ASSIGNMENT NO. 7
BLOOD AND LYMPH
At the end of the course the students should be able to:
I. Discuss the blood and its composition.
1. Enumerate the formed elements of the blood.
2. Describe the formed elements of the blood.
3. Differentiate the formed elements of the blood.
4. Enumerate the function of each of the formed elements of the blood.
5. Discuss the importance of thrombocytes.
II. Describe the lymph and its components.
1. Describe the formation of lymph.
2. Differentiate lymph from blood.
3. Discuss the composition of lymph.
ASSIGNMENT NO. 7
BLOOD AND LYMPH
LABORATORY PROCEDURES
1. Study pictures of the peripheral blood smear and label the formed elements of the
blood that can be identified. Indicate their normal values and morphology.
a. reticulocyte
LPO
HPO
b. erythrocytes
LPO
HPO
c. neutrophils
LPO
HPO
d. eosinophils
LPO
HPO
a. basophils
LPO
HPO
b. lymphocytes
LPO
HPO
c. monocytes
LPO
d.
HPO
platelets
LPO
HPO
2. What are the formed elements of the blood? Characterize each and give its function.
3. What is the approximate total blood volume in humans?
4. Name the 2 major parts/ components of blood. Describe each.
5. Compare serum and plasma in terms of:
a. procedures involved in isolating them from whole blood.
b. their content of fibrinogen and serotonin.
6. Define hematocrit. What is its normal value in adults for both sexes?
7. Describe the composition of plasma. Give examples of plasma proteins.
8. What are the contents of alpha granules? Delta granules? Lambda granules?
9. What are the components of a blood clot? How is it formed?
ASSIGNMENT NO. 8
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
I. Describe the immune system
1. Define the different terms used in immunology
2. Enumerate and describe the different cells involved and its
functions
3. Name the different varieties of immunoglobulins
4. Classify immunity and identify the different types of immune response
ASSIGNMENT NO. 8
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
LABORATORY PROCEDURES
1. Get microsections of the different lymphatic organs: lymph node, thymus gland,
spleen, palatine tonsils and Payer’s patches. Identify and label their important parts
Lymph Node (LPO)
Lymph Node (HPO)
Thymus (LPO)
Thymus (HPO)
Spleen (LPO)
Spleen (HPO)
Palatine tonsils (LPO)
Palatine tonsils (HPO)
Ileum (LPO)
Ileum (HPO)
2. What are the cells involved in the immune system? Describe each
3. What are the types of lymphocytes? Describe each and give their functions
4. What are immunoglobulins? Describe each
5. How is immunity acquired?
6. What are hypersensitivity reactions? Describe and give examples for each
ASSIGNMENT NO. 9
HEART AND BLOOD VESSEL
At the end of the course the students should be able to:
I. Discuss the histologic features of the heart.
1. Describe the histologic organization of the three layers of the walls
of the heart.
2. Differentiate ordinary cardiac muscle fibers from purkinje fibers.
3. Enumerate the main components of the cardiac skeleton.
4. Describe briefly the impulse conducting system of the heart.
II. Describe the histologic features of the blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, and veins.
1. Name the general characteristics of the organs of the vascular system.
2. Enumerate the layers that make up the blood vessel wall histologically
3. Discuss briefly the characteristics of each layer of the blood vessel wall.
4. Differentiate the arterial wall from the venous wall histologically
5. Enumerate the types of capillaries and distribution of each.
6. Discuss the blood supply of the vessel wall.
ASSIGNMENT NO. 9
HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
LABORATORY PROCEDURES
1. Get microsections of the cardiac muscle and study under the LPO and HPO. Label the
parts/structures seen.
1.
Cardiac Muscle LPO
Cardiac Muscle HPO
a. Name and describe the heart’s three tunics/ layers from within outwards.
b. Compare the structure of valves in the heart with the valves of the vein.
c. What are the structures forming its impulse conducting system?
d. Differentiate the ordinary cardiac muscle from purkinje fibers as to:
i. Diameter
ii. Conduction velocity
iii. Myofilament amount and velocity
iv. Intercalated disks
e. Give the functions of intercalated disk and their role in the contraction of the heart
f. Name the components of the fibrous skeleton of the heart and describe their
functions.
2. Get microsections of the aorta and study it under the microscope using LPO and HPO.
Label the parts/structures seen.
Aorta (LPO)
Aorta HPO
a. Name the three layers that comprise the blood vessel wall and the tissues
characteristic of each.
b. What is the most prominent structure?
c. Describe the component fibers of the tunica media.
d. What is the blood supply of this organ? Where is it located? Give its significance.
3.
Get microsections of a medium-sized artery and study it under the microscope using
LPO and HPO. Label the parts/layers.
LPO
HPO
a. Give the layers and components of its wall.
b. What is the prominent structure of this organ? Describe.
c. Give examples of medium-sized arteries.
d. Compare this tissue with the aorta. What are some of these histologic differences?
4.
Get microsections of a skeletal muscle, liver, and spleen and study them under the
LPO and HPO. Identify and label the type of blood vessels seen.
Skeletal Muscle (capillary) LPO
Skeletal Muscle (capillary) HPO
Liver LPO
Liver HPO
Showing the central vein, hepatic sinusoid and parts of the hepatic and portal triad.
SPLEEN (LPO)
SPLEEN (HPO)
Showing the central arteriole, tubercular arteries and veins.
a. Label the capillaries, sinusoids, venules, and arterioles seen.
b. Name the four types of blood capillaries and briefly describe each.
c. Describe the ways in which exchange of substances may occur across
capillary walls between blood and tissue fluid.
a. Describe the action of endothelial cells with the following:
i. Angiotensin
ii. Bradykinin
iii. Serotonin
iv. Prostaglandin
v. Thrombus
vi. Lipoprotein
b. Explain why the narrowing in the walls of blood vessels result to an increase in
blood pressure.
ASSIGNMENT NO. 10
MUSCLE TISSUE
At the end of the course the students should be able to:
I. Discuss the different types of muscle tissues.
1. Describe the organization of skeletal fibers.
2. Describe the sarcomere of skeletal muscles.
3. Define the triad or T-system of skeletal muscles.
4. Define a motor end plate or neuro-muscular junction.
5. Describe the organization of cardiac muscle fibers.
6. Define intercalated discs and describe its significance.
7. Describe the organization of smooth muscles.
8. Define myoepithelial cells and describe its functions.
9. Discuss muscular growth, dystrophy and repair.
ASSIGNMENT NO. 10
MUSCLE TISSUE
LABORATORY EXERCISE
1.
Differentiate the 3 types of muscle tissue as to:
Skeletal
a. Shape
b. Arrangement
c. # of nucleus
d. Location of
nucleus
e. Cross striations
f. SR-T tubule
system
g. Sarcomere
h. Contraction
2. Describe myoepithelial cell.
Cardiac
Smooth
3. Identify and label the sarcomere in skeletal muscle.
4. Enumerate and describe connective tissue coverings of muscle tissues.
5. Differentiate triads of skeletal muscles and diads of cardiac muscles.
6. Get microsections of skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles (in
stomach). Identify and label the structure seen.
Skeletal Muscle (LPO)
Skeletal Muscle (HPO)
Cardiac Muscle (LPO)
Cardiac Muscle (HPO)
Smooth Muscle (LPO)
Smooth muscle (HPO)