12th grade IBDP English B Text Types Expectations Let’s explore… Paper 1! What does paper 1 cover? Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Paper 1 Rubric Key issue the meaning of “appropriate” Text types pages Format and approach Relevant writing purposes Resources Key text types 01 Paper 1: Productive skills -writing Criterion C: Conceptual understanding Command of text types is assessed principally under Criterion C: Conceptual understanding. This criterion includes the following general areas: context, audience, purpose - normally, as set out in the question register and tone - generally implied by the norm in the type of text, but may be altered by the nature of the task conventions - the standard techniques of format, address, rhetoric, structure, etc ` The task (PP1) involves a "choice of text type" which demonstrates "appropriate" understanding, and handling, ofthe general areas. You will learn how: 1. The general areas apply to each of the text types and 2. Then how to adapt the general characteristics of each text type to the particular requirements of each specific task / question. Key Issue: the meaning of 'appropriate' It would appear that the most important factor in choosing the right text type is to think about whether the text type will reach correctly the specified audience. This in turn means that you the students should understand where each text type is used, and for which purpose. ● To illustrate, if the task is to explain a personal experience to a friend ... and the options are #Speech; # News report; and # E-mail ... it would be inappropriate to choose the first two, and appropriate to choose the last. Appropriate? A blog will be appropriate if the task requires you to ... Format and approach The recognisable features of each text type have been organised according to two categories :- 1. Basic Format ... the most easily visible (and teachable) features of the text type - 'format' in the sense of layout, the physical organisation of the script. 2. Approach ... the less visible features of how the text type would normally be handled - register,author's voice and tone, address to audience, organisation of ideas, and so on. The Basic Format elements can easily be taught and learnt, the Approach elements are intrinsically more difficult to teach and learn, since they often involve quite sophisticated mental procedures. HOWEVER, fear NOT! We shall conquer and divide. Appropriate? 1. 1. You need to make clear the expected audience. 2. There should be three actions that you the student should perform - e.g. 'describe...'+ 'explain...' + 'comment...' 02 Key text types Key text types Article (newspaper, magazine) Blog Brochure, leaflet, pamphlet Diary (private) / journal Email / letter Essay Interview News report Opinion column / letter to the editor Personal statement / cover letter Proposal Report (official) Review Set of instructions, guidelines Social media posting / online forums Speech, presentation, debate ` Article (newspaper, magazine) Article (newspaper, magazine) context, audience, purpose * the context of the article will usually be set out briefly in the question: e.g the background to the subject matter of the article/ * the audience will usually be indicated by where the article will be published: e.g. 'your school magazine' * the fundamental purpose of any article is to inform or to report - but we may also include 'interest','explore', 'study'. Note that strong opinions or attitudes would probably not be expected - such purposes would probably come under 'opinion column' register and tone * will have a semi-formal to formal register * will have a tone appropriate to task e.g. suitably serious Article (newspaper, magazine) Conventions * will have a relevant headline/title * will have an introduction intended to catch the reader's’ attention * will use techniques that engage and interest readers e.g. direct address ` Blog Blog context, audience, purpose * the context will usually be set out in the question e.g. the issue which is to inspire the blog entry * the audience may be assumed to be people interested in the subject matter OR (youngish?)internet-interested people * the generic purpose of blogs is to interest/entertain/amuse/be provocative & stimulating - in general, NOT solemn register and tone * will use a semi-formal to informal register * the usual tone will be personal - chatty, direct and unpretentious conventions * will include first person statement and/or narration * will seek to engage the reader, eg through direct address, a lively and interesting style etc * will use 'typical blog techniques' e.g. a provocative closing statement, leading to an invitation to comment / response * will have an interesting, catchy title for the entry ` Brochure, leaflet, pamphlet Brochure, leaflet, pamphlet context, audience, purpose * the context will usually be set out in the question e.g. the problem to which the pamphlet is going to propose a solution * the audience will usually be pretty clearly defined by how context and purpose are linked e.g. if the context is the need for healthy exercise among young people and the purpose is to promote a newsports centre, the audience will be... young people (who may or may not be interested in exercise!) * the basic purpose of these text types is publicity - and this can be divided broadly into 'inform' (e.g.health information) and 'promote' (e.g. selling something)... although typically both elements are required in different proportions. register and tone * will use a semi-formal to formal register * the tone will tend to be simple and direct - i.e. to convey the sense of honest address Brochure, leaflet, pamphlet conventions * will have an engaging title, which attracts attention * will identify ideas with format techniques such as sub-headings, bullet points, numbering etc * will include practical aspects of the brochure like “contact us”, or “a phone number and/or an email address”. * will have a short introduction and a conclusion ` Diary (private) / journal Diary (private) / journal context, audience, purpose * the overall context may be assumed to be the writer's own life - but the question will probably set some particular situation around which the entry should be invented e.g. 'you have had an argument with a good friend'. (In exams, whether or not the "writer's own life" is the student's real one, or is completely invented, does not matter at all - it merely has to be credible.) * the question of 'audience' is the key distinction perceived by IB between 'diary' and 'journal' - a diary is assumed to be essentially private i.e. written for the author's eyes only; whereas a journal may be written for possibly public reading (e.g. a scientist's journal of experiments and data-collection). * the purpose will generally be to ' record' some experiences of personal significance - but what sorts of experiences are required will be indicated in the question. One way of stating the distinction between the two text types is that a diary is anecdotal (dealing with intimate personal feelings) while a journal is intellectual (dealing with personal reactions to more public concepts and arguments). Diary (private) / journal register and tone * will use a generally informal register * the tone will be personal, frank and open - e.g. emotions may be described clearly and with feeling conventions * will use first person narration * will have a closing statement to round off the entry * will avoid self-evident explanatory phrases or sentences, e.g. will use “I saw Alicia”, not “I saw Alicia,my best friend” * will include the date and/or day ` Email/ letter E-mail / letter Email context, audience, purpose * the question will usually describe a background situation, which the writer wishes to communicate to... * ... a specified friend / acquaintance (note that e-mail tasks usually require individual communication with one person only, as opposed to some kind of general message to a collective audience) * the purpose will usually be to express and explore personal attitudes and experience: usually of the writer, but perhaps involving advice to the reader register and tone * will adopt a consistently informal register * will adopt a lively, engaging tone and style, perhaps with some “youth-speak” eg “I’m good”, “Can’t wait” etc conventions * will maintain clear sense of address to a specific person * will have an appropriate opening salutation * will have an appropriate closing salutation. E-mail / letter Formal Letter context, audience, purpose * the question will usually provide the context - a background situation, which causes some kind of issue, about which the writer wishes to communicate some significant idea * the audience will be identified, but may well not be known personally (in contrast with the usual audience of an e-mail) - the letter is likely to be addressed to a post or administrative position, rather than a known individual (as exemplified by the use of 'Dear Sir/Madam') * the purpose will usually be to present an argument or state a position , most probably about some general social procedure or system - to illustrate, #1: complaining about poor service in a shop; or #2:suggesting how the Town Hall can serve the public better. The writer may have personal emotions to to express, but these are subordinated to the impersonal technique of objective, convincing argument. register and tone * will adopt a consistently formal register * will adopt a suitably serious and respectful tone E-mail / letter conventions * will have a clear sense of address to a specific person * will have an appropriate opening salutation * will have an appropriate closing salutation * will clearly identify the recipient (by name, and/or address, and/or role/title etc.) * will have a date (and sender’s address) ` Essay Essay context, audience, purpose * in relation to an essay, the term 'context' may involve two elements: the general area to be discussed, and/or how the essay has been set. These may be combined (e.g. "Your English teacher has shown a video about the dangers of online gaming, and has set an essay about the subject..."),and may include the actual title of the essay (e.g. "The dangers of online gaming are much exaggerated. Discuss"). If no title is given, the student should make one up, thus defining clearly what the essay is about. * the audience is assumed to be educated and informed, and capable of understanding sophisticated language * the purpose will usually be to analyse/explore/discuss the topic, as required by the question - so students should pay close attention to the 'action verbs' in the task Essay register and tone * will adopt a semi-formal to formal register * will have an appropriately serious tone conventions * will have a relevant title * will use techniques that enable the reader to follow the arguments easily, e.g. methodical structure using cohesive devices * will have a distinct introduction and conclusion ` Interview Interview (It is assumed that for English B tasks, the expected type of interview will be the Embedded , not the Transcribed) Embedded Interview context, audience, purpose * the context of any interview task will usually involve who is to be interviewed, and why... and the combination of these will usually indicate the angle that the interview should take. To illustrate: "a famous musician visiting your town... interview because former student of your school... so, how did school influence his/her career?" * the task will normally indicate where the interview is to be published, and this will define (to some extent) the audience e.g. "in your school magazine" will suggest a different audience to "a well-known online music magazine". * as with 'Article' , the prime purpose of an interview is to inform or report - but good interviews manage also to explore or even probe : we want to discover something intriguing and personal about the person interviewed, don't we? Interview register and tone * will adopt a semi-formal to formal register * the tone should express interest in the person interviewed, and probably respect, even fascination -after all, why interview someone who is not worth the effort? conventions * will have a relevant headline/title * will use a style aimed at involving and interesting the reader * will refer to the interview, including direct quotations * will have an introduction and a conclusion NOTE: interview tasks will usually not be a verbatim transcript - but this has not been ruled out by IB ` News Report News report context, audience, purpose * in a way, the 'context' of a news report is actually the point of a news report, its main content - a news report describes and explains the very context that makes it necessary. In exams, the task will describe some kind of general context or situation, and the student will have to invent the specific story and concrete details * as with most Media text types, where the report is going to be published will define the expected audience - the more 'serious' the publication venue, the more sophisticated the audience should be assumed to be * evidently, the prime purpose of a news report is to inform , factually and objectively - although almost always there will be some subjective valuation, indicating why the facts of the story are of importance register and tone * will have a semi-formal to formal register * will have a generally impersonal tone, and use a neutral/objective style (eg presenting ideas without personal opinion of the writer) News report conventions * will have a title/headline * will use a neutral/objective style e.g. presenting ideas with only minimal embellishment (if any) * will have a clearly structured layout (eg sub-headings, short brief paragraphs/sections, etc) ` Opinion column/ letter to the editor Opinion column / letter to the editor Opinion column context, audience, purpose * the question will usually provide the context - a general situation, which results some kind of issue,on which the writer chooses to take a particular stance or judgement * the audience will be defined by the publication context - but can also be assumed to be reasonably informed about the issue in question, and to have the developed intelligence and the language skills to be able to handle quite complex argument * the purpose of such columns is to discuss in a provocative and stimulating way - and explore the issue in some depth register and tone * will have a semi-formal to formal register * will have a tone appropriate to task e.g. suitably serious... or possibly, provocative and amusing,depending on the approach to the task required, or taken conventions * will have a relevant headline/title * will have an introduction intended to catch the readers’ attention * will use techniques that engage and interest readers e.g. direct address * will probably use first-person statement, but not necessarily Letter to the Editor context, audience, purpose * the question will usually provide the context: typically, that the the Editor has published something with which the writer of the letter strongly agrees/disagrees * the principal audience is the Editor, to whom the letter should be clearly addressed. However, there is an assumption that the letter may be published, and so the letter may also be written so as to be persuasive to the general reader * the prime purpose of such a Letter is to present the writer's particular, personal point of view as persuasively and convincingly as possible, and probably in contrast to other controversial points of view register and tone * will adopt a semi-formal to formal register * will adopt an appropriately serious tone conventions * will refer to the original article/issue raised * will set out to give interesting opinions in an engaging style * will include appropriate opening and closing salutations ` Proposal Proposal context, audience, purpose * the context will be explained in the question - at least, the basic background, since the main content of the proposal itself will be what the student will have to invent, based on that basic background * the audience will, again, be specified in the question - i.e. the specific person or group of people to whom the proposal is to be addressed. Close attention should be paid to the target audience, since a key feature of a good proposal is that it is adjusted to appeal to the intended recipients * the purpose will be defined by the context, very largely - typically, a problem exists, and so the purpose of the proposal is to solve the problem. In order to do this, a good proposal needs to be (1)relevant; (2) practical; and (3) attractive - all those aspects need to be included. register and tone * will be expressed in a formal register, with perhaps semi-formal touches * will have a tone which aims to be objectively authoritative, but also subjectively enthusiastic conventions * will use a style aimed to persuade a specified audience * will have a title which summarises the overall subject * will set out the text clearly using features such as headings, short clear paragraphs, sections identified by letters/numbers/bullets, insetting etc. * will have an introduction and a conclusion ` Speech, presentations, debate Speech, presentation, debate context, audience, purpose * the context will describe a situation in which a particular type of message is to be communicated orally - this situation will not only specify the type of audience, but also the expected behaviour of theaudience (e.g. whether the audience expects simply to be informed, or to be challenged, or required to make a choice...etc). The subject matter, and how it is best presented, will also be influenced by this general context * the audience can generally be assumed to be reasonably educated and informed, and capable of understanding sophisticated language (unless some particular audience is specified in the task) * the purpose of the text will be some mixture of 'inform' and 'persuade' (with perhaps a good dash of' a muse & entertain' for rhetorical purposes!) register and tone * will use a semi-formal to informal register * will have an appropriately serious tone Conventions * will address the audience and keep contact with them throughout (eg use of “we” and “you” etc) * will set out to catch the audience’s attention at the beginning, and leave a clear impression at the end * will include elements of speech rhetoric eg rhetorical questions, repetition etc. New waves of inmigration Southern Europe Venus has a beautiful name and is high temperatures Northern Europe Mercury is the smallest planet of them all Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here This slide is only for Premium users This slide is only for Premium users The immigrant experience Working Language Culture Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Mars is actually a very cold place. It’s also full of iron oxide dust Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest planet This slide is only for Premium users 03 City life You can enter a subtitle here if you need it This slide is only for Premium users Living and working Do you know what helps you make your point clear? Lists like this one: ● ● ● They’re simple You can organize your ideas clearly You’ll never forget to buy milk! And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss the point of your presentation This slide is only for Premium users The growth of cities Skyscrapers Mass transit Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and also the smallest one Despite being red, Mars is a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust This slide is only for Premium users Keys to successful urbanization 1876 Telephone Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place 1887 1879 Trolley Light bulb Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place Saturn is a gas giant and it has several rings This slide is only for Premium users Urban problems 30% Crime Venus is the second planet from the Sun 15% Fires Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place 25% Overcrowding Saturn is a gas giant and it has several rings 30% Diseases Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here This slide is only for Premium users Immigrant’s work in 1880 21% 64% 41% Agriculture Mining Construction Saturn is a gas giant, it has several rings Despite being red, Mars is a cold place Venus has extremely high temperatures This slide is only for Premium users “This is a quote, words full of wisdom that someone important said and can make the reader get inspired.” — Someone Famous This slide is only for Premium users Desktop software You can replace the image on the screen with your own work. Just right-click on it and select “Replace image” Mobile web You can replace the image on the screen with your own work. Just right-click on it and select “Replace image” Tablet app You can replace the image on the screen with your own work. Just right-click on it and select “Replace image” This slide is only for Premium users 10,000 Saturn is a gas giant with rings 20,000 13,000 Despite being red, Mars is a cold place Venus has a beautiful name This slide is only for Premium users Movement to big cities New York Venus has a beautiful name Detroit Mercury is the smallest planet Chicago Despite being red, Mars is cold This slide is only for Premium users 04 Reforms You can enter a subtitle here if you need it This slide is only for Premium users A picture is worth a thousand words ` This slide is only for Premium users Social & urban reforms Temperance Rights Despite being red, Mars is a cold place Venus is the second planet from the Sun Abolition Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Prison Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Child labor Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun This slide is only for Premium users 05 Government You can enter a subtitle here if you need it This slide is only for Premium users Political machines 1 City boss Despite being red, Mars is a cold place 2 Ward boss Venus is the second planet from the Sun 3 Captains Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings This slide is only for Premium users Reforming government New government 1891 Social reform 1896 Populism Modernization Progressivism This slide is only for Premium users This is a timeline Mercury Venus Jupiter Saturn Mercury is the smallest and the closest planet It has a beautiful name, but high temperatures Despite being red, Mars is a very cold planet Saturn is a gas giant and it has several rings This slide is only for Premium users 19th century key dates 1848 1855 1876 Neptune is the fourth-largest planet Venus is the second planet from the Sun Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings 1880 1890 1900 Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Mercury is the closest planet to the sun Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all This slide is only for Premium users Summarize historical trends Immigrants movements You can write the historical trends here Main social reforms You can write the historical trends here Growth of cities You can write the historical trends here Industrial revolution You can write the historical trends here This slide is only for Premium users Our team Jenna Doe Timmy Jimmy You can talk a bit about this person here You can talk a bit about this person here This slide is only for Premium users Conclusions Mercury Saturn Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one Saturn is a gas giant and it’s composed of hydrogen and helium Venus Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun This slide is only for Premium users References ● ● ● ● ● Reference 1: Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest in the Solar System Reference 2: Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Reference 3: Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. 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