Lecture 1: Introduction to History
History
✓ Greek word, “Historie” or “Historia” means “learning, inquiry,
and/or investigation”
✓ A branch of Social Sciences that deals with the systematic
study of significant past.
✓ A branch of Knowledge that records and explains past events
and which concerns people and human nature.
Historiography
✓ Study of history itself.
✓ Analyzes: (a) history writer, (b) motives of the writer, (c)
sources of the writer.
✓ The context when the history was written.
✓ Theories and other historical methods are applied.
Elements of History
a. Historian – the person writing the history.
b. Place – location where the history was written.
c. Period – the context of time when the history was written.
d. Sources – the basis of claims or analysis of the historian such
as documents, written or oral accounts.
Nature of History as an Academic Discipline
✓ Has no subject matter of its own.
➢ Covers all the persons and all events that happened in the
past.
➢ Very broad; covers everything that has happened in the
society including all aspects from political, economic
social, culture etc.
✓ Synthesizes knowledge from other fields.
➢ It covers all phenomena.
➢ As a branch of the Social Sciences analyzes the relations of
different events, their cause, and effects using the
knowledge used in other fields of Social Sciences
(Anthropology, Sociology, Economics, etc.)
✓ Illuminates pieces of the past.
➢ Provides for explanations of things that happened in the
past, explanations for seemingly unexplainable gaps by
looking at relationships of different events and phenomena.
✓ Constantly changing.
➢ A historian makes an analysis based only on available
sources of data, therefore, when new data are discovered,
previous historical accounts can be changed.
➢ Claims to historical facts are based on personal accounts,
documents, and artifacts.
✓ Sheds light to truth.
➢ Since a historian constantly write about previous
phenomena using historical sources as basis, all claims
support only the truth based on the data available.
➢ Does not preclude the fact that a historian uses also
unwritten sources such as oral accounts and traditions.
Why do we need to study History? How does History link the Past,
Present, and Future?
➢ It provides us with the capacity to analyze previous events
and phenomena which therefore will provide us with proper
basis on how to view the present and the future.
➢ Will provide us with a strong basis for providing answers
for problems that pervades at present.
➢ Our historical view will provide us with how we view the
present and how we prepare for the future.
According to E. Kent Rogers
➢ To know about the roots of our current culture.
➢ To learn about human nature by looking at the trend that
repeat through history.
➢ To learn about mistakes of those who have gone before us.
According to Ambeth Ocampo
➢ History, a mere narrative of past events; Kasaysayan, not
just a narrative or salaysay (must have sa saysay or
meaning)
➢ Saysay gives us a way or looking at the world, a Filipino
viewpoint that influences the way, we see the past, the
present, and hopefully the future.
➢ If a memory gives us our individual identities, then history
will contribute to a national memory and eventually
national identity.
Sources of History
a) Primary Source – direct or firsthand evidence (the evidence
by eyewitnesses or created by people who experienced the said
event or phenomena) about an event, object, person, or work of
art.
Examples: Historical and Legal Documents, Eyewitness
Accounts, Results of Experiments, Statistical Data, Interviews,
Surveys, Fieldwork, Internet communications (email, blogs,
newsgroups), Pieces of Creative Writing, Audio, Video
Recordings, Speeches, and Art Objects
b) Secondary Source – interpretations of history. They (products
of people or writers who were not part of the event or
phenomena) describe, discuss, interpret, analyze, evaluate,
summarize, and process Primary Sources.
Examples: Articles in Newspaper, Popular Magazines, Book
(except Autobiographies), Movie Reviews, Articles found in
Scholarly Journals that discuss or evaluate someone else’s
original research.
c) Tertiary Source – contains information that has been
compiled from Primary and Secondary Sources.
Examples: Almanacs, Chronologies, Dictionaries and
Encyclopedias, Directories, Guidebooks, Indexes. Abstracts,
Manuals, Textbooks
Types of Historical Sources
a) Archival Material – examples: Archives, Manuscripts,
Diaries, Journals, Photographs, Legal and Financial
Documents, Business and Personal Correspondence, Maps,
Architectural Drawings, Objects, Oral Histories, Computer
Tapes, and Video and Audio Cassettes
b) Government Documents – provide evidence of activities,
functions, and policies at all government levels.
Examples: Statistical Compilations of Economic and Scientific
data, Documents include Hearings, Debates of Legislative
Bodies, The Official Text of Laws, Regulations, Treaties
c) Serials – review articles summarize research on a topic.
Examples: Book Reviews, Editorials, Review Articles,
Journals, Magazines, Newspapers
Lecture 2: Historical Criticism
a) External Criticism – physical examinations of sources
(documents, manuscripts, books, pamphlets, maps, inscriptions,
and monuments)
1. Authorship – author’s name can provide for the test of
authenticity.
2. Date and Place of Publication – correct
3. Textual Errors – Unintentional Errors, Intentional
Errors
4. Meaning of Words – words used usually changes from
generation to generation.
b) Internal Criticism
1. Analyze and interpret the contents of documents in their
real meaning.
2. Question of the motive of the writer; Question the
accuracy of the document.
3. The truthfulness or veracity of the document should be
established.
4. Refrain from making your own conclusions (as no to
convey their own interpretation rather than the true
meaning of the content)
5. Verify the writer of the document
6. In cases of contradicting records, the historian should
corroborate the facts from other claims or documents.
Example of Historical Criticism:
1. Sa Aking mga Kabata (by Jose Rizal)
a. Authorship – no existing manuscript written in Rizal’s
handwriting. Supposedly wrote in 1869, he was only 8
years old. Contains some very mature insights, “stinky
fish”
b. Date and Place of Publication – first published in
1906 (a decade after his death), in a book authored by
the poet Hermenigildo Cruz.
c. Textual Errors – in Rizal’s childhood, Kalayaan
(freedom) is spelled with a “c” rather than “k”
d. Meaning of Words Used – Kalayaan, not a common
word in 1869, therefore, Jose Rizal did not learn the
word until he was 25 years old. He encountered the
word by 1872, the years after the execution of
GomBurZa.
According to Zeus Salazar, Timawa/Catimaoan was
widely used/needed in writing back then (1864) as
“free/freedom” before the words “Laya/Calayaan”
Lecture 3: Voyage around the world by Magellan
What happened on the circumnavigation of Magellan around
the world?
Asian Goods reached Europe either via:
a. Silkroad
– routes used by Europeans/Portuguese to trades products,
specifically to acquire spices (mainly the goal of Magellan
when he went to Moluccas Island, located in the Northeast part
of Indonesia)
- called Silk Road because mostly ships that are passing
through these routes have imported silks (came from China)
onboard.
b. Arab-Italian Trade Route – another route used by Europeans
for trades/importing goods.
Note: These routes have been closed since Europeans doesn’t use it
already due to fear of Pirates within these areas that have been stealing
the onboard goods and kidnapping people onboard to become their
slaves.
Treaty of Tordesillas
➢ Treaty between Portugal and Spain in 1494 in which they
decided to divide up all the land in the Americas between
the two of them, no matter who was already living there.
➢ Pope Alexander VI was the Pope at the time of the treaty.
He drew an imaginary line 2,193 km to the west of
the Cape Verde Islands, gave Portugal the land to the east
of this line, and gave Spain the land to the west of this line.
➢ Meaning the imaginary line indicates on countries that the
Portugal and Spain have a right to trade and import goods
and acquire spices and lands. Whereas Spain only on West
Countries; Portugal only on East Countries.
Note: In order to not violate the Treaty, Magellan made another route
where he will not directly pass to East (West to East) going to
Moluccas Island. And the circumnavigation started in America and
around going to Moluccas Island.
Ferdinand Magellan
➢ Left the port of Sancular de Barrameda in Seville on
August 20, 1519, with around 270 men, and 5 ships
(Victoria (the only ship that returned in Europe, Spain),
Santiago, Trinidad, Concepcion, San Antonio).
People who joined Magellan in the circumnavigation:
➢ Antonio Pigafetta – chronicler, an Italian scholar and
explorer. He is the assistant of Magellan that kept and
recorded in an accurate journal stating the experiences of
Magellan. Also, became the translator of Magellan to
communicate with Cebuano (Cebuana Language).
➢ Juan Sebastian Elcano – second in command, the caption
of ship, Victoria. And the one who continued the
circumnavigation when Magellan died in the Philippines.
➢ Enrique de Malacca – slave caught in the Asia (before the
circumnavigation) that serves also as an interpreter to
communicate with Asian people.
Magellan’s Voyage
➢ Route used in the circumnavigation.
➢ Starting from Europe to South America [passing by the
Atlantic Ocean to Brazil then finding a straight route (Strait
of Magellan, named by Magellan) to go pass the Pacific
Ocean (that took them 38 days)] to [Ladrones Island/Islas
de Ladrones/Marianas Islands] to Philippines [Homonhon,
Samar] to Moluccas Island, then back to Europe.
Notes:
1. Crossing the Pacific Ocean/Mar Pacifico (called Pacific
because it was very calm and peaceful), took them 3 months to
pass through it, resulted to Soldiers were already ill to the
extent of eating rats and drinking sea water.
2. Cape of Deseado (November 28, 1520), Ship Santiago sunk,
and the Ship San Antonio rebelled and headed back to Spain.
3. Ladrones Island (March 6, 1521), Ladrones means land of
thieves/robbers because the natives stole a small boat that went
ashore owned by Magellan.
4. Samar, an island named Islas de San Lazaro (March 16,
1521) – Magellan and his crew reached the nearby island just
in time of Feast Day of St. Lazarus
5. Homonhon, Samar (March 17, 1521) - Magellan and his crew
was welcomed by Raja Kulambu with foods and supplies in
trade of ivories and other materials from Europe (as a sign of
gratitude), that’s why they become friends and had blood
compact.
6. Easter Sunday (March 31, 1521) – celebrated the first mass in
the Philippines done by Padre Pedro de Valderama (a priest
that joined Magellan in the circumnavigation) and planted a
cross to the highest summit of the island.
7. Reached Zubu (Cebu) (April 26, 1521) – Zula, one of the
chiefs of the Island of Mactan sent one of his sons to present
two goats to Magellan, and to say that he would send him all he
had promised, but he had not been able to send him because the
other chief, Cilapulapu (real name: Kalipulapu), refuse to obey
the king of Spagnia (Spain) in terms of political system.
8. Lapu-lapu and Raja Humabon already have a bad blood with
each other which basically, Raja Humabon used Magellan to
take revenge against Lapu-Lapu.
9. Battle between Lapu-Lapu and Magellan (April 27, 1521) Magellan and his crew, together with some of Raja Humabon’s
men, reached Matan (Mactan) 3hrs before dawn. Magellan died
during the battle.
After the battle in Mactan, Juan Sebastian Elcano (and his men)
returned in Cebu without knowing that the natives had a plan to
massacre them (by poisoning) resulting to death of some of his men.
➢ May 2, 1521 – they abandoned and burned the ship
Concepcion (because of lack of survivors), the fleet
reduced to Victoria and Trinidad fled westward to Palawan.
➢ June 21, 1521 – left Palawan and sailed to Boneo and
eventually reached Moluccas Island.
➢ December 18, 1521 – they left Moluccas Island for Spain.
➢ The Trinidad sprang a leak and unable to repair, was
abandoned.
➢ September 6, 1522 – the Ship Victoria (named after the
word, “Victory” of returning to Spain) retuned to Spain
after crossing the Indian and Atlantic Ocean.
Relevance
✓ The Magellan expedition proves that the earth is not flat but an
oblate sphere. (Against the idea of the Europeans)
✓ Magellan and his men completed the first circumnavigation of
the world. (Should be Elcano and his men) (But Magellan is
considered since even before the organization of the Spain
circumnavigation, it was believed that Magellan already
went to East Countries/Asian Countries)
✓ It confirmed that the Portuguese route (route discovered by
Prince Henry, the navigator) is not the only way to Spice
Islands.
✓ Bought to the attention of Europeans that on the other side of
American continent exist a large body of water which they
named Mar Pacifico (Pacific Ocean).
✓ Enriched Philippine historiography because it contains
important details about the Visayan Islands in the 16th century.
✓ The prominent leaders were identifying economic activities,
social and cultural practices, and religious beliefs.
✓ It is the main historical information about the beginning of
Christianity in the Philippines.
✓ It showed the reaction of the natives when they first met the
Spaniards. (In terms of Filipino Hospitality)
Lecture 4: Customs of Tagalogs
Father Juan de Plasencia/ Fray Juan de Placencia
– a Spanish Friar of the Franciscan Order.
– he came with the first batch of Franciscan Missionaries in the
Philippines in 1578.
Wrote: (a) Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalogs (Customs of
the Tagalogs, 1589)
(b) Doctrina Cristiana (Christian Doctrine,1589)
Historical Context
➢ Described the political, social, economic, and cultural practices
of the Filipinos before they were Christianized.
✓ The Bisayans are accustomed to paint their bodies with some
very elegant tattoos. They do this with iron or brass rods, the
points of which are heated on fire. These are done in the
manner illuminations, paintings all parts of the body, such as
the chest, the stomach, legs, arms, shoulders, hands, and
muscles, and among some, the posteriors.
✓ A Tagalog Noble couple dressed in gold accessories. The
dress of the women is not as neat nor as elegant as that of the
Bisayans, because they wrap a cotton or taffeta mantle around
the body with very little polish. They wear jackets and skirts in
the same way we have described of the Bisayans. They also
wear their dress skin-tight, gathering it at the waist and breast
because they use no chemise or stockings. All carry over their
dress some small mantles, these are of colored cotton, and
some are of satin, taffeta, and damask obtained from China.
First Form of Civil Code; Obtain simple truths regarding their:
a. Social Classes
1. Dato (Datu) – a chieftain; governs the barangay and captain
of wars; obeyed and revered by the members of the barangay;
create and execute laws with the help of Council of Elders.
2. Maharlikas – nobles/freeman/freeborn; they do not pay taxes;
must accompany the Datu in war, at their own expense, but
divide the spoils; warriors, rich traders, and craftsmen.
3. Commoners (Timawa Class) – lower ranking than the
Maharlika; aliping namamahay; everyday folks; they pay taxes
and served the Datu and Maharlikas; live at their own houses
and lords of their property and gold; allowed to earn money
but must surrender a percentage of earnings to their masters;
cannot be slaves; cannot be taken away from their own village.
4. Alipin (Aliping Sagigilid) – could not own anything; usually,
captives of war or sentenced criminal; could be bought or sold;
couldn’t enter a contract or marriage; used in sacrificial
ceremonies, could be buried alive upon death of their masters.
b. Inheritance (Marriage and Children)
➢ Those who are maharlikas on both father’s and mother’s side
continue to be so forever; if it happens, they should be slaves, it
is through marriage.
➢ If maharlikas (men) had children among their slaves, the
children and their mothers became free.
➢ If a slave-woman is pregnant, she is compelled to give her
master half of the gold tael because of her risk of death, and for
her inability to work during pregnancy.
➢ If two persons married, of whom one was a maharlika and the
other a slave, whether namamahay or sagigilid, the children
were divided; first, whether male or female belonged to the
father, as did the third and fifth; and the second, fourth, and the
sixth fell to the mother.
➢ In this manner if the father were free, all those belonged to him
were free; if he were a slave all those who belonged to him
were slaves; and same applied to mother.
➢ Maharlikas could not, after marriage move from one village to
another, without paying a certain fine of gold, as arranged
among them.
➢ This fine is larger or smaller according to the inclination of the
different villages, running from one to three taels and banquet
to the entire barangay.
➢ Failure to pay the fine might result in a war between the
barangay where the person left and one which he entered.
➢ This applied equally to men and women except that when one
married a woman of another village, the children were divided
equally to two barangays.
c. Government
✓ Social Status: Tagalog Societies practice the “semi-caste
system,” – Caste System: a person is considered a member of
the caste into which he or she is born and remains within that
caste until death.
✓ The Barangay: Started out as a single clan comprised of
parents, children, their extended family members, and their
slaves. Each barangay was independent, although some entered
alliances; Alliances are formed through blood compact or
sandugo.
d. Slaves
Reasons to be Slave
Captivity of War
Inheritance
Crime
Debit
Reasons to be a Freeman
Bravery/Good Deads
Condonation/Forgiveness
Payment (Tael or Labor)
Marriage
e. Administration Of Justice (Laws and Punishments)
➢ Investigations made and sentences passed by the Datu must
take place in the presence of those in his barangay.
➢ If any of the litigants (being sued) felt himself aggrieved, an
arbiter (judge) is unanimously selected from another village.
➢ A man of low birth who insulted the daughter or wife of the
Datu will be condemned to death.
➢ Witches were killed, and their children and accomplices
become slaves of the Datu.
➢ All other offenses were punished by fines in gold, which is not
paid in promptness, expose the culprit to serve until the
payment should be made.
f. Dowries (Divorce, Contract)
➢ Dowries are given by men to women’s parents.
➢ If the women’s parents are living, they will enjoy the use of it.
At their death, provided the dowry has not been consumed, it is
divided like the rest of the estate, equally among the children.
➢ If the wife, at the time of her marriage has neither father,
mother, nor grandparents, she enjoys her dowry.
➢ In case of a divorce before the birth of children, if the wife left
the husband to marry another, all her dowry and an equal
additional amount goes to the husband; but if she left him, and
did not marry another, the dowry is returned.
➢ When the husband left his wife, he lost half of the dowry, and
the other half is returned to him.
➢ If the husband possessed children at the time of his divorce, the
whole dowry and fine will be given to the children and held for
them by their grandparents or other responsible relatives.
➢ There are fine stipulated in the contract, that he who violates it
shall pay a certain sum which varies according to the practice
of the village and the affluence of the individual.
➢ If upon the death of the parents, the son or daughter should be
unwilling to marry because it was arranged by his or her
parents, the dowry which the parents received is returned
nothing more.
➢ If the parents are living, they pay a fine, because it was
assumed that it was their design to separate the children.
Worships of the Tagalogs
a. Pandot – a celebration of festival or worship which is held at the
large house of the Datu.
b. Sibi – a temporary shed to shelter the people during worship.
c. Sorohile – small lamps to illuminate the sibi during worship.
d. Naagnitos – the act of worshipping that unites the whole
barangay and families.
At the center of the house, worshippers place one large lamp
adorned with leaves of white palm wrought into many designs. They
also bought together many drums, large and small which they beat
successively during the feast, which usually lasted for four days.
Tagalog Gods and Deities
a. Bathala – “all powerful,” maker of all things
b. The moon (Mayari) – when it was new, which they had great
rejoicing, adoring it, and bidding its welcome.
c. The Sun – being accounted for its beauty, and it is universally
respected and honored.
d. Stars (Tala) – the morning star.
e. Mapolon – the god of seasons, medicine, and health.
f. Dian Masalanta - goddess of love, conception and childbirth
and the protector of lovers.
g. Lacapati - identified as the most important fertility deity. The
goddess of cultivated land.
h. Balatic – the Greater Bear.
i. Lic-ha – images with different shapes, sometimes worshipped
with little importance.
j. Idianale – the goddess of labor and good deeds. Tagalog deities
are fluid genders, she was also known as a female deity of animal
husbandry, and a male deity of agriculture. Deity of
craftsmanship.
Ancient Tagalog Counterpart of Hell
a. Sitan – the guardian of Kasamaan and the keeper of all souls
therein. In a 1589 record, Sitan and Bathala is said to have once
waged a war with each other to determine who should rule the
realms intended for ancestral souls.
b. Catolonan – one of the priestesses of the devil.
c. Manisilat or Mansisilat – she was tasked to destroy and break
every happy and united family that she could find.
d. Mangagauay – witches who pretends to heal the sick.
e. Silangan – if they saw anyone clothed in white, it will tear out
his liver and eat it. Thus, causing death.
f. Mancocolam – the only male agent of Sitan, he was to emit fire
at night and when there was bad weather, hence he is referred to
as a fire god. Fires caused during bad weather are associated with
him or Kidlat.
g. Hocloban – could change herself into any form she desired. She
can kill or make people unconscious simply by greeting them.
She could also kill someone by simply raising her hand and
could heal without any difficulty as she wished.
h. Magtatangal – shows himself at night to may persons without
his head or entrails.
i. Osuang – a flying creature that murders men and eat their flesh.
j. Mangagayoma - they made charms out of herbs, stones, and
wood, which infuse the heart with love.
k. Sonat – helps someone die.
l. Panatahojan – predicts the future. A seer.
m. Bayoguin – a cotquean (masculine woman), a man whose nature
inclined toward that of a woman.
Death
Note: No one would go to heaven, where there only dwelt Bathala.
a. Maca – place of another life of rest. The “paradise” or “village
of rest”. Those who go to this place are the just, the valiant, and
those who lived without doing harm, or who possessed moral
virtues.
b. Casanaan – place of punishment, grief, and affliction. Which is
also called “place of anguish”.
c. Vibit – ghost
d. Tigbalaang – phantoms
e. Patianac – the lament, which can be heard at night, of a woman
died during childbirth. She and her child suffered punishment.
Relevance
✓ Disapproves the claim of some Spaniards that when they arrived in
the Philippines, Filipinos were still uncivilized and lacking culture.
✓ Filipinos were already politically and economically organized.
✓ Filipinos has a functioning government, tax system, set of laws,
criminal justice system, indigenous calendar, and long- standing
customs and traditions.
✓ They had the concept of supreme being called Bathala, practiced
burial customs and believed in life after death.
✓ People then were already wearing garments and gold ornaments, and
their houses were decorated with idols.
Lecture 5: Kartilya ng Katipunan
During the first election, the following officers of the Supreme
Council were chosen:
The KKK or Katipunan
✓ The Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak
ng Bayan (KKK) or Katipunan is arguably the most important
organization formed in the Philippine history.
✓ The two principal aims of the KKK as gathered from the writings
of Bonifacio: 1. Unity of the Filipino people; 2. Separation from
Spain through revolution.
✓ July 7, 1892 – Bonifacio and his friends met secretly at Deodato
Arellano’s house at no.72 Azcarraga Street (now Claro M. Recto)
near Elcano Street in Tondo Manila.
✓ July 7, 1892 – They decided to form a secret revolutionary
society called Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng
mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or Katipunan, dedicated through
national independence through armed revolution.
✓ Triangle Method – mode of recruiting members.
✓ Payment of Entrance Fee: Real Fuerte (25centavos); Monthly
Due: Media Real (about 12centavos)
✓ Katipunan was a government itself with a constitution
promulgated in 1892, and another constitution replacing the first
one in 1894.
In 1895, Andres Bonifacio was elected Supremo (President).
a. Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council) – central
government
b. Sagguniang Bayan (Provincial Council) – province
c. Sagguniang Balangay (Popular Coouncil) – town
d. Sagguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council)
Three Grade Members of Katipunan
Grade
Katipun (Associate
Password
Anak ng Bayan
Kawal (Soldier)
GomBurZa
Bayani (Patriot)
Rizal
Common Attire
Wore a black mask
during meetings
Wore a green mask
during meetings
Wore a red mask
during meetings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
President: Deodato Arellano
Comptroller: Andres Bonifacio
Fiscal: Ladislao Diwa
Secretary: Teodoro Plata
Treasurer: Valentin Diaz
Kartilya ng Katipunan (written by Emilio Jacinto)
1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na
kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag.
2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi
sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa
kapua at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang
Katuiran.
4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y
magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman,
sa ganda; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.
5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili;
ang may hamak na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.
6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
7. Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y
magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli
pang magdadaan.
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.
9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at
matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.
10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng
asawa’t mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang
patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din.
11. Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang,
kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan;
gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at
alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan.
12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag
mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.
13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng
ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios wala sa
mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao,
kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong
may magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri;
yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at
marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.
14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw
ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan
ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang magkalahi’t
magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na
buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan.
Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala
niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang
ninanasa sa kasunod nito.
Relevance
✓ It established the rules not only for the members of the Katipunan
but the principles for the citizens of a nation once independence
had been achieved.
✓ Though written in the 19th century, the Kartilya is significant to
the lives of modern Filipinos as it reads like a simple creed for
living in the light of the many changes occurring in the present.