HSCI 160
Instructor: Mandana Salajegheh
Chapter 1: The Principles and Goals of
Global Health
Learning Objectives
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Define the terms health, public health, and global
health
Discuss some examples of public health efforts
Discuss some examples of global health activities
Describe some of the guiding principles of public
health work
Describe the Millennium Development Goals and
Sustainable Development Goals and their relation to
global health
Briefly discuss the global effort to eradicate smallpox
Why should we study Global Health?
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Why should we study Global Health?
www.cartoonstock.com
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COVID-19 Spread, Dec 3, 2019-Feb 3, 2020
https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/genomics/genomic-epidemiology-tracking-spread-COVID/98/i17
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COVID-19 Spread, Feb 21-April 21, 2020
https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/genomics/genomic-epidemiology-tracking-spread-COVID/98/i17
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http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-illustration-map-spread-virus-zika-dates-vector-image664140086
http://www.vox.com/2016/2/2/10893526/zika-virus-disease-spread-history-cases
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West Nile Virus, Polio and more…
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Additional Reasons to Study Global
Health
To understand:
 The progress that has already been made
 The challenges that still remain
 That diseases are not limited by national boundaries
 That there are disparities among groups
 The health-development link
 The need for different actors to work together
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Definitions
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Health
State of complete physical,
mental & social
well-being and not
merely the absence of
disease or infirmity
(WHO 1948)
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The Dimensions of the Health and Wellness
Continuum: Health the basics 6th Canadian Edition
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Definitions
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Public Health:
“…the science and art of preventing disease,
prolonging life, and promoting physical
health and mental health and efficiency
through organized community efforts
toward a sanitary environment”
—C.E.A. Winslow, 1923
Examples of public health activities?
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Definitions
Global Health:
“…an area for study, research, and practice that
places a priority on improving health and
achieving equity in health for all people
worldwide.”
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Examples of global health issues?
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Public Health vs. Medicine
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A Story
Two doctors were walking along the bank of a
river when they saw a man drowning. Both of
them jumped into the water, pulled him out,
administered first-aid, revived him. By the time
they were done with him, there came another,
followed by yet another. It was becoming really
hard to handle so many cases.
One of the doctors now decided to set up a clinic
at that spot and try to help as many victims as
possible.
What did the second doctor do?
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Prevention: The Key to Future Health
 Primary prevention
 Secondary prevention
 Tertiary prevention
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Critical Global Health Concepts & Key
health issues
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The determinants of health
Health indicators
The importance of culture to
health
The key risk factors
Health care systems
Human rights and ethical
issues
Links between
 health and education
 health, equity, poverty, and
development
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Environmental health
Nutrition
Reproductive health
Child health
Infectious diseases
Non-communicable
diseases
Injuries
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Key Terms
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Developed and developing countries
Classification of low-income, middle-income,
and high-income countries (GNI/Capita)
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<$1,025...$3,995…$12,376<
World Bank, WHO & OECD (Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development)
Human Development Index
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Human Development Index [0-1]
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/
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Organization of Data by World Bank
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WHO Regions
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Key Terms
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The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the
UN’s global development network, advocating for change
and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and
resources to help people build a better life.
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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
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In 2000, 189 nations made a promise to free people from
extreme poverty and multiple deprivations. This pledge
became the eight Millennium Development Goals to be
achieved by 2015. In September 2010, the world
recommitted itself to accelerate progress towards these
goals.
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Millennium Development Goals
www.gavi.org
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How much progress has been made?
The Millennium Development Goals report 2015 (United Nations)
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How much progress has been made?
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The Sustainable Development Goals
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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a
universal call to action to end poverty, protect the
planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and
prosperity.
These 17 Goals build on the successes of
the MDGs while including new areas such as
climate change, economic inequality, innovation,
sustainable consumption, peace and justice, among
other priorities. The goals are interconnected – often
the key to success on one will involve tackling
issues more commonly associated with another.
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Selected Central Messages of the Book
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Health, human development, labor productivity and
economic development are linked
There are a variety of health determinants including
genetic make-up,sex, social status, income, education,
knowledge of health behaviors
Great progress in health in the last 50 years, but progress
has been uneven and large gaps remain
There are enormous disparities in health
Countries can achieve high levels of health, even without
high levels of income
Cooperation is needed to solve some global health
problems
Yet .. An important part of health status depends on
individuals, families, and communities
The health of each of us is linked to the health of all of us
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Smallpox eradication:
The most famous
success story
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Smallpox eradication:
The most famous success story
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Acute contagious disease caused by variola virus
In 1966, affected 10-15 million people, killed 30% of affected
people! deep scars & blindness
WHO proposal and the US technical & financial support
(1959-1966)
 All Who members manage program funds effectively
 Report all cases
 Encourage research on smallpox
 Maintain flexibility in implementation of the program to suit
local needs
In 1980, WHO declared smallpox the 1st eradicated disease
in history
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Smallpox eradication:
The most famous success story
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Watch Video (Rx for survival)
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULKJjX16t3M
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Prepare to have a discussion after the video
Pay attention and write down what were the important
factors that helped the smallpox eradication campaign to
succeed and become the “greatest public health
accomplishment” up to date?
What would be the key “take home message/s” from this
example for you?
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Smallpox eradication:
The most famous success story
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Vaccine is available and easy to administer
Volunteers and devoted individuals – warriors
Disease characteristics - human-to-human
transmission, easy to recognize
Reaching out remote communities
Ring vaccination and “herd immunity”
Existing networks - missionaries
Strategies in India and Nigeria
House to house campaign, Goddess, villagers and
etc.
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Lessons learned
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Political commitment and leadership
Having someone in each country, solely responsible for
eradication effort
Small WHO teams frequent field trips to review program
Small number of committed people motivated large
number of staffs
Monthly meetings to exchange information about the
progress
Many countries forced to improve their health system
Can vaccinate people with more than one vaccine at a
time
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Chapter Review Questions
1)
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How does the World Health Organization define “health”
Briefly define “public health”
Give three examples of public health activities
What are three key differences between the “public health
approach “and the “medical approach”?
5) What is “global health”?
6) Name three examples of key global health activities
7) What are the Millennium Development Goals?
8) What are the Sustainable Development Goals?
9) What are three low-income countries?
10) What are three high-income countries?
11) What is the Human Development Index?
12) What were two of the keys to the eradication of smallpox?
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