Higher Nationals
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INTERNAL VERIFICATION – ASSESSMENT DECISIONS
Programme title
Assessor
Unit(s)
BTEC Higher National Diploma in Computing
Tharidu Suraj
Internal Verifier
Unit 02: Networking
Assignment title
LAN Design & Implementation for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS
Student’s name
S.A. Chathushka Niwantha Wickramsingha
List which assessment criteria
the Assessor has awarded.
Pass
Merit
Distinction
INTERNAL VERIFIER CHECKLIST
Do the assessment criteria awarded match
those shown in the assignment brief?
Y/N
Is the Pass/Merit/Distinction grade awarded
justified by the assessor’s comments on the
student work?
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improved performance?
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Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
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Assessor signature
Date
Internal Verifier signature
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Date
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Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
Page |1
Higher Nationals - Summative Assignment Feedback Form
S.A. Chathushka Niwantha Wickramasingha
Student Name/ID
Unit Title
Unit 02: Networking
Assignment Number
1
Assessor
Submission Date
Date Received
1st submission
Re-submission Date
Date Received 2nd
submission
Assessor Feedback:
LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols.
Pass, Merit &
P1
P2
Distinction Descripts
M1
LO2 Explain networking devices and operations.
Pass, Merit &
Distinction Descripts
P3
P4
M2
D1
P6
M3
D2
M4
D3
LO3 Design efficient networked systems.
Pass, Merit &
Distinction Descripts
P5
LO4 Implement and diagnose networked systems.
Pass, Merit &
Distinction Descripts
Grade:
P7
P8
Assessor Signature:
Date:
Resubmission Feedback:
Grade:
Assessor Signature:
Date:
Internal Verifier’s Comments:
Signature & Date:
* Please note that grade decisions are provisional. They are only confirmed once internal and external moderation has taken
place and grades decisions have been agreed at the assessment board.
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
Page |2
Assignment Feedback
Formative Feedback: Assessor to Student
Action Plan
Summative feedback
Feedback: Student to Assessor
Assessor
signature
Date
niwanthawickramasingha99@gmail.com
Student
signature
Niwantha Wickramasingha
2022/01/31
Date
Networking
Page |3
Pearson Higher Nationals in
Computing
Unit 02: Networking
Assignment 01
General Guidelines
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Use previous page as your cover sheet and make sure all the details are accurately
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You will then be asked to complete an alternative assignment.
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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10. If you use other people’s work or ideas in your assignment, reference them properly
using HARVARD referencing system to avoid plagiarism. You have to provide both
in-text citation and a reference list.
11. If you are proven to be guilty of plagiarism or any academic misconduct, your grade
could be reduced to A REFERRAL or at worst you could be expelled from the
course
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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Student Declaration
I hereby, declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another’s work and to present
it as my own without attributing the sources in the correct form. I further understand what it means
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niwanthawickramasingha99@gmail.com
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
2022/01/31
Page |6
Higher National Diploma in Computing
Assignment Brief
Student Name /ID Number
Unit Number and Title
S.A. Chathushka niwantha Wickramasingha
Unit 2: Networking
Academic Year
2021/22
Unit Tutor
Tharidu Suraj
Assignment Title
LAN Design & Implementation for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS
Issue Date
2021/11/17
Submission Date
2022/01/31
IV Name & Date
Submission format
The submission should be in the form of an individual report written in a concise, formal business
style using single spacing and font size 12. You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and
subsections as appropriate, and all work must be supported with research and referenced using
Harvard referencing system. Please also provide an end list of references using the Harvard
referencing system.
The recommended word count is 3,000–3,500 words for the report excluding annexures, although
you will not be penalised for exceeding the total word limit.
Unit Learning Outcomes:
LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols.
LO2 Explain networking devices and operations.
LO3 Design efficient networked systems.
LO4 Implement and diagnose networked systems.
Assignment Brief and Guidance:
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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Scenario
SYNTAX SOLUTIONS is a privately owned, well-known Software company located in Colombo.
The Management of SYNTAX SOLUTIONS has purchased a 3-story building in the heart of Matara.
They are planning to make it one of the state-of-the-art companies in Matara with the latest facilities.
It is expected to have nearly 150 employees in Matara branch.
Department
Number of Users
Customer Care
10
Sales and Marketing
20
Finance
25
Legal
5
HR
10
Developers
55
Network Team
5
Server Room
Servers +ISP connections
Following requi rement s are gi ven by t he Management .

All the depar t ments must be separ ated wit h unique subnet and shoul d not
communi cate wit h each ot her unl ess there i s a special requi rement.

192.168.10.0/24 is given and should be used f or all t he department s except the
ser ver r oom. IPs should assi gn using DHCP.

ERP and CRM Systems need t o be i mplement ed in Matar a branch in l ocal ser vers.

Number of ser vers requir ed f or the Ser ver r oom need t o be decided by t he Net wor k
desi gner and shoul d be assi gned with 10.254.1.0/ 24 subnet . ( Uses st ati c IPs)

Hi gh level of r edundancy is expected i n networ k desi gn to eli mi nate singl e poi nt
of fai lures and traffi c bot tle necks.

Sal es and Mar keting Team need to access Net wor k resour ces usi ng WIFI
connect i vi t y.
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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
Pr oper methods f or net wor king moni toring and troubleshooting need t o be
est abl ished.

All possi bl e net wor k securit y mechani sms shoul d be i mpl ement ed.
Assume you have been appoi nt ed as the
new net wor k consult ant of SYNT AX
SOLUT IONS. Prepare a net wor k ar chitect ur al desi gn and i mplement it wi th your
suggest ions and r ecommendat ions t o meet t he company r equir ement s.
(Note: Cl early stat e your assumpti ons. You are all owed t o desi gn t he net work accordi ng
t o your assumpti ons, but mai n requirements shoul d not be vi olated)
Acti vit y 01

Di scuss the benefit s and const rai nts of different net wor k system t ypes t hat can be
i mpl emented i n the Matar a branch and t he mai n IEEE Ether net st andards that can
be u sed in above LAN and WLAN desi gn.

Di scuss t he i mport ance and i mpact of networ k t opol ogies and net wor k pr ot ocol
suit es whil e compari ng t he mai n net wor k topol ogi es and net work pr ot ocol suit es
t hat are used i n networ k desi gn usi ng examples. Recommend suit able net wor k
t opol ogies and net work pr ot ocol sui tes for above scenari o and j usti f y your answer
wit h vali d points.
Acti vit y 02

Di scuss t he oper ati ng pri ncipl es of net work devices (Ex: Router, Swit ch, Etc.) and
ser ver t ypes t hat can be used f or above sc enar io while explori ng diff erent ser ver s that
are avail able in today’ s mar ket wi th their specifi cat ions. Recommend ser ver /ser ver s
f or t he above scenario and j ust if y your selecti on wi th vali d poi nts.

Di scuss the inter -dependence of wor kstation har dware wit h net wor ki ng soft war e and
provi de exampl es f or net wor king soft ware that can be used in above net wor k desi gn.
Acti vit y 03

Prepare a wri tten networ k desi gn pl an t o meet t he above menti oned user r equir ement s
i ncl uding a blueprint drawn using a modeling t o ol . ( Ex: Mi cr osoft Visi o, EdrawMax) .
Suppor t your answer by provi di ng t he V LAN and IP subnetti ng scheme f or the above
scenario and t he li st of devices, net wor k components and sof t ware used to desi gn t he
net wor k for above scenar io and while j ustifyi ng your sel ections.
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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
Test and eval uate t he proposed desi gn t o meet t he requir ements and anal yse user
f ee dback by using a User f eedback for m.

Inst all and confi gur e Net wor k ser vi ces, devi ces and applicati ons ( Ex: V LAN,DHCP,
DNS,Pr oxy, Web, Etc.) accor di ng to t he proposed desi gn t o accompl ish t he user
r equir ement s and design a det ail ed Maintenance schedule f or above Net wor k.
*Not e: - Scr een shots of Confi gurati on scr ipt s should be presented.
Acti vit y 04

Impl ement a net wor ked syst em based on your prepar ed desi gn wit h vali d evidences
and recommend potenti al f uture enhancements f or t he net wor ked syst em with val id
j ust ifi cat ions t o your r ecommendati ons. Use criti cal r efl ection t o criti cal l y evaluat e
t he desi gn, pl an, configur ati on, and testi ng of your net wor k while justi f ying wit h vali d
concl usions.

Develop t est cases and conduct verifi cat ion ( Ex: Ping, exten ded ping, trace rout e,
t elnet , SSH, et c.) t o test the above Net work and anal yse t he test result s against the
expected resul ts.
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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Acknowledgment
I would like to express my special thanks to my networking lecturer who guild us in the
whole semester on networking subjects.
Also my heartfelt thanks goes to my parents and my family members who give their support
as in my entire life.
Finally, all of my batch mates in the HND 31 batch who with me in this semester, all the
academic and non-academic staff in ESOFT Metro Campus Gampaha.
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................... 11
Activity 1 ........................................................................................................................... 13
Advantage of Networking .......................................................................................... 13
Disadvantage of Networking...................................................................................... 13
Advantages of LAN .................................................................................................... 14
Disadvantages of LAN ................................................................................................ 14
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) ......................................................................... 16
Activity 2 ........................................................................................................................... 25
Activity 3 ........................................................................................................................... 30
Activity 4 ........................................................................................................................... 52
References .......................................................................................................................... 55
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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Activity 1
What is a network?
A network is an interconnection of two or more hosts or nodes for purpose of
sharing resources and information with each other. The Internet can be taken as the best
example of a network. With over a million devices within people can interact with each
other and exchange data and information. That is the best example of a network.
Advantages and disadvantages of networking
There are many pros and cons to networking. (BBC Bitesize, 2019)
Advantage of Networking





The advantages of networking are as below.
Ability to use shared resources. An example, networking to a location that
requires a large number of printers and scanners allows one printer and scanner
machine to do all the work, saving time and money.
Ability to exchange files very efficiently.
Software is generally used.
Backup is easy because all the data is backed up on a file server.
Disadvantage of Networking





The disadvantages of networking are as below.
Networking equipment such as network cables, routers, server computers, etc. be
costly.
The network requires trained staff to manage, so it costs a lot of money for it.
A virus attack on the network it's affects all computers on the network..
The network requires trained staff to manage, so it costs a lot of money for it.
Network System
There are a number of network systems depending on how devices connect to a
network and how they are geographically spread across the network. A network system has
basically four types. That is LAN, WAN, MAN, and WLAN.
The network system is important for building the network of the above Syntax Solution
Company. The entire network is a LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK). WAN (WIDE
AREA NETWORK) is required for communication between Colombo and Mathara branch
and internet connection. Also, the Customer Care Department requires Wi-Fi connectivity
so it requires WLAN (WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK).
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LAN (Local Area Network)
(Router-switch.com, 2020)
A LAN is a network of two or more devices spread over a small geographical area
with or without wires. A LAN can be small or large. That is, a network is a network of
interconnected devices spread over a single finite geographical area. And LAN provides
high-speed bandwidth for devices connected to the network.
Advantages of LAN
The following are the advantages of a LAN




Networking has made it easier to use resources such as printers. That saves
money.
In a normal situation, need to buy a software license for all computers.
After networking only need one license for one computer and can use this
software on other computers within a network.
Files can be easily shared with other users
Data is easy to back up.
Disadvantages of LAN
The following are the disadvantages of a LAN



Setting up a network can cost a lot of equipment, such as servers, routers,
and cables.
In a normal situation, need to buy a software license for all computers.
After networking only need one license for one computer and can use this
software on other computers within a network.
Files can be easily shared with other users
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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
Data is easy to back up.
AN (Wide Area Network)
(www.guru99.com, n.d.)
WAN is a network that covers a large area. It is made up of a large number of LANs.
The Internet is the best example of a WAN. Wire or radio waves or both are used to
communicate between two LANs.
Advantages of WAN
The following are the advantages of a WAN



WAN covers a large geographical area. Normally it same or more than 1000
kilometers.
Data, information, and files can be easily and quickly exchanged, even when
people are far away.
Data is secure because it can be managed from one place.
Disadvantages of WAN
The following are the advantages of a WAN




Network setup costs be a lot.
Network maintenance and administration require skilled technicians and network
administrators.
Due to the use of multi-wire and wireless technology, it takes a long time to solve
a problem.
WANs are less secure than other networks
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
(www.sciencedirect.com, n.d.)
A MAN is a larger network than a LAN. A cable television network in a city is a
prime example. This is a combination of several LANs. This is a smaller network than
WAN. Network size ranges from 5 to 50 km.
Advantages of MAN




MAN installation costs less compared to WAN.
Provides an efficient service for MAN data transfer.
Features higher speeds than WAN.
It has higher security than LAN.
Disadvantages of MAN




If the number of LAN networks increases, it will be very difficult to manage.
MAN security is less than LAN.
Network maintenance and administration require skilled technicians and network
administrators. It’s costly.
MAN requires a larger number of cables than a LAN.
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)
(Techterms.com, 2017)
Wireless local area network that allows wireless devices to communicate within a
limited geographical area, mainly through Wi-Fi. WLANs are very similar to LANs. The
difference here is that IP ADDRESS is provided via DHCP for devices connected to the
WLAN. And also communicates wirelessly.
Advantages of WLAN



The cost is lower because cables are not required.
Devices can be connected of any size as they are not limited by physical ports.
Can be extended to any extent by using repeaters.
Disadvantages of WLAN
The following are the disadvantages of a MAN


A wireless network is less secure than a wired network.
The strength of the signal decreases as it passes through the concrete-like walls.
IEEE Standards
IEEE mean is an “Institute OF Electrical and Electronics Engineering ". That is
established in the United States. With such a standard, device manufacturers, as well as
users, can access the service without any problems. It saves time, money, and much more.
Below are some IEEE standards for the Syntax Solution network.




IEEE Wi-Fi standard
IEEE VLAN standard
IEEE Ethernet standard
IEEE Spanning tree Standard
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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IEEE Wi-Fi Standard
This standard was first introduced in 1997. Originally 802.11, but later variants
were added. Syntax Solution Sales and Marketing requires a Wi-Fi connection. Below are
some IEEE Wi-Fi standards

IEEE 802.11 – 1997
This standard was released in 1997. It was developed to operate on the 2.4 GHz
ISM band and supported speeds of 1 Mbps - 2 Mbps. The speed is slow compared
to the current speed. (SignalBoosters, n.d.)

IEEE 802.11a
This standard was released in 1999. When the frequency of 5 GHz was used instead
of 2.4 GHz. Speed higher than 802.11 but extends to a shorter range.
(SignalBoosters, n.d.)

IEEE 802.11ah
This standard was released in May 2017. 802.11ah aims to use unlicensed
frequencies below 1GHz. The 802.11ah goal is to use less power and provide
WLAN for longer distances. It has an indoor range of 543 m (1,781.5 ft.) and a
theoretical range of up to 347 Mbps. (SignalBoosters, n.d.)
"The latest version of "802.11ah" is recommended for Syntax Solution Network.
IEEE VLAN Standard
VLAN is a virtual LAN (Local Area Network). IEEE 802.1Q is a VLAN tagging
protocol supported by Cisco Switches. This standard was developed by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE), so it is an open standard and can be used on
non-Cisco switches (Study CCNA, 2016). Here you can create multiple different LANs in
one switch.
When allocating a department in a syntax solution, it is more expensive to purchase
a separate switch for each department. This requires VLAN. Here you can allocate the
required number of departments in one switch.
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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IEEE Ethernet Standard
IEEE 802.3 is the standard number for an Ethernet-based network. This is mainly
used on LANs and can also be used on networks such as MAN. IEEE 802.3 defines the
physical layer of the data connection layer and the Central Access Control (MAC) sublayer for wired Ethernet networks( Lantronix.com, 2019.(
Name
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet/
100Base-T
Gigabit
Ethernet/
GigE
10 Gigabit
Ethernet
IEEE
Standard
802.3
802.3u
802.3z
IEEE
802.3ae
Data
Rate
10 Mbps
100
Mbps
1000
Mbps
10 Gbps
Media Type
Maximum Distance
10Base-T
100Base-TX
100Base-FX
1000Base-T
1000Base-SX
1000Base-LX
10GBase-SR
10GBase-LX4
10GBase-LR/ER
10GBaseSW/LW/EW
100 meters
100 meters
2000 meters
100 meters
275/550 meters
550/5000 meters
300 meters
300m MMF/ 10km
SMF
10km/40km
300m/10km/40km
Below are some versions of IEEE 802.3.
IEEE Spanning Tree Standard
The 802.1D Spanning Tree protocol eliminates loops in a network. For example,
when three switches are connected to each other, this protocol temporarily disables one
connection. This is done to eliminate loops between the data packets that travel in this
network.
Syntax Solution requires more switches when installing the network. This is
important to minimize collision domains.
What Is The Network Topology?
Network topology is the physical or logical way in which computers or network
devices are connected to each other. Topologies present both the physical layout and the
logical layout of the network.
This network topology is required when building the above network. These
topologies depend on how switches and nodes are connected to each other, as well as switch
switches. This is commonly referred to as the Hybrid topology as it uses both star and bus
topology. That is, the hybrid topology is used to build this network.
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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Why Network Topology is Important?
The layout of a network allows you to understand the layout of the network, as well
as to facilitate data transfer and minimize errors. Also, if there is a network error, it can be
fixed quickly. There are several types of topologies are below.





Bus topology
Star topology
Ring topology
Mesh topology
Hybrid topology
Bus topology
(Singh, 2019)
This network configuration is created by connecting computers or devices
to a backbone cable. The Terminator is connected to the two ends of that backbone cable.
This will prevent signal loss.
Advantages of Bus topology




The cost of setting up the network is minimal.
Because each device is connected to a separate backbone cable, an error in one
device does not affect the other.
A lower number of cables is required.
Networking devices such as hub switches are not required, so the cost is very low.
Disadvantages of Bus topology



The problem cannot be detected if the network is down.
If the backbone cable is damaged, the network will crash.
Network speeds down during large data transfers.
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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Star topology
(Singh, 2019)
Here all the devices are connected to one centralized device i.e. a hub or a
switch. Computers cannot communicate directly with each other. All communication takes
place through a centralized device.
Advantages of Star topology



Network building is easy.
The required number of cables is less than the bus topology. So the cost is low.
Even if one device connected to the network is disabled, the network will not
crash completely.
Disadvantages of Star topology


If the centralized device goes down, the entire network crashes.
Proper maintenance is mandatory as there is a centralized device.
Ring topology
(Singh, 2019)
Here the devices are connected to each other like a ring. One device
connects to the other two devices on either side.
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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Advantages of Ring topology


Network building is easy.
Network upgrades are easy to downgrade.
Disadvantages of Ring topology


A crash on one device affects the entire network.
When moving data in one direction, conflicts occur. Larger amounts of data travel
slow down the network.
Mesh topology
(Singh, 2019)
In this network, every device is connected to every device in the network. If the
network has n devices, this network is built by connecting each device to a number of (n1( devices.
Advantages of Mesh topology


Data traffic is minimized because every two devices are connected to each other.
Network upgrades are easy to downgrade.
Even if one link is inactive, the network will not go down because there are other
links.
Disadvantages of Mesh topology


The number of wires required to build the network is very high.
A large number of I / O ports are required as each device must be connected to
each other.
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Networking
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Hybrid topology
(Singh, 2019)
This topology is created by combining two or more topologies.
Advantages of Hybrid topology


This network topology can be scaled. Therefore it can be scaled at any time as
required.
Even if one link is inactive, the network will not go down because there are other
links.
Disadvantages of Hybrid topology


Errors are difficult to identify.
Network installation is difficult.
What Is The Network Protocol?
A network protocol is an established set of rules that determine how data is
transmitted between different devices in the same network (Default, 2019). The following
are some examples of protocols.







Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
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Internet Protocol (IP)
IP is a protocol used to connect networks. This is used with TCP. This IP protocol
allows you to navigate through different nodes to reach the destination with the IP addresses
contained in a data packet.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
This is similar to the TCP protocol and is used for loss-tolerating and low-latency.
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
HTTP is designed to switch overheads between two or more systems. This is done
in hypertext format. This is the exchange that takes place between the server browser and
the webserver.
HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
This is also the latest version of HTTP. HTTPS takes the same process as HTTP
and is more secure than HTTP. Here the data is encrypted and sent. Data is decoded and
retrieved by the destination browser. This protocol reduces data theft along the way.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
ARP (Address resolution protocol) main role is the connecting to frequently
changing IP addresses and the device's physical number (MAC address) each other.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (ARP)
DHCP is used on IP networks. The DHCP server can efficiently communicate
efficiently by automatically providing IP to all devices connected to the network.
The above protocols such as TCP / UDP Protocol, ARP Protocol, FTP are mainly
used for network communication during network building.
The IP protocol is also primarily required for communication between Internet connections
and VLANs. The Internet also requires HTTP and HTTPS protocols. Details about these
protocols and network topology are mentioned above.
IEEE Wi-Fi standard, IEEE VLAN Standard, IEEE Ethernet Standard, IEEE Spanning tree
protocol are also used as IEEE Standards to build the above network.
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Activity 2
Network Devices and Their Operating Principle.
Network devices are devices that connect to the network during networking.
Switches, hubs, repeaters, routers are examples of these network devices. The functionality
of these devices varies from one to another. These devices operate in layers on the OSI
Reference Model.
Repeaters
This is a device that operates on the physical layer. When a moving signal is
weakened on the way, this device copies weak data regenerates the signal and sends that
signal. This device has 2 ports.
The Sales and marketing department requires Wi-Fi to set up the above network.
The existing building has 3 floors so the signal strength decreases with increasing distance.
Using Wireless repeaters can minimize that problem.
Hubs
A hub is a centralized device used by several computers to network with each other.
Since no controls are performed here, a data packet from one device is sent to all connected
devices. Data loss can also occur as data packets collide here. The hub is not currently used.
Bridge
This operates on the Datalink layer. Works with MAC addresses. It is used to
connect two LANs running similar protocols.
Switch
This device also works on the Datalink layer. Although similar in operating to the
hub, this is an improved device on the hub. Data packets are sent only to the relevant device.
This minimizes collision domains. It is also possible to diagnose errors before sending data
packets.
The switch requires a connect pc each other to the above network.
Router
A router is a device that runs on the network layer. Similar to the switch, these
devices are functional with IP addresses. It also includes a dynamically updating routing
table for routing data packets when connecting a LAN to a WAN. Communication between
the Internet connection and Inter-VLAN requires a router above scenario.
Gateway
This Device is used to connect two different network models. Basically, take data
from one system, interpret it, and transfer it to another system. The gateway can operate in
any network layer.
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What are the Servers?
Servers are devices that store or process data Connecting to the network and
providing services to another device on the network. Computers or software systems act as
servers that connect to a network.
Type of Servers
Web Server
These servers are used to store data on websites. The main function here is to store,
edit and distribute web pages to users. HTTP / HTTPS protocol Used for communication.
Proxy Server
A proxy server acts as a bridge between clients and the host server. This server can
also filter the IP address of various websites. It can filter out harmful internet entities.
File Server
This server allows to store and download of data on network users. It also provides
a faster service to the users. Can backup data anytime and this server is optimizing the data
reading and writing process.
Database Server
The database server is used to store data files for multiple users. Allows for faster data
transfer, writing, and Storing data.
Mail Server
Mail servers are used to exchange emails over the network. It also does mail storage.
Select the server for syntax solution
Server computers are manufactured by different manufacturers, and several of these
manufacturers are at the forefront of quality. Manufacturers such as HP, DELL, INSPURA,
LENOVO and IBM are at the forefront.
The DELL brand can be selected as the server computer when building the network at
Syntax Solutions. Below are some details about DELL server computers.
PowerEdge R240
Futures
Processor
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Specification
1 processor from the following: Intel® Xeon® E-2200
product family, Intel Pentium®, Intel Core i3®, Intel
Celeron®
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Memory
Storage controllers
Internal boot
Drive bays
Power supplies
I/O & Ports
4 x DDR4 DIMM slots, Supports UDIMM, up to
2666MT/s, 64GB Max. Supports registered ECC
Internal controllers: PERC H730P, H330, HBA330
Software RAID: PERC S140 External controllers: 12Gbps
SAS HBA
Boot Optimized Storage Subsystem (BOSS): 2 x M.2
240GB (RAID 1 or No RAID) or 1 x M.2 240GB (No
RAID only) Internal Dual SD Module3 : 2x microSD
(16GB, 32GB or 64GB) or 1x microSD (16GB, 32GB or
64GB)
Up to 4 x 3.5 cabled SATA, SAS (optional) or SSD* Up
to 4 x 3.5 or 2.5 hot-plug SATA, SAS (optional) or SSD*
*available in the hot-plug configuration
Single 250W (Bronze) or 450W (Platinum) power supply
Networking Options: 2 x 1GbE LOM Network Interface
Controller (NIC) ports Front ports: 1x USB 2.0, 1 x
IDRAC micro USB 2.0 management port Rear ports: 2 x
USB 3.0, VGA, serial connector
(Designed for budget-conscious businesses, n.d.)
PowerEdge R440 Rack Server
Futures
Specification
Up to two 2nd Generation Intel® Xeon® Scalable
Processor
processors, up to 24 cores per processor
16 DDR4 DIMM slots, Supports RDIMM /LRDIMM,
Memory
speeds up to 2666MT/s, 1TB max
Internal Controllers: PERC H330, H730P, H740P,
Storage controllers
HBA330 External Controllers: H840, 12 Gbps SAS HBA
Software RAID:S140
Boot Optimized Storage Subsystem (BOSS):HWRAID 2
Internal boot
x M.2 SSDs 240GB, 480GB Internal Dual SD Module
Front drive bays: Up to 10 x 2.5” SAS/SATA (HDD/SSD)
with up to 4 NVMe SSD max 76.8TB or up to 4 x 3.5
Drive bays
SAS/SATA HDD max 64TB Optional DVD-ROM,
DVD+RW
Bronze 450W (Cabled PSU), Platinum 550W (Hot plug
Power supplies
PSU with full redundancy option)
Network options 2 x 1GbE LOM + (optional) LOM Riser
2 x 1GbE or 2x 10GbE SFP+ or 2 x 10GbE BaseT Front
ports: 1 x Dedicated iDRAC Direct USB, 1 x USB 2.0, 1 x
I/O & Ports
Video Rear ports: 1 x Dedicated iDRAC network port, 1 x
Serial, 2 x USB 3.0, 1 x Video Up to 2 x PCIe Gen 3 slots
all x16
(Deliver performance at scale with the Dell EMC PowerEdge portfolio, n.d.)
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PowerEdge R640 Rack Server
Futures
Processor
Memory
Storage controllers
Drive bays
Power supplies
I/O & Ports
Specification
Up to two 2nd Generation Intel® Xeon® Scalable
processors, up to 28 cores per processor
24 DDR4 DIMM slots, Supports RDIMM /LRDIMM,
speeds up to 2933MT/s, 3TB max Up to 12 NVDIMM,
192 GB Max Up to 12 Intel® Optane™ DC persistent
memory DCPMM, 6.14TB max, (7.68TB max with
DPCMM + LRDIMM) Supports registered ECC DDR4
DIMMs only
Internal controllers: PERC H330, H730p, H740p,
Software RAID (SWRAID) S140 Boot Optimized Storage
Subsystem: HWRAID 2 x M.2 SSDs 240GB, 480GB
External PERC (RAID): H840 12Gbps SAS HBAs (nonRAID): External - 12Gbps SAS HBA (non-RAID),
Internal - HBA330 (non-RAID)
Front drive bays: Up to 10 x 2.5” SAS/SATA (HDD/SSD)
with up to 8 NVMe SSD max 76.8TB or up to 10 NVMe
drives max 64TB, or up to 4 x 3.5” SAS/SATA HDD max
64TB Rear drive bays: Up to 2 x 2.5” SAS/SATA
(HDD/SSD), NVMe SSD max 15.36TB Optional DVDROM, DVD+RW
495W Platinum , 750W Platinum , 750W 240HVDC
Platinum*, 1100W 48VDC , 1100W Platinum , 1100W
380HVDC Platinum* , 1600W Platinum , 750W Titanium
, Hot plug power supplies with full redundancy option,
Up to 8 hot plugs fans with full redundancy,
*Available in China and Japan only
Network Options: 4 x 1GbE ,2 x 10GbE +, 2 x 1GbE ,4 x
10GbE, 2 x 25GbE
Front Ports: 1 x Dedicated iDRAC direct USB , 1 x USB
2.0, 1 x USB 3.0 (optional), 1 x Video
Rear Ports: 1 x Dedicated iDRAC network port, 1 x Serial
, 2 x USB 3.0 1 x Video
PCIe: 3 x Gen3 slots all x16
Video Card: 2 x VGA
(Maximize application performance and density, n.d.)
You can select the DELL PowerEdge R640 Rack Server computer when building
the network at Syntax Solutions. It can be expanded up to two processors. 28 core
processors can be used. It also allows the network to get a more efficient and faster service.
It also has 24 RAM slots so as the size of the network devices increases, this server will be
able to use the computer without any problems in the future.
With up to 8 hot plug fans, overheating problems are minimized. It is more suitable for a
country like Sri Lanka.
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Network Software
Network software is software used to design, execute, operate, and monitor
computer networks. This software is also commonly referred to as a server operating
system. This server operating system can perform more functions than a standard operating
system.
Example for Server OS



Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Windows Server
Mac OS X Server
Key features of a server operating system



Ability to access the GUI and command-level interface.
Advanced-level hardware, software, and network configuration services.
Provides central interface to manage users, implement security and other
administrative processes. (Techopedia.com, n.d.)
Even if a server operating system is installed on a standard computer, it must have at
least the following hardware facilities to get the required performance (docs.oracle.com,
n.d.).







Processor: Intel Xeon 5600 Series or equal AMD CPU
Memory: 16 GB RAM
Operating System Disk: Dual HDD drives, 1 TB each
Connection: Gigabit Ethernet
For the following reasons, Windows Server 2019 operating system is selected for
the above scenario.
Hybrid cloud-focused with lots of new features covering security and crossmanaged Azure services. (PCMAG, n.d.)
Do-it-yourself software-defined storage can radically decrease costs compared to
on-site hardware-based solutions. (PCMAG, n.d.)
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Activity 3
The plan for installing the above network is as follows.
Switch, Routers, Gateways, servers were required to create the above network
configuration.
Symbol
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
R1
R2
Name
Switch 1
Switch 2
Switch 3
Switch 4
Switch 5
Switch 6
Switch 7
Switch 8
Switch 9
Router 1
Router 2
The following are the switch distribution for each department during the network
installation. Eight switches are used for this network. The ports of those switches are
reserved for the department as follows.
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Switch Name
Switch 1
Ports for Department
f0/1 – f0/10 = VLAN 10 (Customer care Department)
f0/11 - f0/24 = VLAN 20 (Sales and Marketing)
Switch 2
f0/1- f0/7 = VLAN 20 (Sales and Marketing)
f0/08 - f0/17 = VLAN 50 (HR Department)
f0/18 - f0/23 = VLAN 60 (Developer Department)
Switch 3
f0/24 = S3 Backup (Switch 2 to Switch 3 Backup Line)
f0/1- f0/23 = VLAN 60 (Developers Department)
Switch 4
f0/24 = S4 Backup (Switch 3 to Switch 4 Backup Line)
f0/1- f0/23 = VLAN 60(Developers Department)
Switch 5
f0/24 = S5 Backup (Switch 4 to Switch 5 Backup Line)
f0/1 - f0/3 = VLAN 60 (Developers Department)
f0/4 - f0/23 = VLAN 30(Finance Department)
Switch 6
f0/24 = S6 Backup (Switch 5 to Switch 6 Backup Line)
f0/1 - f0/10 = VLAN 30 (Finance Department)
f0/11 - f015 = VLAN 70 (Network Department)
f0/16 - f0/20 = VLAN 40 (Legal Department)
Switch 7
f0/21 - f0/23 = VLAN 80 (Server Department)
f0/1- f0/4 = VLAN 80 (Server Department)
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IP and Subnetting
Syntax Solution uses the below IP address to install the network. Here every
department needs a unique subnet according to the user requirements.
Department
Name
Customer care
Sales&Marketi.
Finance
Legal
HR
Developer
Network
Server Room
Hosts
10
21
25
05
10
55
05
IP Range
Subnet
192.168.10.145 -192.168.10.158
192.168.10.97-192.168.10.126
192.168.10.65 - 192.168.10.94
192.168.10.161 - 192.168.10.166
192.168.10.129 - 192.168.10.142
192.168.10.1- 192.168.10.62
192.168.10.169 - 192.168.10.174
10.254.1.0
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.0
Usable
Host
14
30
30
6
14
62
6
255
User requirements state that the number of employees will increase to 150 in the
future. When subnetting, Additional IP addresses are assigned to each department. It is
clearly mentioned in the table above (Different of Usable host and host count)
Type of Devices Used in this scenario
Switch
8 switches are required to build the above network. The Cisco brand has been selected for
this. Cisco is one of the world's leading manufacturers of high-quality network devices.
Only 7 switches Cisco catalyst 2960 and PT-Switch are used for this. Another Cisco
catalyst 2960 switch will be needed in the future as the number of employees increases.
Why Cisco Catalyst 2960
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
24x Ethernet 10/100 Ports
2x Dual-Purpose Ports Uplinks
1 RU Fixed-Configuration
Layer 2 Fast Ethernet Switching
Borderless Network Architecture
SNMP Management
Auto Smart Ports
DHCP Auto configuration
Cisco Energy Wise Technology
Efficient Switch Operation
(www.bhphotovideo.com, n.d.)
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VLAN
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Router
Syntax Solution requires two routers. VLANs require one router for communication
and another router for internet connection.
Boasting an aggregate data throughput of up to 100 Mb/s that's upgradeable to up
to 300 Mb/s, the ISR 4331 router is equipped with a total of three WAN/LAN ports,
including one Gigabit Ethernet RJ45/SFP port, a Gigabit (www.bhphotovideo.com, n.d.).
Key feature In Cisco ISR 4331 Router











1 x 10/100/1000 Mb/s RJ45/SFP Port
1 x 10/100/1000 Mb/s RJ45 Port
1 x 10/100/1000 Mb/s SFP Port
1 x 10/100/1000 Mb/s Management Port/;pl
Mini-USB & USB 2.0 Type-A Ports
x Network Interface Module Slots
1 x Enhanced Service Module Slot
Up to 100 Mb/s Default Data Throughput
Cisco Software-Defined
WAN
Intent-Based DNA Network
Wireless Access point
An access point is required to provide wireless support for Syntax Solution. The
company also has three floors so each floor requires 3 Access points and 3 wireless
repeaters.
The D-Link brand is suitable for this. This is best matched in terms of price and durability.
Suitable for Wireless AC1750 Dual Band Access Point and N300 Wireless Repeater.
AC1750 Dual-Band Access Point
(Dlinkmea.com, 2022)









Gigabit LAN Port (One PoE port supported)
2.4/5 GHz wireless
WPA-Personal
SSID broadcast disable
WPA-Enterprise
MAC address access control
WPA2-Personal
Network Access Protection (NAP)
WEP 64/128-bit encryption
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N300 Wireless Repeater
(Dlinkmea.com, 2022)







Device Interfaces: Wireless LAN; Combined WPS/Reset button
LEDs:
Status/WPS; Signal strength
Standards
: IEEE 802.11n ; IEEE 802.11g ; IEEE 802.11b
Antennas: Two internal antennas
Wireless Security : Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA/WPA2) ; WEP 64/128-bit
encryption ; WPS (PBC)
Advanced Features: D-Link One-Touch; D-Link Home zone
Device Management: Supports D-Link One-Touch Mobile app for iPhone; iPad,
iPod Touch, and Android mobile devices; Web UI
User Feedback and Requirement
User Requirements
Internet speed and Continues connection
High-level Redundancy
Mail system for local uses
Security
Niwantha Wickramasingha
Solution
Assign 2 Internet Service providers to this
network.(Dialog And Slt)
Used 2 Pt Switch with all gigabit Ethernet
ports. All 2960 Switches are connected to
these two PT switches. One PT Switch
line goes Down, Nothing to worry about
it. Automatically Second PT Switch
Getting up in several minutes.
Pop3 or IMAP mail services can host
locally. Below choose Server Can do it.
All Routers And Switches ports and
loggings password was encrypted.
Relief Ethernet ports on the switch were
temporarily disabled.
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VLAN Setup in this Network
Below Configure VLAN in Cisco router using CLI Mode.

Create VLAN in every Switch
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
Successful Switching VLAN Separation and Port Assignment as follows.

The data packet must be trunked to transfer correctly between switches. It is as
follows.
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
VLAN table on Switch 1

VLAN table on Switch 2
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
VLAN table on Switch 3
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
VLAN table on Switch 4
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
VLAN table on Switch 5
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VLAN table on Switch 6
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
VLAN table on Switch 7
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
VLAN table on PT-Switch
Below is how the CLI configuration of the Router is done to communicate between
the VLANs.
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
The following is how to configure a web server.
Here can enable HTTP / HTTPS service and add other web pages.
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The following is how to configure a DHCP Server.







Service: DHCP Function enable disable
Pool name: Can create multiple DHCP pools for different networks. Here Show
Name of DHCP Pool
Default gateway: IP address of the main router.
DNS server: IP address of main DNS server in the network.
Start IP address: starting IP address for nodes.
Subnet mask: subnet mask for the nodes.
The Maximum number of users: here can limit issuing IP addresses.
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The following is how to configure a DNS Server.




DNS service on /off: Function Enable, Disable
Name: Server Name
Address: IP Address of the server.
Add Button clicked, Records are added to the table.
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Proxy Server
For the proxy server, Can use “CCproxy” Software.





IP address : IP address for Proxy rules
Mac address : Mac address for Proxy rules
User/password: proxy rule can be set per individual user.
User/password + IP : proxy rule can be set per individual user and IP address
User/password + MAC :proxy rule can be set per individual user and IP MAC
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Below Functions help to limit user bandwidth and deny website access.
Daily Server and Network Equipment Checking Instruction




Physical check equipment. Cables and Devices
Check and create backups and replications to the cloud.
Check the windows server Configuration (DNS, DHCP)
Firewall and Virus guard updates.
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Monthly Server and Network Equipment Checking Instruction





Test backups and Delete unnecessary temp files.
Check for windows updates and install them.
Check the status of main server ups and all power backup solutions.
Check firmware of Switches and Firewall, Raid controllers on server.
Check all cables and connectors.
Activity 4
Implement System of Syntax Solution
The network of Syntax Solution is as above. Hybrid topology has been used as a
topology. Used 7 switches and 1 PT-Switch with Gigabit Ethernet port. Each switch is
interconnected and all of those switches are connected to the PT-Switch. This means that a
fault in one switch does not affect the other switches, and even if one cable is damaged, the
entire network can be maintained without crashing until it is rebuilt. Also, unconnected
ports are turned off on all switches. And every switch and router can be password protected.
Also, the configuration files of each switch and router are stored on the server, so there is
no need to configure the device again when replacing a device with a fault on one device.
Can be restored very quickly. It also uses two ISP connections for a stable Internet
connection.
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Testing Result
Test Unit
Expected Result
Actual Result
Connectivity to the server
room
Every node can
communicate with the
server room
Unauthorized person can’t
be logging in to the
network.
DNS server able to convert
URL to IP.
Server must have all
switches and router
configuration files. Within
5 – 10 minutes can be
getting up it
Every node can
communicate with the
server room
Unauthorized person can’t
be logging in to the
network.
DNS server able to convert
URL to IP.
Server must have all
switches and router
configuration files. Within
5 – 10 minutes can be
getting up it.
Security Test
DNS server test
If one switch fails, the
backup switch will be
replaced, and how much
time spend to configure?

Latency check to Server
Packet return time is 0ms. But the actual environment may be 15ms – 25ms.

Data packet router passing count
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
SSH
Connect to the Switch or Router Using remote management port with “putty” or
any emulator console.
Future Enhancements for Syntax Solution

Switch
Multilayer switch is the most recommended switch for this network.
Because multilayer switch can handle 1tbps+ traffic and communicate and create
VLAN without support from the router.

Media Type
Fiber optic cable is recommended for fast communication. But it was the
most expensive.
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References
Arsal Jahejo (2019). Metropolitan Area Network (MAN Network) | Computer Network
Topology. [online] Computer Network Topology. Available at:
https://computernetworktopology.com/metropolitan-area-network/ [Accessed 8 Jan.
2022].
BBC Bitesize. (2019). Network types and topologies - Revision 2 - GCSE ICT - BBC
Bitesize. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z36nb9q/revision/2
[Accessed 4 Jan. 2022].
CR-T (2020). 10 of the Most Powerful Enterprise Networking Companies in 2020.
[online] IT Services | CR-T - Utah. Available at: https://cr-t.com/blog/10-of-the-mostpowerful-enterprise-networking-companies-in-2020/ [Accessed 17 Jan. 2022].
Default. (2019). Network Protocol Definition | Computer Protocol | CompTIA. [online]
Available at: https://www.comptia.org/content/guides/what-is-a-network-protocol
[Accessed 15 Jan. 2022].
Deliver performance at scale with the Dell EMC PowerEdge portfolio. (n.d.). [online]
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Designed for budget-conscious businesses. (n.d.). [online] Available at:
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[Accessed 18 Jan. 2022].
docs.oracle.com. (n.d.). Server Minimum Requirements. [online] Available at:
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t.5.5.htm#1104484 [Accessed 19 Jan. 2022].
Fortinet. (n.d.). What Is Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). [online] Available at:
https://www.fortinet.com/resources/cyberglossary/what-is-arp [Accessed 16 Jan. 2022].
GeeksforGeeks. (2018). Network Devices (Hub, Repeater, Bridge, Switch, Router,
Gateways and Brouter) - GeeksforGeeks. [online] Available at:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/network-devices-hub-repeater-bridge-switch-routergateways/ [Accessed 17 Jan. 2022].
Indeed Career Guide. (n.d.). Types of Computer Servers and How They Function.
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Maximize application performance and density. (n.d.). [online] Available at:
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Grading Rubric
Grading Criteria
Achieved
Feedback
LO1 : Examine networking principles and their protoco
P1
Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types
and standards.
P2
Explain the impact of network topology, communication and
bandwidth requirements.
M1
Compare common networking principles and how protocols
enable the effectiveness of networked systems.
LO2 : Explain networking devices and operations
P3
Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and
server types.
P4
Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with
relevant networking software.
M2
Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a
server, considering a given scenario regarding cost and
performance optimization.
LO 1 & LO2
D1 Critically evaluate the topology protocol selected for a given
scenario to demonstrate the efficient utilisation of a networking
system.
LO3 : Design efficient networked systems
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P5
Design a networked system to meet a given specification.
P6
Test and evaluate the design to meet the requirements and
analyze user feedback.
M3
Install and configure network services and applications on your
choice.
D2
Design a maintenance schedule to support the networked
system.
LO4 : Implement and diagnose networked systems
P7
Implement a networked system based on a prepared design.
P8
Document and analyze test results against expected results.
M4
Recommend potential enhancements for the networked systems.
D3
Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid
conclusions.
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