ASIAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION COLLEGE P. BURGOS ST., TACLOBAN CITY Lesson 14: Communication for Academic Purposes Course Description: Purposive Communication is all about writing, Speaking and presenting to different audiences and for various Course Outcomes At the end of this unit, the students shall be able to; CO1. Identify the Communication Processes, Principles, and ethics CO2. Explain Communication and Globalization CO3. Determine Local and global communication in multicultural settings CO4. Adopt Varieties and registers of spoken and written language CO5. Evaluating messages and/or images of different types of texts reflecting different cultures CO6.Convey Communication aids and strategies using tools of technology CO7. Identify Communication for various purposes Prepared by: Jean Ann P. Catanduanes Instructor Learning Objectives: At the end of this lesson students should be able to: 1. Determine the nature of research writing; 2. Explain the qualities of an effective research writer; 3. Determine the components of a research paper; 4. Evaluate the conventions used in a sample text; 5. Organize the steps in writing process; and 6. Reflect on a learning experience. ESSENTIALS OF RESEARCH WRITING Research is essential in the academe, industry, governance, or in any organization. One who is an expert in this area plays a more functional role in a situation in which his/her research knowledge or experience is applied. But what is research? Research is a systematic and scientific way of investigating and gathering information to answer a particular problem, establish facts, and reach conclusions. QUALITIES OF EFFECTIVE RESEARCHERS The success of a research paper depends on the ability of researchers who wrote it. Below are some of the qualities that researchers must possess: 1. They must be organized especially with time. 2. They must be highly motivated and creative. 3. They must read often to get new ideas and identify knowledge gaps. 4. They must be effective communicators. 5. They must be participative and collaborative. 6. They must be analytical and critical about matters relevant to them, to others, or to the society. 7. They must be open-minded and good listeners. PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER Generally, a research report includes the following sections: title page, abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, and references. 1. Title page – contains an informative title )i.e., describes the content of the paper), name of author/s with their address or affiliation, and date submitted. Below are examples of informative titles: a. Effects of Facebook on the Academic Achievement of First Year Students b. Development and Validation of a Software for Detecting Plagiarism There are different types of titles according to Derntl (2014). These are descriptive, declarative, interrogative, and compound. Types Descriptive Description Describes what the paper is about Declarative States the results of the research Examples Investigating the Impat of ASEAN Integration Policy on Higher Educational Institutions in the Philippines ASEAN Integartion Policy Impacts Higher Interrogative Poses a question Compound Combines two titles and separate them with a colon Educational Institutions in the Philippines Does ASEAN Integration Policy Impact Higher Educational Institutions in the Philippines? Does ASEAN Integration Policy Impact Higher Educational Institutions in the Philippines?: An Empirical Study 2. Abstract – contains the summary of the findings and conclusions. It briefly presents the context of the study, research questions or objectives, methodology, major findings, conclusions, and sometimes implications. An abstract does not contain any citation and a great deal of statistical results. 3. Introduction – explains the current state of field and identifies research gaps. It also presents your research focus in a way that it addresses the identified gaps and puts the research topic in context. 4. Literature Review – contains the summary and synthesis of all available sources directly related to your study. It is divided in two sections: related concepts and related studies. Related concepts explain some of the fundamental concepts needed by readers to better understand the study. Unlike related concepts, related studies are based on previously conducted studies directly related to the paper. 5. Methodology – contains how you proceeded with the conduct of your research. This section contains the context and participants, instruments used, datagathering procedure, and data analysis. 6. Results – factually describes the data gathered. It usually contains tables and graphs that summarize the collected data. Along with the tables and graphs are their respective interpretations. 7. Discussion – presents the why’s of the results. This section provides an explanation of all the results in relation to the previous studies presented in the literature review. 8. Conclusion – contains the restatement of major findings, limitations of the study, recommendations, and implications. 9. References – contains the different sources you used in your study. SELECTING A TOPIC STRATEGIES IN GENERATING IDEAS FOR A RESEARCH TOPIC 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Using a Personal Experience. Discussing with Family Members, Friends, or Teachers. Freewriting Listing Webbing or Clustering Asking Questions REFERENCING AND NOTE-TAKING SKILLS ESSENTIALS OF DOCUMENTING SOURCES Proper documentation of all borrowed ideas, information, concepts, arguments, or information for your research and other academic writings is very important. This done through citations which serve the following purposes: 1. To avoid plagiarism. 2. To make your paper scholarly. 3. To help your target audience identify your original source. There are two forms of citations. One is in-text and the other is reference citation. 1. In-text citation is citing the last name/s of the author/s or the name of the organization, the year of publication and page numbers of the original source depending on the citation style or format being followed. 2. Reference citation is citing the complete bibliographic entries. WRITING THE LITERATURE REVIEW The word “literature” in a literature review refers to a collection of academic writings on a specific topic. These writings can be in the form of scholarly articles from peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings, books, and these or dissertations. TYPES OF A LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Major part of a research project such as the undergraduate and graduate theses and dissertations. 2. Stand-alone work such as review articles published in reputable journals. POWER TIPS FOR WRITING THE LITERATURE REVIEW 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Keep your audience and purpose in mind as you write. Look for models. Identify your topic and determine its focus. Collect sources, find relevant literature, and keep track of citations. Read and take note of all essential information found in different sources. Create an outline. Write the draft. Revise and edit your draft. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The methodology indicates how you proceeded with the conduct of your research. This section contains the research approach and design, context and participants, instruments used, data gathering procedure, and data analysis. RESEARCH APPROACHES Qualitative Method Quantitative Method Mixed Method RESEARCH DESIGNS Qualitative Designs Quantitative Designs Mixed-method Designs PARTICIPANTS These are the target population and the samples that will serve as the subjects of the study. Demographic information such as the age, gender, and ethnicity of the participants as well as the procedures for selecting the samples should be discussed. There are two types of sampling. Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS There are different types of instruments that you can use depending on the research approach and design and amount of data you need. The following are some of the most common instruments used in conducting research: Interview Observation Questionnaire Document Analysis DATA ANALYSIS Qualitative Data Analysis Quantitative Data Analysis
