2
Computer Hardware
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas.
Management Information Systems
Pre-Computer Calculations




Counting on fingers and toes
Stone or bead abacus
 Calculate comes from calculus, the Latin word
for stone
1642: first mechanical adding machine
 Invented by Blaise Pascal
 Wheels moved counters
 Modified in 1674 by Von Leibnitz
Age of industrialization
 Mechanical loomed used punch cards
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
4
Early Computing


19th Century
 Charles Babbage proposed the Analytical
Engine, which could calculate, store values in
memory, perform logical comparisons
 Never built because of lack of electronics
1880s
 Hollerith’s punched cards used to record
census data using On/Off patterns
 The holes turned sensors On or Off when run
through tabulating machine
 This company became the foundation for IBM
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
5
Electronic Computers


1946 - First Generation Computer
 ENIAC
 Programmable
 5000 calculations per second
 Used vacuum tubes
 Drawbacks were size and processing ability
1950s
 ENIAC replaced by UNIVAC 1, then the
IBM 704
 Calculations jumped to 100,000 per second
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
6
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
7
Waves of Computing




Late 1950s - Second Generation
 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
 200,000 to 250,000 calculations per second
Mid-1960s - Third Generation
 Integrated circuitry and miniaturization
1971 - Fourth Generation
 Further miniaturization
 Multiprogramming and virtual storage
1980s - Fifth Generation
 Millions of calculations per second
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
8
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
9
Microcomputers




1975
 ALTAIR flicking switches
1977
 Commodore and Radio Shack produce
personal computers
1979
 Apple computer, the fastest selling PC thus far
1982
 IBM introduced the PC, which changed the
market
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
10
Categories of Computer
Systems
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
11
Microcomputer Systems





Usually called a personal computer or PC
Computing power now exceeds that of the
mainframes of previous generations
Relatively inexpensive
Are the networked professional workstations
used by business processions
Versions include hand-held, notebook, laptop,
tablet, portable, desktop, and floor-standing
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
12
Microcomputer Uses


Workstations
 Supports have mathematical computer and
graphics display demands
 CAD, investment and portfolio analysis
Network Servers
 More powerful than workstations
 Coordinates telecommunications and resource
sharing
 Supports small networks and Internet or
intranet websites
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
13
Corporate PC Criteria



Solid performance at a reasonable price
Operating system ready
Connectivity
 Network interface cards
or wireless capabilities
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
14
Information Appliances



Hand-held microcomputer devices
Known as personal digital assistants (PDAs)
 Web-enabled PDAs use touch screens,
handwriting recognition, or keypads
 Mobile workers use to access email or the Web,
exchange data with desktop PCs or servers
 Latest entrant is the BlackBerry
PDAs include
 Video-game consoles
 Cellular and PCS phones
 Telephone-based home email appliances
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
15
Midrange Systems




High-end network servers that handle large-scale
processing of business applications
Not as powerful as mainframes
 Less expensive to buy, operate, and maintain
Often used to manage
 Large Internet websites
 Corporate intranets and extranets
 Integrated, enterprise-wide applications
Used as front-end servers to assist mainframes
with telecommunications and networks
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
16
Mainframe Computer Systems



Large, fast, powerful computer systems
 Large primary storage capacity
 High transaction processing
 Handles complex computations
Widely used as superservers for…
 Large client/server networks
 High-volume Internet websites
Becoming a popular computing platform for…
 Data mining and warehousing
 Electronic commerce applications
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
17
Supercomputer Systems



Extremely powerful systems designed for…
 Scientific, engineering, and business applications
 Massive numeric computations
Markets include…
 Government research agencies
 Large universities
 Major corporations
Uses parallel processing
 Billions to trillions of operations per second
(gigaflops and teraflops)
 Costs $5 to $50 million
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
18
Computer System Concept

A system of hardware devices organized by
function
 Input
 Keyboards, touch screens, pens,
electronic mice, optical scanners
 Converts data into electronic form for entry
into computer system
 Processing
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 CPU subunits: arithmetic-logic and control
unit
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
19
Computer System Concept
 Output
 Video
display units, printers, audio response
units,
and so on
 Converts electronic information into humanintelligible form
 Storage
 Primary storage (memory)
 Secondary storage (disk drives)
 Control
 CPU controls other components of the system
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
20
Computer System Concept
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
21
Computer Processing Speeds

Early computers
 Milliseconds (thousandths of a second)
 Microseconds (millionths of a second)

Current computers
 Nanoseconds (billionth of a second)
 Picoseconds (trillionth of a second)

Program instruction processing speeds
 Megahertz (millions of cycles per second)
 Gigahertz (billions of cycles per second)
 Commonly called the “clock speed”
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
22
Computer Processing Speeds


Throughput
 The ability to perform useful computation or
data processing assignments during a given
period
Speed is dependant on…
 Size of circuitry paths (buses) that interconnect
microprocessor components
 Capacity of instruction processing registers
 Use of high-speed cache memory
 Use of specialized microprocessor, such as
math coprocessor
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
23
Moore’s Law


A doubling in the number of transistors per
integrated circuit every 18 to 24 months
 Originally observed in 1965, it holds true
today
Common corollary of Moore’s Law…
 Computing prices will be cut in half every 18
to 24 months
 This has been consistently accurate
 Applies to cost of storage as well
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
24
Moore’s Law
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
25
Peripherals



Peripheral is a generic name for all input, output,
and secondary storage devices
 Parts of the computer system, but not the CPU
 Are all online devices
Online devices
 Separate from the CPU, but electronically
connected to and controlled by it
Offline devices
 Separate from and not under the control of the
CPU
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
26
Peripherals Advice
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
27
Input Technologies





Keyboard - Still most widely used input device
Graphical User Interface (GUI) - Icons, menus,
windows, buttons, bars; Selected with pointing
devices
Electronic Mouse - Most popular pointing device;
Pressing mouse buttons initiates activity
represented by the icon selected
Trackball - Stationary device, similar to mouse;
Roller ball moves cursor on screen
Pointing Stick - Small eraser-head device
embedded in keyboard; Cursor moves in the
direction of the pressure placed on the stick
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
28
Input Technologies

Touchpad
 Small, rectangular, touch-sensitive
 Usually on keyboard
 Cursor



surface
moves in direction your finger moves
Touch Screen
Use computer by touching screen Screen emits
a grid of infrared beams, sound waves, or
electric current
Grid is broken when screen is touched
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
29
Pen-Based Computing

Used in Tablet PCs and PDAs
 Pressure-sensitive layer, similar
to touch screen, under liquid
crystal display screen
 Software digitizes handwriting,
hand printing, and hand drawing
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
30
Speech Recognition Systems




Speech be the future of data entry
 Easiest, most natural means of human communication
Recognizing speech patterns
 Discrete required pauses between each word
 Continuous speech recognition software (CSR) recognized
continuous, conversationally paced speech
Speech recognition systems digitize, analyze, and classify
speech and sound patterns
 Compares to a database of sound patterns in its vocabulary
 Passes recognized words to the application software
 Typically requires voice recognition training
Speaker-independent voice recognition systems
 Allows computer to recognize words from a voice it has never
heard before
 Typically used in voice-messaging computers
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
31
Optical Scanning




Devices read text or graphics and convert them into digital input
for a computers
 Enables direct entry of data from source documents
A document management library system
 Scans documents, then organizes and stores them for easy
reference or retrieval
Scanners
 Compact desktop models are popular for low cost and ease of
use
 Larger, more expensive flatbed scanners are faster and
provide high-resolution color scanning
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
 Software that reads characters and codes
 Used to real merchandise tags, sort mail, score tests
 Optical scanning wands read bar codes
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
32
Other Input Technologies




Magnetic Stripe
 Reads the magnetic stripe on credit cards
Smart Cards
 Microprocessor chip and memory on credit card
 Use more in Europe than in the U.S.
Digital Cameras
 Allows you to shoot, store, and download photos or fullmotion video with audio into the PC
 Images and audio can then be edited or enhanced
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
 Used by banks to magnetically read checks and deposit
slips
 Requires an iron oxide-based ink
 Reader-sorter equipment magnetizes the ink, then passes
it under a reading head to sense the signal
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
33
Output Technologies

Video Displays
 Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
 Active matrix and dual scan
 Plasma displays
 Used in large TVs and flat-panel monitors

Printed Output
 Inkjet printers spray ink on a page
 Laser printers use an electrostatic process
similar to a photocopying machine
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
34
Storage Tradeoffs
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
35
Computer Storage Fundamentals


Uses a two-state or binary representation of data
 On or Off
 On represents the number 1
 Off represents the number 0
Data are processed and stored in computer
systems through the presence or absence of
On/Off signals
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
36
Bit and Byte


Bit
 Short for binary digit
 Smallest element of data
 Either zero or one
Byte
 Group of eight bits, which operate as a single
unit
 Represents one character or number
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
37
Representing Characters in Bytes
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
38
Using Binary Code to Calculate
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
39
Storage Capacity Measurement





Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytes
Megabyte (MB): one million bytes
Gigabyte (GB): one billions bytes
Terabyte (TB): one trillion bytes
Petabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytes
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
40
Direct and Sequential Access


Direct or Random Access
 Directly store and retrieve data
 Each storage position has a unique address and can be
accessed in the same length of time
 Semiconductor memory chips, magnetic disks
Sequential Access
 Data is stored and retrieved sequentially
 Must be accessed in sequence by searching through prior
data
 Magnetic tape
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
41
Semiconductor Memory

Microelectronic semiconductor memory chips
are used for primary storage
 Advantages: small size, fast, shock and
temperature resistance
 Disadvantages: volatility; must have
uninterrupted electric power or loses memory
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
42
Types of Semiconductor Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Most widely used primary storage medium
 Volatile memory
 Read/write memory

Read-Only Memory (ROM)
 Permanent storage
 Can be read, but not overwritten
 Frequently used programs burnt into chips
during manufacturing process
 Called firmware
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
43
Flash Drives

Sometimes referred to as a jump drive
 Uses a small chips containing
thousands of transistors
 Can store data for virtually
unlimited periods without power
 Easily transported and highly
durable
 Storage capacity of up to 1 GB
 Plugs into any USB port
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
44
Magnetic Disks


Used for secondary storage
 Fast access and high capacity
 Reasonable cost
Types of Magnetic Disks
 Floppy Disks (diskettes)
 Magnetic disk inside a plastic jacket
 Hard Disk Drives (hard drives)



Magnetic disk, access arms, and read/write heads in
sealed module for stable environment
Fixed or removable
Capacity from several hundred MBs to
hundreds of GBs
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
45
Magnetic Tape

Secondary storage
 Tape
reels, cassettes, and cartridges
 Used in robotic, automated drive assemblies
 Archival and backup storage
 Lower-cost storage solution
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
46
Optical Disks
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
47
Uses of Optical Disks

Image processing
 Long-term storage of historical image files
 Storage of scanned documents

Publishing medium
 Allows fast access to reference materials
 Catalogs, directories, and so on

Interactive multimedia applications
 Video games, educational videos, and so on
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
48
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

One of the newest and fastest growing storage
technologies
 System for tagging and identifying mobile
objects
 Used with store merchandise, postal packages,
casino chips, pets
 Special reader allows objects to be tracked as
they move from place to place
 Chips half the size of a grain of sand

Passive chips derive power from reader signal
 Active chips are self-powered
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
49
RFID Versus Bar Coding


RFID
 Scans from greater distance
 Can store data
 Allows more information to be tracked
Privacy concerns
 Invisible nature of the system
 Capacity to transmit fairly sophisticated
messages
Chapter 3 Computer Hardware
50
Types of Software
Chapter 4 Computer Software
51
Application Software



General Purpose
 Programs that perform common information processing
jobs for end users; e.g., word processing, spreadsheet
 Also call productivity packages
Custom Software
 Software applications developed within an organization for
use by that organization
Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)
 Many copies sold
 Minimal changes beyond scheduled upgrades
 Purchasers have no control over specifications, schedule,
or evolution, and no access to source code or internal
documentation
 Product vendor retains the intellectual property rights of
the software
Chapter 4 Computer Software
52
Application Software

Open-source Software
 Developers collaborate on the development of an
application using programming standards which allow
anyone to contribute to the software
 As each developer completes a project, the application
code becomes available and free to anyone who wants it
Chapter 4 Computer Software
53
Business Application Software

Function-Specific Application Software
 Thousands
of these packages support
specific applications of end users
 Examples: customer relationship
management, enterprise resource planning,
supply chain management, Web-enabled
electronic commerce
Chapter 4 Computer Software
54
Software Suites, Integrated
Packages
Most widely used productivity packages
are bundled together as software suites
 Advantages

 Cost less than buying
 All have similar GUI
 Work well together

individual packages
Disadvantages
 All features not used
 Takes a lot of disk space
Chapter 4 Computer Software
(bloatware)
55
Components of Top Software
Suites
Chapter 4 Computer Software
56
Integrated Packages

Integrated packages combine the
functions of several programs into one
package
 E.g.,

Microsoft Works, AppleWorks
Advantages
 Many functions for lower price
 Uses less disk space
 Frequently pre-installed on microcomputers

Disadvantages
 Limited
Chapter 4 Computer Software
functionality
57
Web Browsers
Software applications that support
navigation through the point-and-click
hyper-linked resources of the Web
 Becoming the universal platform from
which end users launch…

 Information searches
 E-mail
 Multimedia file transfer
 Discussion groups
 Other Internet-based applications
Chapter 4 Computer Software
58
Search Engines

Browsers are used to gain access to
Internet search engines
 Google,
Ask Jeeves, Look Smart, Lycos,
Overture, Yahoo!

Using search engines to find information
has become an indispensable part of
Internet, intranet, and extranet applications
Chapter 4 Computer Software
59
E-mail, Instant Messaging, and
Weblogs

E-mail
 Software
to communicate by sending and
receiving messages and attachments via the
Internet, intranet, or extranet

Instant messaging (IM)
 Receive

electronic messages instantly
Weblog or blog
 A personal website in dated log format
 Updated with new information about a subject
or range of subjects
Chapter 4 Computer Software
60
Word Processing/Desktop
Publishing

Word Processing
 Create,
edit, revise, and print documents
 Example: Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro,
Corel WordPerfect

Desktop Publishing
 Produce
printed materials that look
professionally published
 Example: Adobe PageMaker, Microsoft
Publisher, QuarkXPress
Chapter 4 Computer Software
61
Electronic Spreadsheets

Used by virtually every business for…
 Analysis,

planning, modeling
Electronic Spreadsheet
 Worksheet of rows and columns
 Can be stored on local computer
or on
network
 Requires designing format and developing the
relationships (formulas)
 Most help you develop charts and graphic
displays of spreadsheet results
 Supports what-if questions
Chapter 4 Computer Software
62
Presentation Graphics

Common presentation graphics
packages…
 Converts numeric data into graphics displays
 Used to create multimedia presentations of
graphics, photos, animation, and video clips
 E.g., Microsoft PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance,
Corel Presentations
 Top packages can tailor files for transfer in
HTML format to websites
Chapter 4 Computer Software
63
Personal Information Managers

Software for end user productivity and
collaboration
 Stores information about clients
 Manages schedules, appointments, tasks
 Most include ability to access the Web and
provide e-mail capabilities
 Some support team collaboration by sharing
information with other PIM users
 Example: Lotus Organizer, Microsoft Outlook
Chapter 4 Computer Software
64
Groupware

Software that helps workgroups
collaborate on group assignments
 E-mail,
discussion groups, databases, video
conferencing
 Example: Lotus Notes, Novell GroupWise,
Microsoft Exchange
 Windows SharePoint Services and
WebSphere both allow teams to create
websites for information sharing and
document collaboration
Chapter 4 Computer Software
65
Software Alternatives
Outsourcing development and
maintenance of software
 Application service providers (ASPs)

 Companies
that own, operate, and maintain
application software and computer system
resources
 Use the application for a fee over the Internet
 Pay-as-you-go
 Use expected to accelerate in the coming
years
Chapter 4 Computer Software
66
Software Licensing

All COTS and ASP software is licensed
 Involves
the underlying..
Intellectual property rights
 Copyright
 Trademark
 Trade secrets

 Also
involves traditional contract law, including
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)

You don’t buy software
 You buy a license to use the software
 Licensed to protect the vendor’s property
Chapter 4 Computer Software
rights
67
Categories of Group Software

System Management Programs
 Manages
the hardware, software, network,
and data resources of computer systems
 Example: operating systems, network management programs, database management
systems, system utilities

System Development Programs
 Helps
users develop IS programs and
procedures and then prepare them for
processing
 Includes language translators and editors,
CASE and programming tools
Chapter 4 Computer Software
68
Interface Between End Users and
Computer
Chapter 4 Computer Software
69
Operating Systems

Integrated system of programs that…
 Manages the operations of the CPU
 Controls the input/output, storage resources,
and activities of the computer system
 Provides support services as the computer
executes application programs

The operating system must be loaded and
activated before other tasks can be
accomplished
Chapter 4 Computer Software
70
Operating System Basic
Functions
Chapter 4 Computer Software
71
User Interface
The part of the operating system that
allows you to communicate with it
 Three main types…

 Command-driven
 Menu-driven
 Graphical user interfaces
Chapter 4 Computer Software
(GUI)
72
Resource Management

Part of the operating system that manages
the hardware and networking resources of
a computer system
 Includes
CPU, memory, secondary storage
devices, telecommunications, and
input/output peripherals

Common functions
 Keeping
track of where data and programs
are stored
 Subdividing memory; providing virtual
memory capability
Chapter 4 Computer Software
73
File Management

Part of the operating system that controls
the creation, deletion, and access of files
and programs
 Keeps
track of physical location on storage
devices
 Maintains directories of information about the
location and characteristics of stored files
Chapter 4 Computer Software
74
Task Management

Part of the operating system that manages
the accomplishment of end user
computing tasks
 Controls
which task gets access to the CPU,
and for how long
 Can interrupt the CPU at any time to
substitute a higher priority task
 Supports preemptive and cooperative multitasking and multi-processing
Chapter 4 Computer Software
75
Popular Operating Systems




Windows
 GUI, multitasking, networking, multimedia
 Microsoft’s operating system
 NT, XP, 2003
 Different versions manage servers
Unix
 Multitasking, multi-user, network-managing
 Portable - can run on mainframes, midrange,
and PCs
Linux
 Low-cost, powerful reliable Unix-like
operating system
 Open-source
MAC OS X
 Apple operating system for the iMac
 GUI
 Multitasking
 Multimedia
Chapter 4 Computer Software
76
Open-Source Licensing
Characteristics


The Program
 Must include source code and allow distribution in
source code as well as compiled form
The License
 Shall not restrict any party from selling or giving
away the software as a component of an
aggregate software distribution containing
programs from several sources
 Must allow modifications and derived works, and
must allow them to be distributed under the same
terms as the license of the original software
Chapter 4 Computer Software
77
Open-Source Licensing
Characteristics

The License (cont’d)
 Must allow modifications and derived works and
allow them to be distributed under the same
terms as the license of the original software
 May restrict source code from being distributed in
modified form only if the license allows the
distribution of patch files with the source code
for the purpose of modifying the program at build
time
 Must not discriminate against any person or any
group of persons
Chapter 4 Computer Software
78
Open-Source Licensing
Characteristics

The License (cont’d)
 Must not restrict anyone from making use of the
program in a specific field of endeavor
 The rights attached to the program must apply to
all to whom the program is redistributed, without
the need for execution of an additional license
 Must not be specific to a product
 Must not contaminate other software by placing
restrictions on any software distributed along with
the licensed software
Chapter 4 Computer Software
79
Other System Software

Utilities
 Miscellaneous housekeeping functions
 Example: Norton utilities includes data
backup, virus protection, data compression,
etc.

Performance Monitors
 Programs
that monitor and adjust computer
system to keep them running efficiently

Security Monitors
 Monitor
and control use of computer systems
to prevent unauthorized use of resources
Chapter 4 Computer Software
80
Application Servers
Provide an interface between an operating
system and the application programs of
users
 Middleware

 Software
that helps diverse software
applications exchange data and work together
more efficiently
Chapter 4 Computer Software
81
Programming Languages

Examples of programming in each
language
Chapter 4 Computer Software
82
Machine Languages

First generation languages
 The most basic of programming languages
 Strings of binary codes unique to each
computer
 Requires specific knowledge of the internal
operations of the CPU being used
 Must specify the storage locations for every
instruction and item of data used
 Difficult to work with, and error prone
Chapter 4 Computer Software
83
Assembler Languages

Second generation languages
 Developed
to reduce difficulties in writing
machine language programs
 Uses assemblers to convert the programs into
machine instructions
 Symbols are used to represent operation
codes and storage locations
 Alphabetic abbreviations call mnemonics and
other symbols represent operation codes,
storage locations, and data elements
Chapter 4 Computer Software
84
High-Level Languages

Third generation languages
 Uses
brief statements or arithmetic
expressions
 Statements translated into machine language
by compilers or interpreters
 Less efficient than assembler languages and
requires greater translation time
 Machine independent
 Example: BASIC, COBOL, and FORTRAN
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Fourth-Generation Languages

Variety of programming languages that are
nonprocedural and conversational
 Encourages
programmers to specify the results
wanted; the computer determines the sequence
of instructions that accomplishes the results
 Simplified the programming process

Natural languages
 Very close to English or other human language
 Sometimes called fifth-generation (5GLs)
 No longer a trade-off between ease of use and
flexibility
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Web Languages

HTML
A
page description language that creates
hypertext documents for the Web

XML
 Describes
Web page content by applying
identifying tags or contextual labels to the data

Java
 Object-oriented
programming language that is
simple, secure, and platform independent
 Java applets can be executed on any computer
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Language Translator Programs
Translate instructions written in
programming languages into machine
language
 Assembler

 Translates

Compiler
 Translates

assembler language statement
high-level language statements
Interpreter
A
compiler that translates and executes each
statement in a program, one at a time
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Programming Tools

Help programmers identify and minimize
errors while they are programming
 Graphical programming
 Programming editors
 Debuggers

interfaces
CASE Tools
A
combination of many programming tools
into a single application with a common
interface
 Used in different stages of the systems
development process
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