Module 4- Head, Face, Neck Review 1. Identify 3 reasons that a trachea might be displaced. Trachea can be pulled to the affected side due to large atelectasis, fibrosis, or pleural effusions. It can also be pushed due to tumors, enlarged thyroid lobe, pneumothorax, or aortic aneurysm 2. Identify 3 causes of epistaxis. The most common site of a nosebleed is a Kiesselbach plexus in the anterior septum. Causes of epistaxis can be local, systemic and idiopathic including: nose picking, forceful coughing or sneezing, fracture, foreign body, illicit drug use (cocaine), topical nasal drugs, warfarin (Coumadin), aspirin, or a coagulation disorder. 3. Differentiate between the different types & causes of nasal drainage. Rhinorrhea - typically clear and watery can be caused by allergies, common cold, and/or CSF. Sinusitis - can lead to copious, thick, purulent, and green-yellow drainage 4. Describe the scale we use to grade tonsils. 0 No tonsils present 1+ Visible 2+ Halfway between tonsillar pillars and uvula 3+ Touching the uvula 4+ Touching one another 5. Identify & describe 2 common abnormalities of the mouth & throat. Herpes Simplex- Type I (cold sores) Cheilosis of lips- scaling painful fissures at corner of lips Candida albicans infection (Thrush) 6. Describe the location of three of the lymph nodes. • Preauricular, in front of the ear • Posterior auricular (mastoid), superficial to the mastoid process • Occipital, at the base of the skull • Submental, midline, behind the tip of the mandible • Submandibular, halfway between the angle and the tip of the mandible • Jugulodigastric (tonsillar), under the angle of the mandible • Superficial cervical, overlying the sternomastoid muscle • Deep cervical, deep under the sternomastoid muscle • Posterior cervical, in the posterior triangle along the edge of the trapezius muscle • Supraclavicular, just above and behind the clavicle, at the sternomastoid muscle 7. List 4 characteristics we assess palpable lymph nodes for? 1. Size/shape 2. Mobility 3. Consistency (soft or firm) 4. Tenderness
