Changes in pattern of employment
 Industrial structure : Employment moves from primary sector to secondary sector & then tertiary sector
according to country develops.
 Proportion of women in employment : The no. of proportion of women in employment and in the labour force is
increasing in most countries due to social attitudes towards women working is changing now.
 Proportion of workers in the private & public sectors : The proportion of workers employed in the public sector
in a number of countries is declining & workers proportion in private sector is increasing.
 Full time & part time work : Most workers work full time & some works as part time due to several reasons like
they have to look after elders & children in the family etc.
 Employed & self employed : In most of the countries , the no. of self-employed workers is rising.
 Informal & formal economies ; Informal economy do not have the same access to social security benefits,
employment protection & and rights as workers in formal economy.so, a growth in formal economy leads to raise
the quality of employment & labour productivity.
 High & low quality employment : High quality employment is skilled work & it provides employees to progress.
But low quality employment is unskilled work. As an economy develops the proportion of high quality jobs tends
to increase.
 Flexible employment : A flexible labour force is one which adjusts quickly and smoothly to changes in market
conditions. Now firms are more preferable a flexible labour force.
Changes in the levels of employment
Labour market participation rate : The proportion of the working age population who are in the labour force.
Factors affecting Labour market participation rate
 The wages on offer
 Social attitudes to working women
 Provision for care of children and the elder people
 Social attitudes and provision for the disabled to work
 The proportion of school leavers who go into higher education.