The Cell & the Biological
Membrane
A Report by Group 1
GAME KANA BA?!!
MINI QUIZ BEE
BSN 1A Edition
Mechanics: The questions are open for any group to
answer.
The first group to write and raise their board will earn
a point.
The team that will gather the highest number of points
WINS! (7 questions to be answered)
1. What is the
powerhouse of
the Cell?!
Mitochondria/
Mitochondrion
2. What is the
control center of
the cell?!
Nucleus
3. What is the chlorophyllcontaining organelles in
plant cells?
Chloroplast
4. Cell is the most
______ unit of life
Basic
5. “EU” in eukaryotic means
________.
True
6. Movement of solute from
a high concentration to
lower concentration
Diffusion
7. What is the full name
of our teacher in
BioChem
Mrs.
Luz Marieta
Malapaya
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Cell
01
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells
02
Cell Theory History
03
Cellular Organelles and
Substructures
Biological Membrane
04
Chemical Composition of
Membranes
simplest and most
ancient cells
(nucleus)
(before)
(nucleus)
(before)
Ribosomes
(nucleus)
(before)
(DNA)
Nucleoid Region
Ribosomes
(nucleus)
(before)
(nucleus)
(DNA)
Nucleoid Region
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
(before)
(nucleus)
(DNA)
Nucleoid Region
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Cell membrane
(before)
(nucleus)
(DNA)
Nucleoid Region
Flagellum
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Organelles
(before)
Nucleus
Organelles
(before) (nucleus)
Nucleus
Organelles
HISTORY
Mercury
Venus
Mars
It’s the closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest in the
Solar System
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet
from the Sun
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place. It’s full
of iron oxide dust
●
●
Invented the first compound
microscope with the help of
his father Hans Janssen.
Experimented with multiple
lenses placed in a tube that
made objects in front of the
tube appeared greatly.
●
●
First person to see cells under
microscope
Looked at a thin slice of cork
under the microscope and saw
a honeycomb structure made
up of small compartments he
called “cells”.
●
●
First person to see living cells
under a microscope.
He improved the quality of
microscope that Janssen did, he
improved the lenses to the point
that he could see protozoa. He
called these organisms
“animalcules” which means
“miniature animals” and now
called microorganisms.
●
Made a series of discoveries about cell
organelles and ultimately discovered
the cell on orchids have a nucleus.
●
●
Studied plants and proposed the first
foundational belief about cells, that all
plants are made up of cells.
Worked with Theodor Schwann to
create what is called cell theory. The
cell theory states that all living things
are made up of 1 or more cells.
●
He concluded that all
animals are made up
of cells, this laid the
foundations for the
cell theory.
Saw cells dividing under microscope, thus he
proved that cells come from other cells, not
from living matter.
●
Introduced the third tenet of the cell theory:
Omnis cellula e cellula
“all cells arise from pre-existing cells.”
●
Plant Cell vs Animal Cell
Retrieved from: https://www.i-pathways.org/public/sampleLesson/science/p2.jsp
The Animal
Cell
01
Cell Membrane
AKA the plasma membrane
● The cell membrane regulates the transport of
materials entering and exiting the cell.
The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is
semipermeable..
Retrieved from: https://www.shutterstock.com/search/cell-membrane
02
Cytoplasm
● The cellular material outside the nucleus but
inside the plasma membrane, is about half
cytosol and half organelles.
What is the Cytosol????
Cytosol
● Area of cytoplasm that’s not held by
organelles
Cytoplasm - organelles = Cytosol
● a colorless, slimy, thick, and transparent colloidal solution
03
Cytoskeleton
● .supports the cell and holds the nucleus and
other organelles in place
● Some components of the cytoskeleton are responsible for
changes in cell shape and the movement of cell
organelles.
The cytoskeleton consists of three groups of proteins:
(1)microtubules - Help provide support and structure to the
cytoplasm of the cell, much like an internal scaffolding
(2)actin filaments - Provide structure to the cytoplasm and
mechanical support for microvilli
(3)intermediate filaments - Provide mechanical strength to cells.
04
Nucleus
● It is the control center of the cell
● large, membrane-bound structure usually
located near the center of the cell.
● It may be spherical, elongated, or lobed,
depending on the cell type
05
Nucleoplasm
● The main function of the nucleoplasm is to serve as a
.
suspension substance for the organelles inside the nucleus.
● It also helps maintain the shape and structure of the
nucleus, and plays an important role in the transportation of
materials that are vital to cell metabolism and function.
06
Nucleolus
● .A nucleolus is a dense region within the nucleus. A nucleolus
lacks a surrounding membrane.
● primary function is to produce and assemble the cell's
ribosomes.
● The nucleolus is also where ribosomal RNA genes are
transcribed.
Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
● mostly found within the nucleus, although small
amounts of DNA are also found within
mitochondria.
● DNA determines the structural and functional
characteristics of the cell by specifying the structure
of proteins.
● DNA establishes the structure of proteins by
specifying the sequence of their amino acids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
gG7uCskUOrA&t=1s
DNA is a large molecule however and
cannot leave the nucleus. Instead DNA
directs protein synthesis by means of an
intermediate,
the ribonucleic acid (RNA), which can leave
the nucleus through nuclear pores…..
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Unlike DNA, however, RNA is most often single-stranded. An RNA
molecule has a backbone made of alternating phosphate groups and
the sugar ribose, rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA
Three types of RNA molecules are important to protein
synthesis:
(1) messenger RNA (mRNA),
(2) ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and
(3) transfer RNA (tRNA).
07
Ribosomes
● are the sites of protein synthesis
● It can also be found either floating within the Cytoplasm
or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum
● .FREE FLOATING RIBOSOMES – synthesize proteins to be
used within the cells
● MEMBRANE BOUND RIBOSOMES (rER) synthesize
proteins to be used outside of the cell
08
Endoplasmic Reticulum
. The
outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is
continuous with a series of membranes distributed
throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
(1)ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (rER)
It is called rough because it has ribosomes attached to it.
(2) SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (sER)
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
●
●
With attached ribosomes, produce proteins for export. The ribosomes of the
rough endoplasmic reticulum are sites where proteins are produced and
modified for secretion into the extracellular space.
Some of those proteins will be transported by the ER to the Golgi apparatus,
and some will be pinched of and will travel throughout the cell
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
●
●
●
manufactures lipids, such as phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroid
hormones, as well as carbohydrates
Many phospholipids produced in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum help
form vesicles within the cell and contribute to the plasma membrane
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum also participates in detoxification
Endoplasmic Reticulum
09
Golgi Apparatus
●
.
●
can be thought of as a packaging and distribution
center because it modifies, packages, and distributes
proteins and lipids
The Golgi apparatus concentrates and, in some cases,
chemically modifies the proteins by synthesizing and
attaching molecules such as:
carbohydrate molecules + proteins = glycoproteins
lipids + proteins
lipoproteins
=
10
Secretory Vesicles
. membranes fuse with the plasma membrane, and the
Their
contents of the vesicles are released to the exterior by
exocytosis.
The membranes of the vesicles are then incorporated into the
plasma membrane
11
Lysosomes
●. They contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes that function as
intracellular digestive systems
● Various enzymes within lysosomes digest nucleic acids,
proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids.
● Lysosomes also digest the organelles of the cell that are no
longer functional, a process called autophagy
12
.●
Peroxisomes
They membrane-bound vesicles that are smaller
than lysosomes.
● Peroxisomes contain enzymes that break down
fatty acids and amino acids
● Peroxisomes also contain the enzyme catalase,
which breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water
and oxygen thereby eliminating the toxic
substance.
13
Proteasomes
● They are large protein complexes containing
enzymes that break down and recycle other
proteins within the cell.
● are a collection of specific proteins forming
barrel-like structures. The inner surfaces of the
barrel have enzymatic regions that break down
the proteins.
● Other proteins at the ends of the barrel
regulate which proteins are taken in for
breakdown and recycling
14
Mitochondria
● They powerhouse of the cell.
● Also called the cell’s powerplant.
● Mitochondria are the organelles that provide the majority
of the energy for the cell.
● Mitochondria are the major sites for the production of ATP,
which is the primary energy source for most energyrequiring chemical reactions within the cell
15
Centrioles
● small paired cylindrical cell organelles located close to the
nuclear membrane involved in cell division.
● Centrioles play a role in organizing microtubules that serve
as the cell's skeletal system.
● Centrioles are also important for the formation of cell
structures known as cilia and flagella.
● Centrioles help arrange the microtubules that move
chromosomes during cell division to ensure each daughter
cell receives the appropriate number of chromosomes.
16
Cilia and Flagella
● Cilia are structures that project from the surface of cells
and are capable of movement. It is hair-like filaments on
cell walls
● Its function is to move or help transport fluid or materials
past them.
● Flagella have a structure similar to that of cilia, but they are
longer. Sperm cells are the only human cells that possess
flagella, and usually only one flagellum exists per cell
● Flagella move the entire cell.
microvilli
17
Microvilli
● Microvilli are cylindrically shaped extensions of the plasma
membrane.
● Normally, each cell has many microvilli.
● The presence of microvilli increases the cell’s surface area.
● Microvilli do not move, and they are supported with actin
filaments, not microtubules.
● It facilitate the absorption of ingested food and water
molecules.
18
Vacuoles
● A vacuole is a membrane-bound cell organelle.
● In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small and help
sequester waste products.
● It is involved in intracellular digestion.
● Vacuole is found in the
cytoplasmic matrix of the cell
THE
PLANT
CELL
File:Plant cell structure-en.svg - Wikimedia Commons. (2022). Wikimedia.org. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plant_cell_structure-en.svg
ORGANELLES THAT CAN BE FOUND IN
PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Nucleoplasm
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
ORGANELLES THAT CAN BE FOUND IN
PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Peroxisomes
Vesicles
Proteasomes
Mitochondrion
Lysosomes
18
Vacuoles
● Can also be found on a plant cell, however vacuoles in
plants are called the central vacuole
● Compared to animal cell, the vacuole
Vacuole
in plant cell is much more larger.
● Storage of salts, minerals, pigments
and proteins within the cell
● Helps maintain turgor pressure which
allows the plant cells to take in more
light energy for making food through
photosynthesis.
19
Plasmodesmata
● Plasmodesmata (PD) are gated plant cell wall channels
that allow the trafficking of molecules between cells
● Three functions of Plasmodesmata are: Intercellular
communication, transport protein, and transport
molecules between near plants
● Plasmodesmata in plant cells are located in the cellular
wall.
20
Chloroplast
● Chloroplasts are chlorophyll-containing organelles in plant
cells; they play a vital role for life on Earth since
photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts.
● A chloroplast is a type of plastid (a saclike
organelle with a double membrane)
● There are two distinct regions present
inside a chloroplast known as the grana
and stroma.
21
Cell Wall
● Cell wall provides structure and
rigidity
● specialized form of extracellular
matrix that surrounds every cell of
a plant
● provides tensile strength and
protection against mechanical
and osmotic stress.
Cell Wall
File:Plant cell structure-en.svg - Wikimedia Commons. (2022). Wikimedia.org. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plant_cell_structure-en.svg
Biological
Membrane
BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE
● The semi-permeable outermost
component of the cell.
Functions:
●
●
●
●
Separates substances.
Support cell content.
Protects cells
Regulates transport of substances.
● Receives chemical messengers
from other cell.
● Acts as a receptor
● Cell
mobility,
secretions,
absorptions of other substances
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
An electrical charge difference
across the plasma membrane
happens because of the cell’s
regulation of ion movement into
and out of the cell.
Composition of Biological Membrane
● Lipids
● Proteins
● Small amount of Carbohydrates
Glycolipids, Glycoproteins, and Glycoalyx
● Glycolipids
- Carbohydrates bound in lipids
● Glycoproteins
- Carbohydrates bound in proteins
● Glycoalyx
- collection of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates on the
outer surface of the plasma membrane.
Lipids
Two predominant lipids in Biological
Membrane:
1. Phospholipid
2. Cholesterol
Lipids: Phospholipids
● Forms a lipid bilayer
○ Polar (charged) Hydrophilic head
○ Nonpolar (uncharged) Hydrophobic
tail
● Provides a means of distributing molecules
within the membrane.
● Tend to reassemble around and close slight
damage.
● Fluid nature enables membranes to fuse with
one another.
Lipids: Cholesterol
● Other Major Lipid
● Interspersed among the phospholipids and accounts for about onethird of the total lipids in the plasma membrane.
● Limits the movement of phospholipids to provide stability to the
biological membrane.
FLUID-MOSAIC MODEL
● Fluid
○ Refers to the lipid bilayer
○ Highly flexible
○ Can change shape and composition
through time
● Mosaic
○ Made up of different molecules
○ Phospholipids, Cholesterol, and
Carbohydrates
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
Classification By
Location
● Integral
● Peripheral
Classification By Function
-
● Marker Proteins
● Attachment Proteins
● Transport Proteins
INTEGRAL AND PERIPHERAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
Integral
Membrane
Proteins- penetrate deeply
into the lipid bilayer, in many
cases extending from one
surface to the other. They
are permanently embedded
within
the
plasma
membrane.
.
-
INTEGRAL AND PERIPHERAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
Peripheral
Membrane Proteinsproteins are attached
to either the inner or
the outer surfaces of
the lipid bilayer.
-
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
Classification By
Location
● Integral
● Peripheral
Classification By Function
-
● Marker Proteins
● Attachment Proteins
● Transport Proteins
MARKER MOLECULES
● cell surface molecules
● Mostly glycoproteins or glycolipids
● The protein portion may be integral or peripheral
-
ATTACHMENT PROTEINS
Integral proteins that allow cells to attach to other
cells or other extracellular molecules.
Cadherins- proteins that attach cells to other cells
Integrins- proteins that attach to extracellular
molecules.Integrins
function
in
cellular
communication
TRANSPORT PROTEINS
Integral proteins that allow ions or molecules to move from
one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF
TRANSPORT PROTEIN
● Specificity- transports only 1 type of a certain type of molecule
or ion.
● Competition - result of molecules with similar shape binding.
● Saturation - means that the rate of movement of molecules
across the membrane is limited by the number of available
transport protein.
TRANSPORT PROTEINS: CHANNEL PROTEIN
TYPES
● Leak Ion Channels
● Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
● Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
TRANSPORT PROTEINS: CHANNEL PROTEIN
TYPES
LEAK ION CHANNELS
Leak ion channels, or non-gated
ion channels, are always open
and are responsible for the
plasma membrane’s permeability
to ions when the plasma
membrane is at rest.
TRANSPORT PROTEINS: CHANNEL PROTEIN
TYPES
LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNELS
Ligand (lig′and, lˉ′gand) is a
generic term for any chemical
signal molecule used by cells
to communicate with each
other, and ion channels that
respond to these signals are
called
ligand-gated
ion
channels.
TRANSPORT PROTEINS: CHANNEL PROTEIN
TYPES
VOLTAGE GATED ION CHANNELS
- Channels that open or
close when there is a
change
in
membrane
potential.
TRANSPORT PROTEINS:
CARRIER PROTEINS
● Integral membrane proteins.
● Moves ions or molecules from one side of the plasma
membrane to the other.
● Specific ions or molecules attach to binding sites.
TRANSPORT PROTEINS: CARRIER PROTEINS
●
Binding of specific ion or
molecule causes carrier proteins
to change shape and release the
bound ion or molecule to the
other side.
● Carrier protein then resumes its
original shape and is available to
transport
more
ions
or
molecules.
TRANSPORT PROTEINS: CARRIER PROTEINS
1.
2.
3.
Three ways ions or molecules move in Carrier
proteins:
Uniport - movement of one specific ion or molecule.
Symport - movement of two different ions or
molecules in the same direction.
Antiport - movement of two different ions or
molecules in opposite directions.
TRANSPORT PROTEINS: CARRIER PROTEINS
1.
2.
3.
Three ways ions or molecules move in Carrier
proteins:
Uniport - movement of one specific ion or molecule.
Symport - movement of two different ions or
molecules in the same direction.
Antiport - movement of two different ions or
molecules in opposite directions.
TRANSPORT PROTEINS:
ATP-Powered Pumps
● Transport proteins that require cellular energy to
move specific ions or molecules from one side of
the plasma membrane to the other.
RECEPTOR PROTEINS
● Are membrane proteins or glycoproteins that
have an exposed receptor site on the outer
cell surface.
● Chemical signals can attach to these site.
● The binding acts as a signal that triggers a
response.
RECEPTOR PROTEINS:
Receptors Linked to Channel Proteins
● Some membrane-bound receptors also help form
ligand-gated ion channels.
● Parts of one or more of the channel proteins form
receptors on the cell surface
● When ligands bind to the receptors, the structure of
channel protein changes causing the channels to
either open or close.
RECEPTOR PROTEINS:
Receptors Linked to Channel Protein
RECEPTOR PROTEINS:
Receptors Linked to G Protein Complexes
●
●
Some membrane-bound receptor proteins function by
altering the activity of a G protein complex located on
the inner surface of the plasma membrane.
The G protein complex acts as an intermediary
between a receptor and other cellular proteins.
RECEPTOR PROTEINS:
Receptors Linked to G
Protein Complexes
ENZYMES
● Some membrane proteins function as enzymes.
● Catalyze chemical reactions on either the inner or the outer
surface of the plasma membrane.
● Some membrane-associated enzymes are always active.
Others are activated by membrane-bound receptors or G
protein complexes.
Passive Transport
●
D o not require
energy
Active Transport
●
D o require
energy
Vesicular Transport
●
Transport of large
substances across the
plasma membrane
Passive Transport
●
1.
2.
3.
Do not require
energy
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
●
Do require
energy
Vesicular Transport
●
Transport of large
substances across the
plasma membrane
• Diffusion is the movement of solutes
from an area of higher solute
concentration to an area of lower
solute concentration.
Passive Transport
Passive Transport
●
●
State in which the concentrations
of the solute are equal.
Difference in the
concentration of a substance
between two areas.
Passive Transport
Passive Transport
Passive Transport
• Diffusion of water (solvent) across a
selectively permeable membrane
Passive Transport
Passive Transport
●
1.
2.
3.
Do not require
energy
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
●
Do require
energy
1. Primary Active Transport
2. Secondary Active Transport
Vesicular Transport
●
Transport of large
substances across the
plasma membrane
Active Transport
●
Cellular protein pumps
called ION PUMPS,
moves ion across the
membrane, AGAINST
their concentration
gradient
Active Transport
• A substance moved against its concentration gradient,
using energy provided by the movement of a second
substance down its concentration gradient.
Passive Transport
●
1.
2.
3.
Do not require
energy
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
●
Do require
energy
1. Primary Active Transport
2. Secondary Active Transport
Vesicular Transport
●
Transport of large
substances across the
plasma membrane
Passive Transport
●
1.
2.
3.
Do not require
energy
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
Vesicular Transport
Transport of large
substances across the
plasma membrane
● Do require energy;
1. Primary Active Transport
2. Secondary Active Transport
does not demonstrate
the degree of
specificity or
saturation
●
Do require
energy
●
1. Exocytosis
2. Endocytosis
Vesicular Transport
From cell to interstitial fluid
Vesicular Transport
Cell intakes contents from
the outside of the cell
Vesicular Transport
Cell intakes contents from
the outside of the cell
Vesicular Transport
Cell intakes contents from
the outside of the cell
Vesicular Transport
Cell intakes contents from
the outside of the cell
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
Leader:
Almoete, Vic Ashley F.
Members:
Llamoso, Albert Raemand D.
Francisco, Kacy M.
Ponce, Janna Louise D.
Tobias, Ederissa Mae B.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!
Leader:
Almoete, Vic Ashley F.
Members:
Llamoso, Albert Raemand D.
Francisco, Kacy M.
Ponce, Janna Louise D.
Tobias, Ederissa Mae B.
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