PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
AND METHODOLOGY
Dr.-ing. Mehdi Safaei
Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (FEA)
Ph.D. of Industrial Engineering (Logistics and supply chain management)
msafaei@gelisim.edu.tr
Block A of the Rectorate building
Floor: 5
Table of content
Row
1
Topics(Subjects)
Date
7
Chapter 1: Introduction and overview
Network Design, Reverse Network Design 2
01.10
Chapter 2: Planning and Designing a Research Study
15.10
4
Chapter 2: Planning and Designing a Research Study
22.10
5
Chapter 3: General Approaches for Controlling Artifact and Bias
29.10
6
Chapter 4: Data Collection, and Measurement Strategies
05.11
7
MID-TERM EXAM
12.11
8
Chapter 5: General Types of Research Designs and Approaches
19.11
9
Chapter 6: Validity
26.11
10
Chapter 6: Validity
03.12
11
Chapter 7: Data Preparation, Analyses, and Interpretation
10.12
12
Chapter 7: Data Preparation, Analyses, and Interpretation
17.12
13
Chapter 8: Ethical Considerations in Research
24.12
16
FINAL EXAM
2
3
Chapter 1: Introduction and overview
08.10
NETWORK CREATION AND PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION
Code
ULT345
Name of the Course Unit
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND
METHODOLOGY
Assessment & Grading of In-Term Activities
In-Class Hours
(T+P)
Semester
1
3
Degree of
Contribution (%)
Project
20%
Mid-Term Exam
20%
Final Exam
60%
ECTS
Credit
Credit
3
6
Description
Doing research and
extracting proposal
Reference
Chapter 1
Chapter 1: Introduction and overview
Chapter Content
At the end of this chapter you will learn that:
What Exactly is Research?
An Overview of Science and Scientific Method
Goals of Scientific Research
Categories of Research
Overview of All Course Topics
What is Research?
What is Research?
…Is just information gathering.
…is rearranging of facts.
…is a sales center that is only important for making money.
…is playing of words to get attention.
…is a quest for an answer driven by a specific question or idea
…is facing new questions, new ideas or problems, without knowing an acceptable solution.
…must depend on at least one goal.
…follows a specific plan of procedure.
…is bounded by certain critical assumptions.
What do you think…?
Types of research
1
Correlational research
• Researcher,
• measures two variables
• understands the statistical relationship between them
2
Experimental research
• Involves comparing two groups on one outcome measure to test some
hypothesis regarding causation.
• Scientific approach to research in which, the researcher manipulates one or
more variables, and controls and measures any change in other variables.
What is Variable?
A variable is anything that can take on different values, such as
weight, time, and height
An Overview of Science and Scientific Method
D1: In simple terms, science can be defined as a
methodological and systematic way of generating
new knowledge.
D2: An approach to the generate of new knowledge,
and this approach effectively distinguishes science
from non-science. Roger Bacon in the 13th century
Characteristics of the scientific method
Hypotheses
Experiments
Questions
Analyses
Observations
Empirical
approach
Conclusions
Characteristics
of scientific
method
Replication
Empirical approach
is based on the empirical approach
is based on the data derived from direct observation and experimentation
The “WHY”, “WHOM”, “HOW”, and “WHEN” of research!
WHY: establishes the need for the study, and generates a series of expected results
or hypotheses.
WHOM: what population, or sample
HOW: selection of variables to observe, and how to statistically analyze them
WHEN
Depending on the type of research questions:
Acquired
data
Quantities
Qualitative
Observations
In living beings
• Observation employs the senses
In science
• Observation can also involve the recording of data via
the use of scientific instruments
In general
• Observation any data collected during the scientific
activity
• Observation is being aware of the world around us and
making careful measurements
Questions
The next step in the research process involves translating that research
idea into an answerable question.
Clear
Answerable
• Is there really a copy of me in the another
universe?
• Does regular exercise (running three times
a week for an hour) reduces cholesterol
levels.?
Hypotheses
An educated—and testable—guess about the answer to
your research question
A key feature of all hypotheses is that each must make a
prediction.
These predictions are then tested by gathering and
analyzing data, and the hypotheses can either be
supported or refuted.
typically phrased as “if-then” statements. For example, “if
people exercise for 30 minutes per day at least three days
per week, then their cholesterol levels will be reduced.”
Hypotheses
Two types of hypotheses:
1- Null-hypotheses
Always predicts that there will be no differences between the
groups being studied.
H0: the exercise group and the no-exercise group will not differ
significantly on levels of cholesterol.
2- Alternate (or experimental) hypothesis
Predicts that there will be a difference between the groups.
H1: the two groups will differ significantly on cholesterol levels
Experiments
An experiment is a way to support, reject, or validate a hypothesis.
………………………..
An experiment
Science
………………………..is
a methodological and systematic way of generating new
knowledge.
An
experiment any data collected during the scientific activity
Observation
………………………..is
A hypotheses
An
experiment
………………………..is
a testable guess about the answer to your research
An experiment
………………………..is
the process of getting knowledge or skill from doing, seeing, or
feeling things
An experiment a strategy that investigates cause and effect relationships.
………………………..is
Experiments
Accuracy vs. Reliability
Whenever we use measurement in research, it is also
important to know the difference between accuracy and
reliability.
Accuracy of an experiment is how close the final result is
to the correct or accepted value
Reliability is about, how close repeated measurements
are to each other
Accuracy vs. Reliability
Accurate
Reliable
Accurate
Reliable
Accurate
Reliable
Accurate
Reliable
Analysis
Process analysis is the systematic use of statistical and / or
logical techniques to describe and illustrate and evaluate
of the data.
Accept the null
hypothesis
A key decision is:
Reject the null
hypothesis
Analysis- Type 1 Error vs Type 2 Error
H0: Patient is not Pregnant
H1: Patient is Pregnant
H0: There is no wolf
H1: There is wolf
Conclusion
H0: Reject of your hypothesis (there is no difference)
H1: Accept of your hypothesis (there is difference)
After analysis you will found you must accept H0 or reject
it
Now is the time to conclude the analysis.
The conclusion is to summarize the results of the research,
as well as to examine how much we have been able to
answer the research questions.
Replication
Repeat the same project on another sample group or
community (by the same researcher or researchers) and
compare the results
Correlation Does Not Equal Causation (cause-and-effect)
Correlation is just says the relationship exists between two
variables.
Causation (Cause and Effect):
Any change in the value of one variable will cause a
change in the value of another variable
Correlation Does Not Equal Causation (cause-and-effect)
Categories of Research
Two Types of Correlation
Now is Quiz time!!!
Quiz!!!
Write your name and student number
I just want the answer and don't need to write the sentences completely.
1- ……………..can be defined as a methodological and systematic approach
to the acquisition of new knowledge
2-The defining characteristic of scientific research is the …………………..
3- The …………………approach relies on direct observation and experimentation
in the acquisition of new knowledge.
4- Scientists define key concepts and terms in the context of their research
studies by using ………………………definitions
5- What are the three general goals of scientific research?
Answer
1- Science can be defined as a methodological and systematic approach
to the acquisition of new knowledge
2-The defining characteristic of scientific research is the scientific method
3- The empirical approach relies on direct observation and experimentation
in the acquisition of new knowledge.
4- Scientists define key concepts and terms in the context of their research
studies by using operational definitions
5- What are the three general goals of scientific research?
Description, prediction, and understanding
Thanks for your attention