Skriftlig eksamensopgave i Humanistisk- og samfundsvidenskabelig idrætsteori, foråret 2020
This paper will answer question A3 and B3
Number of units: 27.710
Jens Zöga Diederichsen
Studienr.: 201907516
17/06-2020
Aarhus Universitet, Sektion for Idrætsvidenskab
Jürg Krieger
Jens Zöga Diederichsen
Studienr.: 201907516
Eksamen Humanistisk- og samfundsvidenskabelig idrætsteori
Aarhus Universitet
Sektion for Idrætsvidenskab
17/06/2020
Table of Contents
Part one: A3 ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction part one ........................................................................................................................ 2
Soft power ........................................................................................................................................ 2
The 1936 Berlin Olympic Games .................................................................................................... 2
Attracting the Danes......................................................................................................................... 3
Two superpowers arm-wrestling ...................................................................................................... 4
Showing goodwill or mimic warfare ............................................................................................... 5
Fight for your rights ......................................................................................................................... 5
A human rights violation or an essential part of the Games ............................................................ 6
Conclusion part one ......................................................................................................................... 7
Part two: B1 ......................................................................................................................................... 7
Introduction part two ........................................................................................................................ 7
Space, place and security ................................................................................................................. 8
The struggle over space ................................................................................................................... 8
Cooperation is key ........................................................................................................................... 9
Who should be responsible? .......................................................................................................... 10
Conclusion part two ....................................................................................................................... 11
References .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Side 1 af 13
Jens Zöga Diederichsen
Studienr.: 201907516
Eksamen Humanistisk- og samfundsvidenskabelig idrætsteori
Aarhus Universitet
Sektion for Idrætsvidenskab
17/06/2020
This paper is divided into two parts. The first part will focus on the relationship between sport and
politics. The second part will focus on the impacts the global health crisis caused by the Covid-19
virus has left on the sporting institutions. Each part of the paper begins with an introduction of its
main field. Likewise, each part of the paper ends by concluding on its main findings.
Part one: A3
Introduction part one
Politics have always been a controversial subject in the world of sports. This part of the paper will
examine the politization of the 1936, 1980 and 1984 Olympic Games by applying Joseph Nye’s theories on soft power. It will be debated whether states that compete in sports gain deeper diplomatic
relations or end up despising one another. Finally, the paper will discuss whether politics should be
allowed to be a part of sport and to what extent.
Soft power
Initially, this study will present the theory of soft power. Nye, the former dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, has worked out the theory about soft power. Nye defines power as “…
the ability to affect others to obtain the outcomes that you want.” (Nye 2008, 94). Influence can be
obtained through hard power which mainly consists of military and economic pressure. However,
Nye argues that influence can also be acquired through soft power. Soft power is the ability to attract
others to want to achieve your objectives. By succeeding in doing so others will be more likely to
voluntarily support you in your quest to complete your objectives. A country or an organization gain
their soft power through the values that are conveyed in their culture. Nye also presents the concept
of public diplomacy. Public diplomacy is when governments draw attention to certain resources in
their country that foreign publics find attractive. This can be done through broadcasting and subsidizing cultural exports and so forth. Public diplomacy can have the opposite effect than intended if
the country’s culture, values and policies are not attractive (Nye 2008, 95).
The 1936 Berlin Olympic Games
This paper will now establish the difference between politics in sport and politics and sport. Secondly rule 50 in the Olympic charter will be presented. The essay will then outline some of the most
exceptional examples of how international politics turned out to dominate many of the Olympic
Games through the 20th century.
Side 2 af 13
Jens Zöga Diederichsen
Studienr.: 201907516
Eksamen Humanistisk- og samfundsvidenskabelig idrætsteori
Aarhus Universitet
Sektion for Idrætsvidenskab
17/06/2020
Politics in sport refers to internal affairs in sports organizations. Such affairs cover themes like
age, gender social groups and ethnicity. On the other hand, politics and sport are when external politics which are not immediately connected with sports ends up influencing issues in sport. This politicization often occurs when governments try to impose their agendas to sports (Bonde 2009, 1459).
Rule 50 in the Olympic Charter by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) states that “No
kind of demonstration or political, religious or racial propaganda is permitted in any Olympic sites,
venues or other areas.”(Committee 2019, 90). Nevertheless, politics seems to have flooded the Olympics through its entire history.
The Nazi regime in Germany in the 1930’s saw the potential of politicizing sports. They were keen
to use sports as propaganda. The Third Reich wanted to make a good impression of their culture to
other states and publics. Thereby trying to gain greater influence on other states and regions (Bonde
2009, 1460). This will be elaborated later in the paper. Thus, the Nazi Germany ended up spearing
no expenses on either the planning of the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin or the propaganda surrounding the event (Bonde 2009, 1461–62). In ‘Understanding the Olympics’ John Horne and Garry Whannel state that; “… Adolf Hitler used the event [the 1936 Berlin Olympics] as a platform to demonstrate
his theories about racial superiority.” (Horne and Whannel 2012, 127). There cannot be any doubt
about the magnitude of the politicization of the 1936 Olympics. However, in spite of their policy that
sport and politics should not be mixed the IOC chose to turn the blind eye and did not change the
location of the 1936 Berlin Olympics (Bonde 2009, 1463).
At the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles large parts of the world
boycotted one of the games. The 1980 boycott was led by the Americans and over 60 nations followed
suit. The boycott was a protest against the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan (Horne and Whannel 2012, 129). The following games in Los Angeles in 1984 were boycotted by the Soviet Union and
14 of its allies. The official explanation was that the hosts were violating the spirit of the Olympics
by commercializing the Games and trying to make profits from it (Horne and Whannel 2012, 132).
Attracting the Danes
The paper will now view the 1936, 1980 and 1984 Olympics by applying Nye’s theories on soft
power. It is assumed that the Nazi regime acknowledged the worldwide attention the Olympic Games
gained. They also saw the opportunity to show off their political ideologies, values and culture. One
of the more prominent ideas was their view on the perfect athletic body. A view that many Danish
sportsmen and -women admired or shared (Bonde 2009, 1467). Thereby the Nazi regime tried to
Side 3 af 13
Jens Zöga Diederichsen
Studienr.: 201907516
Eksamen Humanistisk- og samfundsvidenskabelig idrætsteori
Aarhus Universitet
Sektion for Idrætsvidenskab
17/06/2020
attract foreign publics to gain influence outside their borders. According to Bonde the Nazi’s to a
large extend succeeded in doing so within the society of Denmark, especially the sports society
(Bonde 2009, 1467). It should be noted that there of course is a difference between the Danish public
admiring the Nazis view on body culture and the Danes accepting the entire ideology of Nazism.
However, when the Nazis employed public diplomacy through sports they probably won over a few,
like the gymnast and Nazi Niels Bukh (Bonde 2009, 1464). One could argue that the Danish governments submissive attitude towards Nazi Germany throughout the 1930’s helped the Nazis gaining
soft power in Denmark (Bonde 2009, 1458). The Danish government could have compelled the Danish Olympic Committee (DOK) to boycott the games. But it is assumed that the Danes feared that the
Nazis would see it as a provocation which the Danes didn’t fancy due to the devastating military
powers and aggressive foreign politics of the Nazis during the 1930’s. As a result of this it is obvious
that the Nazi regime succeeded in using the combination of hard and soft power to gain influence in
the Danish public - or at least in the Danish sports community.
Two superpowers arm-wrestling
In addition to the 1936 Olympics the 1980 and 1984 Olympics were also examples of states trying
to use the Games to show off their influence. After the Second World War the US and the Soviet
Union struggled to be the most powerful nation in the world. This struggle of influence concerned
military, economically and soft aspects of power. During the Cold War both the US and the Soviets
had enough weapons of mass destruction so that if the Cold War turned ‘hot’ it would mean the end
of the world. Consequently, the greatest battles during the Cold War were fought with soft power.
Each side represented very different cultures, values and political ideologies. It is presumed that both
sides wanted to host the Olympics and thereby be able to show their cultures, values and ideologies
in a positive way to the rest of the world. By attracting foreign governments and publics the two
parties could gain alliances all over the world. According to the theories on soft power these alliances
would be more willing to help either the US or the Soviet for their quest of being the most powerful
nation in the world. The US was aware of the possibility the Soviets had to win over foreign governments or publics when they hosted the Olympics. Thus, the US would have been more likely to boycott the Games so that hopefully none of their allied nations would attend and then be attracted by the
Soviet culture, values and political ideologies. So, when the Soviet invaded Afghanistan the US saw
it as their opportunity to steal the spotlight from the Soviet. As a substitute for the Olympics the US
hosted the Liberty Bell Classic (Horne and Whannel 2012, 132). The motive of the following boycott
of the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles by the Soviets and 14 of their allies has many similarities to the
Side 4 af 13
Jens Zöga Diederichsen
Studienr.: 201907516
Eksamen Humanistisk- og samfundsvidenskabelig idrætsteori
Aarhus Universitet
Sektion for Idrætsvidenskab
17/06/2020
US boycott. Firstly, it can be seen as a pay back to the US. Secondly the Soviets were not interested
in letting the US get too much attention from their allies and their own public during the Games. Just
like the US the Eastern bloc also organized their own alternative to the Olympics the Friendship
Games (Horne and Whannel 2012, 132).
Showing goodwill or mimic warfare
The study will now discuss the relations between states competing in sports.
The idea that nations show goodwill to one another by competing in sports is very distant from the
English novelist George Orwell (Orwell 1945, 1). Before viewing Orwell’s assessments on sports, it
should be noted that he mainly based his opinions on football and boxing. Nevertheless, this article
will put his interpretations into the perspective of all sports. He argues that you play to win and when
the stakes are high athletes will do almost anything to win. Such stakes can be the pressure athletes
have to deal with when the pride of a nation rely on their shoulders. At this point Orwell compares
sport to warfare only without weapons. But not only does he confront the competitiveness of the
athletes he considers the spectators just as bad. Orwell believes that sport can add fuel to nationalistic
and patriotic atmosphere in the competing countries (Orwell 1945, 2). In all, Orwell is worried about
the patriotic consequences of letting few athletes compete for the honor of a nation (Orwell 1945, 4).
This is a rather dramatical view on elite sports. Orwell focuses on a snapshot of an elite competition
at full throttle and miss the nuances of nations competing in sports. Orwell does not consider the fact
that communities around the world get to meet and greet at sporting events. Thereby cultures can
interact and learn from one another through sports. Orwell assume that the immediate tension between
the two sides in a sporting competition continues after the final whistle. While it is naive to believe
that every spectator is unmoved after a match it is certainly an overestimation to believe that all
spectators lose their rational thinking because of a sporting competition. Surely there is fans of national teams especially in football who take the gripe with them after matches but this is not the case
with most spectators. Thus, it is believed that when nations compete in sports it rather unites than
separate the publics of the two sides.
Fight for your rights
The paper will now inspect how athletes use sport as a medium to express their stance on political
matters.
Another example of when external politics influence sport is when athletes express political views
on the stage of sports. These statements are often surrounded with much controversy. At the 1968
Side 5 af 13
Jens Zöga Diederichsen
Studienr.: 201907516
Eksamen Humanistisk- og samfundsvidenskabelig idrætsteori
Aarhus Universitet
Sektion for Idrætsvidenskab
17/06/2020
Olympics in Mexico City the two African American athletes Timmie Smith and John Carlos performed the infamous Black Power Salutes at the medal stands. The salute was a to protest the racism
in the US and made front pages worldwide (Horne and Whannel 2012, 134). Since then athletes have
recognized the Olympics and sports in general as a medium for them to present political views. For
example, the very recent the case of Colin Kaepernick could be mentioned. He was a quarterback for
San Francisco 49’ers until the end of the 2016-2017 season. During his last season as a player in the
National Football League (NFL) he continuously kneeled when the American national anthem was
played even though players are expected to stand (Schmidt et al. 2018, 2). Kaepernick didn’t want to
“… show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color” (nfl.com
2016). Back in 2016 Colin Kaepernick had few supporters. The American President Donald Trump
wanted him fired. The NFL tried to fine players who took a knee like Kaepernick. Kaepernick received a lot of resentment from fans and other NFL players. In the end no team in the NFL wanted to
sign Kaepernick. On 25th of May 2020 George Floyd was chocked by a police officer who kneeled
on his neck. Consequently, the movement ‘Black Lives Matter’ (BLM) has started demonstrations all
over the world. Kaepernick is now seen as a pioneer in the civil rights movement as one of few
athletes willing to stand up for his cause. Videos and photos of police officers, demonstrators and
athletes taking a knee now flood the internet. The Commissioner of the NFL Roger Goodell has admitted that the NFL did Kaepernick wrong in 2016 (Scharnberg 2020b).
A human rights violation or an essential part of the Games
In the following section the paper will discuss whether the IOC’s wish to keep sports and politics
separated is a farce and whether it is necessary to keep people from getting hurt by political statements
during the Olympics.
It seems more impossible now more than ever before to separate sports and politics. Thus, one
might ask oneself; why even try? Is rule 50 in the Olympic Charter outdated? Why don’t the IOC
ditch the idea of the Olympics free of politics? Earlier this year the IOC stated that if athletes kneel
or raise a hand in the black power salute at the podium of the Olympics, they will risk getting sent
home or having their medal taken away from them. The former Australian Olympian swimmer Nikki
Dryden, now human rights lawyer, argues that the IOC hereby violates one of the basic human rights.
From her point of view all humans should always be able express their views and it should not be
different at the podium of the Olympics (Jensen 2020). The secretary general of DOK, Morten
Mølholm says he is not against the freedom of speech but disagrees that the IOC are in the wrong.
Side 6 af 13
Jens Zöga Diederichsen
Studienr.: 201907516
Eksamen Humanistisk- og samfundsvidenskabelig idrætsteori
Aarhus Universitet
Sektion for Idrætsvidenskab
17/06/2020
He sympathizes with movements like BLM. Nevertheless, he reasons that if the IOC accepted political views on podiums it should be equal for all. To illustrate the problematic nature of free speech at
the podiums Mølholm draws on the example of a Lazio player known for making fascist salutes at
games (Scharnberg 2020a). This would indeed be a huge disgrace. On the other hand, just because
athletes now face bans if they display fascist gestures on a podium, it doesn’t mean they are not able
to. Dryden debates that even if an athlete were to incite to violence the certain athlete would no longer
be protected by the freedom of speech. Therefore the Olympic charter should not ban political views
(Jensen 2020). One could argue that the IOC are trying to find a way not to be blamed in the event of
an athlete taking a controversial stand on the podium. With the current rules they could ban the athlete
and maybe get their backs cleared. However, they can never truly prevent a fascist athlete to make a
statement. Thereby rule 50 loses its purpose and the IOC winds up violating their athlete’s freedom
of speech.
Conclusion part one
This first part of the paper has found that the Olympics have been filled with politics through the
20th century. By applying Nye’s theories on soft power this paper has settled that Nazi Germany, the
Soviet Union and The US have tried to gain influence in foreign countries through hosting respectively the 1936, 1980 and 1984 Olympics. Orwell’s views on how sporting competition affects publics
of nationalities were debated. It was concluded that when states compete in sports it rather unites than
separates the publics of the competing sides contrary to Orwell’s stance. Since the Black Power Salute
at the 1968 Olympic Games athletes have uttered their political views more frequently. Lately many
athletes have shown their support for the BLM movement. Still the IOC doesn’t tolerate any form of
politics at the Olympic Games. In the light of how politicized the Olympics have been through the
20th century it seems paradoxically that IOC still insists on violating athlete’s freedom of speech. It
is concluded that sport and politics are inseparable connected now more than ever before.
Part two: B1
Introduction part two
The global health crisis caused by Covid-19 has turned almost every aspect of society upside down
since its outbreak in January 2020. Governments all over the world have banned large gatherings and
the social and economic costs have been enormous. The crisis has most definitely left its marks on
sporting events, clubs, associations and individual athletes. This part of the paper will debate these
Side 7 af 13
Jens Zöga Diederichsen
Studienr.: 201907516
Eksamen Humanistisk- og samfundsvidenskabelig idrætsteori
Aarhus Universitet
Sektion for Idrætsvidenskab
17/06/2020
impacts and the challenges sports institutions are facing now. The paper will mainly focus on it from
a Danish institutional perspective. The paper will draw on the concepts of space, place and security.
Space, place and security
The concept of space is realm without meaning, unlike the concept of place. Sport is a struggle
over space. A track runner must run through space as fast as possible. Space can be both explicit and
implicit boundaries. For instance, a track runner must not put a foot out of his field. These are explicit
boundaries and are often written rules and regulations. Implicit boundaries on the other hand are not
specific rules but are easily recognized. For example, when a goalkeeper in football clears a ball from
outside the penalty area it can look rather awkward. (Bale 2002, 9–11). Place are peopled space or
spaces people give meaning. Like when people buy a house, after a period of time living there they
end up calling it home. The attachment to Place can connect nations or cities to certain teams, stadiums and so forth (Bale 2002, 14–15). The concept of security in sport is related to issues such as
terrorism, people bringing weapons to games, collapses of stadiums and so on (Krieger and Wassong
2019, 45–46). However, security can also concern matters such as food poisoning at events or the
danger of infection.
The struggle over space
To begin with, the impacts of the corona crisis from the perspective of sports institutions will be
outlined. Then the challenges sports institutions face as a result of the crisis will be discussed.
Since the outbreak of the virus sporting competitions all over the world have been cancelled or
postponed. Notably the Tokyo Olympics has for now been moved to 2021. In Denmark all fitness
centers, elite sports and non-elite sports have been closed for different periods of time. During the
last few months these sports activities have slowly been restarting. Notably the Danish Superliga
restarted in May though it was without spectators. Now the Danish authorities have given the permission for three Superliga matches to allow 500 spectators to games (Jørgensen 2020). Now that the
decease seems to be on the back foot many questions regarding the Danish sports institutions and
how they handle the challenges ahead can be raised. Firstly the Danish health authorities recommend
that people keep their distance to one another (Sundhedsstyrrelsen 2020). This is rather difficult to
comply with when fans are attending sporting events as usual or footballers are playing a match. In
the beginning of the crisis the sporting spaces where not used. Then the Superliga restarted in May
and soon some spectators will be back on the stands. Until now spectators have only been able to
watch the games at home on television. It can be argued that the space dimension of sports now has
Side 8 af 13
Jens Zöga Diederichsen
Studienr.: 201907516
Eksamen Humanistisk- og samfundsvidenskabelig idrætsteori
Aarhus Universitet
Sektion for Idrætsvidenskab
17/06/2020
another aspect to it. In the future the spectators to sporting events will have to struggle over space
somewhat like athletes. Stadiums have limited space originally intended for an exact number of people who weren’t very concerned about keeping distance to others at all times. Now associations, clubs
and organizers must rethink how they arrange crowds at sporting events so that their spectators can
keep distance to each other and meet the criteria sat by the government. The football clubs FC Copenhagen AGF and FC Midtjylland have presented plans suggesting that they will be able to host
respectively 10500, 9000 and 5000 spectators while maintaining a high level of security. Such plans
involve the spectators arriving at different times as well as allocated seats in smaller groups with free
seats between them. (Ritzau 2020) (Ritzau 2020). Now the question arises, do the spectators feel safe
enough to go to events? Especially, the more vulnerable fans who are risking their life if they are
infected by Covid-19. Furthermore, one can ask oneself whether the atmosphere at the stadiums will
even be remotely close to the usual. Many Superliga clubs have certain areas in their stadiums where
more hardcore fans usually sing and sometimes bring tifos. Do these supporters wish to sing if they
are not seated together? If not do the supporters even wish to go if they cannot get that feeling of
community? This sense of community is a large part of the aspect place. Places such as the stadiums
in the Superliga risk losing or having their meaning changed amongst supporters if the experience,
atmosphere and spectacle of going to games are changed permanently. In addition, many matches are
broadcasted to the supporter’s homes where they are safe and comfortable. It will be interesting to
see how many supporters will turn up continuously if these changes are somewhat permanent.
Cooperation is key
From a security point of view testing for Covid-19 should be considered. Since the restart of the
Superliga all players and personnel have been tested frequently (Ritzau 2020). Question could be
raised whether clubs should test spectators or demand spectators to show negative tests before
matches. It would be extremely costly to test thousands each week before a match and seems like a
utopia. However, it would be possible to random test spectators before and after games. For instance,
some of the spectators going to Brøndby IF’s clash with FC Copenhagen (Rigspolitiet 2020). By
comparing such tests, the clubs, health authorities and the police etc. would be able to gather an idea
of how secure the suggested plans from FC Copenhagen, AGF and FC Midtjylland are. This serves
as an example of how vital the cooperation between sporting institutions, governments and health and
law enforcement authorities is if the world of sports as we know it should endure this global crisis.
Side 9 af 13
Jens Zöga Diederichsen
Studienr.: 201907516
Eksamen Humanistisk- og samfundsvidenskabelig idrætsteori
Aarhus Universitet
Sektion for Idrætsvidenskab
17/06/2020
Who should be responsible?
The security outside the stadiums are just as important in terms of safety measures. As part of the
earlier mentioned plans presented by FC Copenhagen, AGF and FC Midtjylland the clubs suggest
fans should arrive at the stadiums according to a specific timetable. This is to ensure that the spectators have a proper amount of space between them during the arrival at the stadiums. However, what
if fans decide to gather before games outside the stadium? This could be in public parks or other open
spaces. During the writing of this paper the ban on gatherings in Denmark allows 50 people to gather
in public places. Thus, if fans of Brøndby IF for instance gathered more than 50 people in a public
park before their clash with FC Copenhagen, they would all get fines from the police. However, if
the fans organized zones containing up to 50 people they might not get fined. On the other hand, the
security measures would have to be very well organized. These measures would not only have to
consider how such an event avoid turning into one large group. The organizers would also have to
take more ordinary security measures into account. This could be considerations on how to avoid
someone from bringing weapons to such an event. Normally public sporting events like fan zones
etc. have many security cameras to surveil the area for two reasons. Firstly, this it to make potential
troublemakers think twice before doing something terrible. Secondly, it is in order to make the law
enforcements able to find and prosecute such troublemakers. Consequently, it would take an enormous amount of organizing in order to secure an event like described above. A task which would be
suited for a company experienced in securing public events but not ordinary voluntary fans of a football club. Nevertheless, it is unlikely to imagine such a firm taking on a task like outlined. However,
who can prevent an event like that to take place? If no laws are violated the police will not be able to
stop it. As a result, one of the only ways to ensure security at such an event would be with the presence
of numerous of police officers. Their primary duty would be to frighten possible troublemakers from
doing any harm to anyone else and remind people to keep a safe distance to each other. Scenarios like
the one just described could just as easily occur after matches. In such situations, questions should be
raised about who is responsible for preserving the individual’s safety. In addition, who should be held
accountable if the ban on gatherings was to get violated in the aftermath of a football match on Ceres
Park? On the one hand, one could argue that when the final whistle has been blown and, in this
instance, AGF has let people out in smaller sections over a time period then they can no longer be
held accountable for their spectator’s safety. Thus, when the spectators leave the stadium, they must
pay the fine if they gather more than 50 people. On the other hand, the gathering of all these people
are somewhat made possible by AGF hosting the football match and inviting spectators in the first
Side 10 af 13
Jens Zöga Diederichsen
Studienr.: 201907516
Eksamen Humanistisk- og samfundsvidenskabelig idrætsteori
Aarhus Universitet
Sektion for Idrætsvidenskab
17/06/2020
place. Therefore, it should be part of AGF’s responsibility to make sure that their spectators leave the
site immediately after they are let out in their sections. Despite this, once the spectators have left the
stadium and are in public spaces their security once again is their responsibility and the law enforcements. As a result, sporting institutions should not be held accountable for the security of their spectators once the spectators leave their premises. Yet, if the law enforcements in Denmark experience
many difficulties with football fans gathering irresponsibly before or after matches during the summer
of 2020, then the authorities and football clubs might have to rethink how and if it is possible to
maintain the security of the Danish population while having spectators at Superliga games.
Conclusion part two
The global health crisis caused by Covid-19 virus has sent shockwaves through every part of the
modern society. Similarly, the crisis has influenced the world of sports greatly. By drawing on the
concepts of space, place and security the second part of the paper has discussed the impacts caused
by the crisis on the institutional level of sport. It was established that the concept of space in sport
now has a new meaning to it. Space is not only concern for the sporting participants but also the
spectators. Furthermore, it was questioned whether spectators would want to keep going to sporting
events if they; a) are afraid of the health-related repercussions, and b) are continuously asked to keep
a distance to other spectators. It was established how vital the cooperation between sporting institutions, governments and health and law enforcement authorities are if sporting institutions are to endure this global crisis. It was discussed who should be responsible and held accountable for the security at events before and after matches in the Danish Superliga outside the stadiums. It was concluded
that the Danish football clubs should not be held accountable for the behavior of their spectators
outside of their stadiums. However, even though they do not have the formal reasonability, the authorities and football clubs might have to rethink how to have spectators at games, if the safety
breaches continuous.
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Jens Zöga Diederichsen
Studienr.: 201907516
Eksamen Humanistisk- og samfundsvidenskabelig idrætsteori
Aarhus Universitet
Sektion for Idrætsvidenskab
17/06/2020
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Jens Zöga Diederichsen
Studienr.: 201907516
Eksamen Humanistisk- og samfundsvidenskabelig idrætsteori
Aarhus Universitet
Sektion for Idrætsvidenskab
17/06/2020
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Scharnberg, Martin Leer. 2020a. “OL-atleter kan miste medaljer, hvis de knæler: ‘Straffen er slet
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———. 2020b. “Trump kaldte ham ’son of a bitch’: Nu følger aktivister Kaepernicks ikoniske knæ
i kampen mod racisme.” DR. 2020. https://www.dr.dk/sporten/trump-kaldte-ham-son-bitchnu-foelger-aktivister-kaepernicks-ikoniske-knae-i-kampen-mod.
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