Factors affecting urbanization process
and how urbanization can be
controlled
 Urbanization,
the process by which large
numbers of people become permanently
concentrated in relatively small areas,
forming cities.
 Natural increase of urbanization can occur if
the natural population growth in the cities is
higher than in the rural areas.
Industrial
revolution
Workers
moved
commercial
hubs
Agricultural
jobs less
 A country
is considered to urbanize when over 50
per cent of its population live in the urban areas
(Long 1998).
 An urban area is spatial concentration of
people who are working in non-agricultural
activities.
Growing center for modern
production and industry
Internal commerce
and foreign trade
Financial
services
Education and
govt.
Rural area
Education
Health
Safe drinking water
Electricity
Fresh Food
Entertainment
Jobs
Low income people.
Urban area
High level of
education
Better facilities of
health
Drinking water
Electricity
Food
Entertainment
Jobs opportunity
High level of income
(HABITAT 1996, Bilsborrow 1998).
Rural urban
migration
Population
growth
Natural
growth of
urban pop
reclassification
Water
Air
pollution
noise
Environmental
pollution
food
traffic
Solid waste
health
Housing and
homelessness
unempoyment
poverty
crime
unemployment
political attention.
One problem is to
integrate land- and
water use planning to
provide food and
water security (UNEP
1999).
90 million babies are born
each year
At this rate, by the year
2050, global population
will reach 10 billion.
Growing
demand for
food and
facilities
Problem to food
production
• Rapid population growth not only lessens
available calorie supply from food per
person but also risks the present food
production with pollution.
• Agricultural food
• Industrial food
co
acid
precipitation
acidity of
waters
Lead
photochemical
pollutants
Pollution due
to burning of
fuel
Traffic
Traffic
jam
Respiratory
diseases
lack of sanitation and
sewage treatment
Local water bodies
are used as a
dumping ground for
untreated water
from urban areas.
 Solid
waste management means proper
collection, transfer, recycling and disposal of
solid wastes.
 The people end up to the illegal dump on
streets, open spaces, wastelands, drains or
rivers. Sometimes they are collected to the
land sites but the protection of water bodies
and groundwater is not active (HABITAT 1996,
Ogu 2000).
.
Industrial
operation
Highway
traffic
Sources of noise
Construction
activities
Air
crafts
 water
is not geographically equally divided
and seasonal changes are extensive.
 In Africa, 14 countries already experience
water stress or water shortage. Another 11
countries will join that list in the next 25
years (Somlyódy et al. 2001, Postel 1992).
20% of the
world’s
pop fall
short to
safe water
Environmental
problems
link between
environment
and health is
evident.
• Environment-related
diseases or accidents remain
among the major causes of
illness, injury, and
premature death.
• Poor environment, housing
and living conditions are
the main reasons to the
diseases and poor health
 At
least once every five years, more than a
half of the world’s population living in the
cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants are
victims of a crime of some kind.
Only in Asia this
proportion is under
50 percent.
urban violence
is estimated to
grow 3 to 5
percent every
year
.
The houses are
often small and
overcrowded and
also lack facilities
like; piped water
supplies, the
removal of excreta
and solid wastes,
drainage and
roads.
33 to 67 per
cent of the
population lives
in housing units
that are in poor
condition.
Informal sector
driving motorbike taxis,
selling low-cost meals,
driving tuc-tucs (open taxis)
or collecting garbage.
misemployment
It means that a person
might be full-time
employed, but the task
performed promotes
little to social welfare.
Lack of jobs
Inflation
Unskilled
population
Over
population
unemployme
nt
Environmental
Implication
Waste Recycling New Challenges of
Sustainability
Policy Responses
and Tools to
manage
Urbanization
Poverty
National planning to
control urbanization to
manageable levels
Regional / Urban
planning to guide
urbanization to
manageable situation
Tool to
manage
Intra-urban
management to cope
with urbanization
problems
Participation,
Partnership and
Governance
Socialist
model
South African
model
•Socialism
•People were not allowed
to permanently move from
the place of birth to urban
area.
•This method was not to
control the migration of
single people but decrease
migration with families