Introduction to
MASONRY
When structures are built by using mortar
to bind together bricks, stones, or concrete
blocks arranged in specified ways, it is
called Masonry.
MASONRY
is the art of building with stone,
bricks, concrete blocks, or
similar materials.
it is the building of structures
from individual units laid in and
bound together with mortar.
The person who builds
the structures is
known as Mason.
MASONRY BASICS
CONCRETE
MORTAR
PLASTER
CEMENT
CONCRETE
artificial stone as a result of mixing sand, cement, gravel,
and water.
MORTAR
a mixture of cement, sand, and water used for binding
stones, bricks, etc., or for plastering.
PLASTER
a mixture applied wet to walls or ceilings and hardened to
produce a smooth surface.
CEMENT
a bonding agent that reacts with water to form a hard
stone-like substance.
Two types of Cement
• Portland Cement (Approx 24Hrs Curing Period)
• Pozzoland Cement (Approx 72Hrs Curing Period)
MASONRY
TOOLS
PLUMB BOB
is used in guiding the
vertical positioning in
laying bricks.
WATER AND
TUBE LEVEL
use to establish level
marks in laying out
masonry works.
CRANDALL
is a tool with pointed
steel pikes used for
dressing concrete.
BOLSTER
is a tool similar to a chisel
including its services.
SPADE
basic construction tool
used in mixing concrete.
FLOAT
is a tool with a handle at
the back usually made of
wood.
TROWEL
a flat tool used for
applying, spreading, and
shaping plaster or mortar
to produce a smooth
finish.
COMMON MATERIALS
CHB
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK
is the most widely used
masonry material.
BRICKS
are manufactured from
clay and other materials
processed into a
workable consistency and
molded to standard sizes.
ASHLARS
carefully worked and
joined stone blocks laid
in parallel horizontal
courses.
RUBBLE STONE
irregular stones with good
face for wall surface.
AGGREGATES
material bound together
into a conglomerated mass
by cement and water to
form concrete, mortar, or
plaster.
Fine - sand
Coarse - crushed rocks, gravel
MIXING PROPORTIONS
CEMENT
SAND
GRAVEL
AA
1
1.5
3
A
1
2
4
B
1
2.5
5
C
1
3
6
For Handmixing
1/2 kg of water + 1 kg
of cement + 2 kg of
sand + 2.5 - 3 kg of
gravel
Class AA
For concrete underwater, retaining walls.
Class A
For suspended slabs, beams, columns, arches,
stairs, and walls of 100mm (4”) thickness.
Class B
For walls thicker than 100mm (4”), footings,
steps, reinforced concrete slabs on fill.
Class C
For concrete plant boxes, and any non-critical
concrete structures.
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Correct proportion of the ingredients
Quality of materials
Proper method of mixing
Proper placement or disposing of the concrete inside
the form
Adequate protection during the period of curing
Finding the Quantity of Cement, Sand, and Gravel
It will depend on the kind of mixture (AA, A, B, or C)
COMPUTATIONS
FIND THE VOLUME
One cubic feet of gravel = 95% of the volume of the concrete
Cement
=
cubic feet of gravel
quantity of gravel in the proportion
Sand
=
cubic feet of gravel
2
Volume = T'' x L' x W'
Example 1:
How many bags of cement, sand, and gravel are
needed for the construction of a concrete
flooring with 5 inches thick and dimensions of
10 x 20 feet of class B concrete mixture.
Volume = 5/12 x 10 x 20 = 83.33 cu. ft.
Gravel
= 83.33 x 95% = 79.16 cu. ft.
Cement = 79.16 / 5
= 15.83 bags
Sand
= 39.58 cu. ft.
= 79.16 / 2
*Class B - 1 : 2.5 : 5
Example 2:
A floor 15 feet by 20 feet is to be concreted with
4 inches thick. The proportion is Class A. Find
the number of cement, sand, and gravel in cu. ft.
Volume = 4/12 x 15 x 20 = 100 cu. ft.
Gravel
= 100 x 95%
= 95 cu. ft.
Cement = 95 / 4
= 23.75 bags
Sand
= 47.5 cu. ft.
= 795 / 2
*Class A - 1 : 2 : 4
CHB Quantity
1 square meter
= 12.5 pcs CHB
10 square meters =
10 sq. m. x 12.5 pcs = 125 pcs CHB
Example:
How many CHBs are needed for the
construction of 8 meters high and 8
meters long fence?
ANSWER
8m x 8m = 64 sq. m.
64 sq. m. x 12.5 pcs = 800pcs CHBs
Tiles per square meter
Example 1:
How many 8" x 8" wall tiles are
needed in a wall of 2.5 m in width
and 4.0 m in height?
ANSWER:
2.5 m x 4 m = 10 sq. m
10 sq. m x 25 pcs (8”x8”) = 250 pcs
CHB lay per bag of cement