INTRODUCTION: BASIC ENGLISH COURSE 1 WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? Communication is derived from the latin word “common” which means “belonging to many” or “equally” Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another The act or process of using words, sounds, signs or behaviours to express or exchange information, ideas, thoughts, or feelings to someone else. Two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange (encode-decode) information, news, ideas and feelings but also create and share meaning. In general, communication is a means of connecting people or places. In business, it is a key function of management-an organization cannot operate without communication between levels, departments and employees TWO MAIN DIVISIONS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Non-Verbal Communication – includes general appearance, kinesics (facial and body movements), para language (gaze, physical orientation, and social distance), signs and actions 2. Verbal Communication – includes written communication and oral communication THE MEDIUM IS THE MESSAGE THAT’S WHY: CORRECT GRAMMAR IS IMPORTANT WHY ENGLISH? - Why not tagalog? Or Ilocano? Or nihonggo? Or chinese? Or Mandarin? 1. The English language is universally recognized as global language 2. It is the language of tourism, business, aviation, medicine, politics and other similar endeavors in life. 3. Seven hundred million people all over the world use English as their first language (the first dialect a person learns from his family) or their second language (the language a person learns from school) 4. Most Universities and Colleges’ medium of Instruction sis in English 5. When there are seminars and conferences, conventions, etc. we use English 6. When we write business letters, we use English So, English is an indispensable tool for Filipino students who want to be successful THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Speech Function Examples Noun To name a person, place, thing, quality, event, idea, state or action To substitute a noun To express action or state of being To describe or limit a noun or a pronoun To show the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and some other words in a sentence To modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb To join two words or group of words To display emotion or strong feelings Jun, Subic, park, honesty, paper, Christmas He, she, it, they, that, those Think, write Pretty, yellow In, on, at, for, against, among Pronoun Verb Adjective Preposition Adverb Conjunction Interjection Terribly, wisely And, but, or Wow! WEEK 1: NOUNS Noun – defined as the name of a person, place, thing or idea. - Came from the Latin word “nomen” which means name Classification of Nouns: 1. Count Nouns – denote (1) material things with a definite shape e.g. pencil, table, paper (2) immaterial things that can be clearly delimited or counted e.g. five years, ten hours, two years 2. Common Nouns – do not name any particular person, place or thing. These are names applied to anyone of a class of persons, places or things. e.g. book, lady, man 3. Proper Nouns – names of specific people, places or things. Proper nouns are capitalized e.g. Mr. Serrano; Philippines; Olongapo 4. Collective Nouns – name of a group or combination or set of persons or things. They are considered either singular or plural depending on how they are used in sentences e.g. bunch; crowd; congregation 5. Non Countable Nouns or Mass Nouns a. Material things will particles too small to be counted e.g. dust, dirt, rice, sugar b. Aggregates or sets that are thought of as one unit e.g. baggage, equipment, furniture, jewelry, bread, luggage c. Liquids and gases e.g. ink, oil, milk, wine d. Natural phenomena e.g. darkness, light, heat, electricity 6. Abstract Nouns – names ideas, qualities, characteristics or relationships that are known by their effects but has no physical forms e.g. beauty, citizenship, determination, strength Gender of Nouns: 1. Masculine Gender – denotes male sex 2. Feminine Gender – denotes female sex 3. Neuter Gender – denotes objects 4. Common Gender – used for either male or female TAKEHOME SEATWORK 1: A. Compose a 250 word paragraph with your own chosen topic. Identify all the nouns in your paragraph then identify its classification and gender. WEEK 2: CASES OF NOUNS THE CASE OF NOUNS Noun Case – is the quality of a noun which shows its relation to other words in the sentence THREE (3) CASES OF NOUNS: 1. Possessive Forms of Nouns a form of a noun used to show ownership, using an apostrophe indicates the possessive form of a noun Guidelines in Forming Possessive Nouns: The possessive form of a singular noun ending in S or Z is formed by adding an apostrophe (‘) to the noun Ex. Dr. Santos’ Office For nouns not ending in S or Z add apostrophe s (‘s) Ex. Employee’s salary Rommel’s briefcase For plural nouns ending in S or Z; just add an apostrophe (‘) Ex. Two actors’ role All Instructors’ manual For compound nouns, add an apostrophe s (‘s) to the end of the word Ex. Father-in-Law’s property When two or more people share ownership, add an apostrophe s (‘s) after the final word Ex. Jack and Bill’s desk (Jack and Bill share the same desk) When two or more people each own separate objects; their possession is indicated by adding an apostrophe (‘) or apostrophe s (‘s) to each noun Ex. Jack’s and Bill’s (Jack’s desk and Bill’s desk) In such phrase as somebody else or nobody else, add an apostrophe after the second word Ex. Nobody else’s fault Someone else’s composition 2. NOMINATIVE CASE Subject Nominative Predicate Nominative Nominative in Apposition Nominative of Direct Address Nominative of Exclamation a) Subject Nominative/Subject of the Verb- a noun that answers the question who or what before the verb in the sentence. It is the doer of the action. Ex. President Aquino endorsed Felicito Payumo as the Chairman of SBMA. Kolehiyo Ng Subic is the first Community College in Zambales b) Predicate Nominative – a noun that always follows and completes the meaning of a linking verb. Common linking verbs: am, is, are, was, were, become, look, seems Ex. Princess Diana was a pre-school teacher before she met him. Hon. Jefferson F. Khonghun is our College President. c) Nominative in Apposition- it is the noun that immediately follows another noun in the sentence and explains it Ex. Dr. Helen Gacillos, the Dean for Academic Affairs observed my English classes every Thursdays. It is AIDS, a dreadful disease. d) Nominative of Exclamation – Noun that is used as an exclamation Ex. Police! I have been robbed! e) Nominative of Direct Address – Noun that is used to address a person directly Ex. Pablito, may you please hand me my bag? Lianne, can you give this to Manang? 3. OBJECTIVE CASE a) Direct Object- a noun that names the receiver of the action of the transitive verb. Ex. The professor vividly explained the lesson. The Ex-President of the Philippines signed an anti-rape bill last year. b) Indirect Object – a noun that tells to whom or for whom something is done Ex. Mother Theresa gave the beggar a shining peso. Mark wrote Baby a love letter. c) Object of the Preposition – a noun after the preposition Ex. Candle in the wind was a song composed by Elton John dedicated to Princess Diana. These roses are for Ms. Marichelle Hizon. d) Appositive Noun in Apposition – a noun placed near another noun in the objective case to explain it is in the same case as the noun or pronoun to which it is related. Ex. We met Ms. Yang Fernandez, the SSG Treasurer. We elected Mr. Kris Dumpit, the KNSFEA President. e) Objective Complement – a noun that shows what the direct object becomes as the result of the verb. Ex. The class elected Lyra as President. The President of the College appointed Mabelle as secretary. TAKE HOME SEATWORK #2 TOPIC : CASES OF NOUNS A. Form the Singular Possessive and the Plural Possessive of the following: Singular Possessive Plural Possessive Ex. Shoe of the woman woman’s shoe women’s shoes 1. Knife of the cook 2. Office of the doctor 3. Car of the family 4. Bill of the doctor 5. Den of the fox 6. Clerk of the company 7. Desk of the manager 8. Key of the tenant 9. Book of the teacher 10. Toy of the child B. Underline the Subject Nominative/Subject of the Verb in the following sentences: 1. Professionals and students use computers in making some reports. 2. In the month of June, Independence Day is celebrated. 3. Hot shower makes on clean and refreshed. 4. Over the rough road; jogged the lonely traveller. 5. On Easter Sunday, Christ rose from the dead. C. Underline the Predicate Nominative in the following sentences: 1. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo became a scholar of Harvard University. 2. It was Mr. Juan Deveraturda III in the cover of The Scholar 2014. 3. Ms. Palattao is the charming Instructor of the THRO Department. 4. Smoking remains a pedriatic epidemic with so many people stubbornly refusing to quit. 5. The theme of KNS Founding Anniversary 2015 will be 1980’s. D. Write on the line before each sentence how each underlined noun is used in the nominative case. Write S for Subject; PN for Predicate Nominative; DA for Direct Address; A for Appositive. __________1. Ma’am, may I introduce Andrew, my best friend. __________2. Gold and Silver are precious metals. __________3. Jessica topped the Departmental Examination. __________4. Nouns and Pronouns form the backbone of our language. __________5. Ms. Garcia, the resident Bartending Instructor held her classes at the bar. __________6. My laptop is my ultimate best friend. __________7. Lolita, can you come here? __________8. The television is my favorite appliance at home. __________9. Write a sentence in the board, Edwin. __________10. Lea Salonga is a great Broadway singer. E. Underline the Direct Object in the following sentences: 1. Examinations demand exactness of expression. 2. Volunteers should respect the new Chairman of SBMA. 3. We love the recipe of the Chef. 4. My mother cooked adobo. 5. The dancers wore their T-shirts. F. Underline the Indirect Object in the following sentences: 1. The Dean awarded our Cum Laude a plaque of Recognition. 2. The Director gave the teachers a salary increase. 3. Marimar read the class a story. 4. We told our parents about the upcoming school activities. 5. The real state agent sold a land to my father. G. Underline the Object of the Preposition. 1. We should pray to the Lord for physical and spiritual strength. 2. One out of every ten Filipinos suffers Hypertension. 3. French fries don’t come from France. 4. The heart pumps blood through the veins and arteries. 5. Who is coming with me inside the Hall? WEEK 3: PRONOUNS Pronoun- traditionally defined as a word that replaces a noun - It has the same functions with nouns TYPES OF PRONOUNS: 1. Personal Pronoun – show by their form whether they denote the person speaking, the person spoken to the person, or the one spoken of. They also show singular or plural in number. Examples: Nominative Case First Person WE Objective Case First Person Singular Second Person Plural Third Person YOU Second Person ME US Possessive Case First Person MINE, MY OUR, OURS YOU YOU Second Person YOUR, YOURS YOUR, YOURS THEY Third Person HIM, HER, IT THEM Third Person HIS, HER, ITS THEIR, THEIRS Note: The word YOU, whether singular or plural always takes a plural verb 2. Demonstrative Pronoun – point out particular persons, places or things THIS- THESE THAT-THOSE Note: The demonstrative pronouns may also be used as adjectives. Example: This is a project. (Pronoun) This project in mine. (Adjective) 3. Interrogative Pronoun- pronouns which are used to ask questions Examples: Who, What, Where, When, How, Which, Whom 4. Indefinite Pronouns- point out persons or things in a general way Examples: All, any, another, both, each, every, either, neither, one, anyone, everyone, nobody, somebody, other, none, nothing, something 5. Relative Pronouns – relate or connect modifying clauses with the main clause. They are also known as conjunctions Examples: that, which, whom, whoever, whichever 6. Reflexive Pronouns- are compound personal pronouns form by adding self or selves to certain form of personal pronouns Examples: Myself; Ourselves, Himself, Herself, Themselves CASES OF PRONOUNS Nominative Case – Pronouns used as subject and predicate nominative Objective Case- Pronouns used as transitive verb, indirect object, object of the preposition, and subject of an infinitive Possessive Case – Pronouns used to show ownership Nominative Case I You He She It They Who Objective Case me You Him Her it Them Whom Possessive Case My/mine Your/Yours His Her/Hers Its Their/Theirs Whose PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT Antecedent – the word to which the pronoun refers A woman goes to a shop and buys a large piece of cheese. She goes to a pet shop and buys a cat and a mouse. She has to go back to her car with the mouse and the cheese but she can carry only one thing at a time. If she leaves the mouse with the cheese, the mouse will eat it. If she leaves the cat with the mouse, the cat will eat the mouse. How can she get all the three things back to her car? Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement Rules: FUNDAMENTAL RULE: A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person, number and gender. 1. When the antecedent is accompanied by modifiers that tend to confuse its number or gender disregard the accompanying modifiers. 2. When two or more antecedents are joined by and, they are considered plural, the pronoun referring to the, must be plural. 3. When two or more antecedents are joined by or or nor, the pronoun will agree with the closest antecedent. 4. When the antecedent is a collective noun, the pronoun maybe either singular or plural depending on the sense. 5. Use a singular pronoun on the following indefinite pronouns: any, each, one, someone, somebody, and nobody. TAKE HOME SEATWORK 3: A. Seatwork No. 1: Underline the correct pronoun in the parenthesis. 1. The winners are Zsa-Zsa Padilla and (she, her). 2. Only two people and (he, him) knew the real score between Joko and Angelu. 3. (Whomever, whoever) lost the book will have to pay for it. 4. Greg knew he could love no one as much as (she, her) 5. I saw (him, his) reading the book. 6. My mom took Andrew and (I, me) to Enchanted Kingdom. 7. I am no longer as tall as (he, him). 8. After the election the people praised (us, we). 9. My two sisters and (I, myself) went reviewing. 10. (Us, We) students should study hard. B. Seatwork No. 2 Underline the correct pronoun in the following sentences and put an arrow from the pronoun to the antecedent. 1. The Instructor’s email address was inadvertently deleted in the E-MAIL; only (his, her) name was included. 2. Anybody can achieve success as long as (he, she) perseveres. 3. The man (who, which) gave me the diaries is an investigative reporter connected with the President. 4. Faculty members (who, which) revise the curriculum and propose the institution of new courses are concerned about the lack of facilities in the college. 5. The SBMA workers found everything in (its, their) place with Chairman Payumo. 6. Mrs. Aquino, our Dean was in (his, her) designated place during the centennial celebration at Saint Vincent Hall. 7. Every one of the Columban employees signified (his, their) desire to work overtime because of enrolment. 8. Neither the salesmen nor the supervisors offered (his, their) services to the customers. 9. Each should bring (his, their) own workbooks in English. 10. The faculty were asked to donate (its, their) old clothes for Christmas drive.
