt,
certainly, surely • It was doubtless his own
fault. • Doubtless there would be lots of rumours.
down ★ |daʊn| prep 1 pastga/-da ≠ up • He
fell down the stairs and broke his leg. • Tears
ran down her face. • Her hair hung down
her back to her waist. 2 bo‘ylab = along •
He went down the road to the shop. • The
police station is just down the street. • We
drove down the motorway as far as Bristol.
■ adv 1 pastga/-da/-dan … • Put the box
down in the corner. • We watched as the sun
went down. • She bent down to pick up her
glove. • Mary’s not down yet (=hali pastga
tushgani yo‘q). • Just as I was sitting down
to watch TV, the phone rang. • Why don’t you
lie down on the sofa for a while? 2 (pasayish
va orqada qolishga nisbatan) • Prices have
gone down recently. • We’re already two
goals down. • The number of students at this
school has gone down from 500 last year to
410. 3 ovozini pasaytirmoq, tinchlanmoq •
Turn the music down! • Turn the TV down
- it’s way too loud! • The class settled down
and she began the lesson. 4 janubga/-da •
They flew down to Texas. • Houses are more
expensive down south. • We’re moving down
to London. 5 yozib olmoq • I always write
everything down. • Did you note down the
number of the car? • The policeman took
down her address. • I’ve got/put you down
for three tickets each. 6 belgilangan ishning
qanchasini qilib bo‘lganini aytganda • Well,
I’ve seen six apartments so far. That’s six
down and four to go! 7 jin ursin, ming la’nat
[~ with sth] • The crowds chanted “Down
with NATO!” • Down with exams!
downstairs |ˌdaʊnˈsterz| adv pastki qavat
≠ upstairs • I went downstairs to answer
the phone. • They were all downstairs. ■ adj
pastki qavatdagi • The house has a downstairs bedroom. • You can use the downstairs
loo. ■ n pastki qavat • The downstairs has
three rooms. • We’re painting the downstairs.
downward |ˈdaʊnwərd| adj pasayayotgan,
pastga yo‘nalgan/qaragan = descending,
downhill, falling ≠ upward • The business
was on a downward path, finally closing in
2008. • the downward slope of a hill • Share
prices continued their downward trend.
downwards |ˈdaʊnwərdz| (shuningdek,
downward, asosan, AmEda) adv pastga
(yo‘nalgan/qaragan), past tomonga ≠ upwards • The body was lying face downwards.
• Nina glanced downwards. • It was a policy
welcomed by world leaders from the US president downwards.
dozen |ˈdʌzn| n, det (pl dozen) 1 (abbr doz.)
12 ta = twelve • I need a dozen eggs for this
recipe. • We ordered two dozen (24) chairs. •
Only about half a dozen (6) people turned up.
2 dozens ko‘p = a lot of, loads of • [~ of sth]
I’ve been to New York dozens of times. • They
arrived in dozens (=ko‘pchilik bo‘lib).
draft |dræft| n eskiz, qoralama, xom reja
= draught, plan, design • It’s not the final
version, it’s just a draft. • I’ve made a rough
draft of the letter. ■ v (shuningdek draught,
asosan, BrEda) eskiz yozmoq, xomaki nusxasini yozmoq = draw sth up, put sth together, get sb/sth ready • to draft a constitution/contract/bill • I’ll draft a letter for you.
drag |dræɡ| v (-gg-) 1 sudra(l)moq, tortmoq
=haul, pull, trail • She dragged her suitcase
across the floor. • Pick the chair up instead
of dragging it behind you! • This dress is too
long — it drags on the ground when I walk.
• The last few weeks of the summer really
dragged by. ► drag or haul? Drag, odatda,
biror narsani tekis yuza bo‘ylab tortishga
ishlatiladi: • He got up and dragged his chair
towards the table; Haul esa, asosan, tepaga
qarab tortishga ishlatiladi: • He reached
down and hauled her up onto the rock. (...
dragged her up onto the ledge.) Drag ba’zan
kuch talab qiladi, ba’zan esa yo‘q; haul esa
doim katta kuch va sa’y-harakat talab qiladi: • A crane had to be used to haul the car
out of the stream. 2 majburlab -moq, sudrab olib -moq = haul, hustle, bundle • [~
adv/prep] She had to drag her child away
from the toy shop. • [~ yourself + adv/prep] I
really had to drag myself out of bed this morning. • Can you drag yourself away from the
TV (=televizor ko‘rishdan o‘zingni to‘xtatib
tura olasanami) for a minute? ● drag on
davom etmoq, uzoq cho‘zilmoq = persist,
continue, go on • The dispute has dragged
on for months. • The dinner party seemed
to drag on for hours. ■ n ezma, jonga tegadigan narsa/shaxs • It’s a drag, having to
write all the Christmas cards. • Walking‘s a
drag — let’s drive there.
drain |dreɪn| v (suyuqlikni) chiqarib/olib
tashlamoq, bo‘sha(t)moq = empty/clear
(out), void ≠­ fill • Boil the potatoes for ten
minutes, drain and leave to cool. • [~ sth
(from/out of sth)] We had to drain the oil out
of the engine. • [~ sth away/off] Drain off the
excess fat from the meat. • [~ away/off] She
pulled out the plug and the water drained
away. • (fig) My anger slowly drained away.
• [~ into sth] The river drains into a lake. • [~
from/out of sth] All the colour drained from
his face when I told him the news • [~ of sth]
His face drained of colour. ■ n chiqindi quvuri, drenaj = sewer, gutter • In the autumn
179
the drains get blocked by leaves. • We had to
call in a plumber to unblock the drain.
drama |ˈdrɑːmə| n 1 drama, p’yessa = play,
comedy, tragedy • The “Globe” has put on
an unknown Elizabethan drama. • I’m reading a book on 19th-century French drama.
• She’s a drama student or She’s studying
drama. 2 g‘aroyib/ajoyib/qiziq voqea • A
powerful human drama was unfolding before our eyes. • He always makes a drama
out of everything.
dramatic |drəˈmætɪk| adj 1 sezilarli, keskin,
birdan = considerable, substantial ≠ insignificant • The change in him was dramatic.
• a dramatic increase/fall/change/improvement • dramatic results/developments/
news • The announcement had a dramatic
effect on house prices. 2 ta’sirli, hayajonli
= exciting, stirring ≠ boring • The TV news
showed dramatic pictures of the disaster. •
We watched scenes of the dramatic rescue
on the news. ■ adv dramatically keskin,
umuman, birdaniga • Prices have fallen dramatically. • Your life changes dramatically
when you have a baby. • “At last!” she cried
dramatically.
draught |drɑːft| BrE (AmE draft) n
yelvizak, quruq shamol = current,
stream,­ flow • Don’t sit in a draught.
• A cold draught of air blew in from the open
window.
draw ★ |drɔː| v (drew |druː| drawn |drɔːn|) 1
chizmoq = sketch, paint • He drew a picture
of the house. • You draw beautifully. • (fig)
The report drew a grim picture of inefficiency and corruption. 2 tortmoq, tortib -moq
= pull, haul, drag • Draw up a chair and I’ll
tell you all about it. • She drew me onto the
balcony. • She drew back the curtains and
let the sunlight in. • [~ sth from sb] The announcement drew loud applause from the
audience. • (fig) My eyes were drawn to the
man in the corner. 3 jalb qilmoq, qiziqtirmoq, e’tiborini tortmoq • [~ sb] The movie
is drawing large audiences. • [~ sb to sth]
Her screams drew passers-by to the scene. •
The course draws students from all over the
country. 4 xulosa yasamoq • What conclusions did you draw from the report? • We can
draw some lessons for the future from this
accident. • to draw an analogy/a comparison/a parallel/a distinction between two
events 5 durang bo‘lmoq • The teams drew
2-2. • [~ with/against sb] England drew
with/against France. 6 hisobraqamidan
pul olmoq = withdraw, take out • [~ sth out
(of sth)] Can I draw $80 out of my account?
• [~ sth (from sth)] She went to the post office to draw her pension. • [~ sth on sth] The
cheque was drawn on his personal account.
■ n 1 durang = tie • The match was a draw:
dream
2-2. 2 qura tashlash • The draw is held on
Saturdays.
drawback |ˈdrɔːbæk| n kamchilik, nuqson,
yomon tomon = disadvantage, snag, downside, handicap, limitation, minus, hiccup ≠
benefit • [~ of/to sth] The main drawback to
it is the cost. • [~ of/to doing sth] One of the
drawbacks of living with someone is having
to share a bathroom.
drawer |drɔːr| n tortma, g‘aladon • I keep my
cheque book in the top drawer of my desk.
• in the top/middle/bottom drawer of the
desk
drawing |ˈdrɔːɪŋ| n 1 chizma, rasm = sketch,
picture, illustration, cartoon, diagram, portrait, graphics • I’ve bought an old drawing
of the church. • He did/made a drawing of
the old farmhouse. 2 chizmachilik, rasm
chizish • He studied drawing in Rome. • I’m
not very good at drawing.
dread |dred| v vahimaga/dahshatga tushmoq = fear, be afraid of, worry about, be
anxious about • [~ sth] This was the moment he had been dreading. • [~ doing sth]
I dread being sick. • [~ sb doing sth] She
dreads her husband finding out. • [~ to do
sth] I dread to think what would happen if
there really was a fire here. • [~ that…] I both
hoped and dreaded that he would come. ■
n vahima, qo‘rqish, dahshat = fear, anxiety
≠­confidence • The sound of her voice filled
him with dread. • She has a dread of meeting
him in the street.
dreadful |ˈdredfl| adj (asosan, BrEda) juda
yoqimsiz/yomon = terrible, frightful, horrible, unpleasant ≠ mild, pleasant • What a
dreadful film! • Jane looked dreadful. • The
journey was dreadful. • I’m afraid there’s
been a dreadful mistake. ■ adv dreadfully
juda (yomon), jiddiy = awfully, terribly • I’m
dreadfully sorry. • I miss you dreadfully. •
They suffered dreadfully during the war.
dream ★ |driːm| n 1 tush = nightmare • I
had a strange dream last night. • The idea
came to him in a dream. • “Goodnight. Sweet
dreams.” • Don’t think about it. You’ll only
give yourself bad dreams. 2 orzu, orzusidagi narsa = ambition, hope, aspiration • Her
lifelong dream was to be a famous writer. •
She tried to turn her dream of running her
own business into reality. • a dream car/
house/job, etc. • a chance to fulfil a childhood dream • It was the end of all my hopes
and dreams. 3 xayoli parishon = daydream,
daze, trance • She walked around in a dream
all day. • She wandered round the house in
a dream. ■ v (dreamt, dreamt |dremt|) or
(dreamed, dreamed) 1 tush ko‘rmoq =
have a dream/nightmare • Did I talk in my
sleep? I must have been dreaming. • [~ of/
about sb/sth] I dreamt about you last night.
• [~ sth] Did it really happen or did I just
D
dress
D
180
wander • I didn’t intend to be a teacher — I
dream it? • Who‘d have dreamt it? They’re
just drifted into it. • The conversation driftgetting married. • [~ (that)…] I dreamt (that)
ed onto politics. ■ n 1 ko‘chki = pile, heap,
I got the job. 2 orzu qilmoq, tassavvur qilbank • The road is blocked with massive
moq = fantasize about, daydream about •
drifts of snow. 2 o‘zgarish, ko‘chish = move[~ of/about sth] It was the kind of trip most
ment,­ shift,­ flow­ [~ towards/to] • a drift
of us only dream about. • [~ of/about doing
towards longer working hours • the popusth] She dreams of running her own business.
lation drift to the cities 3 umumiy ma’no• (inf) I wouldn’t dream of going without you
si, gapni mag‘zi/muddaosi = gist, essence,
(=Sensiz ketishni hatto xayolimga ham kelmeaning, sense, implication • My German
tirganim yo‘q). • [~ (that)…] I never dreamt
isn’t very good, but I got the drift of what she
(that) I’d actually get the job. ► Dream
quyidagi­ ko‘rinishda­ ishlatiladi:­ [dream­ +­ said. • The general drift of the article was
that society doesn’t value older people.
of doing sth] • I have always dreamt of living by the sea. (... dreamt to live by the sea.) drill |drɪl| n 1 drel • He used an electric drill
to make the holes in the wall. 2 mashg‘ulot
■ adj orzuyidagi, orzu qilgan • They found
= training, instruction • New recruits spend
their dream house in a small town by the sea.
hours practising their drill. ■ v 1 drel bilan
• Select your dream team for the World Cup.
teshmoq = bore/make a hole in • He drilled
● in your dreams | dream on tushingda
two holes for the screws. 2 mashg‘ulot
• “I’ll be a manager before I’m 30.” “In your
o‘tkazmoq, tayyorlamoq = train, instruct,
dreams.” • “I think she likes me”. “In your
coach • The soldiers were drilling on the padreams!” • You think I’m going to help you
rade ground.
move house? Dream on!
dress ★ |dres| n 1 |C| ko‘ylak, libos = drink ★ |drɪŋk| n |C,U| 1 ichimlik =soft drink,
clothes, clothing, costume, wear, wardrobe,
beverage • If you’re thirsty, have a drink of
(AmE) apparel • She was wearing a blue
water. • Can I have a drink? 2 spirtli ichimdress. • a long white dress • a wedding dress
lik, ichkilik = alcohol, (AmE) liquor, (BrE)
2 |U| ko‘ylaklar • to wear casual/formal
spirit • They went for a drink. • The drinks
dress • He has no dress sense. ■ v kiyin(tir)
are on me. • (BrE) He’s got a drink problem.
moq = put on clothes, get dressed • [~ (in
• (AmE) He has a drinking problem. • She
sth)] I dressed quickly. • [~ sb (in sth)] She
took to drink (=ichkilikka berilib ketdi) after
dressed her little girl. • to dress well/badly/
her marriage broke up. ■ v (drank |dræŋk|,
fashionably/comfortably • [~ for/in/as sth]
drunk |drʌŋk|) 1 ichmoq = sip, suck, drain •
You should dress for cold weather today. •
He drank two glasses of water. • What would
She always dressed entirely in black. • [~ sb
you like to drink? 2 spirtli ichimlik ichmoq •
(for/in/as sth)] He was dressed as a woman.
Don’t drink and drive. • Simon was drinking
► Kundalik hayotda dress so‘zidan ko‘ra
like a fish that evening. • He doesn’t drink. •
get dressed birikmasidan ko‘proq foydala[~ yourself + adj] He had drunk himself unniladi: • I got dressed and went downstairs
conscious on vodka. ● drink up ichib tugatfor breakfast. ● dress sb ↔ up 1 maxsus/
moq • Come on, drink up your juice - we’re
rasmiy kiyim kiymoq = dress smartly/forleaving now. • Drink up! It’s time to go.
mally • There’s no need to dress up — come drive ★ |draɪv| v (drove |droʊv|, driven
as you are. • You don’t need to dress up to
|ˈdrɪvn|) 1 (mashina) haydamoq = steer,
go to the pub - jeans and a T-shirt will do.
handle • Can you drive? • Don’t drive so fast!
2 yasanmoq = disguise oneself, put on fan• He was driving a lorry when the accident
cy dress • Kids love dressing up. • They had
happened. • What car do you drive? • We
dressed up as princes and princesses.
saw their car outside the house and drove
dressed |drest| adj kiy(in)gan, kiyib olgan
on/past/away. 2 (mashinada) olib borib/
= clothed, prepared • Hurry up and get
tashlab qo‘ymoq = run, give sb a lift/ride •
dressed (=kiyin). • I can’t come down to see
I drove my daughter to school. • Could you
the visitors - I’m not dressed yet. • He was
drive me home? • Dad will drive us. 3 mashicasually dressed in jeans and a T-shirt. • He
nada bormoq/ketmoq • They’re driving
went to the party dressed as a cowboy.
to Scotland on Tuesday. • Shall we drive or
dressing |ˈdresɪŋ| n 1 (shuningdek, salad
go by train? • We usually drive to Italy, but
dressing) salat uchun masalliq = sauce •
this year we’re flying. 4 bosim o‘tkazmoq,
salad with a vinaigrette dressing 2 jarohat
qiynamoq = work, overwork, push, force,
uchun malham = bandage, covering, plaster
compel • You’re driving yourself too hard.
• The dressings need to be changed every
• Supermarkets are driving small shops
hour.
out of business. • [~ sb to do sth] Hunger
drift |drɪft| v 1 siljimoq, asta ko‘chmoq = be
drove her to steal. 5 yomon holatga olib
carried,­float • Clouds drifted across the sky.
kelmoq, sabab bo‘lmoq, ...qilib qo‘ymoq •
• People began to drift back to their houses.
[~ sb + adj] The noise is driving me mad/
2 aylanib/bilmay/tasodifan kelib qolmoq =
insane. • All this work is driving her crazy
181
(=aqldan ozdiryapti). • [~ sb to sth] Those
kids are driving me to despair. • (hazilomuz)
It’s enough to drive you to drink. ● drive
(sb/sth) away mashinada (olib) ketmoq
• We heard him drive away. • The children
were driven away in a police car. • Someone
drove the car away in the night. drive back
(mashinada) qaytib kelmoq • We were driving back to London after a day out. drive off
1 (mashinada) ketmoq • The bank robbers
leapt into a car and drove off at top speed. 2
ketkizmoq/nari tutmoq • They drove off the
attackers with shotguns. drive sb ↔ away
ketkazmoq, qochirmoq • Terrorist threats
are driving away tourists. • He was cruel
because he wanted to drive me away. ■ n 1
mashina sayohati = ride, (BrE) lift • Let’s go
for a drive into the country. • It’s a four-hour
drive to the coast. 2 komputer drayveri •
The disk is stuck in the drive.
driver ★ |ˈdraɪvər| n haydovchi • He’s got a
job as a bus driver. • a train/ambulance/taxi
driver • a learner/student driver • The drivers of both cars were injured in the accident.
• The accident was the other driver’s fault.
driving |ˈdraɪvɪŋ| n |U| haydash, minish •
Driving in the centre of London can be very
frustrating. • She’s taking driving lessons.
■ adj 1 kuchli, qattiq • They were forced
to turn back because of the driving rain. 2
asosiy, amalga oshiruvchi • Who was the
driving force in the band?
driving licence BrE (AmE driver’s license) n haydovchilik guvohnomasi • Applicants must hold a full driving licence. •
Fred lost his driving licence.
drop ★ |drɑːp| v (-pp-) v 1 tushirib yubormoq, tushib ketmoq = fall, sink, crash, tumble ≠ rise, lift, hold on to • [~ sth] Be careful not to drop that plate. • He dropped the
glass and it broke. • Don’t drop it!/Don’t let
it drop! • [~ adv/prep] The book dropped
from/off the shelf. • [~ sth (+ adv/prep)]
Medical supplies are being dropped into the
stricken area. 2 pasay(tir)moq, tush(ir)moq
= fall, decline, come down, decrease, sink,
slump, plunge ≠ rise, climb • The price of
shares dropped by 14p. • At last the wind
dropped. • His voice dropped to a whisper. •
She dropped her voice. • You must drop your
speed in built-up areas. ► Drop pastga qarab tushmoq ma’nosini bildirsa-da, u down
predlogisiz ishlatiladi: • The rate of unemployment dropped significantly. (... dropped
down significantly.) ► drop, fall or decline?
→ declinev 3 tashlab qo‘ymoq/o‘tmoq =
deliver, bring, take ≠ pick up • I’ll drop you
at your house. • The bus dropped her at the
school. ● drop by/in/into kirib o‘tmoq,
tashrif buyurmoq = call on, visit • Drop
by sometime. • I thought I’d drop in on you
while I was passing. • Sorry we’re late — we
-
dropped into the pub on the way. drop out
(of sth) boshqa qatnashmaslik, tashlamoq,
to‘xta(t)moq • Too many students drop out
of college after only one year. • She was injured in the first round and had to drop out.
• This word has dropped out of the language.
■ n 1 tomchi • Drops of rain ran down the
windows. • a drop of blood • Mix a few drops
of milk into the cake mixture. 2 bir qultum/
oz = small amount, little, bit, dash ≠ great
deal • Could I have a drop more milk in my
coffee, please? • Would you like a drop of
brandy? • I haven’t touched a drop all evening. 3 pasayish, tushib ketish = decrease,
reduction, decline, cut ≠ increase • a drop in
prices/temperature, etc. • a dramatic/sharp
drop in profits • a five per cent drop • If you
want the job, you must be prepared to take
a drop in salary. ► drop, fall or decline? →
declinen
drought |draʊt| n |U,C| qurg‘oqchilik,
quruqchilik = dry spell, lack of rain, shortage of water • It has been the worst drought
in the country’s history. • The country’s entire grain harvest has been hit by drought.
drown |draʊn| v 1 cho‘kib o‘lmoq = suffocate in water, inhale water • He drowned in
a shallow pool. • He had attempted to rescue
the drowning man. • [~ sb/sth/yourself] She
tried to drown herself. 2 botirmoq = drench
• The fruit was drowned in cream.
drug |drʌɡ| n 1 dori = medicine, medication •
They have found a new drug for people with
arthritis. • The doctor put me on a course
of pain-killing drugs. ► drug, medicine
or medication? → medicine 2 giyohvand
modda = narcotic, dope • He does not smoke
or take drugs. • The customs are looking for
drugs. • I found out Steve was on drugs • She
was a drug addict. • He was charged with
pushing drugs. • (inf) I don’t do drugs. ■ v
dori bermoq = poison, add drugs to • They
drugged him and took him away in a car.
drum |drʌm| n do‘mbira, nog‘ora = percussion instrument; bongo, tom-tom • He plays
the drums in the band. • They danced to the
beat of the drums.
drunk |drʌŋk| the past participle of drink ■
adj mast, ichib olgan = drunken, under the
influence (inf) tipsy, wasted, pissed ≠ sober
• Do you think she was drunk? • I got completely drunk at my sister’s wedding. • Andrew came home blind drunk.
dry ★ |draɪ| adj (-ier, -iest) 1 quruq = waterless, droughty ≠ wet • Don’t touch the door the paint isn’t dry yet. • Store onions in a cool
dry place. • Her mouth felt as dry as a bone.
• These plants grow well in dry soil/a dry
climate. 2 (ob-havoga nisbatan) yomg‘irsiz,
ochiq = clear, good, sunny • I hope it stays
dry for our picnic. • weeks of hot dry weather
• the dry season ■ v 1 qurimoq ≠ moisten •
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The clothes are drying in the sun. • Be careful. The paint hasn’t dried yet. 2 quritmoq =
towel, rub • He dried himself with a towel.
• I’ll wash and you can dry up. • to dry your
eyes/tears ● dry (sb/sth) off quri(t)moq •
He got out of the shower and dried himself
off. • We dried our boots off by the fire. dry
up qurib qolmoq, qaqshab ketmoq • During
the drought the river dried up. • The land
had dried up and no crops would grow. run
dry qurib qolmoq, tugamoq • The wells in
most villages in the region have run dry.
dual |ˈduːəl| adj bir vaqtning o‘zida ikki(ta),
qo‘sh, ikkitalik • The piece of furniture serves
a dual purpose as a cupboard and as a table.
• This car is fitted with dual airbags. ► dual
or double? → double
duck |dʌk| n 1 o‘rdak • Let’s go and feed the
ducks in the park. • Ducks were quacking
noisily on the lake. ► Nar (erkak) o‘rdak
drake, urg‘ochi o‘rdak duck va polapon
o‘rdakchalar esa ducklings, deb ataladi. 2
o‘rdak go‘shti • We’re having roast duck for
dinner. ■ v boshini/tanasini egmoq, engashmoq = dodge • [~ (down) (behind/under sth)] Young children can just duck under
the gate and avoid paying. • Duck your head
or you’ll bang it on the doorframe.
dude |duːd| |djuːd| n (slang, asosan, AmEda)
kishi, oshna • He’s a real cool dude. • Hey,
dude, what’s up? ► dude, guy or bloke? →
guy
due |djuː| adj 1 sababli, tufayli, -ni deb =
because of, owing to, on account of, as a
consequence of, as a result of, thanks to •
[~ to sth/sb] The trains are late due to fog.
• The team’s success was largely due to her
efforts. • The workforce was reduced, partly
due to budget pressures. ► Due to, odatda
rasmiy holatlarda ishlatiladi. Kundalik hayotda uning o‘rniga because of birikmasidan foydalaniladi: • We cancelled the picnic
because of the weather. 2 bo‘lishi kutilmoq,
-digan bo‘lyapti = expected, anticipated •
When is the baby due? • What time is the
next bus due? • [~ to do sth] We are due to
leave London Airport at 5 o’clock. • [~ for
sth] The band’s first album is due for release
later this month. 3 to‘lanishi shart = owing,
owed; outstanding • This payment is due on
1 October. • Have they been paid the money
that is due to them?
dull |dʌl| adj 1 zerikarli, sust, ezma = uninteresting, boring, dreary, tedious ≠ interesting • The story is rather dull. • The first half
of the game was pretty dull. • Life in a small
village can be very dull. ► Kundalik hayotda dull so‘zining o‘rniga ko‘pincha boring
so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • a long, boring film
2 (ob-havoga nisbatan) bulutli, (yurakni)
siqadigan = overcast • It was a dull, grey
day. • The first day of our holiday was dull.
3 (rangga nisbatan) och • They painted the
sitting room a dull green. • Her eyes were
dull. 4 o‘tmas, kuchsiz = blunt ≠ sharp • a
dull ache in her lower back The pain was dull
but persistent.
dumb |dʌm| adj 1 soqov = speech-impaired,
mute, speechless, tongue-tied • She was
born deaf and dumb. • We were all struck
dumb with amazement. ► Dumb haqoratomuz eshitilishi mumkin. Shuning uchun
ko‘pchilik uning o‘rniga speech-impaired,
hearing impaired kabi so‘zlardan foydalanishni afzal ko‘rishadi. 2 ovsar, jinni • That
was a pretty dumb thing to do. • If the police
question you, act dumb.
dummy |ˈdʌmi| n (pl -ies) 1 yasama model
= model,­figure • a shop dummy • a ventriloquist’s dummy 2 yasama nusxa, o‘xshatma =
mock-up, imitation • The device is not a real
bomb but a dummy. • The device is not a real
bomb but a dummy. 3 so‘rg‘ich (AmE pacifier) • The baby sat sucking a dummy. 4 ahmoq, ovsar = idiot • Don’t just stand there,
you dummy. • Only a dummy would ignore
the safety warnings.
dump |dʌmp| v 1 qutulmoq, tashlab yubormoq/ketmoq = throw sth away/out, get rid
of sth, scrap, dispose of • She just dumped
her suitcases in the hall. • The dead body was
just dumped by the roadside. 2 tashlab ketmoq = get rid of sb/sth, leave • Brady’s really upset - his girlfriend’s just dumped him.
• If he’s so awful, why don’t you just dump
him? ● dump sb/sth (on sb) yuklamoq,
qoldirmoq • He’s got no right to keep dumping his problems on me. • Don’t just dump
the extra work on me. ■ n axlatxona • Take
your rubbish to the municipal dump. • a garbage dump • a toxic/nuclear waste dump •
His room is an absolute dump!
durable |ˈdʊrəbl| adj uzoq turadigan, chidamli, davomli = long-lasting, lasting ≠ delicate, short-lived • The machines have to be
made of durable materials. • His poetry has
proved durable.
duration |duˈreɪʃn| n |U| (fml) muddat, payt
= period, length of time • The school was
used as a hospital for the duration of the
war. • He planned a stay of two years’ duration.
during ★ |ˈdʊrɪŋ| prep mobaynida, paytida = throughout, through, in, in the course
of • Conditions were bad during the war. •
During the summer she worked as a lifeguard. • They work during the night and
sleep by day. • Please remain seated during
the performance. ► during or while? Biror narsa yoki vaqt mobayniga nisbatan
during ishlatilsa, ish-harakat mobayniga
nisbatan­ esa­ while­ ishlatiladi:­ [during­ +­
noun/time] • He stole her money during
the lesson/the night. (... while the/lesson
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the night.)­ [while­ +­ clause] • He stole her
money while she was at lesson/she slept (...
during she was at lesson/she slept) [while­+­
doing sth] • They chatted while waiting for
the train (... during waiting for the train). ►
during or for? During biror narsani biror
vaqt mobaynida sodir bo‘lganiga urg‘u bersa, for biror ish-harakatni qanchaga cho‘zilganiga, uni bajarishga qancha vaqt ketganiga/olganiga urg‘u beradi: • My father was
in the hospital during the summer. (... for
the summer.) • My father was in hospital
for three months. (... during the summer.) •
It rained during the night for three or four
hours. • I’ll call you for few minutes during
the afternoon. ► during or in? Biror narsani biror-bir vaqt ichida sodir bo‘lishiga
nisbatan during ham, in ham ishlatilishi
mumkin: • We’ll be on holiday during/in August. • I woke up during/in the night. Lekin
whole bilan kelgan vaqt birliklariga faqat
during ishlatiladi: • Shop’s closed during the
whole night. (... in the whole night.) Bundan
tashqari biror-bir vaqtning boshidan oxirigacha emas, balki o‘sha vaqt mobaynida
sodir bo‘ladigan ish-harakatlarga nisbatan
ham faqat during ishlatiladi: • He had some
strange experiences during his military service. (... in his milityary service) • I’ll try to
phone you during the meeting.
dusk |dʌsk| n |U| oqshom, xira-shira vaqt,
shom vaqti = twilight, nightfall, sunset •
The street lights go on at dusk. • I’ve been
on the go from dawn to dusk. • She arrived
home as dusk was falling.
dust |dʌst| n |U| chang = dirt, grime, earth,
soil • The room had never been cleaned there was dust everywhere. • The dictionaries were covered in dust. • A cloud of dust
rose as the truck drove off. • That guitar’s
been sitting gathering dust (=chang bosib
yotibdi) for years now. • She is allergic to
house dust. ■ v changini artmoq = wipe,
clean • I’ll just dust the table. • I broke the
vase while I was dusting. • [~ sth] Could you
dust the sitting room? • She got out the best
china and dusted it off.
dustbin |ˈdʌstbɪn| BrE (AmE garbage can,
trash can) n axlat chelagi, urna • How regularly are the dustbins emptied? ► dustbin,
rubbish, garbage, trash, refuse? → rubbish
dusty |ˈdʌsti| adj (-ier, -iest) chang, chang
bosgan = dirty ≠ clean • Heaps of dusty
books lay on the floor. • We drove along the
dusty road.
duty ★ |ˈduːti| n (pl -ies) 1 burch, vazifa =
responsibility, obligation, commitment • It
is my duty to report it to the police. • I don’t
want you to visit me simply out of a sense
of duty. • to do your duty for your country
2 duties pl vazifa va burchlar = work, task,
business, job • One of his duties is to see that
each
the main doors are locked at night. • Your
duties will include setting up a new computer system. 3 soliq = tax • customs/excise/
import duties • [~ on sth] duty on wine and
beer. ● on duty navbatchi, o‘z vazifasida •
He’s on duty from 9.00 to 6.00. • She’s been
on duty all day.
duvet |ˈduːveɪ| |duːˈveɪ| (shuningdek, (continental) quilt) n (BrEda) adyol • She pulled
the duvet over her head to try to shut out the
light.
dwell |dwel| v (dwelt, dwelt or -ed, -ed) istiqomat qilmoq, yashamoq = reside, live, be
settled • He dwelt in a ruined cottage on the
hillside. • She dwelt in remote parts of Asia
for many years.
dweller |ˈdwelər| n yashovchi, turuvchi, istiqomat qiluvchi = inhabitant, resident • a
city/country/cave dweller • 85 per cent of
city dwellers breathe heavily polluted air.
dwelling |ˈdwelɪŋ| n (fml) turar joy, uy-joy
= residence, home, house, place, pad • The
development will consist of 66 dwellings and
a number of offices.
dye |daɪ| v (dyes, dyeing, dyed) bo‘yamoq =
color, tint, pigment, tinge • [~ sth + adj] She
dyed her hair blonde. • For a change, why not
dye your T-shirts? ■ n bo‘yoq, rang = colorant, coloring, color • black dye • hair dye
• natural/chemical/vegetable/food dyes •
She dipped the material into the dye. • There
are dozens of different dyes to choose from.
dynamic |daɪˈnæmɪk| n 1 g‘ayratli, shijoatli = energetic, spirited, active, lively ≠
halfhearted • Profits have doubled under
his dynamic leadership. • We’re looking for
someone positive and dynamic. 2 (insonlarga) mos harakat, faoliyat • the dynamics of
political change • group dynamics • Market
dynamics are working in the company’s favour. 3 (kuch, yoki quvvatga nisbatan) dinamik, harakatlanuvchi • fluid dynamics • a
dynamic force • The IT sector is fast-growing
and dynamic. ■ n shijoat, faollik • There’s a
very supportive dynamic between the members of the group.
E
each ★ |iːtʃ| det, pron har bir = every one,
each one, each and every one • Each book
costs $20. • Each of the books costs $20. •
The books cost $20 each. • “Red or blue?” “I’ll
take one of each, please.” • Each and every
one of the flowers has its own colour and
smell. • We each have our own car. ► each
or every? Bu so‘zlar ko‘p hollarda birbirining o‘rnida ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin
ma’no jihatdan ularning orasida biroz farq
bor. Each biror-bir guruhdagi har bir narsa yoki shaxsga alohida urg‘u bersa, every
butun guruhga urg‘u beradi: • Each student
(=har bir o‘quvchi) came forward to receive
a medal. Every student (=hamma o‘quvchi)
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was given a medal. • Each time you exercise,
you get a little stronger. You have to enter
your password every time you log on. • Each
patient in turn went to see doctor. He gave
every patient the same medicine. Ularning
yana bir farqi shundaki, every ikkita narsa
yoki shaxsga nisbatan ishlatila olmaydi, u
uchta yoki undan ko‘p bo‘lgan narsa yoki
shaxslarga nisbatan ishlatiladi; each esa
har qanday sondagi narsa va shaxslarga
nisbatan ishlatilishi mumkin: • Each one
of my parents works abroad. (Every one of
my parents ...) • There were only two bags
in black and each of them was very expensive. (... every of them ...) Lekin qiymatni
anglatuvchi almost, nearly yoki not kabi
so‘zlar bilan each emas, faqat every ishlatiladi: • Almost/Nearly every window was
broken. (Almost each window ...) • Not every
child enjoyed the party. (Not each child ...)
Bundan tashqari sonlar bilan ham faqat every ishlatiladi, each emas: • I go to Tashkent
every two weeks (=har ikki haftada - ikki
haftada bir). (... each two weeks.) ● each
other ★ (ko‘pincha ikki kishiga nisbatan)
bir-biriga, bir-birini • We always try to help
each other. • Don and Susie really loved each
other. • We can wear each other’s clothes.
eager |ˈiːɡər| adj jon-jahdi bilan intiladigan,
tashna, o‘ch, juda xohlaydigan, ishtiyoqi
baland, intiluvchan, chanqoq = keen, enthusiastic, avid, hungry, anxious, impatient
≠ apathetic, uninterested • [~ for sth] She is
eager for her parents’ approval. • [~ to do
sth] He’s a bright kid and eager to learn. •
She sounded very eager to meet you. ► eager or enthusiastic? O‘zi uchun xohlagan
narsalarga eager ishlatiladi: • The low prices pulled in crowds of eager buyers. Boshqa
odamlar­ va­ ularning­ fikr­ va­ erishgan­ narsalariga nisbatan esa enthusiastic so‘zi ishlatiladi: • enthusiastic support/applause/
praise ■ adv eagerly chanqoqlik/tashnalik bilan, juda xohlab • the band’s eagerly
awaited new CD • They eagerly accepted my
offer of hospitality.
eagle |ˈiːɡl| n burgut • Above the mountain,
eagles circled in soundless flight. • The tiny
error didn’t escape the eagle eye of her boss.
ear ★ |ɪr| n 1 quloq = aural • Rabbits have
long ears. • She whispered something in his
ear. • He put his hands over his ears. • She’s
had her ears pierced. 2 eshitish (qobiliyati)
• She has always had an ear for languages.
• You need a good ear to master the piano.
● (be) all ears bor qulog‘i/diqqati/vujudi
bilan eshitmoq, qulog‘im senda/sizda • “Do
you know what he said?” “Go on — I’m all
ears.” • “Are you listening to me?” “Yes, keep
talking. I’m all ears.” go in one ear and
out the other bir qulog‘idan kirib, ikkinchisidan chiqib ketmoq • Everything I tell
them just goes in one ear and out the other.
play it by ear rejasiz vaziyat/holatga qarab ish ko‘rmoq = improvise, extemporize
• We don’t know how many people are going
to come, so we’ll play it by ear.
earlier |ˈɜrliər| adj avvalgi, oldingi, avvalroq
-gan • an earlier version of the book • I’ll try
to catch an earlier train. • In response to
your earlier comments, I have just one thing
to say. ■ adv ertaroq, avvalroq, oldinroq •
Can’t you come any earlier than Tuesday? •
I tried to phone earlier but you were out. •
As I mentioned earlier… • She had seen him
earlier in the day.
early ★ |ˈɜːrli| adj (-ier, -iest) 1 erta, barvaqt, vaqtli, oldin = advance, forward,
initial, preliminary ≠ late • You’re early!
I wasn’t expecting you till seven. • The bus
was ten minutes early. • Let’s make an early
start tomorrow. • He learnt to play the piano at an early age . • the early morning • I
hate having to get up early (in the morning).
• If you finish early you can go home. • If you
arrived earlier, you’d have more time. • He
learned to read at the early age of three. 2
avvalgi, boshi, birinchi • She is in her early
twenties. • the experiences of early childhood the recession of the early 1980s • These
are some of my early attempts at sculpture.
• He spent the early part of his career at
St John’s Hospital. • My earliest memories
are of fruit trees. • The project is still in the
early stages. • Early booking is essential, as
space is limited. ■ adv erta, vaqtli = before
the usual time ≠ late • I woke up early this
morning. • The baby arrived earlier than
expected. • I arrived a few minutes early for
my interview. • We want to start as early as
possible. • The best rooms go to those who
book earliest. ● at the earliest eng ertasi
bilan • I’m very busy, so I won’t be with you
till 4 o’clock at the earliest. it’s early days
xulosa chiqarishga hali erta • Our progress
has been fairly slow so far, but it’s early days.
• It’s early days yet. We don’t know if the play
will be a success. be up early vaqtli turmoq
• Set the alarm for six - I have to be up early
tomorrow. • He was up early the next morning. early in the week/year/season/
morning yilning/haftaning… boshida • I
had sent the letter earlier in the week. • The
building should be finished early next year.
earn ★ |ɜːn| v 1 ishlab topmoq, daromad
keltirmoq = make, bring (sb) in sth, gross,
net,­ profit,­ pull­ sth­ in­ • [~ (sth)] He earns
about $40 000 a year. • She must earn a fortune (=juda ko‘p pul topsa kerak). • [~ sb sth]
His victory in the tournament earned him
$50 000. • You can’t expect to earn a living
(=kun ko‘rmoq) from your painting. • Coffee
exports earn (=olib kelmoq) Brazil many millions of pounds a year. | • Brazil earns many
185
millions of pounds a year from coffee exports.
► earn, bring in sth, get or make? → make
2 sazovor bo‘lmoq, qozonmoq, erishmoq =
win, gain, get • [~ sth] He earned a reputation as an expert on tax law. • As a teacher,
she had earned the respect of her students.
• [~ sb sth] His outstanding ability earned
him a place on the team. 3 loyiq/munosib
bo‘lmoq = deserve, merit • I need a rest. I
think I’ve earned it, don’t you? • It’s been a
tough six months and I feel I’ve earned a few
weeks off. ► earn or deserve? → deserve
earnings |ˈɜːrnɪŋz| n pl ishlab topilgan pul,
maosh, mablag‘, daromad, kirim = income,
wages, salary • Over the last decade, earnings rose faster than prices. • Wages rose by
2.9% last year, but real earnings still fell by
1.3%.
earrings |ˈɪrɪŋ| n zirak, baldoq, sirg‘a • She
was wearing a pair of beautiful diamond
earrings.
earth ★ |ɜːθ| n 1 (shuningdek, Earth), |U|,
sl yer, dunyo = the world, the globe, the
planet • I must be the happiest person on
earth! • The Great Wall is the largest manmade structure on earth. • Nothing on earth
would persuade me to go with him. 2 (the
Earth) Yer (sayyorasi) • The Earth goes
round the sun. 3 yer, tuproq = ground, land,
soil • After a week at sea, it was good to
feel the earth beneath our feet again. • You
could feel the earth shake as the truck came
closer. ► earth, ground or land? Ground
tekis yuzali, odamlar yuradigan, istiqomat
qiladigan, dehqonchilik qiladigan yerga
nisbatan ishlatiladigan odatiy so‘z hisoblanadi: • Forty or fifty women were sitting
cross-legged on the ground; Yer sayyorasiga
nisbatan esa doim earth so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • The space shuttle Atlantis returned
safely to earth today. Lekin yerning nima
bilan qoplanganligiga urg‘u berilganda,
qoyali, toshli, loyli, tuproqli yer kabi birikmalarda earth so‘zidan ham foydalanish
mumkin: • The road winds for miles through
parched earth, scrub and cactus; Land esa,
odatda quruqlik ma’nosida, suvdan holi
yerlarni ifodalashda ishlatiladi: • They
fought both at sea and on land. • the land
beneath our feet 4 loy, tuproq = soil, clay,
mud, ground, peat • a clod/lump/mound
of earth • I cleaned off the earth clinging to
my boots. ● like nothing on earth hech
narsaga o‘xshamaydi, juda ajoyib • It looked
nice, but it tasted like nothing on Earth. • I
felt like nothing on earth next day. • With his
make-up and strange clothes, he looked like
nothing on Earth. how/what/why, etc. on
Earth (savolni yanada kuchaytirish, urg‘u
berish uchun ishlatiladi) axir nimaga/
qanday qilib • How on Earth did this happen? • Why on Earth didn’t you tell me be-
eastern
fore? • There is no reason on earth why we
shouldn’t just leave.
earthquake |ˈɜːrθkweɪk| (shuningdek, (inf)
quake) n zilzila, yer qimirlash • In 1906 an
earthquake destroyed much of San Francisco. • An earthquake measuring 6.1 on the
Richter scale struck southern California on
June 28.
ease |iːz| n |U| osonlik, qulaylik, yengillik
= no trouble, simplicity ≠­ difficulty­ • He
passed the exam with ease. • This computer is popular for its good design and ease
of use. ■ v yengillashtirmoq, (og‘riq va b.
larni) qol(dir)moq, yengillash(tir)moq =
relieve, soothe, alleviate, soften, cushion ≠
aggravate, worsen • The pain immediately
eased. • These pills should ease the pain. •
To ease the problem of overcrowding, new
prisons will be built. ● at (your) ease erkin, o‘zini bosib • I never feel completely at
ease with him. • She soon put/set me at ease.
ease your mind ko‘ngli taskin topmoq,
xotirjam bo‘lmoq = calm, pacify, soothe • If
it will ease your mind, I’ll have a word with
Charlotte for you. • It would ease my mind to
know that she was settled.
easily ★ |ˈiːzəli| adv 1 osonlik bilan, osonlikcha, qiyinchilik(lar)siz, bemalol =
smoothly • We found the house easily
enough. • I can easily finish it tonight. • The
museum is easily accessible by car. • Learning languages doesn’t come easily to him. 2
aniq, shubhasiz = readily • For me, Venice is
easily the most beautiful city in Europe. • It’s
easily the best play I’ve seen this year. • She
is easily the most experienced teacher in the
school. 3 ehtimoli yuqori, bo‘lishi mumkin •
Are you sure you locked the gate? You could
easily have forgotten. • The situation might
all too easily have become a disaster. 4 bir
pastda, salga, tezda, ozginaga • I get bored
easily. • He’s easily distracted.
east ★ |iːst| n |U|, sl (abbr E) sharq, sharqiy
• Which way is east? • A gale was blowing
from the east. • According to the map, the
village lies about 10 kms to the east of here.
■ adj sharqiy • The east wall of the mosque
is covered with a beautiful mosaic. • They
live on the east coast. ■ adv 1 Sharqqa •
We’ll drive east for a few more miles, then
turn south. • They were the first people to
travel east of the mountains 2 Sharq tomonga • The house faces east. • We walked due
(=directly) east for two kilometres.
Easter |U,C| (shuningdek, Easter Day, Easter Sunday) Pasxa (bayrami) • The kids get
two weeks off school at Easter. • Have a good
Easter. • We’re going to my parents for Easter.
eastern (shuningdek, Eastern) |ˈiːstərn| adj
(abbr E) sharqiy • The eastern part of the
country is very mountainous. • Islam and
E
easy
E
186
other Eastern (=Osiyo) religions fascinate
me.
easy ★ |ˈiːzi| adj (-ier, -iest) 1 oson, yengil,
qiyin bo‘lmagan = simple, straightforward,
effortless, uncomplicated ≠­hard,­difficult­•
an easy exam/job • This cake is very easy to
make. • Finding somewhere to live in London
isn’t easy. • It’s quite an easy game to learn.
• Several schools are within easy reach (=borish oson). • We all thought computers would
make our jobs easier. • It would be the easiest thing in the world to fall in love with him.
► easy or simple? Easy oson, ya’ni qiyin
emas, ko‘p sa’yi-harakat talab qilmaydi
degani; simple esa sodda, ya’ni murakkab
emas, tushunishga oson degani: I thought it
would be difficult but it was very easy. (... was
very simple) • Buddhist ethics are simple but
its practices are very complex to a western
mind. (Buddhist ethics are easy ...). 2 tinch,
osoyishta, xotirjam, shoshilmay, bemalol =
calm, tranquil leisurely, at leisure, lazy ≠
stressful, chaotic, demanding • I’ll agree to
anything for an easy life. • I don’t feel easy
about letting the kids go out alone. • With
the harvest finished, I was able to relax with
an easy mind/conscience. 3 chiqishadigan,
ko‘nuvchan, yumshoq tabiatli = easy-going
• He had a very easy manner. • I wish I had
such easy-going parents! 4 osonlikcha o‘lja/
tashlansa bo‘ladigan = vulnerable, susceptible, defenseless, naïve ≠ streetwise • The
soldiers on the streets are an easy target for
terrorists. • Tourists are easy prey for thieves.
● as easy as anything/pie/ABC/falling off a log xamirdan qil sug‘urganday
juda oson • Fooling him was as easy as falling off a log. (be) easier said than done
aytishga oson • “Why don’t you get yourself
a job?” “That’s easier said than done.” go
easy on sb ehtiyot bo‘lib munosabatda
bo‘lmoq • Go easy on her — she’s having a
really hard time at the moment. • Go easy on
the new students. have an easy time (of
it) qiynalmaslik, muammosi bo‘lmaslik •
He’s had an easy time of it since he married
Lucy. I’m easy men ko‘naveraman, menga
farqi yo‘q • “Do you want to watch this or
the news?” “Oh, I’m easy. It’s up to you.” •
“Shall we eat at home or go out?” “Whatever
you like: I’m easy.” not come easy (to sb)
osonlikcha bo‘lmaslik • Talking about my
problems doesn’t come easy to me. • Change
has not come easy. take it/sth easy o‘zini
bosmoq, xotirjam bo‘lmoq • Take it easy!
Don’t panic. • Hey, cool down! Take it easy. •
I like to take things easy when I’m on holiday.
eat ★ |iːt| v (ate |eɪt|, eaten |ˈiːtn|) 1 yemoq =
have,­swallow,­taste,­finish,­stuff­• I’ve eaten
too much. • Would you like something to eat?
• We sat on the grass and ate our sandwiches. • I couldn’t eat another thing (=qornim
juda to‘yib ketgan edi). 2 ovqatlanmoq =
dine, lunch, breakfast • Where shall we
eat tonight? • Jane never eats breakfast. •
When I lived in Spain, I used to eat out all the
time. ● eat your heart out (for sb/sth) 1
hasad/alam qilmoq, kuymoq • I’m not going to mope at home, eating my heart out
for some man. 2 kuyib o‘l...! alam qilsin...! •
I’m singing in the village production of Tosca
next month - eat your heart out Pavarotti! •
Look at him dance! Eat your heart out, Fred
Astaire! eat into sth katta qismini yemoq/
sarflamoq • The high cost of living in London
is eating into my savings. • John’s university
fees have been eating into our savings. eat
sth up oxirigacha yemoq, yeb tugatmoq •
Come on. Eat up your potatoes. • Be a good
boy and eat up your vegetables.
echo |ˈekoʊ| n (pl -es) aks sado = reverberation,­reflection,­ringing­• There was an echo
on the phone and I couldn’t hear clearly. •
The hills sent back a faint echo. ■ v aks sado
bermoq, ovozni qaytarmoq, aks ettirmoq,
aks sado bo‘lib qaytmoq = reverberate, resonate • Her footsteps echoed in the empty
room. • The gunshot echoed through the forest. • [~ to/with sth] The street echoed with
the cries of children. • [~ sth (back)] The valley echoed back his voice.
ecology |iˈkɑːlədʒi| n |U| ekologiya • plant/
animal/human ecology • the ecology movement • The oil spill caused terrible damage
to the fragile ecology of the coast. ■ adj
ecological |ˌiːkə lɑːdʒɪkl| ekologik, ekologiyaga oid • We risk upsetting the ecological
balance of the area. • The destruction of the
rain forests is an ecological disaster.
economic ★ |ˌiːkəˈnɑːmɪk| |ˌekəˈnɑːmɪk| adj
1 iqtisodiy, xo‘jalik…, xalq xo‘jaligiga oid =
financial,­monetary,­commercial­• economic
growth/cooperation/development/reform
• Economic growth is slowing down. • In the
current economic climate (=iqtisodiy holat),
we must keep costs down. 2 foydali, xarajatini qoplaydigan = cheap, inexpensive, lowcost ≠ expensive • It is no longer economic
to run the service. • We had to close our London office - with the rent so high it just wasn’t
economic. ► economic or economical?
Bu so‘zlarni adashtirib yubormang. Economic “iqtisodiy”, economical esa “tejamkor”
ma’nolarini aglatadi: • Unemployment causes a lot of economic problems. (... economical
problems.) • They want people to buy more
economical cars. (... economic cars.)
economical |ˌiːkəˈnɑːmɪkl| |ˌekəˈnɑːmɪkl|
adj tejamkor, kam xarajat = cheap, inexpensive, low-cost ≠ expensive • There’s increasing demand for cars which are more
economical on fuel. • What’s the most economical way of heating this building? • It
would be more economical to buy the bigger
187
size. ► economical or economic? → economic
economics |ˌiːkəˈnɑːmɪks| |ˌekəˈnɑːmɪks| n
1 iqtisodiyot, samaradorlik • The economics of the project are very encouraging. ►
economics or finance? → finance3 2 iqtisodiyot fani • Dillon studied economics at
Manchester University. • She’s in her third
year of economics at York University.
economist |ɪˈkɑːnəmɪst| n iqtisodchi •
Many economists expect unemployment to
fall over the next couple of months.
economy ★ |ɪˈkɑːnəmi| n (pl -ies) 1 iqtisodiyot, xo‘jalik = wealth, (financial) resources,­ financial­ system­ • a weak/strong
economy • the global economy • the state
of the economy • Tourism contributes millions of pounds to the country’s economy. 2
tejamkorlik, kam xarajat = thrift, frugality
• They’ve had to make economies since Colin lost his job. • It’s a false economy to buy
cheap clothes (=arzoniga uchib, aslida qimmatga tushasan). • She writes with a great
economy of words (=qisqa va lo‘nda yozadi).
• (BrE) We’re on an economy drive (=pulni
juda tejab ishlatamiz) at home. • Buy the
large economy pack (=ko‘proq keladiganini
ol). • to fly economy (class) (=ekonom klassda uchmoq) 3 iqtisod, tejash • The gas fire
was turned low for reasons of economy. •
The company announced that it would cut
500 jobs as part of an economy drive.
edge ★ |edʒ| n 1 chet, yoqa, qirg‘oq, qirra =
border, boundary, extremity, lip, rim, brim
≠ middle • He stood on the edge of the cliff.
• I sat down at the water’s edge. • I caught
(=urib oldim) my leg on the edge of the table
as I walked past. 2 chet, burchak, hoshiya •
Don’t put that glass so near the edge of the
table. • He’d piped fresh cream around the
edge of the cake. • The company is on the
edge of collapse (=jar yoqasida). ► edge,
end or side? Biror bir shaklning har qanday bir tomoniga nisbatan edge so‘zidan
foydalanish mumkin: • Daniel stepped in
front of her desk and sat down on its edge.
Qarama-qarshi tomonlari esa side yoki end
deb ataladi. End, odatda, ikki uzun tomon
oxirlariga nisbatan ishlatiladi, misol uchun
korridor, tunel, ko‘cha oxirlari kabi: • The
company is planning to place surveillance
equipment at both ends of the tunnel; Side
esa orasidagi masofa uzoq bo‘lmagan, misol
uchun ko‘cha, daryoning ikki tomonlarga
nisbatan ishlatiladi: • There is a town on the
other side of the river. 3 tig‘, uch • Be careful — it has a sharp edge. 4 ustunlik, kuchli
jihat = advantage, lead, superiority ≠ disadvantage • The company needs to improve its
competitive edge. • [~ on/over sb/sth] They
have the edge on us. • The next version of the
software will have the edge over its compet-
educate
itors. 5 arafasi, yoqasi • The company is on
the edge of collapse. • They had brought the
country to the edge of disaster. • She is on the
edge of despair.
edible |ˈedəbl| adj yeyishga yaroqli, yesa
bo‘ladigan = safe­to­eat,­fit­for­human­consumption ≠ inedible • The food at the hotel was barely edible. • edible fungi/snails/
flowers • Only the leaves of the plant are
edible.
edit |ˈedɪt| v 1 tahrir qilmoq, nashrga tayyorlamoq = correct, check • Janet edited books
for a variety of publishers • I know that this
draft text will need to be edited. • This is the
edited version of my speech. 2 muharrirlik
qilmoq = be the editor of, direct • He’s editing a book of essays by Isaiah Berlin. • He
edits a national newspaper. 3 (kinofilmni)
montaj qilmoq = select, choose • You can
download the file and edit it on your computer. • The film’s 129 minutes were edited
down from 150 hours of footage.
edition |ɪˈdɪʃn| n 1 nashr, bosma asar = version, revision • the paperback/hardback
edition of the dictionary • She collects first
editions of Victorian novels. 2 nashr, son
(gazeta), bosib chiqarish = issue, number,
volume • Tonight’s edition of “Panorama”
looks at unemployment. • The story was in
Tuesday’s edition of “The New York Times”.
• A limited edition of 2,000 copies has been
published. ► edition, issue or volume? →
issue 3 (qayta) nashr • The dictionary is
now in its eighth edition. • The article appeared in the evening edition of “The Mercury”.
editor |ˈedɪtər| n 1 muharrir • She’s a senior editor in the reference department of
a publishing company. 2 bosh maqolaning
muallifi­• the editor of the Washington Post
• the sports/financial/fashion, etc. editor •
Who is the current editor of the Times?
educate |ˈedʒukeɪt| v 1 bilim/ta’lim bermoq, tarbiyalamoq = teach, school, tutor,
instruct, guide, inform • More and more
parents are choosing to educate their children at home. • They were educated at
MDIST. • Children were educated in both
arts and sciences. ► educate or bring
up? Muayyan bir fan va kasb-hunarlardan
maxsus o‘quv dargohlarida tahsil olishga
nisbatan educate so‘zidan foydalaniladi. •
He was educated at a school in Paris. • The
government spends more on weapons than
on educating its children. Voyaga yetkazish,
tarbiya berish, hayot darslaridan saboq
berishga nisbatan esa bring up ishlatiladi:
• I was brought up in the city. • My parents
brought me up to always tell the truth. 2
xabardor qilmoq, kerakli ma’lumotlar bermoq = guide, inform • The BBC’s mission is
to inform, educate, and entertain. • Our job
E
educated
E
188
is to educate young people to think about the
environment.
educated |ˈedʒukeɪtɪd| adj 1 o‘qimishli,
ziyoli = informed, intellectual, academic •
She was probably the most highly educated
prime minister of this century. • a Britisheducated lawyer 2 xabardor • He spoke in an
educated voice. • Investors must make an educated guess as to the company’s potential.
education ★ |ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn| n 1 |U|, sl ta’lim,
о‘qitish,­tarbiya = teaching, training, learning, study, tutoring, schooling, instruction,
tuition • primary/elementary/secondary/
further/higher/post-secondary education
• It’s important for children to get a good
education. • Uzbekistan is a country which
places great importance on education. 2
(odatda, Education) |U| pedagogika, o‘qitish uslubiyati • a College of Education • a
Bachelor of Education degree • She’s an education major.
educational |ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃənl| adj ta’lim…,
o‘quv... = academic, school, learning, instructive • Reducing the size of classes may
improve educational standards. • She seems
to have spent all her life studying in educational establishments.
effect ★ |ɪˈfekt| n 1 |C,U| natija, oqibat,
ta’sir = impact,­ influence,­ result,­ outcome,­
consequence ≠ cause [~ on sb/sth] • Any
change in lifestyle will have an effect on
your health. • My parents’ divorce had a big
effect on me. • The radiation leak has had
disastrous/dramatic/long-term effects on/
upon the environment. ► affect or effect?
→ affect 2 ko‘rinish, taassurot, effekt =
sense, meaning, theme • The stage lighting
gives the effect of a moonlit scene. • Add a
scarf for a casual effect. • This is a movie
worth seeing for its effects alone. ● come
into effect tatbiq qilmoq, kuchga kirmoq •
New controls come into effect next month. •
The new Council Tax rates came into effect
from 1st April. bring/put sth into effect
amalda tatbiq qilmoq, kuchga kirgizmoq •
The recommendations will soon be put into
effect. • I hope the government will put the
report’s main recommendations into effect.
■ v amalga oshirmoq, ro‘yobga chiqarmoq,
bajarmoq = achieve, accomplish, carry out
• to effect a cure/change/recovery • As a
political party they are trying to effect a
change in the way that we think about our
environment.
effective ★ |ɪˈfektɪv| adj samarali, amalda foyda beradigan = successful, effectual,
helpful,­beneficial­≠ ineffective, weak • Aspirin is a simple but highly effective treatment. • The new vaccine is highly effective
against all strains of the disease. ► Kundalik hayotda effective so‘zidan ko‘ra work
(well) so‘zidan ko‘proq foydalaniladi: • The
cheaper drugs work just as well.
efficiency |ɪˈfɪʃnsi| n 1 |U| samaradorlik,
unumdorlik, mahsuldorlik = organization,
order • The new technology is aimed at improving efficiency and customer service. • I
was impressed by the efficiency with which
she handled the crisis. 2 amaliylik, ta’sirlilik = competence, capability, ability • The
inspectors were impressed by the speed and
efficiency of the new system.
efficient ★ |ɪˈfɪʃnt| adj samarali, ta’sirli,
amaliy = systematic, methodical, organized,
orderly, businesslike • an efficient secretary
• the efficient use of energy • fuel-efficient
cars • The city’s transport system is one of
the most efficient in Europe. • We offer a
fast, friendly and efficient service. ■ adv
efficiently = rationally • a very efficiently
organized event • She runs the business very
efficiently. • I work more efficiently on my
own.
effort ★ |ˈefərt| n 1 qattiq harakat qilish,
chiranish, zo‘r berish = hard work, struggle,
energy, energies • You should put more effort into your work. • A lot of effort has gone
into achieving this result. • Getting up this
morning was quite an effort (=juda qiyin
bo‘ldi). • (BrE) With (an) effort (=zo‘rg‘a)
she managed to stop herself laughing. 2 urinish, sa’y-harakat = attempt, try, crack, shot
• [~ to do sth] The company has laid off 150
workers in an effort to save money. • The
local clubs are making every effort to interest more young people. • The project was a
joint/group effort. ► effort or attempt? →
attempt
effortless |ˈefərtləs| adj qiyinchiliksiz,
oson, yengil • She dances with effortless
grace. • He made playing the guitar look effortless. ■ adv effortlessly • Your presentation must move effortlessly from one point to
the next. • She runs so effortlessly as if it’s the
easiest thing in the world.
e.g. (eg) ★ |ˌiː ˈdʒiː| abbr (“exempli gratia”)
masalan, jumladan, misol uchun = for instance, for example • You should eat more
food that contains a lot of fibre, e.g. fruit,
vegetables and bread. • Give details of relevant work experience during the last two
years, e.g. weekend or holiday jobs. ► Rasmiy hujjatlarda, insho yoki maktublarda,
odamlar ko‘pincha bunday qisqartmalardan foydalishdan ko‘ra to‘liq yozishni (ya’ni
o‘rniga for exmaple, yoki such as so‘zlarini)
ma’qul ko‘rishadi va o‘quvchilarga ham
to‘liq yozish tavsiya qilinadi: • They might
use local health care facilities, for example
clinics and district hospitals.
egg ★ |eg| n 1 tuxum • a hen’s/pigeon’s/
sparrow’s egg • The female sits on the eggs
until they hatch. • a boiled egg • bacon and
189
eggs • fried/poached/scrambled eggs • egg
yolks/whites • egg noodles • a chocolate egg
2 uvildiriq, urug‘ • The fish lay thousands of
eggs at one time. • The male sperm fertilizes
the female egg. • an egg donor
eight ★ |eɪt| num sakkiz • She was eight
years old when her family moved here. •
We’ve got eight people coming to dinner. •
They woke at eight.
eighteen |ˌeɪˈtiːn| num o‘n sakkiz • He was
drafted into the army at eighteen. • The
product of six and three is eighteen.
eighth |eɪtθ| num sakkizinchi • He finished
eighth in the race. • Bob’s birthday is on the
eighth (of June).
eighty |ˈeɪti| num (80) sakson • They’ve invited eighty (guests) to the wedding. • The
band was incredibly successful in the eighties (=1980-yillar).
either ★ |ˈaɪðər| |ˈiːðər| det, pron (asosan,
ikkita shaxs yoki narsalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi) 1 ikkala… ham/xohlagan, … ham narigi … ham -sa bo‘laveradi • You can park on
either side of the street (=siz mashinangizni
yo‘lning ikkala tomoniga ham/xohlagan
tomoningizga qo‘yishingiz mumkin). • You
can keep one of the photos. Either of them
— whichever you like. • You can get there by
train or bus - either way/in either case it’ll
take an hour. • “Would you like the metal or
plastic one?” “Either will do.” ► Either birlikdagi otdan oldin ishlatiladi va shuning
uchun undan so‘ng birlik fe’li ishlatiladi: •
Either explanation is reasonable. Either of
esa ko‘plikdagi otlardan oldin ishlatiladi.
Rasmiy holatlarda birlik fe’li ishlatiladi:
• Has either of them called yet? Norasmiy
holatlarda esa ko‘plik fe’li ham ishlatilishi
mumkin: • Have either of them called yet?
2 ( ko‘pincha either side/end/hand etc.) har
ikkala … ham, bu … ham narigi … ham • The
offices on either side were empty. • There’s a
door at either end of the corridor. • Unfortunately I was sitting at the table with smokers
on either side of me. 3 (inkor gaplarda “neither” ning o‘rniga ishlatiladi) ikkalasi ham
… emas/-ma • I’ve lived in New York and
Chicago, but don’t like either city very much
(=ikkalasi ham yoqmaydi). • There were two
witnesses but I wouldn’t trust either of them.
► either, neither or both? → both ■ adv
1 (bo‘lishsiz gaplarga javoban) ham • Pete
can’t go and I can’t either. • (AmE, inf) “I
don’t like it.” “Me either.” • “I’ve never been
to Samarkand.” “I haven’t either.” • I don’t
eat meat and my husband doesn’t either. ►
too or either? → too 2 …ham emas • They
do really good food at that restaurant and
it’s not very expensive either. • I know a good
Italian restaurant. It’s not far from here, either. 3 either… or… yo … yo…, yoki... yoki…
• Well, I think she’s either Czech or Slovak. •
election
Either he could not come or he did not want
to. • We can either eat now or after the show
- it’s up to you. • Either you leave now or I
call the police!
elaborate |ɪˈlæbərət| adj puxta (bajarilgan),
maromiga yetkazilgan = complicated, complex, detailed, tortuous ≠ simple, plain •
She had prepared a very elaborate meal. •
They’re making the most elaborate preparations for the wedding. ■ v 1 batafsil/
atroflicha­tushuntirmoq,­ko‘proq­ma’lumot­
bermoq = expand on, enlarge on, add to • [~
on/upon sth] She went on to elaborate her
argument. • He said he had new evidence,
but refused to elaborate any further. 2 ehtiyotkorlik bilan bajarmoq, puxta ishlab
chiqmoq • In his plays he takes simple traditional tales and elaborates them. ■ n elaboration |ɪˌlæbəreɪʃn| |U,C| puxtalik, batafsil
tushuntirish • the elaboration of an idea •
The importance of the plan needs no further
elaboration.
elbow |ˈelboʊ| n tirsak • She sat with her elbows on the table. • He rested his elbows on
his knees.
elder |ˈeldər| adj katta (yoshi yoki mavqeyi
jihatidan) • Of the two brothers Harvey is
the elder. • The elder son works on a farm. •
You should listen to the advice of your elders.
► Yoshi katta, qari insonlarni odob bilan
ifodalashda, elder emas elderly so‘zidan
foydalaniladi: • Loneliness is a big problem
for elderly people. (... elder people.)
elderly ★ |ˈeldərli| adj keksa(ygan), qari,
yoshi katta/ulug‘ = aged, old, gray-haired,
getting on ≠ youthful • Please give up your
seat to an elderly or disabled person. • An elderly couple live next door. • Not all elderly
people can live with their relatives. ■ n the
elderly keksalar, qarilar = old people, the
aged, retired people, geriatrics • The city is
building new housing for the elderly.
elect |ɪˈlekt| v 1 (ovoz berish yo‘li bilan)
saylamoq = vote for, vote in • [~ sb/sth]
an elected assembly/leader/representative
• the newly elected government • [~ sb to
sth] She became the first black woman to
be elected to the Senate. • [~ sb (as) sth] |
[~ sb + n] He was elected (as) MP for Oxford
East. • We elected him as our representative.
2 tanlamoq = choose, decide • Increasing
numbers of people elect to work from home
nowadays. • She elected to take early retirement instead of moving to the new location.
election ★ |ɪˈlekʃn| n 1 |U,C| saylov, saylash
= ballot, vote • election campaigns/results •
to win/lose/fight an election • to vote in an
election • In America, presidential elections
are held every four years. • How many candidates are standing (AmE running) for election? • Local government elections will take
place in May. 2 saylanish • [~ as sb] We wel-
E
electric
E
190
come his election as president. • [~ to sth] a
year after her election to the committee
electric |ɪˈlektrɪk| adj 1 tokli, elektr … =
electric-powered, electrically operated •
an electric blanket/car/kettle/light • We’ve
just changed over from gas central heating
to electric. • The noise from his electric guitar was deafening. 2 to‘lqinlantiruvchi, ajoyib, hayajonlantiruvchi = exciting, charged
• an electric performance • The atmosphere
in the courtroom was electric.
electrical |ɪˈlektrɪkl| adj elektrga oid,
elektr… • I think it’s got an electrical fault.
• There is a 25% discount on all electrical
goods until the end of the week. ■ adv electrically • a car with electrically operated
windows • electrically charged particles
electricity ★ |ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti| n elektr, elektr quvvati, tok • a waste of electricity • an
electricity generating company • powered/
heated by electricity • The electricity is off/
has been turned off. • Crews did their best
to restore electricity after the storm. • Her
electricity was cut off when she didn’t pay
her bill.
electronic |ɪˌlekˈtrɑːnɪk| adj elektron...,
elektronik = digital, automatic, automated,
computerized • electronic music • an electronic keyboard/game • electronic components/devices • This dictionary is available
in electronic form. ■ adv electronically •
There is the alternative of paying your bill
electronically. • The data is all processed
electronically these days.
elegance |ˈelɪɡəns| n |U|­ nafislik,­ did,­ ozodalik = style, stylishness, grace, neatness •
the elegance of her clothes • She dresses with
casual elegance. • His writing combines elegance and wit.
elegant |ˈelɪɡənt| adj 1­ nafis,­ didli,­ did­ bilan qilingan = stylish,­ graceful,­ refined,­
cultivated, polished ≠ inelegant • an elegant dress • an elegant room/restaurant •
She wore an elegant grey jacket. • She’s got
the most elegant writing style. 2 bashang/
orasta kiyingan • She was tall and elegant.
■ adv elegantly nafislik­bilan • an elegantly dressed young man • elegantly furnished •
He leaned elegantly against the door.
element ★ |ˈelɪmənt| n 1 tarkibiy qism,
bo‘lim = component, constituent, part, aspect, factor, feature [~ in/of sth] • Cost was
a key element in our decision. • Customer
relations is an important element of the job.
• The film had all the elements of a good
thriller. 2 biroz, ozgina = trace, touch, hint
• There was certainly an element of truth in
what she said. • Don’t you think there’s an
element of jealousy in all of this?
elementary ★ |ˌelɪˈmentri| adj boshlang‘ich, eng sodda/oddiy = basic, fundamental, easy, simple ≠ advanced, com-
plicated,­ difficult­ • I have an elementary
knowledge of physics. • They made some
elementary mistakes. • This book contains
a series of elementary exercises for learners.
elephant |ˈelɪfənt| n fil­• herds of elephants/
elephant herds • a baby elephant • In the
past eight years, the elephant population in
Africa has been halved.
elevator |ˈelɪveɪtər| n (AmE) (BrE lift) lift •
It’s on the fifth floor, so we’d better take the
elevator. • He rode the elevator to the 43rd
floor.
eleven ★ |ɪˈlevn| num(11) o‘n bir • There
are eleven girls in my class and fifteen boys. •
Two elevens are twenty-two.
eligible |ˈelɪdʒəbl| adj layoqatli, huquqqa
ega, haqli, huquqli • [~ for sth] Only those
over 70 are eligible for the special payment.
• You might be eligible for a grant. • [~ to do
sth] Only people over 18 are eligible to vote.
■ n eligibility |ˌelɪdʒəˈbɪləti| |U| haq, olish/
foydalanish huquqi • Marriage to a national
gave automatic eligibility for citizenship. •
I’ll have to check her eligibility to take part.
eliminate |ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt| v 1 bartaraf qilmoq, yo‘qotmoq, olib/o‘chirib tashlamoq,
qutilmoq = get rid of, remove, expel • [~
sth/sb] Credit cards eliminate the need to
carry a lot of cash. • [~ sth/sb from sth]
The police have eliminated two suspects
from their investigation. ► Kundalik hayotda eliminate so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq get
rid of so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • It is almost
impossible to get rid of the problem. 2 yo‘q
qilmoq, mag‘lubiyatga uchratmoq = knock
out • All the English teams were eliminated
in the early stages of the competition. • She
was eliminated from the tournament in the
first round.
elimination |ɪˌlɪmɪˈneɪʃn| n |U,C| bartaraf
qilish, yo‘qotish, qutulish • the elimination
of disease/poverty/crime • There were three
eliminations in the first round of the competition.
elite |eɪˈliːt| |ɪˈliːt| n |C| (ham birlik, ham
ko‘plik fe’li bilan kelishi mumkin) jamiyatdagi eng boy/aqlli/kuchli toifa = best, pick,
cream, high society, jet set, aristocracy, nobility ≠ dregs • a member of the ruling/intellectual elite • Public opinion is influenced
by the small elite who control the media. • In
these countries, only the elite can afford an
education for their children.
else ★ |els| adv (some-/any-/no-/everyva wh olmoshlaridan keyin ishlatiladi) 1
yana • Is there anything else you wanted? •
What else did he say? • “Two coffees, please.”
“Anything else?” “No, thanks.” • If I can’t trust
you, who else can I trust? • Yes I did give it to
her. What else could I do? 2 boshqa (birorta)
• Ask somebody else to help you. • Haven’t
you got anything else to wear? • Why didn’t
191
you come? Everybody else (=sendan boshqa
hamma) was there. • If it doesn’t work, try
something else. • I’d like to live anywhere
else but here. • I don’t want anything else,
thanks. ► Else olmoshi egalik qo‘shimchasi
bilan ham kelishi mumkin va bu qo‘shimcha
faqat else so‘ziga qo‘shiladi, undan oldingi
kelgan olmoshlarga emas: • Don’t use someone else’s ideas (... someone’s else ideas). •
It’s not my bag. It must be someone else’s. ●
or else bo‘lmasa, aks holda = otherwise, or
• Hurry up or else you’ll be late. • They can’t
be coming or else they’d have called. • You’d
better do as we tell you, or else! either..., or
else yo… yo… • Either he’s asleep, or else
he’s just ignoring me.
elsewhere |ˌɛlsˈwɛə| adv boshqa (biror)
yer/joy(da) = somewhere else, in/at/to
another place ≠ here • Our favourite restaurant was closed, so we had to go elsewhere. •
Prices are higher here than elsewhere.
email ★ (shuningdek, e-mail) |ˈiːmeɪl| n 1
elektron pochta = electronic mail • We communicate by email. • Do they have email?
What’s their email address? 2 elektron xat
= mail • I got an email from Danielle last
week. ■ v elektron pochta orqali jo‘natmoq
• [~ (sb)] Patrick emailed me yesterday. • [~
sth (to sb)] I’ll email the documents to her.
• [~ sb sth] I’ll email her the documents. •
To contact our Andijan branch, email us at
info@wisdom.uz.
embark |ɪmˈbɑːrk| v (fml) 1 kemaga yuklamoq • They embarked the troops by night.
2 kemaga chiqmoq = board ship, go on
board • We embarked at Liverpool for New
York.
embarrass |ɪmˈbærəs| v 1 xijolat qilmoq,
shoshiltirib qo‘ymoq, garang qilib qo‘ymoq
= shame, put sb to shame, make uncomfortable (inf) show up • [~ sb] Her questions
about my private life embarrassed me. • It
embarrassed her to meet strange men in
the corridor at night. • You’re embarrassing
him with your compliments! 2 uyaltirmoq •
I didn’t want to embarrass her in front of her
friends. 3 qiyin ahvolga solmoq, obro‘siga
putur yetkazmoq • The speech was deliberately designed to embarrass the teachers.
embarrassed ★ |ɪmˈbærəst| adj xijolat
chekkan, uyalgan, noqulay his qilgan =
red-faced, blushing • Lori gets embarrassed
if we ask her to sing. • I’ve never felt so embarrassed in my life! • [~ about sth] She’s
embarrassed about her height. • [~ at/by
sth] He felt embarrassed at being the centre of attention. • [~ to do sth] They were
too embarrassed to ask someone to help.
► embarrassed or embarrassing? Embarrassed odamni uyalganini yoki xijolat
bo‘lganini ifodalashda ishlatiladi: • I felt so
embarrassed about my mistake. • She looked
emergence
embarrassed when she fell; Embarrassing
esa uyaltiradigan, xijolat qiladigan narsa
yoki vaziyatlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • I
found the whole situation embarrassing. •
It was a very embarrassing accident. ► embarrassed, uncomfortable or awkward? →
awkward
embarrassing ★ |ɪmˈbærəsɪŋ| adj uyaltiradigan, xijolat qiladigan, qiyin ahvolga
solib qo‘yadigan = humiliating, shaming,
shameful, awkward, uncomfortable • It’s
embarrassing to be caught telling a lie. • The
situation was most embarrassing. • I wish he
wouldn’t ask such embarrassing questions.
► embarrassed or embarrassing? → embarrassed
embarrassment |ɪmˈbærəsmənt| n 1 |U|
uyat, sharmandalik, xijolat chekish • I nearly died of embarrassment when he said that.
• I felt my face burning with embarrassment.
• He is such an embarrassment to his family.
2 |C| qiyin ahvol, muammo [~ to/for sb] •
Her resignation will be a severe embarrassment to the party. • The court case was a
huge embarrassment to the company.
embassy |ˈembəsi| n (pl -ies) elchixona •
The British embassy declined to comment.
• The Ambassador held a reception at the
embassy.
embody |ɪmˈbɑːdi| v (-ies, -ying, -ied) gavdalan(tir)moq, mujassam bo‘lmoq = personify, realize, symbolize, represent, express • The spirit of hope is embodied in the
character Anna. • [be embodied in sth] the
principles embodied in the Declaration of
Human Rights • She embodies everything I
admire in a real teacher. ► embody, symbolize or represent? → represent4
embrace |ɪmˈbreɪs| v 1 (fml) quchoqlamoq,
quchog‘iga olmoq, bag‘riga bosmoq = hug,
take/hold in sb’s arms • She embraced her
son warmly. • Maggie and Laura embraced.
• She saw them embrace on the station
platform. 2 (imkoniyatdan) foydalanmoq,
foydalanib qolmoq = squeeze • This was
an opportunity that he would embrace. •
We are always eager to embrace the latest
technology.
emerge |iˈmɜːrdʒ| v yuzaga chiqmoq, paydo bo‘lmoq, ko‘rinmoq = come out, appear, come into view, become known, be
revealed, come to light • Eventually the
truth emerged. • [~ from sth] The swimmer
emerged from the lake. • He emerged from
the shadows. • [~ into sth] The doors opened
and people began to emerge into the street. •
[it emerges that…] Later it emerged that the
judge had employed an illegal immigrant. •
[~ as sth] He emerged as a key figure in the
campaign.
emergence |iˈmɜːrdʒəns| n |U| (yuzaga)
chiqish, paydo bo‘lish • China’s emergence
E
emergency
E
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as an economic power • the emergence of
new technologies • the emergence of a new
strain of the HIV virus
emergency ★ |iˈmɜːrdʒənsi| n (pl -ies)
|C,U| favqulodda vaziyat, kutilmagan holat, zaruriyat, mushkul ahvol = crisis, urgent­situation,­accident,­disaster,­difficulty,­
plight • This door should only be used in an
emergency. • The government has declared
a state of emergency following the earthquake. • The pilot made an emergency landing in a field. • I always have some extra cash
with me for emergencies. • In case of emergency, press the alarm button.
emigrant |ˈemɪɡrənt| n muhojir, ko‘chib kelgan kishi • My grandparents were Italian
emigrants who settled in New York in the
1920s.
emigrate |ˈemɪɡreɪt| v emigratsiya qilmoq,
chet mamlakatga ko‘chib ketmoq = move
abroad, move overseas, leave sb’s country
≠ immigrate [~ (from…) (to…)] • The family left England in 1968 and emigrated to
America. • Thousands of Britons emigrate
every year.
emigration |ˌemɪˈɡreɪʃn| n |U,C| muhojirlik,
ko‘chish = moving abroad, moving overseas, relocation • The emigration of scientists is a catastrophe for the country. • Emigration has notably increased over the past
five years.
emission |iˈmɪʃn| n ajralib chiqqan narsa
(issiqlik, gaz), (nur, issiqlik, hid) taratish,
chiqarish ajratish = discharge, release,
outflow,­ leak,­ radiation­ • New regulations
are aimed at reducing vehicle emissions. •
Emissions from power stations have declined
since 1979.
emit |iˈmɪt| v (-tt-) (fml) taratmoq, tarqatmoq, chiqarmoq • The metal container began to emit a clicking sound. • Sulphur gases
were emitted by the volcano. • The kettle
emitted a shrill whistle.
emotion ★ |ɪˈmoʊʃn| n |C,U| his-hayajon,
his, tuyg‘u, hissiyot, ruhiy/ichki kechinma
= feeling, sentiment, passion, reaction • He
lost control of his emotions. • Like a lot of
men, he finds it hard to express his emotions.
• Her voice was full of emotion. • Emotions
are running high (=hissiyotga berilishmoqda, vaziyat taranglashmoqda). • The decision was based on emotion rather than
rational thought. • As a nurse I learned to
control my emotions.
emotional ★ |ɪˈmoʊʃənl| adj 1 jo‘shqin,
hayajonlangan(ida), hissiyotlarga beriluvchan, to‘lqinlantiruvchi = passionate, intense,­fierce,­heated­• He’s a very emotional
man. • emotional problems/needs • emotional stress • I felt quite emotional during
the wedding ceremony. • He became very
emotional when I told him I was pregnant. •
The funeral was a very emotional experience
for all of us. 2 ruhiy, ruhan = spiritual, inner • a child’s emotional development • My
doctor said the problem was more emotional
than physical. • Mothers are often the ones
who provide emotional support for the family. ■ adv emotionally ruhan = emotively •
emotionally disturbed children • They have
suffered physically and emotionally.
emperor |ˈempərər| n imperator, xoqon =
ruler, sovereign, king • He’d dressed himself
up as a Roman emperor for the fancy-dress
party. • Hirohito was Emperor of Japan from
1926 until his death in 1989.
emphasis |ˈemfəsɪs| n (pl emphases
|ˈemfəsiːz|) |U,C| 1 e’tibor, diqqat = importance,­significance,­stress­• [~ on/upon sth]
The emphasis is very much on learning the
spoken language. • The course places/puts/
lays emphasis on practical work. 2 urg‘u =
stress, beat • “I can assure you,” she added
with emphasis, “the figures are correct.” •
The emphasis is on the final syllable. • Where
do you put the emphasis in the word “controversy”?
emphasize (BrEda, shuningdek, -ise)
|ˈemfəsaɪz| v alohida urg‘u/e’tibor bermoq
= stress, underline, highlight, point sth out
≠ understate, play sth down • The report
emphasizes the importance of improving
safety standards. • Logan made a speech
emphasizing the need for more volunteers.
• [~ that…] She emphasizes that her novels are not written for children. • [~ wh…]
I’d just like to emphasize how important it
is for people to learn foreign languages. •
[it must/should be emphasized that…] It
should be emphasized that this is only one
possible explanation. • [+ speech] “This must
be our top priority,” he emphasized. ► emphasize or stress? Emphasize stress dan
ko‘ra biroz rasmiyroq so‘z hisoblanadi va
shuning uchun u ko‘proq yozma va rasmiy
holatlarda ishlatiladi. Bundan tashqari
emphasize, odatda, narsalarga, stress esa
ko‘proq shaxslarga nisbatan ishlatiladi:
• The report emphasizes that the needed
equipments should be provided immediately.
• The spokesman stressed that the measures
did not amount to an overall ban.
empire |ˈempaɪər| n 1 imperiya (monarxiyali yirik davlat, monarxiya davlati) • By
now Britain had lost its empire. 2 hokimlik,
hukmronlik, saltanat • In the space of just
ten years, her company has grown from one
small shop to a multi-million-pound empire.
• He owns a huge publishing empire.
empirical |ɪmˈpɪrɪkl| adj (fml) tajriba...,
tajribaga oid • empirical evidence/knowledge/research /study • This theory needs
to be backed up with solid empirical data/
evidence. • Empirical studies show that some
193
forms of alternative medicine are extremely
effective. ■ adv empirically • These probabilities can be evaluated empirically. • Such
claims need to be tested empirically.
employ ★ |ɪmˈplɔɪ| v 1 ish bermoq, ish bilan ta’minlamoq, ishga olmoq, yolla(n)moq
= hire, engage, recruit, take on, sign ≠ dismiss,­be­fired­• [~ sb] How many people does
the company employ? • [~ sb as sth] Jean
was employed by the company as a computer programmer. • [~ sb to do sth] We should
employ someone to manage production. •
[be employed in sth] A third of the population is employed in the coal mining industry.
► Kundalik hayotda employ so‘zidan ko‘ra
ko‘proq give sb a job yoki hire so‘zlaridan
foydalaniladi: • They gave him a job delivering furniture. • Tell me. Why should I
hire you? 2 foydalanmoq, ishlatmoq = use,
utilize, make use of, apply, exercise • He
criticized the repressive methods employed
by the country’s government. • The police
had to employ force to enter the building.
► Kundalik hayotda employ so‘zidan ko‘ra
ko‘proq use so‘zidan foydalaniladi.
employee ★ |ɪmˈplɔɪiː| n ishchi, xizmatchi,
xodim = worker, member of staff, personnel
• The firm has over 500 employees. • government employees • employee rights/relations
• Their employees worked a ten-hour day. ►
employee or employer? → employer
employer |ɪmˈplɔɪər| n ish beruvchi, ishga
oluvchi, xo‘jayin, yollovchi = manager, boss
• They’re one of the largest employers in the
area. • We need a reference from your former employer. • He gets paid a good wage,
because he works for a fair employer. ►
employer or employee? Bu so‘zlarni
adashtirib yubormang. Employer “ish beruvchi, ishga oluvchi”, employee esa “ishchi,
xodim” hisoblanadi: • We should send all
our employees on a training course. (... employers on a training course.)
employment ★ |ɪmˈplɔɪmənt| n 1 (maoshli) ish = work, service, a job • to be in paid
employment • Steve’s still looking for fulltime (=to‘liq stavkali)/part time (=yarim
stavkali) employment. • She was offered
employment in the sales office. • conditions/
terms of employment. 2 ish bilan ta’minlash,
bandlik = hiring, hire, engagement ≠ unemployment • The government is aiming at full
employment. • Nationwide employment now
stands at 95%. 3 qo‘llash, ishlatish, foydalanish = use, utilization • How can you justify
the employment of capital punishment? •
Was the employment of force justified?
empty ★ |ˈempti| adj (-ier, -iest) 1 bo‘sh =
clear, free, bare, vacant, unoccupied ≠ full
• an empty box/glass/hands/plate • The
beach was really empty. • Is this an empty
chair? • The theatre was half empty. • [~ of
encounter
sth] (fml) The room was empty of furniture.
2 bema’ni, quruq, bekorchi, bo‘lmagan, tutruqsiz = meaningless, hollow, idle, vain ≠
meaningful, serious • empty words/threats/
rhetoric • They’re just empty promises. • an
empty gesture aimed at pleasing the crowds
3 ma’nosiz, zavq-shavqsiz = futile, pointless, purposeless, worthless, meaningless ≠
worthwhile • Three months after his death,
she still felt empty. • My life seems empty
without you. • I felt empty, like a part of me
had died. ● on an empty stomach och
qoringa • It’s not good to drink alcohol on
an empty stomach. • I can’t work properly
on an empty stomach. ■ v 1 bo‘shatmoq,
to‘kmoq = unload, unpack, void, clear ≠­fill,­
load • He emptied his glass and asked for a
refill. • [~ sth out] I emptied out my pockets
but could not find my keys. • [~ sth out of
sth] She emptied the water out of the vase.
• [~ sth of sth] The room had been emptied
of all furniture. • (fig) She emptied her mind
of all thoughts of home. 2 bo‘shab qolmoq,
bo‘shamoq • The streets soon emptied when
the rain started. • [~ out] The tank empties
out in five minutes.
enable ★ |ɪˈneɪbl| v imkoniyatini bermoq,
imkonini yaratmoq, yo‘l ochmoq = allow,
permit, let ≠ prevent [~ sb to do sth] • The
software enables you to create your own
DVDs. • The loan enabled Jan to buy the
house. • I’m looking for a job which will enable me to develop my skills.
enclose |ɪnˈkloʊz| v 1­ atrofini­ o‘rab­
qo‘ymoq = surround, circle, ring [~ sth (in/
with sth)] • The yard had been enclosed with
iron railings. • (fig) All translated words
should be enclosed in brackets. • (fig) She
felt his arms enclose her. 2 (ichiga) qo‘shib
jo‘natmoq = include, insert, put in • Please
return the completed form, enclosing a recent photograph. • Please enclose a curriculum vitae with your letter of application.
encounter |ɪnˈkaʊntər| v duch kelmoq,
ro‘baro‘ kelmoq = meet with, run into,
come across, experience • We encountered
a number of difficulties in the first week. •
They encountered serious problems when
two members of the expedition were injured.
► Kundalik hayotda encounter (problems/
difficulties) so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq come
across (problems/difficulties) birikmasidan
foydalaniladi: • Did you come across any
problems? Encounter opposition/resistance
o‘rniga ko‘pincha come up against opposition/resistance birikmalaridan foydalaniladi: • We came up against quite a lot of
opposition from local people. ■ n 1 duch
kelish, to‘qnashuv, uchrashib qolish = meeting, chance meeting. • I had not seen her
since our brief encounter two years before.
• [~ between A and B] The story describes
E
encourage
E
194
the extraordinary encounter between a man
and a dolphin. 2 to‘qnashuv, jang, urush =
battle,­fight,­clash­• [~ with sb/sth] Three of
them were killed in the subsequent encounter with the police • I had a rather alarming
encounter with a wild pig.
encourage ★ |ɪnˈkɜːrɪdʒ| v 1 ruhlantirmoq, qo‘llab-quvvatlamoq, g‘ayratlantirmoq, dalda bo‘lmoq = support, back, cheer,
cheer sb up, lift/raise sb’s spirits, reassure (inf) buck up ≠ discourage • We were
encouraged to learn foreign languages at
school. • I want to thank everyone who has
encouraged and supported me. • [~ sb in
sth] My parents have always encouraged
me in everything I’ve wanted to do. • [~ sb
to do sth] Cooder was encouraged to begin
playing the guitar by his father. ► encourage or cheer? Baqirib, qichqirib olqishlashga, qo‘llab-quvvatlashga, odatda, cheer
so‘zidan foydalaniladi (asosan, fanatlar/
muxlislar tomonidan): • Swiss fans cheered
Jakob Hlasek during yesterday’s match with
Courier. Odamlarni ruhlantirishga yoki
biror hodisadan ko‘nglini ko‘tarishga nisbatan esa encourage so‘zidan foydalaniladi:
• When things aren’t going well, he encourages me, telling me not to give up. 2 undamoq, chaqirmoq = persuade, coax, urge,
spur, put sb up to sth, egg sb on ≠ dissuade
• We encourage student participation in
our classes. • [~ sb to do sth] | [~ doing sth]
Banks actively encourage people to borrow
money. 3 uyg‘otmoq, keltirib chiqarmoq,
rivojlantirmoq = stir sth up, whip sb/sth
up, stimulate, incite ≠ hinder • [~ sth (in sb/
sth)] They claim that some computer games
encourage violent behaviour in young children. • [~ sb to do sth] Music and lighting
are used to encourage shoppers to buy more.
• [~ doing sth] Technology encourages multitasking.
encouragement ★ |ɪnˈkɜːrɪdʒmənt| n
|U,C|, (odatda birlikda ishlatiladi) ruhlantirish, dalda, madad berish, qo‘llab-quvvatlash = heartening, cheering up, support,
backing, persuasion • We needed you there
to offer words of encouragement. • Children
need lots of encouragement from their parents. • I could never have achieved this without the encouragement of my husband and
family. • [~ (to sb) (to do sth)] She was given
every encouragement to try something new.
• Her words were a great encouragement to
them.
encouraging |ɪnˈkɜːrɪdʒɪŋ| adj ruhlantiradigan, dalda/madad bo‘ladigan, shijoatini/g‘ayratini oshiradigan • The news from
the doctors is very encouraging. • There was
a lot of positive feedback which was very encouraging. ► encouraging or promising?
Promising kimningdir faoliyati yoki kariye-
rasiga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • a promising career/candidate/young player; Encouraging
esa, asosan, odamlarning xatti-harakatiga
va boshqa ishlariga nisbatan ishlatiladi: •
The response from readers was extremely
encouraging. ■ adv encouragingly • My
mother smiled encouragingly at me as I
went up on stage. • The attendance was encouragingly high.
end ★ |end| n 1 oxir, yakun, tugash, poyon
= conclusion,­ finish,­ ending­ ≠ beginning •
The work should be completed by the end
of the year. • We didn’t leave until the very
end. • There’ll be a chance to ask questions
at the end. • We had to hear about the whole
journey from beginning to end. 2 uch, oxir,
bosh = side, edge, limit • Turn right at the
end of the road. • His office is the room at
the other end of the corridor. • You’ve got
something on the end of your nose. ► end,
side or edge? → edge 3 yakun, nihoya, oxir,
tugash • the end of all his dreams • The war
was finally at an end. • The end of the film
was much more exciting than I’d expected.
• Let’s put an end to (=chek qo‘ymoq) these
rumours once and for all. ■ v oxirlamoq,
tugamoq, ajali yetmoq, o‘lmoq, o‘ldirmoq
= finish,­ stop,­ close,­ wind­ (sth) up, round
sth off, conclude, terminate ≠ begin • The
road ends here. • How does the story end? •
[~ by doing sth] The speaker ended by suggesting some topics for discussion. • [~ with
sth] Her note ended with the words: “See you
soon.” • [~ sth] They decided to end their relationship. • [~ sth with sth] They ended the
play with a song. • [+ speech] “And that was
that,” she ended. ► end, finish, stop or
conclude? End, finish va conclude, asosan,
qayta boshlanishi kutilmayotgan narsalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • The war ended
in 1945. • The concert should finish by 10
o’clock. • She concluded her speech with a
quotation from Shakespeare; Stop esa yana
qayta boshlanishi yoki davom etishi mumkin bo‘lgan narsalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi:
• The rain stopped for a couple of hours and
then it kept raining again. (The rain ended/
finished/concluded ...) ● at the end of the
day oxir-oqibat, baribir, nima bo‘lganda
ham • At the end of the day, he’ll still have
to make his own decision. • At the end of
the day, I’m the one who is going to be held
responsible. come to an end tugamoq, nihoyasiga/yakuniga yetmoq • The meeting
came to an end (=yakuniga yetdi). • Everyone wishes the war would come to an end
soon. end of story gap tamom, vassalom •
If she doesn’t agree, I won’t go ahead. End of
story. • This woman is innocent - end of story.
in the end ★ 1 axiyri, ko‘p ishlardan so‘ng,
va nihoyat, oxiri = after all • He tried various
jobs and in the end became an accountant.
195
• In the end, we decided not to buy it. • We
were thinking about going to Switzerland,
but in the end we went to Austria. ► in the
end, lastly, finally, at last or eventually? →
finally 2 lekin baribir -ga borib taqaladi = at
the end of the day, ultimately • You can try
your best to impress the interviewers but in
the end it’s often just a question of luck. • In
the end, what it all boils down to is money,
or the lack of it. make (both) ends meet
uchma-uch yashamoq, zo‘rbma-zo‘r yetkazmoq • Many families struggle to make ends
meet. • Many students are finding it difficult
to make ends meet. no end juda ham/ko‘p,
oxiri yo‘q • It upset me no end to hear they’d
split up. • We’ve had no end of trouble with
this car. • If you don’t want the job, there’s
no end of people willing to take your place.
not the end of the world bu hammasi tugadi degani emas, hali hammasi oldinda •
Failing one exam is not the end of the world.
end in sth bilan tugamoq • The word I’m
thinking of ends in “-ous”. • Their long struggle ended in failure. • One in three marriages
ends in divorce. end up ★ oxiri -moq, bilan
tugamoq = finish­up • [~ doing sth] I ended
up doing all the work myself. • I ended up
spending the night in the airport. • [+ adv/
prep] If you go on like this you’ll end up in
prison. • [~ adj] If he carries on driving like
that, he’ll end up dead. • She’ll end up penniless if she carries on spending like that. • [~
adj] He could end up as President.
endanger |ɪnˈdeɪndʒər| v xavf ostida qol(dir)moq, rahna solmoq = imperil, jeopardize,
risk, threaten, expose to danger • That one
mistake seriously endangered the future of
the company. • The sea turtle is an endangered species. • Smoking during pregnancy
endangers your baby’s life. ► endanger,
risk, threaten or jeopardize? → risk
ending |ˈendɪŋ| n 1 oxir, tugatish = stopping
• To make the plural of “dog”, you add the
plural ending “-s”. • Officials have announced
the ending of price controls. 2 yakun, intiho,
xotima = end,­finish,­close­• His stories usually have a happy ending. • It was the perfect
ending to the perfect day.
endless |ˈendləs| adj 1 cheki yo‘q, tuganmas, cheksiz, bepoyon = unlimited, limitless ≠ limited, transient • He seems to think
that I have an endless supply of money. •
The possibilities are endless. • The journey
seemed endless. 2 son-sanoqsiz, ko‘p, beadad = countless, a great number of ≠ few
• an endless stream of visitors • They asked
endless questions about our home town. ■
adv endlessly • an endlessly repeated pattern • She talks endlessly about her problems.
endorse |ɪnˈdɔːrs| v 1 ma’qullamoq, tasdiqlamoq = support, back, agree with ≠
energetic
oppose • I wholeheartedly endorse his remarks. • Members of all parties endorsed a
ban on land mines. 2 mahsulotni reklama
qilmoq • They paid $2 million to the world
champion to endorse their new aftershave. •
I wonder how many celebrities actually use
the products they endorse.
endorsement |ɪnˈdɔːrsmənt| n |C,U|
ma’qullash, tasdiqlash, qo‘llab-quvvatlash
= support, backing, seal of approval • The
campaign hasn’t received any political endorsements. • The election victory is a clear
endorsement of their policies.
endurance |ɪnˈdʊrəns| n |U| sabr-bardosh,
toqat, matonat chidamlilik = toleration,
tolerance, sufferance, stamina • They were
humiliated beyond endurance. • This event
tests both physical and mental endurance. •
He showed remarkable endurance throughout his illness.
endure |ɪnˈdʊr| v (fml) 1 chidamoq, bardosh
bermoq, ko‘tarmoq, toqat qilmoq = tolerate, bear, put up with, undergo • The pain
was almost too great to endure. • We had to
endure a nine-hour delay at the airport. • [~
doing sth] He can’t endure being defeated. •
[~ to do sth] He can’t endure to be defeated.
► Kundalik hayotda endure so‘zidan ko‘ra
stand yoki bear so‘zlaridan ko‘proq foydalaniladi: • I couldn’t stand/bear the pain. 2
davom etmoq, saqlab qolmoq = last, live,
live on, go on ≠ fade • The political system
established in 1400 endured until about
1650. • The torn flag has endured as a symbol of freedom.
enemy ★ |ˈenəmi| n (pl -ies) 1 dushman,
yov, raqib = opponent, rival, competitor, the
opposition, the competition ≠ ally, friend
• He has a lot of enemies in the company.
• They used to be friends but they are now
sworn enemies (=ashaddiy dushmanlar). •
Max stole Lee’s girlfriend and they’ve been
enemies ever since. • Poverty and ignorance
are the enemies of progress. 2 urushayotgan davlat, dushman tomon • The enemy
was/were forced to retreat. • enemy forces/aircraft/territory • behind enemy lines
• Over three hundred enemy aircraft were
destroyed. ► BrEda enemy so‘zidan so‘ng
birlik fe’li ham, ko‘plik fe’li ham ishlatilishi
mumkin: • The enemy has/have suffered a
major defeat.
energetic |ˌenərˈdʒetɪk| adj g‘ayratli, shijoatli, kuchli, harakatchan, harakat talab
qiladigan • He knew I was energetic and
dynamic and would get things done. • an
energetic supporter • The heart responds
well to energetic exercise. • For the more
energetic (=yanada shijoatli odamlarga), we
offer windsurfing and diving. ► energetic
or vigorous? Energetic, asosan, jismoniy
faollikka nisbatan ishlatiladi; vigorous esa
E
energy
E
196
ko‘pincha ishtiyoq va ishbilarmonlikka
urg‘u beradi: • a vigorous opponent/supporter/campaigner
energy ★ |ˈenərdʒi| n 1 quvvat, kuch, mador, hol = vitality,­ life,­ fire,­ spark,­ power­ •
It’s a waste of time and energy. • She’s always
full of energy. • Since I started eating more
healthily I’ve got so much more energy. • I
didn’t even have the energy to get out of bed.
2 energiya quvvati = power • solar/nuclear
energy • It is important to conserve energy.
• Environmentally friendly energy sources
include water and wind power. • energy conservation/efficiency ► energy or power?
Energy shamol, oqim, yorug‘lik kabi quvvat
manbalariga ishlatiladi. Power esa shu quvvat manbalaridan ishlab chiqariluvchi quvvatga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • There is enough
power to run up to four lights.
enforce |ɪnˈfɔːrs| v qonunga bo‘ysundirmoq,
qonunga amal qilinishini nazorat qilmoq =
impose, apply, administer • It’s the job of the
police to enforce the law. • The legislation
will be difficult to enforce. • United Nations
troops enforced a ceasefire in the area.
engage |ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ| v 1 o‘ziga qaratmoq, jalb
qilmoq = capture, catch, grab ≠ lose • It is
a movie that engages both the mind and the
eye. • If a book doesn’t engage my interest
in the first few pages, I don’t usually carry
on reading it. 2 ishga olmoq, yollamoq =
employ, hire, recruit, take on ≠ dismiss, be
fired­• [~ sb (as sth)] He is currently engaged
as a consultant. • We will have to engage the
services of a translator. • [~ sb to do sth] I
have engaged a secretary to deal with all my
paperwork. 3 mashg‘ul bo‘lmoq, shug‘ullanmoq = participate in, take part in, join in,
become involved in • Only 10% of American
adults engage in regular exercise. • Mr Armstrong was engaged in prayer.
engaged ★ |ɪnˈɡeɪdʒd| adj 1 (fml) band,
mashg‘ul, kirishgan = busy, occupied, tied
up ≠ free, unoccupied • [~ in sth] They were
engaged in conversation. • They’ve been engaged in a legal battle with the council for
several months. • [~ on sth] He is now engaged on his second novel. • She’s part of a
team of scientists who are engaged on/upon
cancer research. 2 unashtirilgan = promised in marriage, spoken for ≠ unattached
• When did you get engaged? • an engaged
couple • [~ to sb] She’s engaged to Peter. •
They are engaged to be married. 3 (telefon
aloqa) band • I couldn’t get through — the
line’s engaged. • I phoned earlier but you
were engaged. • the engaged tone/signal
engagement |ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt| n 1 unashtirish, unashtiruv = marriage contract • Their
engagement was announced in the local
paper. • [~ to sb] She has broken off her engagement to Charles. • an engagement party
• a long/short engagement 2 ish yuzasidan
uchrashuv = appointment, meeting, arrangement • an engagement book/diary •
He has a number of social engagements next
week.
engine |ˈendʒɪn| n mashina motori = motor,
machine, unit • a diesel/petrol engine • My
car had to have a new engine. • I switched/
turned the engine off. • My car’s been having
engine trouble recently. ► engine or motor? Engine deganda, asosan, yoqilg‘i bilan
ishlaydigan dvigatel tushuniladi; motor deganda esa, odatda, elektr toki bilan ishlaydigan dvigatel tushuniladi. Motor, odatda,
mashinani harakatga keltiruvchi qismlariga ishlatilmaydi, ularga nisbatan, asosan,
engine so‘zi ishlatiladi: • My car needs a new
engine (... a new motor).
engineer ★ |ˌendʒɪˈnɪr| n 1 muhandis,
injener = designer, planner, operator, originator • a civil engineer • a mechanical/
structural engineer • a software engineer •
You need the advice of a qualified engineer.
2 (AmE) mashinist, usta • a computer engineer • The engineer is coming to repair
our phone tomorrow morning. ■ v tashkillashtirmoq, uyushtirmoq = bring about,
arrange, pull off • I’m trying to engineer a
meeting between them. ► engineer, invent,
discover or design? → invent
engineering |ˌendʒɪˈnɪrɪŋ| n |U| injenerlik
mahorati/san’ati, mashinasozlik = machine-building, machinery construction •
German/British engineering • Richard studied engineering at Manchester University. •
Train services on Sunday will be restricted
because of engineering works.
English ★ |ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ| n 1 ingliz tili, ingliz tiliga oid • I studied English at college. • She
speaks good English. ► English va boshqa
tillar doim katta harf bilan va hech qanday
artikllarsiz ishlatiladi: • I’ve been studying
English since September. (... an english since
September) Millatlar esa the artikli bilan
ishlatiladi: • The English drink a lot of tea.
(English drink ...) 2 the English inglizlar,
ingliz odamlari • The English are often regarded as being cold and reserved. ► English, the English or an English? Tillar,
odatda, the artiklisiz ishlatiladi: Do you
know English? (... the English) Millat va o‘sha
millat odamlari esa the artikli bilan ishlatiladi: The English (people) like talking about
the weather. (English ...) Lekin bir millat vakiliga nisbatan a/an noaniq artiklidan foydalaniladi: I never thought that I would meet
an Uzbek here. Bu qonun-qoidalar hamma
millat va tillarga tegishli: • Chinese is a difficult language. • The Russians are trying to
rebuild the relationships with Americans. •
I am an Australian. ■ adj ingliz(cha) • the
English countryside • an English man/wom-
197
an • typically English attitudes • an English
dictionary
enhance |ɪnˈhæns| v yaxshilamoq, kuchaytirmoq, oshirmoq, ko‘tarmoq = increase,
add to, intensify, heighten, magnify ≠ diminish • This is an opportunity to enhance
the reputation of the company. • Good lighting will enhance any room.
enjoy ★ |ɪnˈdʒɔɪ| v huzurlanmoq, rohatlanmoq, mazza qilmoq = like, love, be fond of,
be entertained by, take pleasure in, keen
on, delight in, have fun, have a good time ≠
dislike, hate • [~ sth] We thoroughly enjoyed
our time in New York. • Thanks for a great
evening. I really enjoyed it. • [~ doing sth] I
enjoy playing basketball with my twin brother. • I want to travel because I enjoy meeting
people and seeing new places. • [~ yourself]
They all enjoyed themselves at the party. •
I don’t think Marie is enjoying herself very
much at school.
enjoyable |ɪnˈdʒɔɪəbl| adj maroqli, rohatbahsh, yoqimli, mazza = entertaining,
amusing, agreeable, marvelous, wonderful
• an enjoyable weekend/experience • highly/really/thoroughly/very enjoyable • a
very enjoyable game/film • I always try to
make my lessons enjoyable.
enjoyment |ɪnˈdʒɔɪmənt| n |U| rohat, huzur,
lazzat = pleasure, entertainment, fun, good
time, great time • He doesn’t get any real
enjoyment from dancing. • Lisa ate the cake
with obvious enjoyment. • He spoiled my enjoyment of the game by talking all through
it. ► enjoyment or pleasure? → pleasure
enlarge |ɪnˈlɑːrdʒ| v kengay(tir)moq, kattalash(tir)moq = extend, expand, widen,
broaden ≠ reduce, shrink • They’ve enlarged the kitchen by building over part of
the garden. • Reading will enlarge your vocabulary. • We’re going to have this picture
enlarged. ► enlarge or extend? → extend
enormous ★ |ɪˈnɔːrməs| adj juda katta,
ulkan, bahaybat, haybatli = huge, vast, immense, gigantic, very big, great, giant, massive • an enormous house/car/dog/interest
• He earns an enormous salary. • I was absolutely enormous when I was pregnant. •
You’ve been an enormous help. ► enormous
or huge? → huge
enough ★ |ɪˈnʌf| det, pron, adv yetarli(cha),
yetarli darajada, kifoya (qiladigan) = sufficient, adequate, ample, plenty of ≠­insufficient • Is there enough cake for everyone?
• This house isn’t big enough for us. • [~ to
do] She’s old enough to decide for herself. •
I hadn’t trained enough for the game. • Tell
them it’s just not good enough. • I don’t think
he’s really experienced enough for this sort
of job. • You’ve drunk more than enough
(=keragidan ortiq(cha)) already. • I’ve seen/
heard enough now (=Men yetarlicha ko‘rib/
enquiry
eshitib bo‘ldim - boshqa ko‘rishni/eshitishni xohlamayman). • Enough of this/(AmE)
Enough already (=Yetar, bas)! I don’t want
to discuss it any more. ► Enough gapda otdan oldin keladi. Enough sifat qatnashgan
sanalmaydigan yoki ko‘plik otlari bilan kelishi ham mumkin, lekin hech qachon birlik­ oti­ bilan­ kelmaydi:­ [enough­ (+adj) + n]
•We haven’t got enough time. • There aren’t
enough books (There isn’t enough book).
There isn’t enough blue paint left. Lekin
enough sifat va ravishlardan keyin keladi:
[adj/adv+­ enough] • I hope my instructions are clear enough. (... enough clear.) •
The printer is light enough to move easily.
(... enough light ...) • Their business wasn’t
growing fast enough. (... enough fast.) ■
pron yetarli miqdor • Six bottles should be
enough. • Have you had enough (=yetarlicha
yeb bo‘ldingmi)? • If enough of you are interested, we’ll organize a trip to the theatre.
● be unfortunate/unlucky/unwise/
stupid etc enough to do sth afsuski •
She told me it was brand new and I was stupid enough to believe her. • They had been
unfortunate enough to become infected
with the virus. curiously, funnily, oddly,
strangely, etc. enough ...joyi shunda-ki
• Funnily enough (=Kulgili joyi shunda-ki),
I said the same thing myself only yesterday.
• Strangely enough, it turned out that I’d
already met her. • Strangely enough, when
it came to the exam I actually felt quite relaxed. enough is enough yetar bas, bo‘ldi
dedimmi bo‘ldi • Enough is enough - I don’t
want to argue with you any more. have had
enough (of sth/sb) bo‘ldi jonimga tegdi,
to‘ydim • I’ve had enough of driving the kids
around. • I’ve had enough - I’m going home.
• I’ve had enough of your excuses. That’s
enough yetar, bas • That’s enough, Peter.
Give those toys back, please. • That’s quite
enough! I don’t want any more rude remarks
from you two.
enquire (asosan, BrEda) (shuningdek, inquire AmE, BrE) |ɪnˈkwaɪər| v (ancha rasmiy
so‘z) ma’lumot so‘ramoq, bilishga qiziqmoq
• [~ about sb/sth] I called the station to
enquire about train times. • [~ sth] He enquired her name. • [+ speech] “What is your
name?” he enquired. • [~ as to sb/sth] She
enquired as to your whereabouts. • [~ wh…]
Might I enquire why you have not mentioned
this until now? ► enquire or inquire? Bu
so‘zlarni adashtirib yubormang. BrEda enquire ma’lumot so‘rashda inquire esa tergov qilishda ishlatiladi: • I called to enquire
about train times. • A committee will inquire
into the allegations. Lekin AmEda inquire
ikkala ma’noda ham ishlatilishi mumkin.
enquiry (asosan, BrEda) (shuningdek, inquiry AmE, BrE) |ˈɪnkwəri| |ɪnˈkwaɪəri| n (pl
E
enrich
E
198
sth] • Repairing the roof will entail spend-ies) 1 so‘rov, ma’lumot so‘rash, qiziqib
ing a lot of money. ► entail or involve? →
murojaat qilish • a telephone enquiry • [~
involve
(from sb) (about sb/sth)] We received over
300 enquiries about the job. • enquiries from enter ★ |ˈentər| v 1 kirmoq = go in/into,
prospective students • I’ll have to make a
come in/into, get in/into, set foot in, cross
few enquiries (=surishtirib bilishim kerak)
the threshold of ≠ leave, exit • Knock beand get back to you. 2 surishtiruv, tintuv •
fore you enter. • [~ sth] Someone entered
a murder enquiry • [~ into sth] The public is
the room behind me. • Where did the bullet
demanding an inquiry into the incident. • to
enter the body? • (fig) It never entered my
hold/order an enquiry into the affair • Police
head (=hech xayolimga kelmagan ekan) that
are making inquiries in the neighbourhood.
she would tell him about me. • The police
enrich |ɪnˈrɪtʃ| v 1 yaxshilamoq, boyitmoq =
entered (the building) through/by the side
enhance, improve, better, boost, elevate ≠
door. ► Kundalik hayotda enter so‘zidan
spoil • [~ sth] The study of science has enko‘ra go in/into birikmasidan ko‘proq foyriched all our lives. • [~ sth with sth] Most
dalaniladi: • Let’s go in, it’s getting cold. 2
breakfast cereals are enriched with vitamins.
kirmoq,­qabul­qilinmoq,­safiga­qo‘shilmoq,­
2 boyligini oshirmoq • a nation enriched by
a’zosi bo‘lmoq = get involved in, join, throw
oil revenues • He used his position to enrich
oneself into, engage in ≠ leave • to enter a
himself. • Add fertilizer to enrich the soil.
school/college/university • to enter politics
enrol |ɪnˈroʊl| (AmEda, asosan, enroll) v (-ll• to enter Parliament • to enter the Church
) 1 ro‘yxatga yozmoq, ro‘yxatdan o‘t(kaz)
• Ms Doughty entered politics/Parliament
moq = register for, sign up/on for, put sb’s
after a career in banking. ► Enter, odatda
name down for, apply for • You need to enrol
o‘timli fe’l bo‘lib keladi va to‘ldiruvchi bibefore the end of August. 2 nomzodlarni qalan hech qanday predloglarsiz bog‘lanadi:
bul qilmoq = accept, admit, take on • (BrE)
• After entering university, students make
to enrol on a course • (AmE) to enroll in a
a lot of new friends. (After entering in/into
course • [~ sb] The centre will soon be ready
university ...) • In the past it was unthinkto enrol candidates for the new programme.
able that a woman could enter politics. (...
• I enrolled for/in/on the modern art course.
enter in politics.) Lekin “chuqur/qattiq
ensure (shuningdek, insure, asosan, AmEda)
kirishmoq” ma’nosida agreement, discus|ɪnˈʃʊr| v bo‘lishini ta’minlamoq, ishonch
sion, relationship kabi so‘zlar bilan enter
hosil­ qilmoq,­ mustahkamlamoq,­ kafillik­ into birikmasidan foydalaniladi: • Let’s not
bermoq = make sure/certain, secure, guarenter into details at this stage. • I have not
antee, assure • The book ensured his success.
entered into any financial agreements with
• The airline is taking steps to ensure safety
them. 3 ro‘yxatdan o‘t(kaz)moq, qatnashon its aircraft. • [~ sb sth] Victory ensured
moq = join, become a member of, enroll in/
them a place in the final. • [~ (that)…] Please
for, enlist in, put sb’s name down for, sign
ensure (that) all lights are switched off. • [~
up for; take up ≠ leave • [~ sth] 1 000 chilsb sth] Their 2-0 victory today has ensured
dren entered the competition. • [~ sb/sth in
the Italian team a place in the Cup Final/ensth] Irish trainers have entered several horssured a place in the Cup Final for the Italian
es in the race. • [~ sb/sth for sth] How many
team. ► ensure, make sure, gurantee or
students have been entered for the exam? •
assure? Ko‘rsatma yoki qo‘llanmalarda,
[~ for sth] Only four British players have enodatda, ensure yoki make sure so‘zlaridan
tered for the championship. • Both men have
foydalaniladi: • Please ensure/make sure
been entered for/in the 100 metres in Paris
that the gas is switched off. (Please guarnext month. ► enter or join? → join 4 boshlamoq, kirib kelmoq = reach, move into, get
antee/assure that ...) Guarantee va assure
to, begin ≠­finish • to enter a relationship/
ishonch va kafolatni, shubhalardan holi
conflict/war • Several new firms have now
ekanligini ifodalashda ishlatiladi. Kundalik
entered the market. • The investigation has
hayotda ensure dan ko‘ra ko‘proq make sure
entered a new phase. 5 ma’lumot kiritmoq =
birikmasidan foydalaniladi: • Please make
record, write, set/put/take down ≠ erase •
sure all the windows are closed. Make sure,
[~ sth (in sth)] Enter your name and occupaodatda, that kelishikli gaplar bilan keladi: •
tion in the boxes (=to‘ldirish varaqasidagi).
regulations to ensure their safety → regula• [~ sth (into sth)] to enter data into a comtions to make sure that they are safe
puter • [~ sth (on sth)] to enter figures on a
entail |ɪnˈteɪl| v talab qilmoq, kerak bo‘lmoq,
spreadsheet • You have to enter a password
taqozo qilmoq = involve, necessitate, reto access the database.
quire, need • [~ sth] The job entails a lot of
hard work. • Such a large investment inevi- enterprise |ˈentərpraɪz| n 1 muassasa,
korxona = business, company, undertaking,
tably entails some risk. • [be entailed in sth]
venture • Don’t forget this is a commercial
The girls learn exactly what is entailed in
enterprise - we’re here to make money. •
caring for a newborn baby. • [~ (sb) doing
199
Those were the years of private enterprise,
when lots of small businesses were started.
2 loyiha, tadbir = initiative, enthusiasm •
They are involved in an exciting scientific
enterprise. • a joint enterprise • The music
festival is a new enterprise which we hope
will become an annual event.
entertain |ˌentərˈteɪn| v 1 ko‘ngil ochmoq/
olmoq, ovuntirmoq = amuse, divert, delight,
please ≠ bore • [~ (sb) (with sth)] He entertained us for hours with his stories and jokes.
• The aim of the series is both to entertain
and inform. 2 mehmonlarni qabul qilmoq,
mehmon kuzatmoq = receive (guests), host,
play host/hostess to • The job involves a lot
of entertaining. • [~ sb] Barbecues are a favourite way of entertaining friends.
entertaining |ˌentərˈteɪnɪŋ| adj ko‘ngilochar, ovuntiradigan, dam oldiradigan = delightful, enjoyable, funny, amusing ≠ boring
• an entertaining speech/evening • The book
is short but entertaining. • I found the talk
both informative and entertaining.
entertainer |ˌentərˈteɪnər| n ko‘ngil oluvchi/zavqlantiruvchi/hordiq
chiqaruvchi
odam = performer, artiste, artist • Sinatra
remains one of the top entertainers of all
time. • Covent Garden is famous for its street
entertainers.
entertainment |ˌentərˈteɪnmənt| n |U,C|
ko‘ngilochar narsa, o‘yin-kulgi, sayr-tomosha, hordiq chiqarish = amusement, play,
pleasure, fun, recreation, relaxation, show,
performance • radio, television and other
forms of entertainment • There will be live
entertainment at the party. • It was typical
family entertainment.
enthusiasm |ɪnˈθuːziæzəm| n |U| ishtiyoq,
qiziqish, shijoat = eagerness, keenness,
interest, admiration ≠ apathy, half-heartedness, disinterest • We went along to the
local diving club, full of enthusiasm. • [~ for
sth] He had a real enthusiasm for the work. •
[~ for doing sth] She never lost her enthusiasm for teaching.
enthusiastic |ɪnˌθuːziˈæstɪk| adj chin
dildan, ishtiyoqli, shijoati baland = eager,
keen, avid, excited, wholehearted • an enthusiastic supporter • [~ about sb/sth] You
don’t sound very enthusiastic about the idea.
• [~ about doing sth] For a while, we were
enthusiastic about the idea. • You don’t seem
very enthusiastic about the party - don’t
you want to go tonight? ► enthusiastic or
eager? → eager ■ adv enthusiastically •
The audience clapped enthusiastically. • The
announcement was greeted enthusiastically.
entire ★ |ɪnˈtaɪər| adj butun, hamma =
whole, complete, undivided ≠ partial •
The entire village was destroyed. • Between
them they ate an entire cake. • The entire
staff agreed. • I wasted an entire day on it.
entry
► entire or whole? Entire whole so‘zidan
ko‘ra kuchliroq urg‘u beradi va, asosan, salbiy, yomon ma’nodagi gaplarda ishlatiladi:
• I wasted an entire/a whole day on it. Ijobiy, yaxshi ma’nodagi gaplarda esa, odatda,
whole so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • We spent the
whole day on the beach. (We spent the entire
day on the beach.)
entirely ★ |ɪnˈtaɪərli| adv 1 butunlay, to‘la,
to‘liq, batamom, to‘la-to‘kis, tamomila, mutlaqo = absolutely, completely, totally, wholly • I entirely agree with you. • I’m not entirely happy about the proposal. • That’s an
entirely different matter. ► entirely, completely, perfectly, fully, totally, quite, absolutely or utterly? → perfectly 2 faqatgina =
solely, only, exclusively • The company is run
almost entirely by middle-aged men. • a gift
entirely for charitable purposes
entitle ★ |ɪnˈtaɪtl| v 1 vakolat/huquq/
imkonini bermoq = qualify, make eligible,
authorize, enable • [~ sb to sth] You will be
entitled to your pension when you reach 65.
• Everyone’s entitled to their own opinion. •
[~ sb to do sth] This ticket does not entitle
you to travel first class. 2 sarlavha/nom
qo‘ymoq, atamoq = title, name, call, label
• He read a poem entitled “Salt”. • Her first
novel was entitled More Innocent Times.
entity |ˈentəti| n (pl -ies) (fml) birlik, mavjudlik = being, creature, individual, existence, being • These countries can no longer
be viewed as a single entity. • The museums
work closely together, but are separate legal
entities.
entrance ★ |ˈentrəns| n 1 kirish, kirish
eshigi = entry, way in, entryway ≠ exit [~ to
sth] • the entrance to the museum/the museum entrance • There are two entrances one at the front and one round the back. •
an entrance hall/lobby • I’ll meet you at the
main entrance. 2 kirib kelish/qolish, tashrif
(buyurish), ko‘rinish = appearance, arrival
≠ exit, departure • His sudden entrance took
everyone by surprise. • A fanfare signalled
the entrance of the king. • She made her entrance after all the other guests had arrived.
entrust |ɪnˈtrʌst| v (fml) ishonib topshirmoq,
yuklamoq = charge, burden, assign to, confer on, hand over, give custody of • [~ A (to
B)] He entrusted the task to his nephew. • [~
B with A] He entrusted his nephew with the
task. • The rebuilding of London’s churches
was entrusted to the brilliant young architect, Christopher Wren.
entry ★ |ˈentri| n (pl -ies) 1 tashrif, kirish =
appearance, arrival ≠ departure, exit • The
children were surprised by the sudden entry
of their teacher. • [~ into sth] How did the
thieves gain entry into the building? • The
actress’s entry into the world of politics surprised most people. 2 kirish = entrance, way
E
envelope
E
200
in, entryway ≠ exit • [~ to/into sth] Entry to
the museum is free. • Entry to the exhibition
costs £5.50. • to be granted/refused entry
into the country • No Entry (=Kirish mumkin
emas - belgidagi) 3 qo‘shilish, kirish • countries seeking entry into the European Union
• the entry of women into the workforce •
America’s entry into the war 4 tanlov uchun
topshirilgan narsa = contestant, competitor
• There have been some impressive entries
(=ajoyib rasmlar) in the wildlife photography section. • The closing date for entries is
31 March. 5 kiritma, qayd = item, record,
note, recording • They’ve updated a lot of
the entries in the most recent edition of the
encyclopaedia. • [~ in sth] There is no entry
in his diary for that day.
envelope |ˈenvəloʊp| |ˈɑːnvəloʊp| n konvert
= wrapper, wrapping • writing paper and
envelopes • an airmail/padded/prepaid envelope • I folded the letter in half and put it
in an envelope.
envious ★ |ˈenviəs| adj be ~ hasad/havas
qilmoq = jealous, bitter, greedy • [~ of sb/
sth] Everyone is so envious of her. • They
were envious of his success. ■ adv enviously • They look enviously at the success of
their European counterparts. • I was looking
enviously at your plate, wishing I’d had the
fish.
environment ★ |ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt| n 1 |C,U|
muhit, sharoit, holat = setting, surroundings, background • a pleasant working/
learning environment • An unhappy home
environment can affect a child’s behaviour.
• The office is quite bright and airy - it’s a
pleasant working environment. • In this
competitive environment a business needs
to be flexible. 2 the environment sl atrofmuhit, tevarak-atrof, tabiat = nature, the
natural world, the wild, ecosystem, life,
wildlife • We’re not doing enough to protect
the environment from pollution. • Industrial
development is causing widespread damage
to the environment. ► environment, countryside or nature? → nature
environmental |ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl| adj 1
atrof-muhit … • the environmental impact
of pollution • environmental issues/problems • an environmental group/movement
(=atrof-muhitni muhofaza qiluvchi guruh/
harakat) • environmental damage • The
Minister discussed environmental issues. 2
muhit bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan • environmental
influences • an environmental health officer
■ adv environmentally • environmentally
damaging chemicals • an environmentally
sensitive area • Everybody has some scope
for doing their job in a more environmentally responsible way.
environmentalist |ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəlɪst| n
tabiatni/atrof-muhitni muhofaza qiluvchi
shaxs = conservationist, preservationist
(inf) tree hugger • Some environmentalists
argue for a return to a pre-industrial society.
envoy |ˈenvɔɪ| n elchi, diplomatik vakil =
ambassador, diplomat, consul, representative (inf) go-between • He served as envoy
to the French government. • The United Nations is sending a special envoy to the area.
envy |ˈenvi| n |U| hasad, ko‘ra olmaslik; havas = jealousy • [~ (of sb)] He couldn’t conceal his envy of me. • [~ (at/of sth)] She felt
a pang of envy at the thought of his success.
• They looked with envy at her latest purchase. • Her colleagues were green with envy
(=hasaddan yonib kul bo‘lishar edi). ► envy
or jealousy? → jealousy ■ v hasad qilmoq,
rashk qilmoq; havas qilmoq = be envious of,
be jealous of, covet, desire • [~ sb] He envied
her — she seemed to have everything she
could possibly want. • [~ sth] She has always
envied my success. • [~ sb sth] I envied him
his good looks. • [~ sb doing sth] I envy you
having such a close family.
episode |ˈepɪsoʊd| n voqea, hodisa, epizod
= incident, event • I’d like to try and forget the whole episode. • One of the funniest
episodes in the book occurs in Chapter 6. •
Watch next week’s thrilling episode!
equal ★ |ˈiːkwəl| adj 1 teng = identical,
uniform, alike, equivalent to, unbiased ≠
different, discriminatory • There is an equal
number of boys and girls in the class. • All
the workers have an equal rights/pay. • [~ to
sb/sth] An area of forest equal to the size of
Wales has been destroyed. • One box may look
bigger than the other, but in fact they are
roughly equal in volume (=hajm jihatdan). 2
mos kelmoq • It’s a challenging job but I’m
sure you’ll prove equal to it. • Is he equal to
the task? • Are you equal to this challenge?
■ v teng/baravar bo‘lmoq = be, add up to
sth, amount to sth, run to sth • Five plus
three equals eight. (5+3=8) • A metre equals
39.38 inches. • This achievement is unlikely
ever to be equalled. • This is the point where
total cost equals total revenue. ► equal or
be? Equal va be so‘zlarini ikkalasidan ham
matematik amallarda foydalanish mumkin:
• Four multiplied by three is/equals twelve.
Lekin aniq qiymatlar berilmagan holatlarda, asosan, be so‘zidan foydalaniladi: • How
much is a thousand pounds in Euros? (How
much does a thousand pounds equal in Euros?) O‘lchov birliklarini ham ifodalashda,
asosan, be fe’lidan foydalaniladi: • A metre
is about 40 inches. (A metre equals about 40
inches.)
equality ★ |iˈkwɑːləti| n |U| tenglik, teng
huquqlilik = fairness, equal rights, parity,
similarity ≠ inequality • racial/social/sexual equality • equality of opportunity • the
principle of equality before the law • Don’t
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you believe in equality between men and
women? • [~ with sb/sth] Young men sought
equality with their elders.
equally ★ |ˈiːkwəli| adv teng (ravishda), bir
xilda, bir me’yorda = to the same degree •
Diet and exercise are equally important. •
We try to treat every member of staff equally. • The money was divided equally among
her four children. • They share the housework equally.
equation |ɪˈkweɪʒn| n 1 tenglashtirish =
identification,­ association­ • The equation
of wealth with happiness can be dangerous.
2 tenglama = mathematical problem, sum
• Solve the equation 5x - 3 = 27. • In the
equation 3x - 3 = 15, x = 6. 3 tenglik = situation, problem • When children enter the
equation, further tensions may arise within
a marriage.
equip |ɪˈkwɪp| v (-pp-) 1 ta’minlamoq,
uskunalar bilan jihozlamoq • [~ sth] to be
fully/poorly equipped • It’s going to cost $4
million to equip the hospital. • [~ yourself/
sb/sth (with sth) (for sth)] All the police officers were equipped with shields to defend
themselves against the rioters. • The centre
is well equipped for canoeing and mountaineering. 2 kerakli narsalarni bermoq,
qurollantirmoq • [~ sb (for sth)] The course
is designed to equip students for a career in
nursing. • The course aims to equip people
with the skills necessary for a job in this technological age.
equipment ★ |ɪˈkwɪpmənt| n |U| jihoz,
uskuna, moslama, apparatura = gear, kit,
apparatus, material, hardware, stuff, things
• A computer is the most important piece of
equipment you will buy. • office equipment
• new equipment for the sports club • Hospitals are increasingly depending on charity for vital equipment. • Never go climbing
without the proper equipment. ► Equipment sanalmaydigan ot hisoblanadi va
shunday ekan u ko‘plikda, son va artikllar
bilan kelmaydi: • No special equipment is
needed. (No special equipments are needed.)
Lekin jihoz qiymatini ifodalash uchun some
equipment yoki a lot of/pieces/items/bits of
equipment so‘zlaridan foydalanish mumkin: • We need to order more up-to-date
office equipment. (... office equipments) • A
knife is a useful piece of equipment to have
when you are camping. • All items of equipment remain the property of the company.
Kundalik hayotda equipment so‘zining
o‘rniga ko‘pincha stuff yoki (BrEda) things
so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • Have you got
your tennis stuff?
equivalent |ɪˈkwɪvələnt| adj ekvivalent,
teng miqdordagi/qiymatdagi … (bir narsaga har jihatdan teng bo‘lgan, va u bilan almashina oladigan, uni o‘rnini bosa oladigan
erode
narsa) = counterpart, parallel, alternative,
match • Send €20 or the equivalent in your
own currency. • There is no English equivalent for “bon appetit” so we have adopted the
French expression. • [~ of/to sth] Is there a
French word that is the exact equivalent of
the English word “home”? • Breathing such
polluted air is the equivalent of smoking ten
cigarettes a day. ■ adj teng qiymatli/baholi,
bir xil = equal, identical; similar, comparable, approximate • 250 grams or an equivalent amount in ounces • [~ to sth] Eight kilometres is roughly equivalent to five miles.
• Is $50 equivalent to about £30? • The new
regulation was seen as equivalent to censorship. • She’s doing the equivalent job in the
new company but for more money.
er |ɜːr| (shuningdek, erm) excl (BrE) ee!
hmm! (nima deyishni o‘ylayotganda ishlatiladi) • Where’s the, er, the calculator? • “So,
are you coming or not?” “Er, I don’t think I
can make it. Sorry.” • “Will you do it?” “Er,
yes, I suppose so.”
era |ˈɪrə| |ˈerə| n davr, era, zamon = epoch,
age, period • the Victorian/modern/postwar era • When she left the firm, it was the
end of an era • the Clinton era • a bygone
era • the post-war era • They had worked for
peace during the long era of conflict.
erase ★ |ɪˈreɪs| v 1 o‘chirmoq, artmoq,
ketkizmoq = delete, rub out, wipe off • He
had erased the wrong word. • The tide had
erased the footprints. • It’s in pencil so you
can just erase anything that’s wrong. 2
yo‘qotmoq, olib/o‘chirib tashlamoq = destroy, wipe out, delete ≠ impress, imprint,
insert • [~ sth] She tried to erase the memory
of that evening. • [~ sth from sth] All doubts
were suddenly erased from his mind. • A virus erased my hard disk.
eraser |ɪˈreɪsər| (AmE or fml) (BrEda shuningdek rubber) n o‘chirg‘ich, rezinka =
rubber • If you draw or write in pencil you
can always rub out your mistakes with an
eraser.
erect |ɪˈrekt| adj to‘g‘ri, tik, tikka, vertikal =
upright, straight, vertical ≠­ bent,­ flaccid­ •
Stand with your arms by your side and your
head erect. • Janice was standing perfectly
erect. ■ v 1 qurmoq, tik(ka)lamoq = build,
construct ≠ demolish • The church was
erected in 1582. 2 tik tutmoq, tikka qilmoq
= put up ≠ dismantle • Police had to erect
barriers to keep crowds back. • to erect a tent
erode |ɪˈroʊd| v (ko‘pincha majhul nisbatda ishlatiladi) 1 yemirmoq • [~ sth (away)]
The cliff face has been steadily eroded by
the sea. • [~ (away)] The rocks have eroded
away over time. 2 (asta-sekin) kuchsizlanmoq, yomon/qattiq ta’sir qilmoq • Her confidence has been slowly eroded by repeated
E
erosion
E
202
failures. • Mortgage payments have been
eroded (=qiymatini yo‘qotdi) by inflation.
erosion |ɪˈroʊʒn| n |U| 1 yemirilish, eroziya
(yer qobig‘ining turli ta’sirlar ostida parchalanishi, yemirilishi) = wearing away,
abrasion, weathering; dissolution • the erosion of the coastline by the sea • soil erosion
• Poor farming practices have led to erosion
of the soil. 2 susayish, kamayish • the erosion of her confidence he gradual erosion of
our civil liberties • There has been a steady
erosion of the court’s powers over the last
ten years.
error ★ |ˈerər| n |C,U| xato, adashish, yanglishish = mistake, inaccuracy, miscalculation, blunder, oversight, slip-up • He admitted that he’d made an error. • [~ in sth]
There are too many errors in your work. • [~
in doing sth] I think you have made an error in calculating the total. • a grave error
(=jiddiy xato) • a glaring error (=ochiq-oydin
ko‘rinib turgan xato) • The delay was due to
human error (=inson xatosi). • The computer system was switched off in error (=tasodifan, o‘z-o‘zidan). ► Error, asosan, rasmiy
holatlarda va komputerdagi adashishlarga
nisbatan ishlatiladi. Kundalik hayotda esa
uning o‘rniga ko‘pincha mistake so‘zidan
foydalaniladi: • There must be a mistake
somewhere.
erupt |ɪˈrʌpt| v 1 otilib chiqmoq = emit lava,
become active • The volcano could erupt at
any time. • [~ from sth] Ash began to erupt
from the crater. • [~ sth] An immense volume
of rocks and molten lava was erupted. 2
birdan bo‘lmoq/boshlanmoq = break out,
flare­ up,­ start­ suddenly • Violence erupted
outside the embassy gates. • [~ into sth] The
unrest erupted into revolution.
eruption |ɪˈrʌpʃn| n |C,U| otilib chiqish
= discharge, ejection, outbreak, rash • a
major volcanic eruption • skin rashes and
eruptions • There was a violent eruption of
anti-government feeling.
escape ★ |ɪˈskeɪp| v 1 qochib ketmoq (qamoqdan, surgundan) = run away/off, get
out, break out, cut and run • Two prisoners
have escaped. • They were caught trying to
escape. • [~ from sb/sth] He escaped from
prison this morning. 2 (xavfdan) qochib
qutulmoq = get away from, escape from,
avoid, dodge • [~ from sth] She managed to
escape from the burning car. • [~ into sth]
(fig) As a child he would often escape into
a dream world of his own. • [~ sth] She was
lucky to escape punishment. • The pilot escaped death by seconds. • [~ doing sth] He
narrowly escaped being killed. • [~ with sth]
I was lucky to escape with minor injuries. •
[~ adj] Both drivers escaped unhurt. • Nothing important escapes her notice/attention
(=Uning nazaridan hech qanday muhim
narsa chetda qolmaydi). • His name escapes
me (=esimdan chiqdi). ■ n 1 qutulib qolish,
qochish = getaway, breakout, disappearance, avoidance of [~ from sth] • They had
a narrow escape (=vafot etishiga bir baxiya
qoldi) when their car crashed. • There was
no hope of escape from her disastrous marriage. 2 unutish, esidan chiqarish, chalg‘ish
= distraction, diversion • For her, travel was
an escape from the boredom of her everyday
life. • Romantic novels provide an escape
from reality.
especially ★ |ɪˈspeʃəli| adv (abbr esp.) 1
ayniqsa, hamma(si)dan ham = substantially, particularly, primarily, mainly, mostly •
Teenagers are very fashion conscious, especially girls. • I love Rome, especially in the
spring. • The car is quite small, especially
if you have children. • I was especially fond
of chocolate biscuits. ► Especially, odatda
gapning boshida emas, o‘zi urg‘u berib kelayotgan egadan keyin keladi: • I especially
enjoyed the boat trip on the Thames. (Especially I enjoyed ...) Lekin gapning boshida
ushbu ma’noda uning o‘rniga In particular birikmasidan foydalanish mumkin: •
In particular, I enjoyed the boat trip on the
Thames. ► especially or specially? Especially “ayniqsa” ma’nosini beradi: • She
loves all sports, especially swimming. • I
especially like sweet things; Specially “maxsus, aynan, alohida” ma’nolarida, ko‘pincha
fe’llarning o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshlari (past
partciple) bilan ishlatiladi: • a course specially designed to meet your needs • She has
her clothes specially made in Paris. BrEda
especially va specially so‘zlarining deyarli
farqlari yo‘q va hattoki deyarli bir xil talaffuz qilinadi: • I bought this especially/
specially for you. • It is especially/specially
important to remember this. Bu ikkala ravishlarning sifat ko‘rinishi special hisoblanadi. 2 atayin, aynan, ataylab, maxsus =
particularly, expressly,­ specially,­ specifically, exclusively, just • I made it especially
for you. • I chose this especially for your new
house. • She bought a new pair of trainers
especially for the trip.
essay |ˈeseɪ| 1 insho = article, composition,
study, paper • For homework I want you to
write an essay on endangered species. • I’d
like to discuss the first point in your essay. •
Have you handed in your history essay yet?
2 ocherk, katta bo‘lmagan adabiy asar =
commentary, critique [~ on sth] • The book
contains a number of interesting essays on
women in society.
essence |ˈesns| n 1 |U| mohiyat, tub, mag‘zi,
ma’no = quintessence, soul, core, heart,
principle, fundamental quality [~ of sth] •
His paintings capture the essence of France.
• The essence of his argument was that edu-
203
cation should continue throughout life. • Yet
change is the very essence of life. • She seems
the very essence of kindness 2 o‘simliklar
ta’mini beruvchi kuchli suyuqlik = extract,
concentrate, scent, perfume • (BrE) coffee/
vanilla/almond essence • essence of violets/
rosewood
essential ★ |ɪˈsenʃl| adj 1 zaruriy, eng
muhim, eng kerakli, ahamiyatli = vital,
crucial, critical, key, necessary, compulsory, important ≠ unimportant, optional,
inessential • an essential part/ingredient/
component of sth • Even in small companies, computers are an essential tool. • She
has always played an essential part/role in
the smooth running of the business. • [~ for
sth] Experience is essential for this job. • [~
to sth] Money is not essential to happiness.
• Water is essential for/to living things. •
[it is ~ to do sth] It is essential to get good
professional advice. • [it is ~ (that)…] It is
essential that you have some experience. ►
essential, vital or basic? Essential va vital so‘zlari deyarli bir xil ma’noga ega faqat
essential vital so‘zidan ko‘ra biroz kuchliroq
ma’noga ega: • It was vital to show that he
was not afraid. • Window locks are fairly
cheap and absolutely essential. Basic esa
biror narsaning muhimligidan ham ko‘ra
uning juda kerakligi va asosiy omilligiga
urg‘u beradi: • Hospitals lack even basic
drugs for surgical operations. 2 eng asosiy,
birinchi o‘rindagi/galdagi = basic, ultimate,
elementary, fundamental, underlying ≠ secondary • The essential difference between
Sara and me is in our attitude to money. •
The essential character of the town has been
destroyed by the new road. • The essential
point of racing is that it is a team effort. ■
n 1 eng kerakli/zaruriy narsa = necessity,
prerequisite, requisite • When we go on
holiday, we only take the bare essentials. •
The studio had all the essentials like heating
and running water. • Because I live in a remote village, I regard my car as an essential.
► essentials, necessities or wants?
Wants bular ichida eng kuchli ma’noga
egasi hisoblanadi va asosan, jismoniy narsalarga ishlatiladi: • human/bodily wants;
Essentials, odatda, biror ishni qilishda kerak bo‘ladigan muhim narsalarga urg‘u beradi: • The studio had all the essentials like
heating and running water; Necessities har
ikkala vaziyatda ham ishlatilishi mumkin. 2
(fanning) kerakli jihatlari = fundamentals,
basics • the essentials of English grammar
► basics, essentials or fundamentals?
Basics, odatda, dastlabki, boshlang‘ich tushuncha va ma’lumotlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi: • the basics of survival/good nutrition;
Essentials esa, asosan, fanning nazariy jihatdan muhimligiga urg‘u beradi: • the es-
establishment
sentials of arithmetic/how we communicate
using language; Fundamentals esa, asosan,
fanning asosini, paydo bo‘lish qismini ifodalaydi: • the fundamentals of Christian belief/the western concept of law
essentially |ɪˈsenʃəli| adv eng asosiy(si), asosan, umuman olganda = basically, fundamentally • Ballet is essentially a
middle-class interest. • What he’s saying is
essentially true. • Essentially, what we are
suggesting is that the firm needs to change.
establish ★ |ɪˈstæblɪʃ| v 1 asos solmoq,
tashkil topmoq/qilmoq, o‘z ishini boshlamoq = set up, start, initiate, form, be founded • The committee was established in 1912.
• Our goal is to establish a new research
centre in the North. • Let’s establish some
ground rules. ► Kundalik hayotda establish so‘zidan ko‘ra ko‘proq set up yoki start
so‘zlaridan foydalaniladi: • The company
was set up in 1976. 2 aloqa o‘rnatmoq •
Hungary established diplomatic relations
with Chile in 1990. • I wondered why he
should bother to try and establish contact
with me. 3 shakllan(tir)moq, e’tirof etmoq
• By then she was established as a star. • He
has just set up his own business but it will
take him a while to get established. • After
three months we were well established in/
at our new house/new jobs. 4 aniqlamoq,
oydinlik kiritmoq = find,­ discover,­ identify, determine, ascertain • [~ sth] Police are
still trying to establish the cause of the accident. • [~ that…] They have established that
his injuries were caused by a fall. • [~ wh…]
Can you establish what time she left home/
whether she has left home. • [it is established that…] It has since been established
that the horse was drugged. ► establish
or ascertain? Rasmiy, ilmiy izlanish va
tergovlarga nisbatan ikkala so‘zdan ham
foydalanish mumkin. Lekin ascertain shu
bilan birga odamning niyat va maqsadlarini,­ fikrlarini­ aniqlashda­ ham­ ishlatilishi­
mumkin: • Could you ascertain his position
on this matter? (Could you establish ...)
established |ɪˈstæblɪʃt| adj yaxshi tashkillashtirilgan, ishonchli, sinalgan • They are
an established company with a good reputation. • well-established teaching methods
• By 1969 the civil rights movement was
already an established fact. • Every once in
a while, the established order (=yuqori boshqaruvchilar) is overthrown.
establishment |ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt| n 1 tashkilot, tadbirkorlik = business,­ firm,­ institution • an educational/financial/religious
establishment • a research establishment
• The hotel is a comfortable and well-run
establishment. • There are many eating establishments nearby. 2 the Establishment
jamiyatga/sohaga ta’sir o‘tkazuvchi odam-
E
estate
E
204
lar = the authorities, the powers that be, the
hierarchy, Big Brother • the medical/military/political, etc. establishment • young
people rebelling against the Establishment
• Critics said judges were on the side of the
establishment. 3 tashkil topish, o‘z ishini
boshlash = foundation, institution, formation • The speaker announced the establishment of a new college. • the establishment of
diplomatic relations between the countries.
estate |ɪˈsteɪt| n 1 yer-mulk, ko‘chmas mulk
= property, grounds • a 3 000-acre estate •
She receives rent from all the people whose
cottages are on estate land. • It’s a typical
country estate with a large house for the
owner, farm buildings and estate workers’
houses. 2 (BrE) bir xil uylar/korxonalar
bo‘lgan hudud = plantation, farm • She lives
in a tower block on an estate in London. •
She was brought up in a council estate in Liverpool. 3 mol-mulk, meros = assets, capital,
wealth • Her estate was left to her daughter.
• He left estate valued at a million dollars.
• She left her entire estate to her niece. ●
estate agent uy-joy savdosi bilan shug‘ullanuvchi odam, makler • We’re getting an
estate agent to value our house. • The estate
agent described the flat as a bijou residence.
esteem |ɪˈstiːm| n |U| (fml) hurmat, ehtirom, izzat = respect, admiration, acclaim •
She is held in high esteem by her colleagues.
• Over the years, he has earned our affection and esteem. • Please accept this small
gift as a token of our esteem. ■ v hurmat/
ehtirom/qilmoq = respect, admire, value,
regard • Her work is highly esteemed by all
her colleagues. • Many of these qualities are
esteemed by managers.
estimate ★ |ˈestɪmət| n chama, xomcho‘t,
taxmin = rough calculation, approximation,
estimation, costing, guesstimate, evaluation • I can give you a rough estimate of the
amount of wood you will need. • a ballpark
estimate (=taxminiy qiymat) • official government estimates of traffic growth over
the next decade • At least 5 000 people were
killed, and that’s a conservative estimate
(=eng kami taxmin qilingan miqdor). ■ v
|ˈestɪmeɪt| chamalamoq, hisoblamoq, baholamoq = calculate roughly, approximate,
guess, evaluate, consider, believe • [~ sth
(at sth)] The satellite will cost an estimated
£400 million. • The total cost was estimated
at £600,000. • [~ sth to do sth] The deal is
estimated to be worth around $1.5 million. •
[~ (that)…] They estimate (that) the journey
will take at least two weeks. • [it is estimated (that)…] It is estimated (that) the project
will last four years. • [~ how many/large,
etc…] It was difficult to estimate how many
trees had been destroyed.
estimation |ˌestɪˈmeɪʃn| n (fml) 1 sl chama,
taxmin­qilish,­fikr,­o‘y = assessment, evaluation, esteem, opinion • Who is the best candidate in your estimation? • Since he left his
wife he’s certainly gone down in my estimation (=meni ko‘nglimdan qolib ketdi). • She
went up in my estimation (=Unga bo‘lgan
hurmatim oshdi) when I discovered how
much charity work she does. • He sank in my
estimation (=Unga bo‘lgan hurmatim yo‘qoldi) when I saw how he treated his wife. 2 |C|
(fml) baho, hisoblash = estimate, approximation, rough calculation • Estimations of
our total world sales are around 50 million.
• computer-aided estimations • estimation
of the cost
ethical |ˈeθɪkl| adj axloq qoidalariga to‘g‘ri
keladigan, odob yuzasidan, etik = moral,
social, right-minded • ethical issues/standards/questions • the ethical problems of
human embryo research • Is it really ethical
to keep animals in zoos? • I don’t think it’s
ethical for you to accept a job you know you
can’t do. ► moral or ethical? → moral
ethics |ˈeθɪks| n 1 etika, etika fani 2 axloq-odob (qoidalari/normalari), etika =
moral code, morals, morality, values, rights
and wrongs, principles • the (Protestant)
work ethic • The ethics of journalism are
much debated. • Publication of the article
was a breach of ethics.
ethnic |ˈeθnɪk| adj 1 etnik, irqiy, jamoaviy =
racial, race-related, ethnological; cultural,
national • Conflicts between the different
ethnic groups in the country exploded into
civil war. • ethnic strife/tensions/violence
• The country is divided along ethnic lines.
2 o‘zgacha, qadimiy, sharqona = exotic, foreign • ethnic food • ethnic costume • ethnic
clothes/jewellery/cooking ■ adv ethnically • an ethnically divided region • ethnically
related communities • They were ethnically
akin to the primitive population of Rome.
euro |ˈjʊroʊ| n (symb €) (pl euros or euro)
(Yevropa ittifoqi pul birligi) yevro • The
price is given in dollars or euros. • I paid five
euros for it. • 10 million euro • the value of
the euro against the dollar
European |ˌjʊrəˈpiːən| adj yevropalik,
yevropalik kishi • a good European ■ adj
yevropa..., yevropaga oid, yevropacha •
European languages • European law • our
European partners
evacuate |ɪˈvækjueɪt| v 1 evakuatsiya qilmoq, xavfsiz joyga ko‘chirmoq = remove,
clear, move out • [~ sth] Police evacuated
nearby buildings. • [~ sb (from…) (to…)] A
thousand people were evacuated from their
homes following the floods. • Families were
evacuated to safer parts of the city. 2 xavfsiz
joyga ko‘chmoq, tark etmoq = leave, abandon • Employees were urged to evacuate
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their offices immediately. • Locals were told
to evacuate.
evacuation |ɪˌvækjuˈeɪʃn| n |U,C| evakuatsiya, xavfsiz joyga ko‘chirish • The first evacuations came ten days after the disaster.
evaluate |ɪˈvæljueɪt| v (fml) baholamoq,
hisoblamoq, o‘rganib chiqmoq = assess,
judge, rate, estimate, analyze, examine,
size up, reckon up • [~ sth] Our research
attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the
different drugs. • The performance of each
employee is evaluated once a year. • [~ wh…]
We need to evaluate how well the policy is
working.
evaluation |ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn| n |C,U| baholash,
hisoblash, o‘rganib chiqish = assessment,
appraisal, analysis, examination • We need
to carry out a proper evaluation of the new
system.
even1 ★ |ˈiːvn| adv 1 hatto(ki) • It was cold
there even in summer. • Even a child can understand it. • They didn’t even offer me a cup
of tea. • I don’t even know where it is. • It’s a
very difficult job - it might even take a year
to finish it. • “I never cry.” “Not even when
you hurt yourself really badly?” ► Even gapda, odatda, asosiy fe’llardan keyin keladi:
[enough­ +­ main­ v] • She has even lost her
pair of shoes. • He can’t even spell his own
name. • I said “Hello”, but he didn’t even look
at me. Lekin even so‘zi modal, ko‘makchi va
to be­fe’llaridan­keyin­keladi:­[to­be­+­even]­
• He is even rude to his parents. 2 (qiyosiy
darajadan oldin) -dan ham ko‘ra -roq, yanada • This will make our job even more difficult. • You know even less about it than I do. •
She’s even more intelligent than her sister. •
The news was even worse than we expected.
3 desa ham bo‘laveradi • I find some of his
habits rather unpleasant, disgusting even. •
It’s an unattractive building, ugly even. • The
task might be difficult, impossible even. ●
even if ★ -gan taqdirda ham, hattoki -sa
ham • I’ll get there, even if I have to walk. •
Even if you take a taxi, you’ll still miss your
train. even now/then shunda ham, (ana)
shundan keyin ham • I’ve shown him the
photographs but even now he won’t believe
me. • Even then she would not admit her mistake. even so shunday bo‘lsa-da/bo‘lishiga
qaramasdan • There are a lot of spelling
mistakes; even so, it’s quite a good essay. •
I had a terrible headache, but even so I went
to the concert. even though ★ -(bo‘l)sada, -(bo‘l)ishiga qaramasdan • Even though
he left school at 16, he still managed to become prime minister. • Even though he’s 86,
he enjoys excellent health. • I like her, even
though she can be annoying at times.
even2 |ˈiːvn| adj 1 to‘g‘ri, tekis = flat,­smooth­
≠ bumpy • You need an even surface to
work on. • We resurfaced the floor because
eventually
it wasn’t even. • He had lovely white, even
teeth. 2 bir xil, o‘zgarmas = uniform, constant, steady ≠ variable, irregular • The
room is kept at an even temperature. • Children do not learn at an even pace. 3 teng,
barobar = equal, the same, identical, like
≠ unequal • Our scores are now even. • the
even distribution of food • Both sides played
well - it was a very even contest. • Divide the
dough into three even amounts. • If you give
me $5, we’ll be even. 4 juft (son) ≠ odd • 4,
6, 8, 10 are all even numbers. • 6 is an even
number and 7 is an odd number. • The houses
with odd numbers are on one side of the street,
and those with even numbers are on the other.
evening ★ |ˈiːvnɪŋ| n 1 |C,U| kechqurun,
oqshom = night, dusk, twilight, sunset •
I’ll see you tomorrow evening. • Come over
on Thursday evening. • What do you usually do in the evening? • In the evenings, I like
to relax. • She’s going to her sister’s for the
evening. • We had just finished our evening
meal when the doorbell rang. ► evening
or night? Evening quyosh botgan vaqtdan
keyingi, shom va qorong‘u paytni; night esa
undan keyingi tun, yarim tun va tonggacha
bo‘lgan vaqt oralig‘ini ifodalaydi: • We were
up late last night and didn’t get to bed till
2 am. Solishtiring: • I’m going to my sister’s
for the evening (=va keyinroq qaytib kelaman). • I’m going to my sister’s for the night
(=kechasi bilan men o‘sha yerda yotib qolaman). 2 kecha, bazm • a musical evening at
school • an evening of music and poetry 3
Good evening salomlashuv iborasining
norasmiy shakli • Evening, Joe. Everything
all right?
event ★ |ɪˈvent| n 1 voqea, hodisa = incident, affair, experience, phenomenon •
The election was the main event of 2008. •
In the light of later events the decision was
proved right. • The decisions we take now
may influence the course of events (=voqealar rivoji) in the future. • In the normal
course of events (=kutilganidek bo‘lganda
edi) she would have gone with him. 2 tadbir
= occasion, party, occurrence, happening •
a fund-raising event • the social event of the
year • Our next event is a dinner dance on
the 18th. • The concert is an annual event. ●
in the event (of sth) bo‘lgan paytda/holatda, bo‘lsa • In the event of an accident, call
this number. • Sheila will inherit everything
in the event of his death.
eventual |ɪˈventʃuəl| adj yakuniy, so‘nggi,
oxiri borib = final,­ultimate,­concluding,­resulting • The Dukes were the eventual winners of the competition. • It is impossible to
predict what the eventual outcome will be. •
The village school may face eventual closure.
eventually |ɪˈventʃuəli| adv axiyri, oxir-oqibat • Our flight eventually left five hours late.
E
ever
E
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• I’ll get round to mending it eventually. •
We’re hoping, eventually, to create 500 new
jobs. • “Did they ever pay you?” “Eventually,
yes.” ► eventually, lastly, finally, at last or in
the end? → finally
ever ★ |ˈevər| adv 1 (inkor gaplarda) hech
qachon, hech ham = at all, in any way •
Nothing ever happens here. • (inf) I’ll never
ever do that again! • It hardly ever (=deyarli hech qachon) rains here in the summer.
• When there’s a James Bond film on TV, I
never ever miss it. 2 (so‘roq gaplarda) hech
• Don’t you ever get tired (=hech charchaysanmi?)? • “Have you ever been to Rome?”
“Yes, I have, actually. Not long ago.” • Was
Desmond ever in the army? 3 har doimgidan
ham ko‘ra • It was raining harder than ever.
• It’s my best ever score. • Isabel’s looking
lovelier than ever. • We are spending more
than ever on education. 4 (if/shartli gaplarda) qachon bo‘lsa ham • If you’re ever in Miami, come and see us. • If you ever need any
help, just let me know. • If you’re ever/If ever
you’re in Cambridge, do give me a ring. 5 butun umrida(gi), hayotida(gi) = at any time/
point, on any occasion • Trevor Boulton is
celebrating his first victory ever in the tournament. • It was the only serious question
he had ever asked me. • I thought she was
famous, but none of my friends have ever
heard of her. ● all sb ever does/wants/
gets etc is do sth v faqat …di xolos, -gani
-gan • All you ever do is criticize! • All he
ever does is complain. ever since (…) ★
(o‘shan)dan beri • I met Har