English
Grammar
in Use
A self-study
reference
and practice
book for
intermediate
students of
English
with answers
THIRD
EDITION
Raymond Murphy
~ CAM B R ID G E
~ Ul\"IVERS ITY P R ESS
C A M RRI I>G F. UNIVE RS ITY r RE S S
Camb ridge, New York, Melbo urne, Madrid, Cape Tow n. Singapore, SilO Paulo
Cambridge University Press
T he Ed inburgh Building. Cambridge C Bl l RU, UK
www.carob ridge.org
Information o n this tide : ww w.cambridge.o rg/978052 153289 1
o Ca mbridge University Press 2004
This publication is in copyright. Subiecr to statutor y exception
and to the provi sion s of releva nt collective licensing agreements.
no reprod uct ion of an y part rna)' take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2004
7th printing 2005
Printed in Singapore by KHL Print ing Co Pte l td
A c<Jt<Jloglli! reco rd (or tbis publicJliotl is ovaitable from the Bntish UbrJ1)'
ISBN- 13 978 -0-52 1-53289-1 Edition with answers
ISBN- IO 0-52 1-53289-2 Edition with an swers
ISBN· 13 978-0-52 1-53290-7 Edition without answers
ISBN -I O 0-52 1-53290-6 Editio n without answe rs
ISBN- 13 978-0-52 1-$3762 -9 Edirion wit h C D-RO.\ 1
ISBN- to 0-52 1-53 762-2 Editio n with C D- RO~ I
ISBN- 13 978 -0-52 1-843 11-9 Hardback edit ion with C D· RO .\1
ISBN-I O 0-52 1-843 11- 1 Hardback edit ion with CD-RO .\t
ISBN· 13 97 8-3- 12-53 4086-2 Klett edition wit h CD-RO .\ I
ISBN· to 3- 12-53 4086- 1 Klett ed ition with C D- R O ~ t
ISBN- 13 978 -3- 12-53408 4 ·8 Kieft edition
ISBN- IO 3- 12-5 3408 4-5 Klett edition
•
Contents
T h. mks \-ji
To the student viii
To rhe reac her x
Present .m d p,,1 $[
I Present con tin uous \1 am doing '
.l Present simple (I do :
3 Present continuou s and present simple 1 il am doin g an d I do l
4 Present conn nuo us and presen t simple J (I am doin g and J do l
5 P J, S[ simple II did)
6 Past co n rin uo u-, (I was doing I
Present perfe,-f ,,111,1 p.1St
- Pre-sen t perfect I II hav e do ne )
S
9
10
11
11
Present pe t ie..:t .2 II have do ne}
Present perfect con tinu ou s II han: been doingl
Present perfect co ntinu ous an d simple II have been doin g and I have do ne)
How lon g ha ve ~ ou . been t ... :
For and since When ... ? and How long ... ? .
13 Present perfect JnJ
r .hl
I d hone done and I did ,
14 Present pe rfect and r .ht .! II have d on e an d I d id t
15 Past pe rfect U had done!
16 P.lSI perfect con tinuous il had been doing t
17 H ave gO I a nd have
t S Use d to (d o)
Futu re
19 Present tenses tl am doing I I do l fur the fut ure
20 rl'mt goi ng to (dol
11 " i ll/sha ll 1
" WilllshJ.1I 1
1 3 I will a nd I' m goi ng \0
1 ~ \\'ill be doing ,U1J wi ll ha ve do ne
2. 5 W hen I d o I When I' ve d o ne
When an d if
.\lo.l.lls
2. 6 Can, co uld and rbet abl e 10
Could (d ol an d co uld ha ve tdo net
2. 8 ." ust and ca n't
2 9 .\ 1.1 ~' a nd might I
30 ." .l ~' a nd rnig ht 1
3 1 Ha ve w a nd mu vt
31 .\ l ust mu stn't n...edn't
33 Should I
34 Sho uld 2.
3 5 Had bener
It's time ,. ,
36 Would
J- Can'Could'Wo uld ~ou .. . ? esc. (Req uests. offers. permissio n and invirarionst
-r-
IF 'IOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS 'IOU NEED TO STUDY. USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.
If ami wish
.l8 If I do •..•md If I did ...
39 If I knew,., I w ish I knew ...
40 If I had known ..• I wish I had kn own ...
4 1 \Vi"h
Passire
42 Passin ' I (is done I was done ]
43 Passin ' 2. (be done I been don e ! being don e )
44 Pas sive 3
45 It is sa id that •.• H e is said to • .•
46 H ave som ething don e
H e is suppo sed to ...
Reported speech
47 Reported speech 1 j He said th at .••)
48 Reported speech 2.
Q ltestioflS •.md .1lIxiliJry ('n bs
4 9 Quest ions 1
50 Questions 2. (Do ) 'O U kn ow w here ... ? I He asked me wh ere •.• )
5 1 Auxili'lr}· verbs Iha ve/dozca n erc. j I think so I I hope so etc.
52 Q uest ion ta gs (do you ? isn't it ? ere.I
-bIg
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
.md the i,,{illiti('e
Verb + -ing (en jo y doing ! stop doing ere.I
Verb + to ••. (decide to . .. ! forget to .•• ere. I
Verb (+ o bject) + to ... (I want ) 'O U to ••• etc. I
Verb + -in g or to
1 (remember/regret etc. ]
Verb + -ing o r to
2. (try/needlh e1p l
Verb + -ing or to
3 (like I wou ld like erc. l
Prefer a nd wou ld ra ther
Preposition (in/for/about ere. I + -ing
Be/get used to someth ing (I'm used to ... )
Verh + preposi tion + -ing (succeed in -ing I accuse som ebod y o f -ing ctc.]
Exp ressio ns + -in g
To ••• • for .. . a nd so t hat •.. (pur pose )
Adjective + to .. .
To ••• (a fraid to do l a nd preposition + -ing (afraid of -ing t
See so mebody do a nd sec so mebody doin g
-ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed e;Hly. f
A rticles JIII/ nouns
69 Cou nta ble and uncountable 1
70 Co unta ble and uncountable 2
7 1 Counta ble nouns with ala n an d som e
72 Alan and the
73 The 1
74 The 2. (schoo l! t he school ere. I
75 The 3 (children I the children !
76 The 4 Ithe giraffe I the teleph on e ! th e piano etc.• the
77 Na mes with a nd wit ho ut the 1
78 Na mes with an d with out th e 2
iv
+
ad iecnve t
IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.
79 S in ~u lJr and plur.ll
80 X oun ... no un (a tenni s ball f .l headache:
8 1 -\ rvour sisler\ nam e! and o f ... (rhe na me o f the book t
Pronouns .l lId det erminers
82. :\l y sdf/~' ours elfJth em seh' es ere.
83 .-\ friend of mine
.\l y own home
On my own f by myself
84 Ther e ... •1Od it .. .
S5 Some a nd .lny
86 X o/non c/a nv
X othing/nobodv etc.
87 :\I uch. man v.H n le. few. a lot. plentv
SS All / .1.11 o f m O\1 / movr o f no / non e of etc
89 Both f both o f
neither f neither o f
either f either of
90 :\ 11. every J.nJ whole
9 1 Each and c u'~
Relati re clauses
92. Relanve cla uses I: clauses with who/t hat/w hich
93 ReI.HiH' cla uses 2.: cla uses with an d without who/ tha t/which
94 Rela nve clauses 3: whose/wh om/wh er e
95 Relative clauses 4: exrra mformanon daus~ ( I I
96 Rela tive cla uses 5: e xtra info rmation clau ses l2.1
9 - -mg an d -ed cla uses rrhe woman talking 10 Tom. [he ~()y injured in the accident '
A J ;ecfU '('S JI1,I .I,/I"('rI'5
98
99
100
10 1
Adle..-nves endin,!: in -ing and -ed (bo ring/bo red ere-.1
Adj ective s: a nice new house. you loo k tired
Adiecnves and adve rbs I {quick/quickly}
Adiec rives .1OJ adve rbs 2. (\H·llJf,H tIl.1Cc. ha rd/hardly}
102. So an d such
10.3 Eno ugh and too
104 Q Uill". prcnv. ra ther .1nJ
105
106
10;
10 8
fa i rl ~"
Co m p.mson I (cheaper. more expensive etc. t
Com pa rison 2. tmc ch bcncr / a n j better / berrcr a nd better / Ihe sooner th e better)
Com pa rison 3 ' 0< •• • 0< I than !
Superlatives uh c longest. the mo st enjoy able erc.!
109 \'('ord o rder I: ver b + ubject: place and time
110 \X'ord order 2. : ad verbs with the verb
I I I Still. ~'e l an d alr eady
112. h en
.-\ny more f any lo nger I no longer
COll lllll~· t i()ll$
11.3
IH
115
116
11118
.lIt.l prepositions
Althou gh I tho ugh I even though In spite of f despite
In C,1 ~e
Unless
As lon g as
Provided/p rovidi ng
As (:\ s I wall ed along the st reet .•. / As I wa s hungr y ... J
Like a nd a ~
.-\ ~ if / .1\ th ough / likc
IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHIOl UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.
120 By a nd unt il
By th e time ...
Prepositione
12 1 Allon /in (ti me)
122 On time a nd in time
123 In/a t/on (position) I
124 Inla llon [pos ition! 2
125 In/a llon (pos itio n! 3
126
127
128
129
130
13 1
132
133
134
135
136
ToI:nlinlinto
In/a llo n (o ther uses)
By
N oun + preposit io n (reaso n for . ca use of ere. I
Adjecnv e + pr eposit ion 1
Adjecrive + p repos itio n 2
Verh + prepo sition I to a nd a t
Verb + preposit io n 2 aboullfor/oflafter
Ver h + prepo sit io n 3 about a nd o f
Verb + preposition 4 ofI fo r/from/an
Verb + preposition 5 inli ntol withltolon
Pb rasal rerbs
137 Phra sal ve rb s 1
138 Phr a sal ve rb s 2
139 Phr a sal verbs 3
140 Phrasa l ver bs 4
14 1 Phr asal verbs 5
142 Phrasal verbs 6
143 Phrasa l ver bs 7
144 Ph ra sa l ver bs 8
145 Phra sa l ve rbs 9
Appendix 1
Append ix 2
Appe ndix 3
Appe nd ix 4
Append ix 5
Append ix 6
Append ix 7
Study guide
Int roduct ion
in/o ut
o ut
on/off ( Il
on/off (2l
Up/do wn
up ( I)
up (2)
aw ay/back
Regu lar a nd irregular verbs 292
Present a nd past tenses 294
T ht' futu re 29 5
Modal ve rbs (ca nJco uldJwillJwo uld erc.) 296
Sho rr form s (I'm I yo u've J didn't etc. I 297
Spelling 29 8
Amer ican English 300
Addit io na l exerc ises
302
326
Key to Exercises 33 6
Key to Ad ditional e xercises
Key to Stud y gu ide 372
Inde x
At the end an d in th e end
368
373
IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY. USE THE STUOY GUIDE ON PAGE 326.
Thanks
I wrote the o riginal ed itio n o f English Grammar in Use when J was 3 reacher at the Swan
Schoo l o f English. O xford. I would like to repeat my tha nks to my co lleag ues an d students at
the school for their help. encou ragement and interest at tha t time.
.vt ore recentl y I woul d like to than k all the teachers and students I met and who o ffered their
thoughts on the previous edition. It was tun to meet you all and extremely helpful for me.
Rega rding t he prod uctio n of t his th ird edition . I am grate ful [ 0 Alison Sha rpe, Liz Driscoll.
jane \t.J irs and Kamae Design. I would also like to thank Cambridge University Press for
permission to access the Cambridge Intern ation al Co rpus.
Thank you also to the follow ing illustra tors: Paul Fellow s. Gillian \ b n io. Roger Penwill.
Lisa Smith and Simon \'('iIIiams.
•
To the student
T his book is fo r students who want help with English gra mmar, It i~ wri tt en tor you to woe
without ,1 reacher,
T he hoo k will be useful for yo u if you are not sure of the answers to q uest ions like t hese:
o What is the difference between J did and I JJJI·c JOlle?
o When do we use u 'ill for the futu re:
o \"'hat is the str ucture after 1 w isb?
o "" hen do we S3 }' used to do a nd when do we say me.' to doing:
o When do we use the?
o What is the difference between like and .IS:
Th ese and many other poi nts o f English grammar are explained in the boo k and the re are
exercises on each po int .
l evel
Th e hook is intended mainly for intermediate students tsrudenrs wh o hav e alr ead y stu d ied t he
basic gram ma r of English), It concentrates on those str uctures wh ich inte rmedia te srudeo rs want
to use. bur whic h often cause difficuhv, Some advanced stude nts who have prob lems wit h
grammar will also find the boo k useful.
Th e hook is
110 1
suitable fur elementary learn ers.
How th e book is organ ised
There are 145 units in the hook . Each unit concent rates on a particula r mint of gra mmar. Some
probl ems (for example, the present perfect or the usc of tbl'l arc covered in mo rt' than o ne unit.
For a list of units. sec the Co ntents at the beginning of rhe book .
Each unit con sists of two feeing pages. O n rhe left there ar e explanat ion s and examples; on the
right there are exercises. At the back of the rook there is a l':ey for you to check yo ur answers
to t he exercises (page 33 6l .
There are also seven Appendices at the back of the hook tpagcs 191- 30 1I. These includ e
irregula r verbs. summaries of verb forms, spelling and America n English.
Finall y. there is a deta iled Index at rhe back o f rhe honk tpage 3731.
How to use the book
T he units arc not in ord er of d ifficulrv, so it is /l 0 1 intended th at you wo rk th rou gh the book
from beginnin g to end. Every learner h .1S different problems an d you shou ld usc th is hook TO
help rou with the gramm ar that )'011 find difficult.
It is suggested rha r you work in t his way:
Use the Ccm /('lIts and/or index to find whic h unit deals with the point vonare interested in.
If you arc not sure whic h units you need to study. usc the Sf/,.i)' gll ;.I.· on page 316.
o Study rhe ex plan anons an d exa mples on the.' Iefr-h.md p.lge (If rhe unit ~'nu h.r ve chosen.
a Do the exerci ses on the right -hand page.
D C heck you r an swers with the Key,
D If your an swers are not correct, study the left-ha nd page again to see what went wrong.
a
a
You can of co urse usc the book simply as a reference hook without doin g the exercises.
VIII
•
To the teacher
English Grammar in Use wa s writt en as a self-stu dy gra mmar book , hut teachers may also lind
it useful as additional course mat erial in cases w here further work on grammar is nece ss<uy.
T he hook will probably be most useful at midd le- and uppe r- inter mediate levels (where all o r
nearly a ll of the material will be relevan n. and can serve borh as a ba sis for revisio n and as a
mean s fo r practising new sn ucrures. Ir w ill also he useful fo r some more ad vanced stu dents w ho
ha ve pro blems wit h gra mma r an d need a book for referen ce and pr.rcric-e. The book is nor
intended to he used by elementary lea rners.
Th e units arc orga nised in grammatical catego ries lPresm r .m d past, Articles .111.1 nOlllts.
Prepositions ere.I. They a re nor ordered according to level of difficu lty, so (he hoo k should nor
be wor ked throu gh fro m beginning to end. Irs bo uld be used selecnvelv a nd tle xiblv in
acc ordance with the gra mmar sylla bus bei ng used and the d itticulries srude nrs are ha ving.
The book ca n be used for immediate con solidat ion o r for later revisio n or remed ia l work . It
migh t be used by the whole class or by individ ual stu dents needing extr a help. The lett- han d
pagt"i (explanatio ns and exa mples) are w ritten for the stu de nt to use indi vid uall y, nut they may
of cou rse be used by the teacher as a sou rce of ideas and informa tion on w hich to base a lesson.
The st udent then has rhe left-hand page as a record of whar has bee n ta ught an d can refer to it
in the futu re, The exe rcises ca n be done ind ividuall y, in clJ SS or as homework. Ah e m anvelv
land additionally], individua l st udents can be directed to st udy cert ain units of the book b~"
themselves if t he)' have particular difficulti es nor shared ll)' o ther stude nts in their class. Don 't
forget the Additio"..,1exercises at t he hack o f the nook {see To the srcd en n.
The ht){)k is sold wit h or witho ut a C D Rom. Thi s co ntai ns furt her exercises on all t he units in
the noo k. as well as a bank o f 1.700 test qu estion s from which users ca n select to co mpi le their
own resrs. T he C D Ro m is also availabl e sepa ratel y.
An editi on o f r."glish Gramma r ill Use wit hout the
prefer this for use wit h their students,
10:'-')'
is also available. Some reach ers may
English Grammar in Use Third Edition
T his is a new ed itio n o f b tglish Grammar ill USI'. The differences between this ed ition
and rhe seco nd edition are:
o Th ere Me eight new units on ph rasal verbs (Units 138- 145 1. There i.. a lso
.1 new unit
on w ish (Unit 41 ), Units 42-81 and 83- 137 all have different numbers from the
second edition.
o So me of the ma ter ial has been revised o r reor gani sed. and in mo..( u n irv there are
minor chang es in the exam ples, evplana nons an d exerci..e...
o T he Add itional exercises ha ve been extended . Th e new exerci-esa re 14- 16, 25. 30-3 1.
and .17- 4 1.
o T he book has been redesigned wit h new co lour illuvrranons.
o T here is a new CD Ro m with further exe rcises to accom pany the book.
x
Regular and irregular verbs
1.1
Regu lar verbs
If a verb is regu lar. the past simple an d pa st pa rtici ple end in -ed. For example.
i"{j,,ilh'e
d ean
\1 d
past simple
. .
c eane
past partIcIple
finish
use
paint
sto p
carry
finished
used
paint ed
stopped
carrie d
For spelling rules. see Appendix 6.
For the PIlSl simple (I cleaned I they finished I she carrie d ere.I, see Unit 5.
We use the past participle to make the perfect tenses an d all th e passive forms.
Pa ful tenses tha"d'h aYhad clean ed ): .
o I have clea ned the wind ows . ipresem pertect - see Units 7-81
o Th ey were st ill working. They had n't finished . (Polst perfect - see Unit 15)
Passive tis cleaned I was cleaned erc.]:
o He was carried out of t he room. tpast SImp le pJ SS;I'eJ
Uni 42-44
.
•
d _ (present pertec
.. t pJ sslI'd
.
see nu s
o ThiIS gate has
as iJust Leeen
pamte
I
1.2
irregular verbs
When the past simpl e and past participle do not end in -00 [for example. I saw I I have see
the verb is irregula r,
With some irregular verbs, all three form s (in/i" itil,t>. past s"" plt> and past p.lrticiple ) are th
same. For example. hit:
o Don't hit me. (;,,{illitil'e)
o Somebody hit me as I came into the roo m. (p.lst sim ple)
o I've never hit anybody in my life. tpost participle - present per{eet)
o George wa s hit o n the head by a sto ne. (p.lst participle - p.lssil'e)
With oth er ir regu lar verbs. t he past sim ple is the same as the past parti ciple Ibm different f
t he infinitive), Fo r example, tell -- w id : .
o Ca n you tell me w hat to do ? (in{il1itil'e)
o She told me to co me back the next da y. [past simple!
o Have yo u la id anybody about your new jo b? tpast participle - present pertecn
o I was tol d to come back the next day, (P.:lst pJrtieiple - p.:lssil'e)
With oth er irregular verbs. all three forms are different. Fo r exa mp le, wake -- wok e/woken
o I'll wak e you up. (i,,!initlt'e)
o 1 wok e up in the midd le o f t he nigh t. tpast Sill/pIe!
o Th e: ba by ha s wok en up. tpost participle - present per{eetJ
o I was wo ken up by a loud noise . (P.:Ist participle - passwet
1.3
The follow ing verbs can be regu lar or irregu lar:
b urn
dream
lean
learn
--
burned
dreame d
lea ned
learned
burnt
d
ream t [dremr]"
0'
0 ' lean t [lenr] "
0 ' lea rnt
0'
smell -- smelled
spell
spelled
spill
spilled
spoil
spo iled
--
-
o r smelt
0'
0'
0'
speh
spilt
spoilt
• pronu nc
So you can say:
o I leanr out o f the wind ow. o r I leaned o ut of the window.
o The din ner has been spo iled. or T he dinner ha s been spo ilt.
In British English the irregular form (b urn t/learn t etc.l is mo re usual. For American
English. set" Appendix 7.
292
Append
1.4
l.isr of irreg ula r verbs
//I fill/tll"t'
p.HI sill/ph-
be
wa ""were
hea t
beca me
bega n
"""
beco me
begin
brn d
bet
bite
blow
break
brin!/:
broadcast
build
bun l
bu ~-
catch
choose
come
cost
cr« p
cut
deal
d ig
do
dra w
d rink
drive
ea
fall
feed
feel
figh,
fi" d
p.Jst p-uticip!e
ill{il/ilil'e
past simple
past participle
""'"
bea ten
light
lose
make
mean
meet
lit
lost
made
mea nt
lit
lost
made
meant
becom e
begun
""m
""m
ber
p"
m"
paid
bit
blew
broke
brought
broa dca st
buill
bunt
bo ught
ca ught
chos e
ca me
cost
crept
cut
dea lt
bitte n
blow n
broken
bro ught
broa dcast
built
burst
bo ught
ca ught
chose n
co me
cos t
c rept
c ur
dealt
put
read
ride
ring
rise
pm
pm
read Ired ' rode
rang
rose
read [red ]"
ridd en
rung
risen
ru n
U"
'"
'"seck
said
sa w
so ught
sold
sent
'""
sa id
dug
du,
d id
d rew
d ran k
drove
done
dr aw n
d runk
driven
ea ten
fa llen
"',
'"iell
fed
iell
fo ught
found
fed
felr
foug ht
fo und
fl«
fl, d
fl, d
fly
tlew
forbade
flown
fo rbid den
fo rgotten
forgiven
frozen
fo rbid
forget
I freeze
Ioegive
I '«
grve
I gogro w
hang
haw
hear
hide
hit
ho ld
I
I hukeeprt
eel
I knknow
l a~"
lead
1 leave
forger
fo rgave
i roze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
hea rd
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
knew
laid
led
lefr
go<
given
gon e
gro wn
hun g
h,d
heard
hidden
hit
held
hun
kep t
k nelt
k nown
laid
I,d
left
lend
lent
lent
1«
1«
1«
lie
I.t)'
la in
sell
send
se
'Ow
sha ke
shine
"shoot
sho w
shrink
shu I
sing
sink
sit
sleep
slide
spea k
spend
spit
split
spread
spring
sta nd
steal
stick
sting
stink
strike
swea r
swee p
swim
swing
tak e
tea ch
tear
tell
thin k
throw
understa nd
wa ke
wea r
weep
win
write
'"
sewed
m"
paid
seen
so ught
sold
sent
set
sewn/sewed
sha ken
sho ne
sho t
show n/showed
shrunk
shut
sung
sunk
shoo k
shone
shot
showed
shran k
sh ut
sa ng
sa nk
sat
slept
slid
spo ke
spen t
spa t
split
spread
spra ng
stood
stole
stuck
stun g
sta nk
str uck
swo re
swept
swam
swung
look
ta ugh t
to re
to ld
thought
thre w
understood
woke
wore
wept
slept
slid
spo ken
spent
spat
split
spread
sprung
"ood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
struc k
swo rn
swept
swum
swung
take n
taug ht
torn
tol d
t hought
th row n
understood
wok en
worn
wep t
woo
woo
wrore
written
'"
.. pronunciation
Present and past tenses
p resent
simple
continuous
I do
I a m doing
present continuous (- Units l , 3- ..\1
o 'w here's Ann?' 'She's playing tenn
o Please don't distu rb me now, I'm
present simple (- Unit s 2-4 J
o An n o ften plays ten nis.
I work in a bank, but I don't
enjo y it muc h.
a Do )'O U lik e pa rt ies?
o It does n't rain so much in sum mer.
a
p resent
pe rfect
I have done
presmt perfect simp le
(-
Units 7-8, 10- 14 )
o Ann has pla yed tennis ma ny times.
I' \ 'C lost my key. H ave you seen it
anywhe re?
o How long have )' O U and Chris
kn own eac h ot her?
o A: Is it still raining?
B: No, it has Slo ppe d.
o Th e house is dirt)'. I haven't cleaned
it fo r week s.
o
past
=
I did
I wa s doin g
pass (O IIt; 1IIIOIIS
afternoo n.
my key a few da ys ago .
o 110'>'
o
o
T here wa s a film o n TV last nigh t,
hut we didn 't wa tch it.
What d id yo u do w hen you finished
wo rk yesterday?
I had done
past perfect (.... Unit 15 l
o It wa sn't her first gam e of ten nis.
She had pla yed many tim es befo re.
o They cou ld n' t get int o the ho use
because th ey had lost t he key.
o T he ho use wa s dirty beca use I
hadn't clean ed it fo r weeks.
For th e passive, su Un its 4 2-44.
294
I have been doi ng
present perfect continllolls
I.... Un its 9- 11'
::: An n is tired . She has been pla ying
ten nis.
You' re out of brea th. H ave you
been ru nning?
c H o w long have you been lea rn ing
English?
:J It's still ra in ing. It ha s been raining
a ll da y.
a I haven't been feeling well recent ly.
Per ha ps I sho uld go to t he docro r,
past simple (- Units 5-6, 13- 14 )
o Ann pla yed ten nis yesterday
past
pertea
working.
o Hello . Arc ) "O U enjoying the parry!
o It isn't rain ing a t the moment.
( .... Unit 6 )
:J I saw Ann a t the spo rIS cent re
yesterday. She was playing tenn is.
e I dro pped my key when I was tryi n
to open the door.
o T he televisio n wa s o n, hut we we re
watching it.
o What were yo u do ing at this t ime
yesterday?
I I had been doin g
past perfect cen tmuous (.... Unit 16 )
o Ann was tired yesterday eve ning
because she had been playing ten ni
in t he afternoo n.
o Geo rge decided to go to t he docto r
beca use he hadn 't been feeling well
3.1
List o{ {utu re {orm s:
o I'm leaving tomo rrow.
o My train leaves at 9.30.
o I'm going to leave to morrow.
o I'll leave tomorrow.
o I' ll he leaving tomor ro w.
o I'll have left by th is time to morrow.
o I hope to Stt you before I leave tom orrow.
3.2
p resen t continuous
present sim ple
going to
will
{'It/lfe continuo us
[uture perfect
present sim ple
(be)
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
Unit 19A )
Unit 19B)
Units 20, 23 )
Units 2 1-23)
Unit 24 )
Unit 24 )
Unit 25 )
future actions
We use the present contin uous [I'm doin g ) to r arrang ements :
o I' m leaving tom or row. I've got my plane ticket. (already plan ned and ar ranged)
o 'When are they gett ing ma rried ?' 'On 14 Jul y.'
We use t he present simple tl leave I it leaves erc .j for timetables, programmes etc, :
o ~t y tra in leaves at 11.30. (according to the timetable)
o What time does the film begin?
\'('e use lhe) going to ... to say what somebod y has alread y decided to do:
o I've decided no t to stay here any longer. l' m goin g to leave to mor row. (or I'm leaving
romorrow.I
:: ' Yo ur shoes are dirt)".' ' Yes, I know, I'm goi ng to dean them.'
We use will 1'111 when we decide or agree to do some thing at the time of speaking:
:: .\ : I don't want )"ou to sta y here any longer.
B: OK. I'llleave tomorrow. (B decides th is at the time of speaking )
o That bag look s heavy. I'll help you with it.
e I won 't tell anybody what happened. I promise. (won't =will nOl l
3 .3
Futu re J,Jp pm ings a nd situatio ns
.\ l ost oft en we use will 10 talk about future happenings (' something will hap pen' ) o r sit uations
t ' sornerhing will he' j:
o I do n't t hink John is hap py at work. I think he'll leave soon.
o This time next yea r I'll be in Japan , Where will you be?
We use (bel going to when the situation noll' shows what is going to happ en ;" the fut ure :
::::: Look at those black d ouds. It's going to ~ ain . (you can see the douds now )
3 .4
Futur e co nti nu ous and [uture perfect
Will be (doling = will be in the middle of (doing someth ing):
o T his time next week I'll be on holid ay. I'll be lying o n a beach o r swimming in the sea.
We also use will he -ing for future actions (see Unit 24C):
o What time will you he leaving to morrow ?
We use will have (doneI to say th at someth ing will alread y be com plete before a time in the
futur e:
o I won't be: here this time to mo rro w. I'll have alread y left.
3.5
We use the presen t ('lOt will ! after whenlifJwhileJbefo re etc. (see Unit 25):
o I ho pe to see you before I leave tomorrow. (not before I will Ieavel
o Wh en you are in London agai n, come and see us. (not When you will be )
o If we don't hurry, we' ll be late.
Modal verbs (can/could/will/wouid etc.)
Th is appendix is a summary of mod al verbs. For more information. sec Units 2 1-4 1.
4.1
Co mpa re can/co uld etc. for actions:
can
0 I can go out tonight. 1- there is not hing to stop me )
co uld
o I can 't go o ut tonight .
o I could go O U I to nigh t. but I'm not very keen .
o I couldn't go out last nigh t. ( = I wasn't able ]
ca n or
ma y
o
wilVw on't
o
I th ink I'll go ou t ton ight .
o
I promise 1 w 0 0 ·( go out . .
would
~:any }Igo out
ro nighr! 1= do yuu allow mel
o I wou ld go out to night . but I have too much 10 do.
I promised I wouldn't go O UI .
o
shall
o Shall I go ou t ton ight? Ide you think it is a good idea ?)
sho uld or
ought 10
mu st
o I ! Shouhld J go out tonight . 1= it would be a good thing
needn 't
aug 1 to
(0
do l
o I mu st go o ut toni ght , 1- it is necessary!
o I mustn 't go o ut ton ight. 1= it i.. nece....ary that I do nor go o ur)
o I needn 't go o ur ro nigbr . ( = ir i s not nece....ary l
Compa re could have .. . I wou ld have ... etc. :
4 .2
co uld
wou ld
0 I co uld have go ne ou t la..r night. hut I decided to ..ta y at home.
0 I wou ld have Kane o ut la st night . hut I had roo m uch to do .
shouhld ur
o ug t to
needn't
0 I needn't hav e gone ourlast nighr. 1= I went
0Ij shouhld
Iha ve go ne our last night. I' m sorrv. I did n't.
oug t to
OU I.
hut it was not necessarvr
We use will/wou ld/m a y CIC, to ..ay whether somerhi ng i.. possible. im po..sible, pro bable. cer
etc. Co mpa re:
will
wo uld
sho uld or
ought 10
ma y or
might o r
could
m ust
can't
o ' Wh;u lime will she be here?"
'She'll be here soon.'
o She would he here now. but she's been delayed.
o
j
She shouhld
a ug t 10
o She
I~~;ht
I
be here soon .
(=
.
I expect she Will he here soo n I
\ be here now, I'm not ..ure. 1= II's possible rhat she IS here !
could
o She m ust be here. I sa w her co me in.
o She ca n't poss ibly be here. I know for certain that she's .1WdY on holid a y,
Compa re would ha ve .. , I should ha ve .. . etc. :
will
wou ld
sho uld or
ought to
ma y or
might or
co uld
mu st
ca n't
296
o
She will hav e a rrived hy now, 1= befo re now I
o She would ha ve arrived earlier, hu t she was delayed.
o I wo nder where she is. She
mav
I
j oshouguhldt to Ihave ar rived bv. now .
might have arrived. I'm not sure. (= it's p<)')slhlC' th.n "he hd~ drTI\L'J I
co uld
o ShC' must have a rrived hy now. 1= I'm sure - there is no ot her ~sihiliry l
o She can't pos sibly have arri ved yn. It's much too ea rly, (= it's impossible t
o She
I you've I didn't etc.)
Short forms (I'm
5.1
In spo ken English we u..ua lly '>d y I'm I you've I didn 't etc . (short fo rms o r COll t r,;c ti o ,ts) rat her
than I a m I yo u ha ve J did not etc . We also use these sho rt fo rms in informa l writ ing (for
exa mple. a letter o r messa ge to a friend ),
" 'hen we write sho rt fo rm s, we use a n apostrophe n for th e mi..sing lenertsj:
I' m :: I a m
vou 've e you bAH'
didn't e di d nQf
5.2
List of sho rt fo rms:
I I'm
'm = am
's :: is o r has
' re :: ar e
' ve :: ha n:'
'II :: wi ll
'd :: wo uld o r had
I
be's
I
she's
I
l' ve
h,'11 I,h,'11
1"11
he'd I she'd
I'd
it's
yo u'r e
you 've
you 'll
yo u' d
we 're
we ' ve
we' ll
we 'd
they ' re
they've
t hey'll
they'd
\ ca n he i.. or ha\ :
a She's ill. 1= She is ill. I
:J She's gone away", t= She ha\ gone)
but let's :: let us:
:::: l et 's go no w. (= l et u\ go t
'd can he would o r had :
a I'd see a doctor if I were you. 1= I would see )
:J I'd never seen her before. ( = I had neve r seen !
\X'e use so me o f these sho rt fo rms (especia lly 's l after q uest io n wo rds (who/w ha t etc.I a nd
afte r th a tfth erclh ere:
who's what's wh e re's ho w's that's there's here's who'll th e re' ll who'd
o Who 's rha r woman ove r th ere? t= who is)
o What's ha ppened ? ( = what has I
o Do yo u think th ere'll he many people at th e pa rt y? (= th ere will)
\X'e a lso USl' ..ho rt forms (especia lly 's l a fter a no un :
o Ca therine's go ing o ur tonight. (= Catherine is)
o My best friend 's JUSt gor ma rried . ( = ~ I y best friend has)
Yo u ca nnot use 'm I 's I 're I ' vc I 'II I 'd .H the en d o f a sent ence (beca use the verb is stressed in
th is positio n):
o ' Arc you tired ?' ' Yes, I a m.' l llOt Yes, I'm .j
o Do yo u know where she is ? (1I0 t Do yo u know wh e re she's? )
5.3
Xega rive sho rt forms
isn 't
aren't
wasn't
weren't
(=
(=
(=
(=
ca n't
wo n't
shan't
(= ca nno t ]
1= will no t )
is not )
a re no t )
wa s not)
werc not )
(= sha ll not )
don 't
doesn't
didn 't
t= do not ]
1= docs nor )
(= d id no t )
hav en't
hasn't
had n't
(= ha ve not )
(= has not)
(= ha d not )
co uld n't
wo uldn 't
sho uld n't
(= could no t )
(= would not)
(= should not )
mustn't
need n't
daren'i
(= m ust nor )
(= need no t )
t= da re not}
Xeganv e sho rt forms fo r is and are ca n he:
he isn 't I she isn't I ir isn't
o r he's not ! she's no t ! it 's not
you a ren'l ! we a ren't I they a ren 't o r yo u' re not ! we're no t I t hey're no t
Spelling
----'6.1
No uns. verbs a nd adjectives ca n ha\"c the to llowing end ings:
no un -+ · <J·es (p/ltr.z1J
verb -+ -sl-es (a fter he/she/in
verb -+ -i ng
verb -+ -ed
ad jective + -ct {ccnnparatiuet
ad jective + -CSI (SJlper l,; t i l'e)
adjective + -ly (ad l'er b)
When we use these end ings, there a rc so metime.. changes in spelling. These cha nges ar e list
below.
Nouns and verbs -+ -sl--es
6.2
The ending is . C'S when the wo rd ends in -sl-sv- shl-chl-x:
bus/b uses
miss/misses
wash/washes
march/marches
search/searches
box/box es
Note a lso:
poreto /po ta toes
do/d ocs
rornat rstomatoes
go/goes
Wor ds ending in - y {baby, carry. cas ~' erc. t
6.3
y cha nges to ie before t he end ing os :
baby/babies
sro ry/sro ries
hu rr y/h urries
st udy/studies
y cha nge s to i before the endi ng -cd :
stud y/stu d ied
h urry/hurried
co u nrryzco unr rie s
apply/a p plies
sec reta ry/sec rera ries
t ry/tries
a p ply/a p p lied
tr y/t ried
y changes to i befo re t he en d ing s -er a nd -cst:
eas y/ca sicr/ea siest hcavy/heavicr/heaviest
luck y/luckicr/lu ck icst
y cha nges to i bef ore the end ing -ly:
ea sy/ea sily
hea vy/h ea vily
ternpor.l rylte III pora rily
y do es no t cha nge be fore -ing:
hurrying
st udy ing
app lying
tr ying
y docs no! cha nge if the wo rd en d s in a ro u -e!" + y h ty/· ey/. oy/· u y):
play/pl ay s/p laye d
mon key/ mo nk eys
enjo y/e njo ys/en jo yed
~,
6 .4
An exce pti o n is: da y/daily
Note al so : pay/pa id
la y/laid
sa y/sa id
Ver bs cnd ing in -ie (d ie, lie, tiel
If a verb end s in -ie, ic changes to y befo re the ending -ing:
d ie/dying
lie/lying
tic/tying
. ;1 t i 0 II are I ~)wr/lttltrl;.
Tbe <xhtr Inttrl; tb I; d f Il. erc. }are i Olf5fm ,m t ktltr\"
298
bu y/bu ys
Appen
6.5
\,(Iords end ing in -e (ho pe. dance. wide etc.)
verbs
If i.l verb ends in -c, we leave ou t c before t he endi ng -ing:
hope/hop ing
smi le/smiling
dance/da ncing
con fuse/co nfusing
Except ions are belbeing
and verbs ending in -ee:
see/seeing
0-'
agree/agreeing
If a verb ends in -c. we add -J to r the past {of regu lar verbs):
smi le/smiled
dance/da nced
co nfuse/confused
hope/ ho ped
Adiectivee and sd verbs
It an ad jective end s in -c, we add -r and -st for the com parative and superlati ve:
wi de/wi dcr/widcst
lare/later/larest
large/la rger/largcsr
It an ad jective ends in -e. we keel' e before -Iy in the adverb:
pol ite/polirely
ext rcme/c xrremely
a bsc lutela bsolutcly
It an ad jective ends in -le (simple. terr ible erc. ). t he adv erb end ing is -ply, -bly etc. :
simple/simply
rerrible/rerribl j
reaso na ble/reasona bly
6.6
Doubling conson ants (sto p/stopping/stopped, wet/ wette r/wett est etc. I
Sometimes a word end s in vou-el + conSUl/,m t. For example:
sto p
plan
rub
big
wet
thin
prefer
regr et
Before the end ings -ingl-edl-cr/-cst. we dou ble the co nso nant at t he end. So p - pp.
n - nn etc. For exam ple:
stop
plan
<ub
big
wet
th in
" - ""
p
pp
b
bb
g -
gg
I
II
n -
nn
stopping
planning
rubbing
bigger
wette r
thinner
sto pped
planned
rubbed
biggest
wettes t
thinnest
It rhe word has more t han one sylla ble (prefer. begin ctc.l , we double the conson ant at rhe end
anI)· if the fin.ll sy"',blc is stressed:
per M l'T I permitt ing I permitt ed
preFER I preferring I preferr ed
Tt·G RET I regrettin g I regrette d
beG IN I beginning
It the final sylla ble is no t stressed. we do not do ub le the final conso na nt:
deVELop I developing I deve loped
VISit I visiting I visited
r~ ,\l L\l be r I remembering I remembered
H APpen I hap pening I ha ppened
In Brit ish English, verbs ending in -I have -11- before -ing and -ed wheth er the final syllable is
stressed or not:
rra\ TI / travelling I travelled
cancel ,' cance lling / cancelled
For America n spelling, see Appendix 7.
Note that
we do 1/ot double the final consonant if the word ends in uoo consonants (-n . -lp, -ng erc.]:
start I star ting I sta rted
help I helping / helped
long I lo nger I longest
we do /lot double the final co nso nant if t here are tw o vowel letters before it t-oil, -ecd etc.]:
need I need ing "needed
ex plain / explaining I explained
boil / boiling I bo iled
loud I louder I loudest
q uiet I quiete r I quietest
chea p I che aper I chea pest
we do not double y or w at the end a t words. {At t he end of words y an d w are not
conso na rus.]
sta y I staying I sta yed
grow I gro wing
new I newer I newest
American English
T here are a few grammatical diffe rence s betwee n British English and Ameri can English:
Unit
BRITISH
A~IER I CAS
7A-B
and
The present perfect is used for an action
in the past with a result now :
o I've lost my key. Have you seen it!
Th e present perfect O R past sim ple c
used:
o I've lost my key, Have you seen
or I lost my key, Did you see it:
j She's go ne o u
" , h
:J Sa IIy rsn t ere. Sh
e went out.
Th e present perfect OR past simple c
used:
_ I'
h
j l' ve just had
... m not ungry. I "lust ha d Iun
:J .\: \'(lhat time is Mark leaving!
He has alrea dy left.
e:
. He alrea dy left.
Have you finished your work y
or Did yo u finish yo ur wor k ~et ?
I3A
o Sail)' isn't here. She's gone out.
The present pt'rfu t is used with just.
alrea dy and yet:
.
o I'm not hungry. 1\:(' just had lunch.
a
A:
B:
What time is Mark leav ing ?
He has alread y left.
o Have you finished your wo rk yet ?
=
I
17C
British speakers usuall y say:
have a hath
have a shower
have a break
have a holiday
American speakers say:
tak e a bath
tak e a shower
tak e a break
tak e a vacano
21D
Will or shall C3n be used with l/we:
o I will/shall be late th is evening.
Shall I ... ? and shall we ... ? arc used
ask for adv ice etc. :
o Which way shall we go?
Shall is unusua l:
o I will be late th is evening.
Should I ... ? and sho uld we ... ? are
usual to ask for advice etc. :
o Which way should we go?
and 220
(0
28
American speakers use must not in t
sit uation:
o Sue hasn't contacted me. She m
not have gotten my message.
32
Nee dn't is unusual. T he usual form
need 10 :
o We don 't need to hurr y.
34A-B
I--- 5 1B
70B
After demand, insist etc. you can use
shou ld :
o I demand ed t hat he sho uld apologise.
o We insisted that something shou ld be
don e abo ut the problem.
T he slIbi,mctil'e is normally used. Sho
unu sual after demand, insist etc. :
o I demanded [hal he apologize."
:J \X'e insisted that something be d
about the problem .
British spea kers gene rally use Have you: I
Isn't she? etc.
o ....: Liz isn 't feeling well.
B: Isn't she? What's wron g with her:
American speakers generally use Yo u
She isn"? etc. :
o ....: Liz isn't feeling well.
Accommodation is usually uncountable:
o There isn't enough acco mmod ation.
Accommod ation can be co untable:
o There aren't enough accommodati
1\:
She
i~ n 't?
• ~b ny ver bs t lKhng In -i\<: in Bnll~h English I J poI ~iworg.:r m ld~~i.J l i\.C erc.}are
IJ pologil d org.:r nil tA ptci .1lil t erc.t in AfI\('ne J n Engbsh.
300
\X'har \ wro0 F- wit
~pt1r
"Ilh
- lit
Appe
1 Un it
i 4B
79C
BRITISH
AM ERICAN
tolin hospital twir hou t th e):
o Th ree people were in jure d and tak en
TO hospital.
to/in the hospital:
o Three peop le were inju red and tak en
to the hospital.
I X o un s like go vern rnent/ rea mzfam ily etc .
I ca n han: a singular or plural verb:
The team i ~are playing well.
Th ese nou ns no rma lly take a singula r verb
in American English:
o The team is pl a Y ing:..::w.:.e1:::L~
=
the weekend I at weekends
=\'('ill be here at the "..eekend ?
at the front I at th e bac k (o f a grou p erc.j:
=l et's sit at th e fron t Io f th e cinem a I.
o n th e weekend I on weekends:
o Will you be here on the weekend ?
I3 IC
different from or different Co :
It was different from/to what I'd
expected.
differ ent from or different than :
o It was different from/than what I'd
expected.
132..\
wri te to so mebody:
!:l Please writ e to me soon.
write (to) so mebody (wit h or wit hout to):
o Please write (to) me soo n.
1---British ..pea kers use both ro und a nd around: America n spea kers use around (nor usually
C He turned round. or
'round')
H(' turn ed aro und .
o He turned around.
137C
British spea kers use borh fill in and fill out:
Ca n you fill in this form ? or
Ca n yo u fill o ut this fo rm?
American speakers use fill out:
o Ca n you fill o ut this form ?
HI B
get o n = p rogress
:J How ar e you getti ng on in your new
America n speakers do no t use get on in
this way,
II!I
B
1140
31
yo u
=
=
in the front I in the hack (of a gro up erc.).
o l et's sit in t he front (of the movie
t heater).
- - ---1
job?
IH D
gel on (with somebody):
:t Richard gets on wel l with his new
neighbou rs.
get along (with som ebod y):
o Richard gets along well with his new
neighbors.
do up a room ere. :
o Th e kitchen looks great now that it
has been don e up.
do over a room etc. :
o The kitchen look s great now th at it
has been don e over.
Appendix BRITISH
AME RICA N
I.J
T he ver bs in this section tbum . spell ere. I
can be regular or irregular (b urned or
bu rnt , spelled or spelt ere.I,
T he ver bs in this section are norm ally
regular (burned. spelled etc.j.
The past participle of get is got:
o Your English has got much bett er;
(= has beco me mu ch better)
Have got i~ also an alrernanve to have:
o )',..e got two brothers. 1= I have two
brothers.I
The past participle o f gel is gotten:
o Your English has ga lie n much bener,
British spelling:
tr avel -. t ravelling I tr avelled
cancel -. cancelling I cancelled
American spelling:
travel -. traveling I traveled
cancel -. ca nceling I ca nceled
6.6
Have got = have (as in British English):
o I've got two brot hers.
Index
The numbers in the index are unit
numbe rs nul P<lI:C num bers.
alan 6 Cj- 72
.u.m and tfl,. 71,73.-\
.I lutl.. 1 .I few 87E
.J!.JI/ wn h <III/It' and prettv 1048
$1,,1, .v.III 101
.
able t f~ .JMe t o ) 16
abo ul
.lJj~l i H· +.JI"ml
130. 1318
American F.ngti§h APre-nJ I'l 7
an see a
anltll' l.Jbo/lIIlI'ilhf(o r ) IJ OB
anno yed (.J/~ ,"IIu';lhI("'J IJOB
answer
.m .JIlSU'l"r 10 so m t l hi"g 1290
to .JIIS'I," oj quesl ion (no
pr('pos ition ) 1328
an~' 69C. 85-86
.111)' an d Jome 1'15
.11I}'ln.a.\'/.J' I)'fj,/rMII)·I IJ i" gl
verb .. .,1""'1 I B- 134
accuse (v i i 618. I J.L\
an d passive 41
adja:ri \ n 98-101
.Idja-ri, n + tu ... 6;-66
,lleti\t
I'~
.
JJin;ri\t - 68
aJ It">:ri \ n endi n/: in ·mg and -ed
ss
o rde r " f JJ je.;tin", 1/9
ad jectfi. n a tter verb, 9<JC
ad jec-ri,n and ad ver bs 100- 10 1
compa ratives )0 5-10:>u~rJJ ri \C'lo 101)
.1<1;(":1'1 , ('\
+ rrt"f'O\ lfKHl
130-01
admn 1+ ' lIIg l 53. 56;\
aJ\anl;l~e l ofl inlllJl 60.-\. 119B
adv erbs
.IJ je.:ri\ e\ and Jd \,t rh~ 100- 101
com pa ratives 10 58
posmon oi .ld\C'rl>!. with she 'erh
IJ lwJ ,-s• .I/so ('K.I 110
....f vice tuncounlJhk nou m - 08
ad\i~ 1+ 10 _•••md -,ngl S5e
affo rd h tu ... J 54A, .\ 6.-\
afraid cu(J 13 L\
r ill ,1(r,li d soll/ol 5 I I)
.4r.Ji.llo d" and .Jr"uJ oi. /wllg
66:\
after
.J{t..., • prncnl ~, mrk I present
pertece 2.B.-iS
.J{1<'r .. ' /IIg 608. 68 C
/0" 1.: 4 1('r I B D
01.1\0 128
agree 1. /0 ...l 5" :\.56:\
all SS. 'JO
.1/1 and 011/ II" - 5B. 1I118
.JI/ luil 88
.Jff and bo tf, 89E
.JI/. t l Y,....' and /l"lmlf' 90
pos ition of.JfI I JOC
alk1ted III is .J1lf.'IoWd ... 1 "5A
all ow I . 10 .. . ,1nJ .i ,lg) 5Se .661>
already 1110
.J/f('.JJ~·
with rhe present perfec'l
T
~i l ion oi .Jl rt .JJ y J 10
a.Iw . ~ ...ition oi oil;', ) 110
ahhocgh 113
a ~s
.JIII',I)'J d o
,11\<0
I
3.
and 1'/11 .d'I'.I~·s d ll lll[o:
f"'Xi linn o f .Jlu '.J}'$ 110
amu ed
-lJ>l.J: tJ • I., •.. 6 .l e
-lm .J: t J 011(11)'
J.JOe
.J' I.\'l l'h f'Tt !I.l-!l6
" " 1 ••. 01" ." 86
.J,,}, and "'J 86 C
.111)' lof i 81'1
.I ,, ) ' and t ltl!tl' 89 E
.J/I~' .. comp aratives 1068
,m)' more I .I II)' IUl/gtT 1118
apo logis(' (to slJ"'t'I,,~i)' f i jT) 62.
132:\. 1358
apostrophe lin ..hort formsl
:\ ppendi \ 5
apostroph e 5 (\1 8 1.8.lA
appe ar (. tu ..• 1 548
appl~' li " TI I B e .
approve (ui .. -iltg l 62 A . 13 5:\
:lan) I: Iques rion ta~ ) 52D
arr ange (. to .. ,) 54:\• .l 6/\
arriv e (;/110111 126C
a nid~ (.J{,JlJltbt) 69-78
.J/.JIJ 69-72
.J/.JII and 11..1' 72. 73:\
tb t 72-78
I IIIr Je/",01 C1O: , 74
cinldren I t ilt children ere. 75
thl ' with names 77- 78
a ~ 107. 116- 118
.JJ S" WI .JJ 2S ,o\- 8
.JS ..• .JS lin compa rative semen..:t'SJ
J<!1IJfJ
107
.JJ 1""g.JJ IUS
.Js (;; ar Ilk- \,Ink' rime as ) 116A
.JJ an d ll'I!tIl 1 16
.JJ (;; N:..;;IUo,e) 1168
.JJil n d li kf 117
.Js li l .JJ tl"!lf KIJ 118
a\ hamed (0(. 13 1.0\
,,'
.JJk in p.1\si,·(' lo('TllCTk.b ..4A
J o ~.",rl"i'lg
" 1Hl. 5H
,1$1.: Iwwlll'IJ,1t .. to .. . S4 D
.Is k sWI1l'llrl dy (no rrcro~i l iun )
.JJk {wm r hoJ,·} to
132 B
,uk
/S(II >/(4/(.,])' 1 rUT I H C
a\lun i§hed
.JJlfIIlisbrJ • to ... 6SC
.JJfWlislJr ,/.JIIf,)' I30C
.
.J1 ( ti m~1
011 lil t' "lid
II I
.InJ
avoid ,. ·ing l 53. 56A
a ware (of ) 13 1S
awa y {ver b .. oIWoly) 137. 145
ha~k
inldllfJI/ the " .Jek 1140
verb .. /"'el.: 14 _~
bad l.JII I3IC
ba~all:~ (unco unla hle nou nl 70 8
beca use 100 113B-C
bed lin bed 110 11t'd ) 74C, I14A.
UM
been 10 8A. 11 68
beento and gUIIl 'I' j 71>
before
!rt fi!ft .. presenl simpl(' 25A
!rrfiju' • omg 60B
begin I. -;ng or 10 .,.1 S6C
beginning Idl II" IJrginning ) 1218
being
is and I" iJ bring) 4C
believe (i,,) 136A
,I"
believed ( il ;s belit'ml ... I 45A
be tter ID.l C
{,ad better JSA-B
between (noun . /l('t 1('('('I1) 11 9E
b lame 1358
bond
bored and !rnrmg 98
bortJ It'lt'' I30C
born 0 I('.JJ "u'" ... J 44C
both (n f) 119
/ro tb ... dlld 891>
bo lll an d <1/1 89 E
posinen of f,oth IIOC
bo lhcr ,. -ing o r to . . . J 56C
bottom (<1I I 11e " u ttum ) 124 C
bou nd (11<>111/,1 10 .1"1 6SF.
bread Iunc oun rahlej 70 B
brea k
/I'f,lk ;lIt" 1368
b,eak d"lI' lI 137 A. H l ll
nrrdk liP 144 D
busy (hllJy J oilrg ~""rll"ng l 63 C
bv 120. 118
'fry' after the passive "18. U 8C
Iry (. ·m g ) 60 8
b )· ", p ..l( I )'''"Nd ( ere. lB
by ttbe time] 120
IJ" and II/Ilil U OB
h}' d'oII1Cf'I I,,. pm t ere. 128 A
11)' ( 01' I f,,. b llS ('fC. 128B
.J p/d)' by S1}.J kn~.J Tt ere, 1l8C
adiecnve .. by I30C
can 26
ill tbe 1.'//./ 1118
Irus ilion l 12.1- $
.Jt th e .Jgr "i ,.. 11 7B
.ldjt\:ti\-~ ".JI 13OC.13 IC
\ ·('r .... " .Jt 132
au itude Itoll<ll/".JrdJ ) 1191>
,It
auxi liary verb s I~ al-":I mod al
verbs)
in qu c-stious 49A-B
in sho rt answers ere. 5 1
in l.jllCStion lags 51
? 37
and ot her modal verbs
Cu ll /I}'f}// •• •
CIl II
Arptmd i\ 4
u n ) (coJ" ", >I' 26. 28
("If" " rip
S7C
..a.pablC' (ull 13 18
care (( <Ire .l1H.mt, care for, t,lh · care
oil I3J B
carry
( <lrf')' O il 5.1B, 141A
(, I rf')' IIIlt 139C
ea, e ti" (<lst'l 114
ca usative have ( /",,0j' sum r-,I""K
d<JIle l 46
ca use (oil 119 B
certain
u rt.lm ( + to ... 1 651-:' 1I4 B
u r td'" fl(l<l!>lm t 13 J B
cheq ue
,,,1Jequ e {< >r ••• 119A
lry' d~<llle 118A
I t/~ dmrd ' l 748
, hureb
claim (. to .•. ) 54 8
,dill""
clauses
lI'/~"
and
,f da u'on
15
If d .lu'on 38-40
·illg dl U'on MI, 97
relanvectaees 91-96
col lide (wi th ) 136C
com paratives 105-107
,umpa r,u i\'es with el't'll l 11C
complain (to ~mltb..>tI), .lINJl/llo( ... 1
134£
com pou nd nou ns (<I tem ll$ 1",11, ,1
he<l,w(he
erc.t
~O
eoecen era re 1011) 136£
coo duional ~n lCtlCes (if ~mcm:es l
tf l du ... 15C
if J ..III and if I d,d 38
if I klll'lt', if I u-ere ere. 39
if I I",,J kll"ll'II, If I hol d !'f't'll ere.
,.
1I"less I l ,i A
.lS /nllg ds 115B
pnwidillK I pr/JI ·i.l...d I 158
,0n ~ralU la lc
(UlII 61 B, U 5D
coe necnon (lI' iIN IH.,t ,, ·t't ll ) 1 1 ~ E
w n\dous {l'll 13 1B
con side r r- ' '''K) H,56A
comisl (oil I.H A
com;).cl (lI'iIN IJ('w '('t'lI) 119E
con tinue (. If) ... or · j" 8 ) SnC
co ntinuou s IC O\C\ \I.'c present
co ntin uo us, pOl'1 con tin uous
\'erh\ Ollt u\>CJ in con nn uous
lenses 4A, 6E. I nc . 16E. 17A
con tractio ns {short form s]
A ppen d ix .i
corner (i" l.ltl,," ,II... (o"'t'd 114E
c(luld 16, 1 7, 29C
Cf ", /d and l/ '<lS .l l>l... tf) 1bD
(I IItI.I Mol and (uuld I", ,'t.' «/011'"
"
....mld,, ·t 11o.lI 'f' (dllllt'} 27E, 2~ B
Cfl/lt.l in ,f ~n1('f1(es 3SC. 39 E,
40D
I wish I ((Juld 4 1C
co uld ' ' ''fIll ••• t 37
(fmt.l a ~J OIht"r l11<»Jal \ 'C'fbl.
Appt"nJ ix 4
cou ntahlc and ull( ounlJhk nouns
69- 70
cra,h (illlol 136 8
al lica! (oli I3 IA
cro ..·ded,"·itlll I3I C
374
damage [unco untable noun ! 70 8
excited 1.lbollt , U OB
,I" m.,gl"o 1.!'1D
dare _loK
exclamatio n.. t \ \ ·hJ / ... .'J - 1.-\- 8
excuse If' m fo!B
CXpt"C1
' t'..., rc<"1 so I I ,I,,,, 't .·.1:,.,·,·t "',
SI D
decide
,11'<"1,1" • 10 .. . j 4. j 6.-\
d"ci.l" Jg.lII/st • ' lI1g 61.-\
dehghted 111·/11" 1311B
demand
,1...",,1,,,1 . s/.,(HllJ 34A- 8
,1 dem.mJ fi" I .!~ A
den y t. -mg l 53. 56.-\
depend 10>11 135D
dependm r I.m, 13 IC
depressed land dep r..ssi>lg l 'IS
deserve I . to ... 1 j·H . j6A
des pite 113
did lin pJ ~t ~j m pk quecnons and
~ I in·s l 5C
die 10(1 I3B.
diffn"en, c t/" tu « >fI 119E
diffn"mt tf,..,,,,lt fll 13 IC
di fficuh~· Ih ./I't' Jl{fj.-"It>· • ·mg l
63.
direct speech JnJ reported ,pt"'(l.·h
4:"'-4 8, JOB
disappointed
d,SJppoml d • to ... 6SC
diSJPf.o/llt 1 a nd .i'SJppom tmg
9'
JiSJpp.>imed Icit/, J 30B
di\<."Uss 100 preposition ! 133 .-\
divide Ii,,'ol 1368
doJd Ot"'i l in prewnl ~ im pk 'l ut"'olium
and n~ l i\ e-s, 1 C
do up 144D
do..n IH-rt> . ,1,,11''11 13- .1 4!drum
dre.nn of • -1IIg 61 .-\. 6f,D
,I re.l'" .Ibo " tlv ( 134.-\
du ring 119
each lol'l 9 1
e,lt·1I o t her Sl C
-ed clau ses 9either 1" ,-1 S'J
1/(,'... esther 5 1C
enber ... ,,, S'JD
either and .l l/~. 119t:
elder lOnE
eldc« Ill SD
enco urage 1+ 10 ••• 1 .'i.'i B
end
ill II,c end and .It t /'t' I;'n,1 I.!! B
.ll l" e t'" d C po~i l l onl 11 4C
e'"f " p 143f.
l"njo y I. ·mg l S3A, $4 .-\. 56.-\• .'iSA
enou~ 103
cn, ious 101" 13 1A
c\ en I I!
posirion o i ('I·e" 110
t'1't.' /1 tfl lt"lJm I I.!D
t'1't''' tbo llgh I I.!D. I I3E
l"' f."I" m 'ilh the rr~r pt"rtn:11 IIA
C\ f."n' 90
el~n· and .Ill 90
t'l~">f>tl~·'l'I't'I)~"'d(,I't.'f')·'lJillg
9O.-\--e
('I't'n· .lnJ (,old , 9 1
el't'~"Q>le ,lOd ('1·1.'1)· (mt' 9 1D
expect • tf) ... SS.-\
expect... d 'I f IS "."" ('<"1('.1 t/~.I r , 4 5A
experience ', uunl.lfolc ..r
uo<:u unl.l foit noun ' -u.-\
explain j 4 D. D ! .-\
bil t. to .. . 1 $4 .-\. jfo.-\. N-D
104
famous
DI C
lann I. -III ~ ' 53.-\. j f,.-\
far '
,
f.Jflfi' rtl' ('r/f".l rtl,,('T IOSC
f".lr • ,;o mr .lTJ.tl\ t I(lto.-\
fasl 1018
fcd up 111"1//.'1 MH . 130C
b irl ~'
f"'"
rod
J o \~>l1 f",,1 t1nd I...", . .I'" wm
I..dmg · 4E
.
1«1M.(' 6!-A
,,,,,/ . J.dlf.'\."tl\ ( 'J'K. 10llB
fcw 6'K. S[cu- and .I f"lt" S- D- E
ft'1t"...1" SS
finish
tI"i s/, .. ·mg '-'
tI"i sl>off 141C
1'011"
'm
It's tl.' t' tIrst tnne 1", "(
th ' tIrSl1f.lJtl" t':ct • t"
SC
6SD
th" tIrSI t ll'f' ,fJ \ 'J ':N D
fond lO( ' 131.-\
fo r
" " wu h the present ro:rft'\."t S.-\.
'JB. I I- I:!
ff" and m,,'t' I.!,-\
fi " .lnJ to . ,. ' purJ"- '\t1 f, ..
IIB C
ff" .md durmx 11'1
noun e ,i,r 1.!'1.-\
.IJ j<:'d il(' . f,lr I J l1 D. IJ IC
I t"rt> . f;" 133. 13.l B
fOr)l:<:'1 I. III .. . I :q , .\ 6.-\
fOr)l:i, ... ' fi>/l f,l B. I HB
frili\hlened loll 13 1.-\
from
.IJ jl...·t i\C· • ,-rum 131C
\t"rt> .. ,-"'111 13_' C
frnnl lml.ltl/", thf , ,-" mt ' 11 4D
full wI" 131B
fu rio us 1,11''' IIIII/·/tllI1i,, ) 13llB
fum ilul'(' lun, ounlJ." lt no un l - 0 8
fun hcr !USC
fUlurl" 1'J- !5 . .-\pJ'<'nJI \ 3
r r........ nt tconlot"> inr In... furur... I q
g"''' g ''' ! U
1( '111 !-I_!-!
' 1·,11 J.nJ sf..lll 11 D. l ! D
I/'Ill J.nd guilt!: ,. , ! 3
l/'lff be ,1"lIIft ,julur... ..:untlnuous '
14
'
I/"Iff 1'.II 'C' J.. n.' ,iururc J"C'rit'\.'1 ' ! 4
fUlure \\ IIh 11 ·1",'11. ,,- l"1":. 1 j .
I IH. 115C. I I " B
c.
gener ous t+ prepo \ ition l IJ U:\
geogra phical names with JnJ
wit hou t tbe -gerund see - i n~
ger
g" 1
in the
pJ ~~i \ e
.... 0
g.·t 5"mo'tbl"~ .1" " 1' " 6C
~.-, 5<.." t<me to ./0 5<'IIIe,llIIlg 55 B
g.-1 1I5I'd to 6 1
gO'1 + adrecnve 99 C
grt ro la plJ-:el 12t>C
go't ",/ullt/. m /o ff' I! 6L 1311.\
go't /l)' I r .o\.
g'" 01/1
of UIIC
g"totl 1"1 8
gt't.m"ol'r lll"lfl.·' 1"5 8
gn 1>.,,1.: 10 I".K
~"
gwe In p.I\\l\ e \(" men.,-n
gwl' lip .U B. 1" 3F.
gl,ynut 139(
gIlY.m ·.I)· 1" 58
~ad t+ to ... I 65(
.. .. .-\.
go 511"Im",m!!'sl.'oppmg (1 c. 63 0
gv 0 1/ 1101,.1.1)' / 0'1 ol ITlp et c.
12- (
0 1/
"1'.1' so ","me do/.Ioill/{
67
l, e.1, o f/oll><:mllfrom 134B
!KIp
hdp • to .•• 55A
C.lII ·t 1~lp 57C
hom~ ;-.. c. 11H,
hop<
,.
go
h,wl' and 1'.11'1' xol 17
h,wl' lJrl'.lk fJSI 1 1'.11'1' .1 1>.111.> l· f c.
I-C
1"", ".Will!!, WI' ·, t' hill 'lII!! 1.'1c. I -C
b.ll'l' to (and lI/"s l) 3 I
b.I/'1' got to 3 10
I!.II 'I' so snetbing d 0 1l1' 46
II.J/'i"g (d Oli'" H D. 61lC
!K..
with t he present simple- or C.lII 4D
I,,,~ + prC"iC'TII simpleIN.J~ .IlIJ uTsl, " I A
l!B
I hopr 50 1 1110/'1' 1101 5 I D
Impr • 10 • • • 5·B., 56 .\
hoo.pital l/}()s,,'t.111 th.., 1105pit.lll
-" 8. 125.\
.\n"Il"ficiln English Appen dix 7
00 '" abou t t » -illgl 60.\
how lon g .. . ? 1+ presenr ~rfn.-r l
11-1 1
53B. I..OB. 141.\
ho w lon l/. is it since .•• ; 11C
gO"11 JUIII!! and go " " tll.lO .i 68
go 0'" 139.-\.
s....,f
1400 . I.. IC
going 10
:\ ppn1d i\ 3
g<JI"_~ to and Inll 23
:W.
zun
1I".l51'Url' gomg to
gone 10 and Ilt't l/ to :"0
good
r»
f. 1/ 6U,\ . UI (
g,,, f of SO"" '<"II' 10
.I" 501ll1:'1Im l1(.
g,,,ltl to 5"'lIo'UII" 130,\
g,,,... / .anJ 11',-/1 10 1.\
It~ 110 g."" f t + -mK) 63.\
gOl ol' J I'f' gott 1- .-\. 3 10
got ten l.-\ml"rican Enltli\h l
Appe ndix !tue\\ II ,1:' '''55 5.,1 .i I 0
./>t'l
if 15. 38- 40
if I .10 .. . H C
If 1 ./0 J nd If I Jlti 38
,; I k""u'. if 1 U '<"T" (1" c. 39
If I h old 1.:/If' II"II. if I hil,1 1Je('II et c.
.0
If Jn J /1"/,('" 15 0,380
if + sl" mld J.. D
if ,,,,~. 85C
even if 111D
iland/l/C.lS(' 114B
.15 if 118
if 1= II'b/'l/' r, ) 50
imagin e ( + -illgl .'iJ. 56 A
impressed twit"''')"1 IJOC
.,j
hJd bette r 3.\.\-8
hair l..ollnlJ~I,' o r un..lllml.lhk
noun ' -0.\
half 'Of l SS
hap pen
!J60
1''''
/.'.1"""• 10 ...
happ~
65C
" .1"p~".1I.. m l" "'th 130 8
hard lU I B-C
hardl~ I II I (
ha te
1,.1(., .1" " ' 1: I itl .I" 58
" IJ btl' 58B-C
ha\ d'h il' 11.'.11'''' J,~".., lprC"iC'TII pn-fa.-rl 7- 14
1.·.1'T 1...,.11 ·i ,,!! IprC"iC'TI I prrfa...
.;on llnuou \1 9-10
1,•.
.3D
JrdI>r.l, 5<,mrpoJ)" doil/g
67
-ing d all\C'\ 68. 97
in\i\l
i.uisl + JhcJII/J 34A- o
imiSlon 62 A. 1J6E
in \pil~ of 6OA. 113
in\t ead of ( + ';lIg1 60A
intend 1+ til ... or -illg l 56C
in terested 1m ' 60A. IJIC
mll"Ntr,1m .10m!! ilnJ inlern tr d
10 .I" 66 8
i" taesle. 1 a nd iJlIl" Ntmg 98
into 126 E
verb + ;11/0 1J6B
il/ and imo 1J 8A
invitalion (I.. ) 1290
invite
i /fl 'it.. + t f>
558
i/fl·itt' s..mr / I)" to sOIll I'I1>mg
I J6D
i rrq~u lar verbs 5B, Appe ndix I
il and there 84
il'$ no ~n<ld I it's no usc 1+ ·i" g l
. 3A
'"
mm ct I I I
ill tnne Jn J "'/ lill,.. 111,\
/II tb l' "11.1 JnJ stthc end 1128
ill tp<l\ ili"n l 113- 116
/II1"f aft er J supe -la rive lOSE
/1/ lut her u.....\1 117A, I19C
.ld jec-nve + ill 13 1(
verb + ill 1J6A . IJ i. 138
ill ,1lIJ inl o 138A
in COit\e 114
incrta\t ci,, 1 129C
inl1nili\'c UO I".. 10 pl.l)· ~rc. 1
'-;"-59.64-67
p.1s\ iH' inl1nili\'e (to ",. d.m.. )
11/
had
/.0 .1.1 ,1""" Ip ,ht perin.·n l.i
b,d /" -"1/ .I"ing ' p,l, t pt·rt-""
..on tinuous t 1(,
b.ld Ipa'! oi b.ll·1'1 1d!'.f k mlll '/l l 1 Wi5'-' I'd kll"WII
'''- lIltin i l i l ~ and to + -hlg fiOC
lIltinili\ r for purpose (lll .,.111 ont
tv p USI d lette,) 64
ad in: rivl'S + i n l1 n i l i v~ 6.'i- 6li
infinilive with ou t to
after lII.lk.., an d it'! 55 Ll
w..,lI1rilf soml'pod ,. do 67
infonnal ion IUTl<;cl!,I nlahle noun !
70B
-ing (bl'ill!!. pl.l)"illg ere.I 53,55-63
IJt'i,,}! {.Iml f } Ipassi\'e1 4.. 8
verbs • •illg 53,55-59
1><111" 1: «lOll'" 53 D.68C
\'erb\ + -ing or tu ... 55-58
prepositions + " " g 60.66
10 + ·i"1: and lo-inl1 niti\'l' 60C
..sed 10 + ·il/8 6 1
\"rrb\ + prepeJo\i lion + ·i,,!! 62, 66D
exprt'S\jorl\ + -m /{ 63
1:<' sWlm"''''g ' 1:<) sl><:,ppiJl1: et c.
43.-\.- 8
i n li niti \ ~ in rr po rroo sf'l"«h
\~rl:>!. + inl1nili\"r 54-59
4S1)
.:om inu,>u\ inl1n iti"e (to 1Jt' d",,,g l
HB
perin."'! intin ili\'e (10 I!.II"" do"l')
H B. 58C
in lini l i\~ aitr ! a queslioll word
540
\erl:>!. . ohjm • intiniti\'e 55
\ erk • infinili\r or -m.l{ 55-58
il'$ lime .. . 3.1C
il'$ worth 1+ ·ill g ) 6JA
jealous to!) 1.1 IA
jU\ t
;/151 with the pre....nt perfect 7C
;/15/ i ll (.151" I I""
i/l5t'l5 116A
i/l5/ hI tim r 1l2 A
keen (... 1) IJ 1C
' ''J'
kr l'p O il
5.l. 56A. 141A
I.:I"I'P liP /w lth ...J 14J A
I.: l'I"P .lll'd)' (from ..., 145B
kind (ki"d of Sf>m",ml' ,., ,10
som r ,I1/JlJ: 1 1>t' kmd /.. 5<''''l'cme)
65 8, 130A
know 1/.." dwh.l1 ch:.
+
to ... 1 54 0
Iale and lalel)' IOIB
Iil ujth (.III 132C
learn 0",,,1'1 1+ to .. .1 54.56A
leave
le" ,'t" fu r I H e
11'<lI'e Sf)lIIethm~
11/'111. can, "1115/ etc.]
2 1-22, 26-r . :\ pP<'ml ix 4
more
moda l verbs
out 1JS C
.:()m p,ua ri\~
less 107A
m ore in
ICI
let som d " " ly do ~'IIl .../lIl11g 55 0
let '/011.'" 1420
like (\'r rbl
l ike J Olllg I to ,10 5S
u ,t", IJ " ke 37E, 55A, 5S B-C
bke Ip rrJ"l»irio nkonj ul1l."t ion l
110/ ••• "")'
like and <IS 117
:\
nlllst and OIber moda l verb-,
.-\pPC'nd i.. 4
m~"iCIfI~'ou T\d f C'I': , Ird k ..i' e
pmnounst S2
I,,. m )-self I lry' pJl IT~/f ('I.: . S3C
na.mn wirh .lnd w' lhoul tIJl' - ---II
na lional i l~' word~ wnh tI,1.' - 6 C
olE
Itx,k + adi«"tl \'C' 99C, l oo B
I""k JSIf 118
look Jt 132C
IfH,k forl4tt'r 1330
144 0
loo k b.JeR (11/ 145C
lot (<I lut I lot s) 87R-<:
<II/itt.' <I lot 100B
<I lot + com par anve I OftA
lo ve
1m·...,/oillg I tu ,/0 .} II
Im't" 55 A, 58 8-C
bel{.lfli" I" ''t''wltl, 127A
luck [unco un ta ble no u n) 70B
Il'fJIIIrI
IUAAal\ C (uncountable no u n ) 70 B
"'need
," to d o and ""I'd d"m/< 5-8
""eed /"r
119.'1.
II/tIkl.' SII /II ..IJ(JJ)' .Io Sfllll('th mg
551>
Ul" k(' "/! 1431'., 144 ,1,.
man age (+ to .. . J 26 D. 54A, 5(,'\
many (imd IIIl1 el1) 69C. 11 7
"'''"y (of) 1111
marn(d (tu ) 13 1C
may 2'J1-]O
11I<1) . " 5 ll'f.'ll 30D
lII" y f ••• f ,178 -C
lIIoJ) ' a nd ot h(,r moda l \'('rk
Ap JX"nd ix 4
mean lJ.djeni\·(' - mean of so m roll('
/0 do ${Jm et h m g I II(' mea n to
$f"'lt"OlIel 65 8
mc:ani (nnu n) 7'J1B
eeed n'r 32
needn't and
II IIIStll '/
32.'1.
/leed' ll 11" ,,,, ,J ,,,,el and ,/I,il/ 't
llee,l/o ,do l J10
needn't and orher moda l \erk
Appendi x 4
All\l"rit:a n English Appendi .. ~
negative
p resent \ im plc 2C
pa st sirnpl... 5C
neg.lri\'t' quC">r inn~ ..
qn
" n, /10111' and .1>,,' 116
negative short i<;rm ~
AprrnJi x 5 .3
mi"hl 29- 30
m ight in If '>C'11l('ocn 30 B, 3SC.
400
might <IS u ...1t 30n
mi~hl anJ olhe r mod.1I \'C'rk
Appnt<Ji\. 4
mind ( + -ingl .n , 5(,A, 58A-8
J o )'fll/ milld if . . . f J 7C
mine J "OU", n c, loJ fril'lI,1 uf
376
min('/)'fll/ TSI lBA
II('lther.1", f, neuher .-1" l et,'. 5 1C
1I('/l IJer ... /lo r II')!)
neuher a nd ""'". !I9 f
111:"er
never wirh the p rcscer pt·Tic,:r S.\
p osition of nere r 110
new \ tu ncou nt.rblc noum - ott -91\
nice: snice of SW Ilt" "'!, In do
5fJ",e/I""g I I,.. 1II,'e t" S' ",I<.. )//,' I
65 B. 130.-\.
00
I/O an d none In(I !Ib.-\..I\!1
and "II)· S6
IIr.,bod)·hlfJ"<:mel m,/blllg/llf'II-l,ere
110
see
110
I/o
wuh .:o m p.ua ri\ C'\ 10f>8
JIII/gl'r 1118
00"'
mme IOf l and ,m 86.-\.1111
"olle aod " I'I/ber 119E
om
"''' Jm I. llor do
" n tl....r ...
of
u{ and 's8 1
of I ",,"e ,,( I "'..st ui t1.:. oss.
9."
I"ltl! o f! IIl'ltl...., .,' l elt l' er 'if s'il.
9."
"fril'nd 01 "''''I.'/)·" " , s t1.;. S3.\
0(11'1 .Ule r .l i Uperl.lU'c- lOSE
noon · " f 1298
+ of 130:\ . 131.\-8
\erl- + ..f 1338. 134. 135.-\.
off uerh + o f!'1 l J ". H Q- HI
offn
u,fl'r ,n pa \\I\e ">C'mc:n...b -H.-\.
"rkr + 10 ••. 5·H . 56.-\
0"
"" '1I1l\l"1 111
u n I/m, .InJ III t" >le 111.-\
OIl , ~il i..n l 123-11$
" " " 1>115 1 OJI J t r .1m t1.,;. 11$£
" " H1t:hrr Uln l 11- C-0
.ldlC\." t,\e + 01' I3I C
\ C'I't> + ( , t! 1350. 136E. Ir.
I"O- H I
anOl hl"l' 81C
onJ~ tp< l'loirio n 0; '''11)'. 1 10
ORC'
neit her toft 89
m ake
n tlun~ '
adjecnv e
mllSllI't 31e. 32.-\
m llSt and sl10uld H
look fOTU '"rJ t l} 6OC, 62 A, 137B
liP
mflst + nou n - 5.'1.
m ost ,ufl 1111
m"st in superlanve , l OS
much rand m.1 /1\·) 69 C , 8m ild} /nf l 88 '
m"sf and e.", ·t 28
mlf$t and b","t' to 31
n o Ifm~er I mJ/ .•. oJ"y 10llger
111 B
so
oJl/
m U\ 1
'ill'",
louk
m O ~1
mncb + comparanve 106:\
11k... and <l51f li S
likd y ( + to •.. 1 65E. S4B
li\l tn (to ) I JIA
lin l( 69C, 87
Imll.' and a little 87D-E
(o tl 88
oJ little + comparative I06A
lice (rml U5 n
lon,
JSIOllg oJS 115B
Ion'
you lon k a nd )"fN/ ·re lookmK
105
II/I)re 111B
no un + noun rc om pou nd
I n .:. S IC
'If" S90
nou n\
counuble .mJ un.:ountahlC' 69-70
$in~ u IJ r .lnd plurJl 69, 71, 79
ou"h l 10 J JO
,,"gI.t .lO\l orher modal
\ef~
.-\. ppe O\li\ 4
0" '
" I/t "f 11b [
'erh + ( I/It U-- 139
"l/t a nd ' )/I/ ..f 13~ .-\.
o wn
11I\ ' 01/'1//'''1//$1'' I w ", r
il:JB
" " "1.\' ""'1/ I
11K
.
"tI
"11''' cs r
). mr "/I'''
t l.:.
pa per ,,,;uul1l.lhle and un,,;o Unf .lh le ,
- 1I.\
panicip le clau ses l-iJlK a nd -ed
~ l,1U ""' ~ ' /'oS . 9pa~~i\' e
42- "-\
pih, i\ l' and active "2 .\
b.l· afn-r ehe pa\\i\(' 411\
vimple ten .....\ "1C
u» be ,fw le /"','.1I1.. d etc. lln h n ili\ e '
4J.\ - B
pcrfecr u n'>C'i .. 3C
cont muouc le n ~ " 30
heeng Id" 1/l'!
8
l<e/ 44D
It 1$ $./i,I I".11 4 5.-\
pa\l t 'lot"( al ....) pa~1 conn nco us. pa \ 1
perfect dnd pa\1 'imple '
p.m a fter r".InJ 'l'Is/,· J S- -\tl
pail Jft... r rd rJtl,'e' 59D
pa~1 dll (', It SI" " .. 3 5C
p.l\r .lftc, .15 ," I HlD
p,C">C'nl .lnJ r.l-.t I ...nln
.\rrrnJl\. 1
pa \ 1 r;onlinuou , II 1<'.11 dur'/g ' to
P.l\t c.. minu.. u~ .InJ r.l\1 .imrle
6C-0
p.l\1 comin uou\ Jnd IISt'J 10
pa\t
C{lI1tll1U(lU~
ra "l\'e " ;D
J:)E
pa ct perfect l ~i m plC' l lI lI,l<I dWlr )
I.;;
p,l,t rc:rfnl and prewnr I',e.'r in.l
1.'iR
p.N rc:rfC',:t .m el p.l~e \ implC' 15C
p.l'f J'C'riC', :, .lll( r II 40
p.! ~' perfect p.!\ , i' ( H C
pa " pain l con einuou \ I I 1/.1,1 1>#;'1'11
dfJillRI 16
pa\l ,implC' II ,1,,1, 5
p.!\1 \im pl( J nel pJ '>l' contmuous
i>C-O
p.!\1 \im p!.: .and pr('\('f11 perfect
12-1 4
p.! ~1 \ Im p\(' .anel Pol \{ pttfn:t 15C
p.!\1 \ im pk p.!"i'( 42C
P;l ~
p,;~'
p,;~'
in pa\..i\C' '>C'nfC'no:n 44 .\
uo",t f.. ..J.\·, for somttlm lg
IU8
6bD
prepositions in relarive cla uses
9JC.96 A
;1//01 aft er 3 superlative I OXE
lik t a nd olS 117
f"r and d llril1g 119
11" 120, 128
b,· a nd ""til 1208
olt/em lm llimc:l 111-122
Oil tmlt a nd ill ","e 121 A
.Jt th t 1'11,1 and m t l1t' end 1228
,;tloll /", lptrsi lio ni 123- 125
tololtl",lm to 126
ml,;tkm tor ber u\C"S 1 11 7
b,· c,;rlb,.bllSt1c.1 2S B
p.Jy lvcli: 14K
pcopk 79 0
pC'riC'C1 ~ prN:n' pC'ri«t. pa\l
p«t",
perfect infinili, ( 110 ".JI 't J OIItI
4 J8 11'<'\ \ i' C'I. 54 8. 5SC
persuade 1+ tu ... I H 8
pho ne
em the pl"mt 1270
phu llt s< ""c>lI<"'~' lOU J'4'"C'ptl\iti" n 1
1328
ph•."'t N CIi: I·H C
phOlop- aph
'" ,; pl.'l,togrJpl, 124.\
J plmt"gr,;pl.' of sm " rcm .. 12': 1 8
pheacal verb, ,I/' '',11i: dm.." I grt f ill
13':"-1 4.'
int ro d ncnon 1<> phra 1\ ( rb<. 13;
phr'h.ll \C'r'" + prepe ilion I"'"
,111',,~' frum ...1.:. 1 13- 8
pt )\i rio n o t objec t It" ", tbe light
( K .I
.m l llf m it""l'r':. I I] -C
+ il/I",,' I Jil-I .19
ert> + , ml"1'- 140- 14 1
verb
I
prepoviticns 12 1- 136
fo, an d smce 12A
in q ues tions 49 C
prept ...inon s + -/IIg 60. t>t>
I'e:r'" + pre positjonc • -mg 61.
erb + " pld"" ,,, 141- 14-1
l ert> + ,m·,n-!/},/(/.: 1-15
pia... 1+ to . ..·1 5-1 .-\. 56 .-\
plca \eel
plr,lse,f + to ... 6SC
pl.',m:,f /l'lIh !J08
plcnTY1" 1 I S-B
plural ,md \i n~u l.J. r 6 9, i l . 7 '::1
th')·III..e'm ltlll'lr U\.l"el for
sml/eb.. .IyhlOl..>d.l· t're. H5 E-:.
86 D, 'I(lC
~pd l llll( ot plura l nUU n\
.J" pJ'C'nJ i\ 6
poin l
Il.'rre s ,/II 1""'" ill + ·illg 6.\A
p""" ,sCJm e" lIillg l oll IJ 2C
1",illl .",t I J 9C
poIi(:C ' plural! - 9 C
pulile:
I
pu/ltr o f SfJ/tI rolll' IcJ do so m l"th m g
11>(" 1",1Ih' tu s<,m t o ll t IJOA
po!o lpone: , . -"'gl 53. 5 6 A
prc:fc:r :'9
II MII.t p,..itr jjA, .l 8 8 - C . 59 8
p rt ,-'" '''''1' tl" rlg !
{ol""tllrr}
:'9:\. 60C, 136D
'f)
noun + preposition 129
aeljc:cri'n . preposinon 130-] 1
" e:r ~ + pr eposstjon 131-136
phr.a"-l\ verb « prepocinon 1378
prN:nt ~ present co ntin uou s,
present \imple:, present pC'ri«t
r r('\('f1t tt"1lloon io r the fUfUre: 19,
.-\J'PC'"nd i'l .1
prese nr and J'.l\l tenses
.-\p pc:nJ i\ 1
prnnll con linuou\ tI ';111 doillg l I
pre-em connneoes a OO present
sim ple: 3-4
';lII/u J,;rr I>("w g 4 (
pre-er n con rineous for rhe future
19. 20 8 • .-\ppc:nJ ix ]
present connnuous passive 4 ]0
pr esent po;:rf«t lsimp lC'1 ( 1 I1oll 'l'
d'>fIr l 7-8
pre-e m perfecr with this "" m llng.
t"J" ,. e re. H8, 14 8
presen t perfect sim ple a nel
con tm uous
10- 11
pr C\I.'nf perfec t w ith Im ll' I" ng. fur
.\lId nnce 1 1-1 1
pr e\ent pt:rtl'.:t an d r'I ~ 1 sim pl...
11-1 4
rr(\(' nt pt°rfC'\.·t a nd ra ~f pt"ri l'l;f
15 B
r r........n! pt:rtl-':I aller II'h /' 1I 1 .,B
r re:\ent pcrtl'.:t pa\\i s'( 4J C
r rf"<ot"nt pe rfC'\.·t after a \ u pcrla ri"e
IOXF
.-\rt1l"rKa n English Appc:-nelix 7
prC\(nl pcr fC'C1 l;Onl inuo u \ tI h ,)I "I'
I>("ell duil/g ) 9- 10
prt"'oC.'m pt"rfC'\.l .:ontin uou~ and
prC'lo('n! eemti nuou\ 9C
prnc:n! pt"rfl'<:t eemti n ullus;lOO
\i mple: 10 -1 1
['I"t"'>('m pC'rfC'\.l con t in uoo\.1OO
pa~t pt"rfn."t comi nuou\ 16C
pr nnl l \ im ple: II d o l
pr('\('f1f simpk aOO prnent
\"Onlinuuu\ 3- 4
prnc-nt simple: for t nc fut ure: 19 B
r rnc:nt \i mple: allC'T wllell ancl il
1 5• .-\ppc:-ndix 3
prC'\t"TII simpk p.1s\i se: 42C
pret...nd t » til ... 1 54 8
prett y (p ,elty gl l<N1, p,tlty oftI'll
erc.t 104
pre ve:nt (fm lll ) 62 B, M I>
prison (pr;m" 1 tht prison ) 7 4 B.
125A
probably
proJIolM,· + " ·/11 228
position of pmiMbf)· 110
progrew (uJK:o unl .J. bk nou n) 70 8
progr essive tenses see co ntin uo us
promi\C'
promi~ ( + " '1 111" '011/.11 ]6B
pmmi~ + t o '" 5 4 A. 56 A
pemect (fromJ.Jg.Ji'u tl I ]5C
proud loll 13 I A
provide (U'flhl 136C
pro" idc:dlprovidi n~ 1158
".""'"
to .. . for purpe~
64
.m purpc lSt 127D
pu'
put Ollt 1] 9 A
p ,,' off H R. 140. 14 1C
p"I OII 140
p UI uplJo,, '" 142 A
Pll t up u'lth 1440
plll .Ju vy 1458
q untion \ 4 9-50
pr('\('f1f \im pk qunrions 2C , 49 8
pa st sim ple: quesrions 5C, 498
negative q ues nons 4'::1D
embedded q uC"\r inn s (Do y""
kllllll' /I·holt ... /) 50 A
reported quesnons 508
q uestion ug\ 51
q uite 104
rathe r
II'rmld ,olth e, 5 '::1C
1',/ rather )~)Ie did somethi" g 5 '::1 D
rather cold 1 r<ltha nice etc. 104
reason ({tId 129A
recommend
r u wl/llle'lId + 5hlmM 3 4 A-B
" '<"eJm",,.,,,{ + til ... anel ·i" g .H e
rd lc xivc pro no un \ (II/)'sl'lf, )~ m rsdf
('(c ) I'll
/I)' m,·s,.{f/,~m,s"'f cee. Inc
rcfu\C' (+ til ... 1 54 A,56 A
rc:gr...1 (+ ·ill/o1 an d III ... ) 53 1>, 5 68
rc:gular a nd irrc:gular \'cr~
Ap pt'nJ i:l: I
rd alio n\ hi p ( ,..I1111I1/'t U'I'I'II) 11'::1E
rd al ivc da u\ cs 9 2-96
relat ive: dau\C'S as obin;1 9 3
preprn.itio n\ in rd a tlve: c:Ia uM"\
93C
Ir pc::'!i uf rd ali \'C" da u'io(' 95
re:tu ivC' prono uns 91-96
wi", 91-96
lI"lJid1 '::12-'::13,95-96
IW O
tbolt 92-'::14
tl1.1t a nJ u4Mt 92 C
1I'1" ,St' 'H A.958
whom 94 B., 95 R., 96A-8
Il'h,.,t 94C,95B
of 114""" 1 of u-bich 968
rd}' jail I 135 D
remembe r
u m...mb...r + 10 ••• and .in.': 56 8
rem t"" b..., Imu1wh<lt + t o ... 54 D
remind
u mi".'
+ 10 •• •
558
rt'mi"d nf M!>" " 1 I 34C
reported speech 4 7-4 8
reported qUO:-Slions .lOB
respons jble lfo r) 131 C
rise (i,,) 11 9C
risk 1+ .illg) H.56 A
roo m lco um a hl( or unco untable
no un) 70A
's laf'O\uop h( ,' 81 ,83A,
Apprond ill 5.1
u id (i t is $o1id thJtl 45A
u m( (l IJt"$o1Itlt".l'j I 73C. 10 7C
ul i~ficd
$o1tis{il'd and $o1tisf)'i"K 98
$o1tis{it"<i lI.'fth U OB
u,
$01)'
and ull 4 !1C
wy
(+ t o •••J 4l1D
scared 10fJ 13 1A
SC-Cf'(' ry IUIXnu nu hk nllu nl 70 B
sc-hool lu lmllf I tl,l' j('/'oo/) i 4:\
sea 1U'.l' I thl' k'.l') 740
S('arch Ifo rl B 3C
see
wit h lilt" pr("',C'nt simple o r C.l'II 40
see w mro>ll' doldoUlK 67
juoff 140C
seem
to ... 548
jum + adject ive 9'JC
·'>C1f lm)'sdflytm rsd f etc. l 8! .83e
series 798
shall a nd will 220
sl",lI llit ,t"? I I n
I.ds ... • sh<lll ll'd 51 0
sll<lll a nd orh ... r 010 .1 ;11 verbs
Appendix 4
Arrn- rican EII~l i~h Appendix 7
shoc ked
k'...m +
sl1(J<·k ,1 end sho( ki/lg '18
IJOC
slme k d ,l l l by
shun (ofJ 131 B
shun fonns (1'' ''. W"f"t\ didn't l·I<:.1
Appendix 5 .
sho uld 3.1-.14
j /m ' l ld an d lI<ld b... lfr r 35B
slm 'lld and other mod al n' rhs
Append ix 4
ShOUT (<I'!lol 13! 0
sho w
sJ">II' in p,H sin' SC/ll('rlI.·<'S 44A
sIm I<' SO",rollt' Iml<'!lI'h<l1 + to . . .
54D
uff 141C
ShOU' llp 14J E
similar (to l UI C
simple: pau '"' pau simple:
s~ m pk prC"(nl sc:c: pr~1 simple:
smce:
wilh prnnll rc:rfn., 8A. 98,
I I- I!
j inct" ollld for I!A
hou' 10llK ;s II si"u ... t 12C
si"u (:0: hn:a u'iCl 1168
j hull'
378
sing ular an d plu ral b9. - I, i 'J
thn l ,h e",!lht'ir u\.l"d for
$(~m cboJ ,·/I/lJm,h ... tc. g5 E,
86 D. 90 (;
.
sli lth tl ~· 4+ compa ra uvet 106A
smdl
with Ih(' present
~; m pl('
surprised
slIrp ris..,1 + tv ... b5C
slI rp . i$j'J and Sll rp rlsmg 9S
m rpriuJ .l l l/t~- 1JOC
\ U\PCCl IOr' 1 t>!B. 135,\
~ u spicinu \ lOr'1 I J 1.\
a nd can
4D
1.lItS
smell w m ...,IIi".': /1",,,,lill.': 6i D
smdl + ad jectiv e 99C
so
so amlc so do l cxc, SI C
1 t l1/llk so, Ilm Pt" so et c. 5I 0
W
IpurJ"OSCl 64D
so and SlIC/, 10!
so + oId ja.,i\'(' + t l' olt 1O! 8
m.n
so 101/g oJS t1 58
tJ It" 5!
tolkt" $(1/1/..bodv /II 1388
t.lkt" 01" 140 .
t.llu J OWl/ 141.\
tolk t" III' 143
talk
t.l l k to SO ",n 1fJ.l\- 132.\
ulk oJ/..
u JlII(';lm rg 62 .J". 13.t J"
",t
1.I\Ie:
solution Ito l 1290
SOfTK' 69(. 7 1, as
SOIIIt" with \,-ounl.lhk nou ns -I
SOIIIt" and oJlI\' 85
so",dJOti}l~"'l'O'It'lwmt"//,j1/.':1
$OI"nj .Jlert"
son,t' /o fl gg
1~UC">tIl '"
U!.. ('
ss
wit h tilt" pro:-srn l sim pk or ".11/ 4 D
tastr + adject ive 9 9(:
luch
It"oJclJ in p.Jssi\ t" ..nII('f'I(<'S 44 '\
tt'.Jell u m,n xlcl\- I.'OIl· to .II)
s"'" t"th mg 5-iO
' ,Jd .. + 10 ••• 558
telephone see phoe e
1e:1I
soon loJs SOOll oJs l ! 5A- 8
W~
w;n ' + to ... 65C
wr~' to do and w rn' /".lolh<Jll l
It'll in p.l\Si\ (' ..nII('f'I(~ 44 .\
uif and Sol)" .f IlC
wrn' oll"!(}" tl(or 1300
10'11 U J"'t'f",t" 10
480. H B
d~"g 66C
,rel'sorry: (or
.
1300
adtt't., i"t 9'JC
sUl",d olS I( I l g
\ pact l spolu an d s ~p.lU I 738
spea k Ito) I3!A
\peci<'S "7'JB
\ pelling Appendix 6
spe nd Ispl'lI,1 riml'!lIIrlllr}'1 6J C.
1.)6F.
.
spire 1m spite O{I I I j
sea rt Ist,l rt + to . . . or - /IIg l -,; f,C
\lal (' verbs 11Ike, ki wI/', bl'l,,"~ erc.t
4,-1... bF.. 1Oe. 16[, I -A
slill I I I
Mill and vet I I 1C
SOlln d +
-,U c.
stupid lstllpid ,,{ s" meWlj' ,,, .I"
so",,,," lillgl 65 B. 130 .\
suhjuneti\'l" H B
.\ m...r;.:an English .\ pptndi" succc:ed l i ll + -il/gl 61 .\ . 660. 136.\
such
s" d, and so IO!
SIIC/' .1, 11- 8
suff..... 1("'''' . 135C
s u ~ ('S t
SIl~St + ~//(J"I.I
34A- 8,558
Sll ggt",t + -IIIK B . 54A. 56A
supcrlati\(' I/w ,gr st!/ )f'st nc.1 108
suJ'PO'\'l" tl
su ~
SlfppU~ soh,on j I 0
IHt' is SIlP/'( 1U'd to ... 1
458
SUf('
Sll rt" + to . .. 65E.. 848
mrt" OPoll ,ulf t
1J IB
um ,n lmrg
tt'll som n ." t' 11'1.' <11 10 J o 54 D
so und
stop
sl"p + ·ill !! 53. 56,-1..
Sto p s,m ,...O>/I' I{",m l + ·ing
61 B.66D
, /0
Idl olf I'-I C
temporal dOl u~ ud1e" dJusn l ! 5
tend l + ' " . .. l S'-B
than lOS. 10lhank
628. U ! B. I3j B
IhJt
II''''
;.11.1 tb .'1 4-B
in relanv e d ,IU'on ':l2-':l4
lht - ! --g
the and ./1./11 - ! , - 3 A
,1.0" .<'.1. lilt' sk\' CK . - 38
tb l' " 11I, '111,/ , tlJ~ she.ure ere. - 3D
Sd Jt H,l1 tilt s.-llo,,1 - .dnldren 1,11.. dlll.l reI' - 5
tbe + .Idjl'<.:t i\ ... It h(' )YI/ m g erc.t
-,.
tbe + n.ninn .llit\ word s Ithe
Frenclr l · ((. 1 -foC
t/.o e with ~('()~r.l rhic.l 1 namt~
til" I\; ,h \lr l.T(s. huildin~\ ('K. -8
tll(' ... II..,· ... Iwith ..o mp.u.u i\ l"S '
IIlbO
tb(' + \ uptrl.llil l"lI h... o lJt', 1 (,IC. I
lOse
lh('f(' I.lnd III 84
d-,'u s 'IU 1'<111/1 III •.. 6J .J"
111<" t' ' l"IlIl m m l !;Jm u lJ ('I... S4 B
I I1<'rt" 1$ + -mg or -t". ' 'J-O
Ih ('\1lhc:mlThcir lU..N h >f $(IIIIt'! .. !<i,·!
J;,~·I"It1)·III"I..!<i.\·/t"IT')1KJt1rl S-'i E.
86 D.91)(
IhinL.
Ilhm k .Ind " ",II'lI/hl/1I: 48
1111il/ 1: so. I Jm, '1 tlm,k so _li D
Ilm,l: o{ . ·mg -'i.-A. ...1.\. 66 0
II,,,,!: .11.." " JnJ tJ.·mk ,,{ I14 C
Ihou gh I I3 E
.l'$ though l iS
l'I 'l''' t lH.>IIg lJ 1110 _ 1DE
th rea len . + 10 .. , 1 5·P., j6.-\
th ro w
tlmsu- In /,ll JJ1D
th row ,llI','y I.' - e. 145B
rill \ee unti l
time
its the fIrsl tim" 1" '1' ... fI(
verbs + pre posinon 61, U 2- \] 6
phr;ls;]] verbs Il>re,l1, ,1m/'ll / 81·f "'I
crc. t Ir-1 -1j
wail Ifilr l I D C
( + 10 ... ) .H A, 6f> \)
....a nt
warn
It's tim" ... 3 .\ (
II',/"r ~(}"'t'tllft' (/mll
coun table or uncountable noun
s"mclhl"g 55B
u-urn someolle ol/,/IIOIII somc/hing
- 0.-\
timt.' an d 11IIIII1C 111.-\
tired
Im ·.1 and tlrmg 98
011
tm'd o{ 13 IB
to + intinitiv e
infinitive
It "
I,,· , I "
U 4F
was/w ere .'iD
U',/S/U'/'Tt.' -ill8 (pasr co nt inuo us)
uvuhrcre gWlIg /0
,/0 erc.t see
todo
to .!f>D
an d were in if ....-nrcnccs 39C
U' ,IS!r I'l'f(' ,1/1/,·
/I',I S
to 126
to + -I"g 6nc
noun + to 1191)
w ast e (II',lsle t im e/III"' /I')', 0.1 rnlste
o'- lime/money) 6.~(
wea ther lllnCt>unlahll' eou n } 70 B
ad jective + 10 I JO.-\. 13 IC
verb + to 13.!, U6D
100 and ('"w'gh 103
to p 1.11 tln'/op l 1.!4(
well 10 1:\
were rused with l/ht.'!s!Jelil ) .We.
tra nsla te If ro m/i ll t" 1 1 .~6B
travel tuncoumable noun ! -O B
trouble slnu-c Im,,/>/(' doi"g
somcthm KI 63B
tr y
try + to ... o r -mg 5'7.-\
try fi li I 139 C
trvon 140C
<om
""t
139
film o il/oIl 13- e. 140,'\
fum up 14.!.-\, 143 E
tum ,/01/'11 I....!
two-word verbs 0;«" ph ra ~a l verbs
typi cal tol l !J 18
tu",
uncoun tab le nouns 69--0
understa nd 1I1l11C'/wh,1t + to •. . 1
.'i4D
univcrsirv (mlll 'l'rHt l' I
thc 1II~Il'l'rsIIY I - :"' B
unless 115.-\
unril (o r fili i
IIl1lil + pres en r sim ple I pre....·nr
perfcci 15:\ -8
III/til and hy I.!OB
up (verb + "P) l J" , 1-I.!- 1"'4
up set (,I/",,,n I 30 B
usc (i/'s II" 11$1' + .ill!:1 6.1.-\
used
/ISI'd 10 ,Ill IS
(' t.'Il{l'tIf!i('d 10 6 1
I ,"" " sed to d"ill!: and I uscd /0
do IlIF, 6 1D
usually {posinon o t /lS1I.llI y l I It)
verb s sec also pre'>C nt, polsr, fllmre,
pa\~ i \' c ctc.
w rlls not uscd in continuum
rl'ose s 4A,6E, IDe. If>E, 17A
liST of irregular mh~
Appendi x 1.4
pn.-scnr 'lIId I'.ISI I,'n",',
Appl'nJix .!
"l'rhs + ·ing ,mJ 'crt-· • :
(inriniril l'! ,.-, ..
(>
201>
n an
w h at
/1'11,11 in qUl.'srions
II'h,l/
'-or? 6 4(
-1 9
W'Jl,lt
! (e:t.: c1am;lI io ns ) iIA-B
/l'h, lt .IllJ /",rt jre[;ui ,'c o;buses)
9.!C. 9,m
/l'I1<It an d rdlicll (relat ive clauses}
%C
wh en
scben + present simpll.' { present
pcri.....r 15
w"ell ,mJ /f 15D, "SD
11'11"11 + -ing 6 8B
('/ '1'>1 II'!J('J/
1I'''t.'1I .md
111D
16
,IS ]
where lin relative cbuscs l 94 C. 95B
whether .'in
which
II'lIlc" in question s 49
wl!ich in relative clauses 92-93,
95-96
,ll/I", ,,,I'!SW1/(' of whicll 96B
while
rdllle + presen t simple I present
per fect .!5A
w/'ill' + · i l/ I{ 6il i~
rdllle and dll rin g 1198
who
who in ques tion s 49
rdm in relative clauses 91-96
rdm and /f·hos(' in relative clauses
94:\
rdm and whom in relative d ,lus(' s
".
whole 900-E
w/ tl,,;, w(,olc 1171>
whom
;n qu",tions 49 C
in relaliv c dauses 94 1\, 96A- R
" lIJmll/t'!some of lI'llO'" 96 1~
whose lin rd,uiw d,w,,'s) '\I4A,
95 (\
wh y
/l'1,y im 'flclitill 'f 1' ·K. 1.. , : 491)
wh y in rl.'btil'l.' d ,HN " 'l4 t:
" ill : I-~~
ll'lll y,m: .! I C-D, J7A
11'/1/ and ;1.',/11 ll D,HD
11'/1/ and goi llg /0 23
will /1•• ,f oillg (futu re connnuous!
14
willIM/ ·!.' dane (future perfect ) 14
"'IN in if end wh t.'11 sentences 15,
II S(
will and U'f>llid J6 R, Appe ndix 4
will in the passive 4J A
0",,'/ ... , lI·ill \'till ? 52 D
wil/ and other fueure forms
ApPI.'ndlx 3
will and other modal verbs
Appendix 4
w ish 4 1
11f'lsh I klll'II' ere. .19, 4 1
1 wish /,.1kml/l '/f etc. 40 C, 4\
/l'i s/, and Impt' 4 1A
wish ... /1 '1111/.1 41 D
with
nou n + w ith 11 9E
adjective + u-ith BOB- C, IJ 1C
verb + sc -itls 1J6C
without 1+ ·ill g) 60B
wo m (= ,, ·/ll lIoll 2 1- 21
wo rd o rder
"0.1",' s" ml'lJ,illg ,IfillI' 46
question s 49
ncganvc questions 49D
embedd ed q uestions Hso you
k llOIl' /I'/MI ... ?) 50A
reponed questions SOB
o rde r of adje cnves 99
verb and objec t rngcrhc r 109A
place and nmc I0 9R
position of adve rb s wit h the verb
(" Iso, "I"',I\'s ere.I 110
word order wirh phrasal verbs
I/llm Oil the lighl, 111 m it Oil erc.j
\J7(
work
uncounrnble noun 70 B,74C
11 'Ilrk oul 1398
worried (,ibmrt) U OB
wo rse lOse
WOt SI
rose
won h (il s U'lITIIJ + .i ngl 63A
wou ld 36
l('Iwld and will 36B
WOllld )'O ll ... ? 37A
rmllld )" liI /ike? I'd lib, 37 E
ll'lllrid in If sentences 38-40
lI'i511 ... ll'lwld 4 1D
1('11/11,1 /lk d /rll'elllilld Jm:fa + to ...
55 A, 5 8B-C
5SB, 59 8
ll'lllrid rather 59C-D
ll',,,,/d an d othe r rno,bl verbs
Appeu dix 4
wri te
/I·rift.' 1/1 JJ 1A
wr ite dow" 1411>
rmllld />rc(cr
yet
\'<'/
)'C I
and iHi/l I l i e
present perfect 7C
+