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Multiple Choice -- One Point Each
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite.
a. THC
b. heroin
c. alcohol
d. nicotine
e. MDMA
____
2. The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on
a. natural selection.
b. unconscious conflicts.
c. introspection.
d. learned behaviors.
e. brain chemistry.
____
3. Severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to
a. lapse into a coma.
b. cower in fear.
c. become violently aggressive.
d. become sexually preoccupied.
e. experience convulsive seizures.
____
4. Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe,
a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of
a. the spacing effect.
b. the peg-word system.
c. serial position effect.
d. the testing effect.
e. implicit memory.
____
5. Which brain area is primarily involved with controlling speech?
a. association areas
b. sensory cortex
c. Broca's area
d. hypothalamus
e. angular gyrus
____
6. Alexis is addicted to drugs. The room in which she usually takes them is likely to become a(n) ________ for drug
cravings.
a. CS
b. operant chamber
c. primary reinforcer
d. US
e. CR
____
7. Margie insists that she never dreams, but her sister feels she can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, the
sister should
a. feed Margie lots of rich food just before bedtime.
b. wake Margie after she has been asleep for about 5 minutes and ask her what she's dreaming.
c. make an all-night audiotape of the sounds Margie makes while sleeping.
d. wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming.
e. use posthypnotic suggestion to increase the chances of dream recall.
____
8. Students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course
projects. This best illustrates the impact of
a. overconfidence.
b. the availability heuristic.
c. the representativeness heuristic.
d. framing.
e. fixation.
____
9. Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Dr. Thatcher
is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
a. clinical
b. social
c. industrial-organizational
d. developmental
e. personality
____
10. Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning.
a. shaping
b. secondary reinforcement
c. respondent behavior
d. generalization
e. modeling
____
11. Memories are primed by
a. the serial position effect.
b. retrieval cues.
c. source amnesia.
d. repression.
e. retroactive interference.
____
12. As the retinal image of a horse galloping toward you becomes larger, it is unlikely that the horse will appear to grow
larger. This best illustrates the phenomenon of
a. binocular cues.
b. size constancy.
c. closure.
d. linear perspective.
e. convergence.
____
13. Which cognitive neuroscience term reflects the idea that “much of our everyday thinking, feeling, and acting operates
outside our conscious awareness”?
a. cerebral cortex
b. reticular formation
c. dual processing
d. interneurons
e. limbic system
____
14. Movement of the hair cells along the basilar membrane
a. allows us to sense our body's position and movement.
b. initiates transduction and the transmission of neural messages to the auditory cortex.
c. stimulates the taste receptor cells and helps us to distinguish between different taste sensations.
d. produces large-fiber activity in the spinal cord that closes the “gate” so we don't feel pain.
e. causes the olfactory bulb to send signals to the primary smell cortex.
____
15. Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to result in
a. nerve deafness.
b. conduction hearing loss.
c. loss of movement.
d. accommodation.
e. loss of the sense of balance.
____
16. Resting potential is to action potential as ________ is to ________.
a. sensory neuron; motor neuron
b. temporal lobe; occipital lobe
c. dendrite; axon
d. polarization; depolarization
e. adrenal gland; pituitary gland
____
17. The semicircular canals are most directly relevant to
a. the vestibular sense.
b. parallel processing.
c. accommodation.
d. kinesthesis.
e. hearing.
____
18. What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common?
a. They slow body functions and calm neural activity.
b. They distort perceptions and evoke sensations without sensory input.
c. They excite neural activity and arouse body functions.
d. They depress neural functioning and reduce pain.
e. They relax the body, lead to disinhibition, and produce euphoria.
____
19. How many morphemes are in the word “bats”?
a. 0
b. 3
c. 2
d. 4
e. 1
____
20. Regular users of ________ may achieve a high with smaller amounts of the drug than occasional users.
a. marijuana
b. morphine
c. alcohol
d. nicotine
e. heroin
____
21. In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud
noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)
a. preconditioned stimulus.
b. conditioned stimulus.
c. conditioned response.
d. unconditioned response.
e. unconditioned stimulus.
____
22. The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known
as
a. state-dependent memory.
b. the spacing effect.
c. chunking.
d. long-term potentiation.
e. the serial position effect.
____
23. The personalities of adopted children
a. are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents.
b. are more similar to the personalities of their caregiving adoptive parents than to the personalities
of their biological parents.
c. are very similar to the personalities of their biologically related siblings.
d. are usually not related to their temperaments.
e. are very similar to the personalities of the other children in their adoptive families.
____
24. The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears convert the sound waves from
the siren into neural impulses is an example of
a. accommodation.
b. sensory interaction.
c. transduction.
d. parallel processing.
e. sensory adaptation.
____
25. Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.
a. flashbulb memory; implicit memory
b. visual stimulation; auditory stimulation
c. short-term memory; long-term memory
d. explicit memory; implicit memory
e. automatic processing; effortful processing
____
26. When Bryan's girlfriend broke up with him, he felt very down. As he sat in his bedroom, he thought
about all of the other times his heart had been broken. Bryan's experience provides an example of
a. iconic memory.
b. mood-congruent memory.
c. implicit memory.
d. retroactive interference.
e. long-term potentiation.
____
27. Weber's law is relevant to an understanding of
a. sensory interaction.
b. parallel processing.
c. absolute thresholds.
d. sensory adaptation.
e. difference thresholds.
____
28. The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of
a. semantic encoding.
b. source amnesia.
c. flashbulb memory.
d. iconic memory.
e. repression.
____
29. After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box
with great speed. This best illustrates
a. spontaneous recovery.
b. observational learning.
c. positive reinforcement.
d. shaping.
e. respondent behavior.
____
30. Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that
a. morphemes and phonemes build grammar and language.
b. our linguistic proficiencies influence our social status.
c. words shape the way people think.
d. infancy is a critical period for language development.
e. all languages share a similar grammar.
____
31. The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college
professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of
a. confirmation bias.
b. belief perseverance.
c. the availability heuristic.
d. the representativeness heuristic.
e. the framing effect.
____
32. Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
a. playing jump rope
b. getting money as a reward
c. clapping after a thrilling concert performance
d. sweating in hot weather
e. running through a maze to get a food reward
____
33. The axons of ganglion cells converge to form
a. the auditory nerve.
b. bipolar cells.
c. the basilar membrane.
d. the optic nerve.
e. the olfactory epithelium.
____
34. Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially
a. slow and subsequently speeds up.
b. rapid and subsequently stays rapid.
c. slow and subsequently stays slow.
d. steady and subsequently speeds up.
e. rapid and subsequently slows down.
____
35. The tremors of Parkinson's disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter
a. acetylcholine.
b. serotonin.
c. GABA.
d. ACh.
e. dopamine.
____
36. Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?
a. short-term memory
b. long-term memory
c. iconic memory
d. proactive memory
e. echoic memory
____
37. An exhausted forest ranger may notice the faintest scent of a forest fire, whereas much stronger but less important odor s
fail to catch her attention. This fact would be of greatest relevance to
a. frequency theory.
b. signal detection theory.
c. the Young-Helmholtz theory.
d. opponent-process theory.
e. place theory.
____
38. Josef, a high school student, tells his therapist that he has had a recurring dream in which he hunts and kills a feroci ous
tiger. The therapist explains that the dream reflects Josef's unresolved feelings of hostility toward his father. Accord ing to
Freud, the therapist is revealing the possible ________ content of Josef's dream.
a. circadian
b. dissociated
c. delta
d. latent
e. manifest
____
39. In trying to figure out how to copy and paste an item into a document, Arlene could try all possible
key combinations or she could check the pull-down menus, a much faster way to solve her
problem. Arlene is relying on
a. prototypes.
b. heuristics.
c. fixations.
d. phonemes.
e. algorithms.
____
40. A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular behavior is called
a(n)
a. case study.
b. survey.
c. experiment.
d. correlational method.
e. naturalistic observation.
____
41. The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the
white rat was the
a. SA.
b. CR.
c. UR.
d. CS.
e. US.
____
42. Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely th at
Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist.
a. developmental
b. biological
c. social
d. personality
e. industrial-organizational
____
43. Which of the following statements is most correct about the relationship between correlation and causation?
a. Correlation indicates the possibility of a causal relationship, but it does not prove causation.
b. Both correlations and causations need to be proven with experimental data.
c. Correlations are statistical relationships, causations are logical relationships.
d. If one variable is strongly positively correlated with another variable, the relationship is causal.
e. if one variable is strongly negatively correlated with another variable, the relationship is not causal.
____
44. Nimin has volunteered to participate in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the
experimenters know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The
investigators are apparently making use of
a. random sampling.
b. naturalistic observation.
c. the overconfidence effect.
d. illusory correlation.
e. the double-blind procedure.
____
45. In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the CS was
a. salivation to the sound of a tone.
b. salivation to the taste of food.
c. the sound of a tone.
d. the anticipation of food.
e. the taste of food.
____
46. In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a couple of
extremely high scores?
a. range
b. mean
c. median
d. standard deviation
e. mode
____
47. A gestalt is best described as a(n)
a. perceptual set.
b. perceptual adaptation.
c. binocular cue.
d. illusion.
e. organized whole.
____
48. An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to sa livate
to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light
a. a half-second before the food.
b. five seconds before the food.
c. at precisely the same time as the food.
d. five seconds after the food.
e. a half-second after the food.
____
49. Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise,
however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden
anxiety best illustrates
a. discrimination.
b. latent learning.
c. delayed reinforcement.
d. shaping.
e. spontaneous recovery.
____
50. If a blind person uses one finger to read Braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the sense of touch
invades the visual cortex. This is an example of
a. hemispheric specialization.
b. integrated association areas.
c. neural prosthetics.
d. positron emission training.
e. brain plasticity.
____
51. Mr. and Mrs. Berry have five children aged 2, 3, 7, 9, and 9. The median age of the Berry children is
a. 8.
b. 9.
c. 3.
d. 7.
e. 6.
____
52. In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the _______ of a single neuron.
a. axon to the cell body to the dendrites
b. cell body to the axon to the dendrites
c. dendrites to the axon to the cell body
d. axon to the dendrites to the cell body
e. dendrites to the cell body to the axon
____
53. Olds and Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the
a. amygdala.
b. hypothalamus.
c. sensory cortex.
d. medulla.
e. cerebellum.
____
54. Trying to see a hidden representational image in a piece of abstract art by looking carefully at each element in the pic ture
and trying to form an image employs which kind of perceptual process?
a. perceptual adaptation
b. bottom-up processing
c. interposition
d. selective attention
e. retinal disparity
____
55. Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on
her psychology test. Glenda's experience best illustrates
a. negative correlation.
b. the placebo effect.
c. overconfidence.
d. the hindsight bias.
e. illusory correlation.
____
56. The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum, the more frequently he loses his temper. In this case, the
scolding serves as a ________ for Matthew's temper tantrums.
a. conditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned stimulus
c. positive reinforcer
d. punishment
e. negative reinforcer
____
57. Direct stimulation of the motor cortex would be most likely to result in
a. a sensation of being touched on the arm.
b. intense pain.
c. acceleration of heartbeat.
d. feelings of anger.
e. movement of the mouth and lips.
____
58. Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations change from one season to the next are highlighting the importance of
a. alpha waves.
b. REM sleep.
c. neuroadaptation.
d. narcolepsy.
e. biological rhythms.
____
59. What is the difference between a primary and a conditioned reinforcer?
a. Primary reinforcers are unlearned and innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers are learned.
b. Primary reinforcers are introduced every time the behavior occurs; conditioned reinforcers are
introduced only sometimes.
c. Primary reinforcers are presented immediately after the behavior; conditioned reinforcers are
presented after a delay.
d. Primary reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; conditioned reinforcers decrease the
rate of operant responding.
e. Primary reinforcers lead to rapid learning of the behavior; conditioned reinforcers produce greater
resistance to extinction.
____
60. REM rebound involves the
a. tendency for REM sleep periods to become increasingly longer and more frequent as a normal
night of sleep progresses.
b. unusual symptoms of tiredness and irritability that follow periods of REM sleep deprivation.
c. replacement of REM sleep with NREM sleep.
d. tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.
e. increase in REM sleep that characteristically follows intense learning episodes or stressful daytime
experiences.
____
61. Philippe has just completed medical school. In reflecting on his years of formal education, he is
able to recall the names of all his instructors except the fifth-grade teacher who flunked him.
According to Freud, his forgetting illustrates
a. proactive interference.
b. the serial position effect.
c. retroactive interference.
d. repression.
e. the spacing effect.
____
62. After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. Thi s best
illustrates
a. transduction.
b. the volley principle.
c. Weber's law.
d. sensory adaptation.
e. accommodation.
____
63. The perceptual tendency to group together stimuli that are near each other is called
a. perceptual set.
b. proximity.
c. disparity.
d. interposition.
e. closure.
____
64. To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent
movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. To reduce the chance that the children in one group have more
aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of
a. replication.
b. the double-blind procedure.
c. operational definitions.
d. random assignment.
e. naturalistic observations.
____
65. The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________.
a. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
b. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer
c. punishment; reinforcement
d. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
e. acquisition; extinction
____
66. The organization of information into meaningful units is called
a. chunking.
b. iconic memory.
c. automatic processing.
d. the peg-word system.
e. the spacing effect.
____
67. In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of
a. mental processes.
b. learned behaviors.
c. unconscious motives.
d. hereditary influences.
e. evolutionary influences.
____
68. After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and
irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing
a. sleep apnea.
b. a hallucination.
c. REM sleep.
d. narcolepsy.
e. NREM-3 sleep.
____
69. Dr. Veenstra conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior. Dr. Veenstra is most likely a(n)
________ psychologist.
a. social
b. clinical
c. biological
d. industrial-organizational
e. developmental
____
70. In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow
randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at
Arizona State University are considered to be a(n)
a. representative sample.
b. independent variable.
c. population.
d. dependent variable.
e. control.
____
71. Laurie's thumb sucking has become habitual because she begins to feel less anxious whenever she sucks her thumb.
This best illustrates the process of
a. extinction.
b. operant conditioning.
c. generalization.
d. latent learning.
e. classical conditioning.
____
72. When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word “arms” referred to
weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of
a. morphemes.
b. semantics.
c. prototypes.
d. syntax.
e. the representativeness heuristic.
____
73. If a professor accused you of cheating on a test, your adrenal glands would probably release ________ into your
bloodstream.
a. acetylcholine
b. endorphins
c. seratonin
d. epinephrine
e. insulin
____
74. The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with
the long-term use of
a. Ecstasy.
b. barbiturates.
c. morphine.
d. alcohol.
e. amphetamines.
____
75. Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by
a. the Young-Helmholtz theory.
b. the opponent-process theory.
c. frequency theory.
d. the gate-control theory.
e. place theory.
____
76. Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the
a. disruptive effects of unconscious motives.
b. treatment of psychological disorders.
c. inward immediate sensations, feelings, and impulses.
d. adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions.
e. component elements of sensory experience.
____
77. Conditioning is the process of
a. spontaneous recovery.
b. generalization.
c. learning associations.
d. discrimination.
e. observational learning.
____
78. Sleep deprivation has been shown to
a. reduce hypertension.
b. increase attentiveness to highly motivating tasks.
c. diminish immunity to disease.
d. decrease tolerance and increase withdrawal.
e. decrease narcolepsy.
____
79. A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of
the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation?
a. protection from harm
b. informed consent
c. debriefing
d. confidentiality
e. coercion
____
80. Professor Trinh contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share
common genes. His idea is best described as a(n)
a. replication.
b. naturalistic observation.
c. hindsight bias.
d. illusory correlation.
e. theory.
____
81. Professor Raza suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men
will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment
success is an example of
a. an operational definition.
b. illusory correlation.
c. a hypothesis.
d. the hindsight bias.
e. the placebo effect.
____
82. Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE·ART on a screen. HE
appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked to point to the word with their left hand, patients poin ted to
a. EA.
b. ART.
c. nothing. They were unable to complete the task.
d. HE.
e. HEART.
____
83. At the age of 22, Mrs. Tamimi was less than 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a grow th
hormone produced by the
a. pancreas.
b. pituitary gland.
c. myelin.
d. adrenal gland.
e. thyroid.
____
84. Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?
a. The research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments.
b. The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment.
c. The experimental treatment is absent.
d. The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior.
e. The operational definition is not applied to their variables.
____
85. The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the
a. endocrine gland.
b. pituitary gland.
c. dendrites.
d. thresholds.
e. myelin sheath.
____
86. Learned helplessness is MOST likely to be associated with
a. unconditional positive regard.
b. self-serving bias.
c. the false consensus effect.
d. the spotlight effect.
e. an external locus of control.
____
87. Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action poten tial.
This indicates that a neuron's reaction is
a. primarily electrical rather than chemical.
b. dependent on neurotransmitter molecules.
c. delayed by the refractory period.
d. inhibited by the myelin sheath.
e. an all-or-none response.
____
88. For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of
central tendency than the mean?
a. 8, 9, 12, 10, 16
b. 3, 4, 3, 4, 2
c. 16, 28, 4, 8, 24
d. 9, 6, 9, 12, 9
e. 6, 18, 4, 5, 2
____
89. If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education
and income are
a. dependent variables.
b. positively correlated.
c. independent variables.
d. negatively correlated.
e. causally related.
____
90. After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly
returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he began to experience unusual difficulty figuring out how to find his way t o
various locations in his neighborhood. It is most likely that Mr. Santore suffered damage to his
a. association areas.
b. hypothalamus.
c. thalamus.
d. autonomic nervous system.
e. cerebellum.
____
91. Robert wants to pursue a degree in a field in which he could help people learn how to change their lives, such as
determining what career best suits them. The subfield that is most applicable in this area is
a. neuropsychology.
b. rehabilitation psychology.
c. school psychology.
d. clinical psychology.
e. counseling psychology.
____
92. For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ________ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central
nervous system.
a. motor neurons
b. glands
c. sensory neurons
d. endocrines
e. interneurons
____
93. When the release of ACh is blocked, the result is
a. depression.
b. schizophrenia.
c. muscular paralysis.
d. aggression.
e. euphoria.
____
94. Correlational research is most useful for purposes of
a. experimentation.
b. prediction.
c. replication.
d. explanation.
e. control.
____
95. The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage?
a. REM rebound
b. NREM-2 sleep
c. NREM-1 sleep
d. NREM-3 sleep
e. REM
____
96. Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on
learning.
a. biological predispositions
b. conditioned reinforcers
c. shaping
d. spontaneous recovery
e. cognitive processes
____
97. Our experiences, assumptions, and expectations may give us a perceptual set that influences what we perceive. This is
an example of
a. bottom-up processing.
b. top-down processing.
c. sensory adaption.
d. psychophysics.
e. accommodation.
____
98. The concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a(n)
a. PET scan.
b. EEG.
c. brain lesion.
d. hemispherectomy.
e. MRI.
____
99. Little Albert was conditioned by John B. Watson to fear furry white rats. After conditioning, Albert also showed fear to
rabbits, dogs, and fur coats. This best illustrates
a. extinction.
b. discrimination.
c. acquisition.
d. shaping.
e. generalization.
____ 100. THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.
a. cocaine; hallucinogen
b. cocaine; stimulant
c. marijuana; stimulant
d. marijuana; hallucinogen
e. heroin; depressant
____ 101. After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, Jason experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for
high-pitched sounds only. Jason's hearing loss is best explained by the ________ theory.
a. place
b. Young-Helmholtz
c. opponent-process
d. gate-control
e. frequency
____ 102. Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called
a. endorphins.
b. amphetamines.
c. dissociatives.
d. hallucinogens.
e. depressants.
____ 103. Every day as she walks to school, Susana passes a mural painted on the side of a building.
However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is
the best explanation for this occurrence?
a. Susana is experiencing retroactive interference, leading to her forgetting past
information.
b. The memory of the mural has decayed over time.
c. Susana has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded
into long-term memory.
d. Such implicit memory is stored in the cerebellum, thus Susana must have
experienced damage to that brain region.
e. Because of the time span between being exposed to the mural, the spacing
effect has interrupted memory formation.
____ 104. Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to
a. see colors.
b. recognize familiar melodies.
c. recognize faces.
d. copy drawings.
e. speak fluently.
____ 105. Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of
a. thoughts, feelings, and perceptions.
b. observable responses to the environment.
c. maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.
d. behavior and mental processes.
e. conscious and unconscious mental activity.
____ 106. The area of the brain that receives information from the nose is directly connected with the limbic system. This
connection may explain why smells are often involved in which of the following?
a. altered states of consciousness
b. vivid memories
c. retinal disparity
d. subliminal perception
e. pain sensations
____ 107. Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
a. psychodynamic
b. behavioral
c. evolutionary
d. humanistic
e. biological
____ 108. A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly an d the
behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then
follow with a period of ________ reinforcement.
a. primary; secondary
b. negative; positive
c. continuous; partial
d. partial; continuous
e. positive; negative
____ 109. After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficu lty
a. playing his guitar.
b. experiencing intense emotions.
c. tasting the flavors of foods.
d. understanding what others are saying.
e. reading printed words.
____ 110. Someone who has difficulty speaking after a stroke is suffering from which of the following?
a. lesion
b. aphasia
c. neurogenesis
d. interneurons
e. angular gyrus
____ 111. Chloe believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because this has enhanced human
survival. Her belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.
a. psychodynamic
b. evolutionary
c. cognitive
d. behavioral
e. social-cultural
____ 112. An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which
test of memory is being utilized?
a. recognition
b. recall
c. reconstruction
d. relearning
e. misinformation
____ 113. Memory is best defined as
a. the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was
encoded.
b. recalling and retrieving information stored in the cerebral cortex.
c. stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded.
d. the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information.
e. the conscious encoding of information.
____ 114. Knowing the difference between an experimental condition and a control condition is most relevant to understanding the
nature of
a. correlations.
b. replication.
c. independent variables.
d. hindsight bias.
e. random sampling.
____ 115. Standing in the checkout line at the grocery store, Jerry kept looking at his watch to see the time. As a result, he fai led to
see that a store employee was being robbed by a person just in front of him. Jerry most clearly suffered
a. place theory.
b. sensory interaction.
c. inattentional blindness.
d. blind spot.
e. feature detectors.
____ 116. The inability to remember events in one's life which occurred prior to a brain injury is known as
a. retrograde amnesia.
b. motivated forgetting.
c. proactive interference.
d. anterograde amnesia.
e. retroactive interference.
____ 117. To graphically represent the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a
a. bar graph.
b. skewed distribution.
c. standard deviation.
d. scatterplot.
e. pie chart.
____ 118. The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by
a. Wilhelm Wundt.
b. René Descartes.
c. William James.
d. John B. Watson.
e. Sigmund Freud.
____ 119. REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because
a. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
b. our brain and nervous system are less active and our muscles are very active.
c. our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular.
d. it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images.
e. we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily.
____ 120. The parietal lobes are to ________ as the occipital lobes are to ________.
a. sensing touch; seeing
b. sensing pleasure; sensing pain
c. tasting; smelling
d. hearing; speaking
e. speaking; seeing
____ 121. Heritability refers to the extent to which
a. trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations.
b. nurture controls a trait rather than nature.
c. adult personality is determined by infant personality.
d. genetic mutations can be transmitted to one's offspring.
e. unrelated individuals share common genes.
____ 122. Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as “the scientific study of
observable behavior”?
a. Jean Piaget
b. John B. Watson
c. Edward Titchener
d. William James
e. Wilhelm Wundt
____ 123. Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful
rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful
every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
a. operant conditioning
b. latent learning
c. observational learning
d. negative reinforcement
e. classical conditioning
____ 124. John B. Watson emphasized that
a. cognition plays a role in conditioning through the power of prediction.
b. unlike lower animals, humans learn through a process of cognition.
c. learning depends on how predictably rather than how frequently events are associated.
d. both humans and lower animals learn to expect that a CS will be followed by a US.
e. learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.
____ 125. To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulat e
the rat's
a. cerebellum.
b. reticular formation.
c. medulla.
d. thalamus.
e. amygdala.
____ 126. In an experiment, researchers manipulate one factor to see its effect on a target factor. What is this target factor cal led?
a. confounding variable.
b. control group.
c. operational definition.
d. dependent variable.
e. placebo effect.
____ 127. Dissociation refers to
a. nonconformity to social pressure.
b. a state of paradoxical sleep.
c. conscious enactment of a hypnotic role.
d. manifest content, which is separate from latent content.
e. a state of divided consciousness.
____ 128. Some researchers suggest that the brain activity associated with REM sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic
stimulation. This finding supports which of the following dream theories?
a. physiological
b. information-processing
c. activation-synthesis
d. wish-fulfillment
e. developmental
____ 129. When a professional golfer continued to struggle with her swing, she consulted Dr. Ozak, who helped her learn new
strategies to help her improve her performance. Dr. Ozak is a(n) _______ psychologist.
a. developmental
b. psychometric
c. social
d. sports
e. counseling
____ 130. In the hypothesis “Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than
students who study the list just before falling asleep,” what is the independent variable?
a. time of day
b. number of terms remembered
c. list of terms
d. students
e. memorization
____ 131. Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability t o
concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the
a. REM rebound.
b. circadian rhythm.
c. NREM sleep.
d. menstrual cycle.
e. hypnagogic state.
____ 132. Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.
a. iconic; echoic
b. short-term; long-term
c. long-term; short-term
d. explicit; implicit
e. implicit; explicit
____ 133. Olgulskya sold many more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10 percent
chance of winning a prize than when she told them they had a 90 percent chance of not winning.
This best illustrates
a. the representativeness heuristic.
b. the availability heuristic.
c. the belief perseverance phenomenon.
d. the framing effect.
e. confirmation bias.
____ 134. When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter ________ production by the pineal gland.
a. serotonin
b. acetylcholine
c. endorphin
d. dopamine
e. melatonin
____ 135. A floating sea vessel is to the ocean water as ________ is to ________.
a. figure; ground
b. closure; continuity
c. light and shadow; relative height
d. proximity; similarity
e. lightness constancy; relative height
____ 136. Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of
a. childhood memories.
b. punishment and reinforcement.
c. genetic predispositions.
d. healthy growth potential.
e. unconscious thoughts.
____ 137. Consciousness is
a. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember.
b. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
c. effortless encoding of incidental information into memory.
d. our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.
e. the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.
____ 138. If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate that
a. better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children.
b. there is very little statistical relationship between weight and reading ability among children.
c. weight is a causal variable dependent on reading ability.
d. low body weight has a negative effect on the reading abilities of children.
e. body weight has no causal influence on the reading abilities of children.
____ 139. Professor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario
is most likely an example of which type of learning?
a. latent learning
b. observational learning
c. insight learning
d. classical conditioning
e. operant learning
____ 140. If psychologists discovered that more intelligent parents have smarter children than less intelligent parents, this woul d
demonstrate that
a. more intelligent parents provide their children with greater educational opportunities than do less
intelligent parents.
b. intelligence is inherited.
c. the intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated.
d. intelligence of children and parents are negatively correlated.
e. experiments based on this relationship would indicate causation.
____ 141. Professor Sharapova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty
remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates
a. the spacing effect.
b. mood-congruent memory.
c. source amnesia.
d. proactive interference.
e. retroactive interference.
____ 142. Circadian rhythm refers to
a. the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience.
b. a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.
c. a pattern of brain waves that occur during sleep.
d. the cycle of five distinct stages that we experience during a normal night's sleep.
e. the experience of sleep apnea following an extensive transoceanic flight.
____ 143. Dr. Welker decided on his career path after seeing two of his grandparents experience Alzheimer's disease. Because he
now works in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, he must be considered a(n) _____.
a. neuropsychologist.
b. experimental psychologist.
c. forensic psychologist.
d. rehabilitation psychologist.
e. counseling psychologist.
____ 144. Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back t o
sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from
a. sleep apnea.
b. aphasia.
c. night terrors.
d. insomnia.
e. narcolepsy.
____ 145. Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or
when those fears were learned. This best illustrates ________ memory.
a. state-dependent
b. sensory
c. short-term
d. implicit
e. working
____ 146. A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use whi ch
research method?
a. naturalistic observation
b. survey
c. case study
d. correlation
e. experiment
____ 147. Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit
a. respondent behavior.
b. intrinsic motivation.
c. continuous reinforcement.
d. spontaneous recovery.
e. latent learning.
____ 148. Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.
a. NS; NR
b. US; UR
c. CS; US
d. CS; UR
e. UR; CR
____ 149. Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than i n those
who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: “Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts.” The headline writer
should most clearly be warned about the dangers of
a. perceiving illusory correlations.
b. explaining events in hindsight.
c. discerning order in random events.
d. generalizing from unrepresentative samples.
e. confusing correlation with causation.
____ 150. An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to
a. euphoria.
b. depression.
c. schizophrenia.
d. Parkinson's disease.
e. Alzheimer's disease.
____ 151. The process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by
a. illusory correlation.
b. the placebo effect.
c. operational definitions.
d. the hindsight bias.
e. overconfidence.
____ 152. Which of the following would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your home?
a. feature detectors
b. basilar membrane
c. olfactory receptors
d. vestibular sacs
e. bipolar cells
____ 153. Thinking about sex (in your brain's cerebral cortex) can stimulate a region of the limbic system to secrete hormones.
These hormones trigger the pituitary gland to influence hormones released by other glands in the body. Which brain
region influences the endocrine system?
a. amygdala
b. reticular formation
c. hypothalamus
d. thalamus
e. hippocampus
____ 154. Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following
measures would be most relevant to this specific concern?
a. scatterplot
b. correlation coefficient
c. median
d. mean
e. standard deviation
____ 155. Compared with rods, cones are
a. less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail.
b. more sensitive to any light and less sensitive to fine detail.
c. more sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail.
d. less sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail.
e. more sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail.
____ 156. Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knoblike terminals at the end of the
a. cell body.
b. synapse.
c. axon.
d. myelin sheath.
e. dendrites.
____ 157. When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood
pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ________ nervous
system.
a. sensorimotor
b. central
c. sympathetic
d. parasympathetic
e. somatic
____ 158. Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders?
a. biological psychology
b. personality psychology
c. developmental psychology
d. clinical psychology
e. social psychology
____ 159. Which of the following correlations between annual income and education level would best enable you to predict annual
income on the basis of level of education?
a. +0.50
b. –0.01
c. +0.05
d. +0.10
e. –0.001
____ 160. When the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are not likely due to
chance, researchers conclude that this difference is
a. reliable.
b. experimentally empirical.
c. highly variable.
d. positively correlated.
e. statistically significant.
____ 161. During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive
interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the
fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best
explained in terms of
a. automatic processing.
b. relearning.
c. priming.
d. the serial position effect.
e. the spacing effect.
____ 162. Which statement best reflects current psychology's understanding of the relationship between nature and nurture?
a. nurture alone
b. nature or nurture
c. nature via nurture
d. nature alone
e. nature versus nurture
____ 163. In classical conditioning, the
a. unconditioned response produces the conditioned response.
b. neutral stimulus elicits salivation.
c. unconditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.
d. unconditioned stimulus is the same as the conditioned stimulus.
e. neutral stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus.
____ 164. The best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that
a. preschoolers typically fail to use proper syntax.
b. infants babble sounds that occur in their parents' native language.
c. toddlers maintain a capacity to discriminate language sounds they have never
heard.
d. people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood.
e. grammatical systems are similar in all languages.
____ 165. An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel separated from their
bodies is most closely associated with the use of
a. barbiturates.
b. LSD.
c. heroin.
d. marijuana.
e. cocaine.
____ 166. While Bev was hypnotized, her therapist suggested that during the next several days she would have a strong desire to
eat well-balanced meals. The therapist was apparently making use of
a. activation-synthesis theory.
b. posthypnotic amnesia.
c. paradoxical sleep.
d. posthypnotic suggestion.
e. age regression.
____ 167. Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different styles of parenting are encouraged among various ethnic
communities?
a. cognitive
b. evolutionary
c. social-cultural
d. psychodynamic
e. biological
____ 168. A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that “classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools.”
Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that “classroom prayer in public schools should be banned.”
These divergent findings best illustrate the importance of
a. operational definition.
b. the hindsight bias.
c. random assignment.
d. wording effects.
e. overconfidence.
____ 169. The part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands is called the
a. cell body.
b. axon.
c. synapse.
d. association area.
e. dendrite.
____ 170. Which of the following sleep disorders would have the most negative impact for a commercial bus driver?
a. sleep apnea
b. narcolepsy
c. insomnia
d. night terrors
e. sleepwalking
____ 171. How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories?
a. Hypnotism can enhance memory through parallel processing, accessing both
conscious and unconscious levels of our minds.
b. Parallel processing allows us to encode every event accurately as it happens,
even if we cannot always retrieve it later.
c. Parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once,
some automatically, some with effort.
d. Parallel processing allows our brain to encode memories directly into long-term
memory, bypassing working memory.
e. Sensory impulses travel through separate channels, with visual information going
into visual working memory, and auditory into auditory working memory.
____ 172. Dr. Wescott hypothesized that students in a classroom seating 30 would get higher course grades than students seated
in an auditorium seating 300. In this example,
a. Dr. Roberts has demonstrated the importance of random sampling.
b. Dr. Roberts has found a cause-effect relationship.
c. Dr. Roberts has found a positive correlation between classroom size and course grades.
d. the independent variable is the measurement of course grades.
e. classroom size has been operationally defined.
____ 173. Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a
________ schedule.
a. fixed-ratio
b. partial-interval
c. variable-interval
d. fixed-interval
e. variable-ratio
____ 174. Which of the following best describes the position of many current researchers regarding
repression?
a. Repression rarely occurs as it is difficult to forget emotional material.
b. The activity of the hippocampus leads to repression.
c. Repressed memories protect our self-concept and minimize anxiety.
d. Repressed memories, once out of consciousness, are not harmful.
e. Only implicit memories are repressed into unconsciousness.
____ 175. Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior?
a. sniffing to locate the source of a strange odor
b. blushing when embarrassed
c. thanking someone for their help
d. asking for a raise
e. studying for a test
____ 176. Because she had a serious traffic accident on Friday the 13th of last month, Felicia is convinced that all Friday the 13 ths
will bring bad luck. Felicia's belief best illustrates
a. the illusion of control.
b. random sampling.
c. overconfidence.
d. illusory correlation.
e. the hindsight bias.
____ 177. Amaya wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from
biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Amaya is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of
a. introspection versus structuralism.
b. nature and nurture.
c. behavior and mental processes.
d. biology and cognition.
e. conscious and unconscious thoughts.
____ 178. In one experiment, Wolfgang Köhler watched an ape suddenly solve a problem of reaching
bananas hanging from the ceiling by stacking and climbing up a number of crates. Which of the
following did Köhler conclude the ape used in problem solving?
a. algorithms
b. heuristics
c. framing
d. insight
e. trial and error
____ 179. The basilar membrane is located in the
a. middle ear.
b. auditory canal.
c. feature detector.
d. semicircular canal.
e. cochlea.
____ 180. The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is
a. Edward Thorndike.
b. Ivan Pavlov.
c. Albert Bandura.
d. B. F. Skinner.
e. Edward Deci.
____ 181. Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?
a. biological
b. humanistic
c. psychodynamic
d. evolutionary
e. behavioral
____ 182. Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________.
a. replication; correlation
b. illusory correlation; control group
c. correlational studies; case studies
d. surveys; experiments
e. description; prediction
____ 183. Ohio State University pedestrians were more likely to cross streets unsafely if they were talking on a cell phone. This
best illustrates the impact of
a. gate-control theory.
b. place theory.
c. the phi phenomenon.
d. retinal disparity.
e. selective attention.
____ 184. Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These
representations have been called
a. primary reinforcers.
b. intrinsic motives.
c. cognitive maps.
d. successive approximations.
e. discriminative stimuli.
____ 185. Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with
a. sleep spindles.
b. dissociation.
c. NREM-3 sleep.
d. sleep apnea.
e. REM sleep.
____ 186. A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced with a food pellet only if the rat moves close to the lever. Next, reinforcement is
withheld until the rat stands on its hind legs, then until the rat touches the lever, and finally, until the rat presses the lever.
This example best illustrates
a. generalization.
b. latent learning.
c. modeling.
d. spontaneous recovery.
e. shaping.
____ 187. Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance?
a. retinal disparity
b. visual cliff
c. relative motion
d. relative size
e. linear perspective
____ 188. The ability to simultaneously recognize the color, shape, size, and speed of an oncoming automobile best illustrates
a. subliminal perception.
b. kinesthesis.
c. blindsight.
d. sensory interaction.
e. parallel processing.
____ 189. Which of the following is the component of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the processing of new
memories?
a. medulla
b. cerebellum
c. thalamus
d. hippocampus
e. hypothalamus
____ 190. The sensory cortex is most critical for our sense of
a. taste.
b. hearing.
c. touch.
d. smell.
e. sight.
____ 191. When someone mentions hamburgers, Trisha immediately thinks of McDonald's. In this instance,
McDonald's is a
a. prototype.
b. fixation.
c. heuristic.
d. mental set.
e. phoneme.
____ 192. The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it
a. relies mostly on correlational rather than causational evidence.
b. is based on naturalistic observation.
c. leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.
d. overestimates the importance of operational definitions.
e. may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.
____ 193. Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation?
a. case study, naturalistic observation, survey
b. effect size, statistical significance, measures of central tendency, variation
c. informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing
d. volunteer participants only, no deception, incentives for participation
e. control group, random sampling, random assignment
____ 194. Although Yusef was having difficulty recalling the capital of the Netherlands, he quickly and
correctly identified it after being given a list of cities in the Netherlands. Yusef's initial inability to
recall the answer was due to a failure in
a. encoding.
b. state-dependent memory.
c. implicit memory.
d. storage.
e. retrieval.
____ 195. The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called
a. amplitude waves.
b. alpha waves.
c. delta waves.
d. sleep spindles.
e. circadian rhythms.
____ 196. The ability to simultaneously copy different figures with the right and left hand is most characteristic of those whose
________ has been cut.
a. sensory cortex
b. corpus callosum
c. angular gyrus
d. motor cortex
e. reticular formation
____ 197. Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mothe r.
Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective.
a. biological
b. psychodynamic
c. social-cultural
d. behavioral
e. evolutionary
____ 198. A football quarterback can simultaneously make calculations of receiver distances, player movements, and gravitational
forces. This best illustrates the activity of multiple
a. endorphin agonists.
b. endorphin antagonists.
c. thresholds.
d. neural networks.
e. endocrine glands.
____ 199. The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of
a. natural selection.
b. self-esteem.
c. cognition.
d. observable responses.
e. introspection.
____ 200. The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of
a. tolerance.
b. dissociation.
c. resistance.
d. narcolepsy.
e. withdrawal.
____ 201. Professor Shimabukuro carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the
development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Shimabukuro is most clearly engaged in
a. survey research.
b. replication.
c. naturalistic observation.
d. correlation.
e. experimentation.
____ 202. Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the
a. cochlea.
b. vestibular sacs.
c. middle ear.
d. inner ear.
e. semicircular canals.
____ 203. The most extensive regions of the cerebral cortex, which enable learning and memory, are called the
a. sensory areas.
b. association areas.
c. reticular formation.
d. cerebellum.
e. medulla.
____ 204. On the day she is to be interviewed for an important new position, Ariel awakens with a severe toothache. During the
interview she feels no pain; not until 30 minutes later does she become aware again of the troublesome toothache.
Ariel's experience is best explained by
a. the opponent-process theory.
b. Weber's law.
c. frequency theory.
d. the gate-control theory.
e. the Young-Helmholtz theory.
____ 205. The spatial junctions where impulses are chemically transmitted from one neuron to another are called
a. neurotransmitters.
b. neural networks.
c. synapses.
d. thresholds.
e. axons.
____ 206. Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.
a. neuroadaptive
b. hypnagogic
c. narcoleptic
d. psychoactive
e. dissociative
____ 207. Why is replication important to science?
a. Minimizing preexisting differences between groups increases confidence in findings about a
specific theory.
b. It allows you to obtain a representative sample of cases to study.
c. Repeated research with similar results increases confidence in the reliability of the original
findings.
d. Researchers can test the impact of belief on behavior.
e. The natural setting eliminates the artificial environment of a lab.
____ 208. Those who learn sign language as teens never become as fluent as children exposed to sign
language from birth. This best illustrates the importance of ________ for mastering language.
a. telegraphic speech
b. heuristics
c. a critical period
d. reinforcement
e. syntax
____ 209. The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory
involves the activity of
a. working memory.
b. iconic memory.
c. proactive interference.
d. semantic encoding.
e. implicit memory.
____ 210. The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n)
a. developmental psychologist.
b. industrial-organizational psychologist.
c. clinical psychologist.
d. psychiatrist.
e. biological psychologist.
____ 211. An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approa ching
the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is us ing the
method of
a. secondary reinforcement.
b. successive approximations.
c. classical conditioning.
d. delayed reinforcement.
e. latent learning.
____ 212. Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take
10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates
a. accommodation.
b. sensory adaptation.
c. Weber's law.
d. the McGurk effect.
e. the opponent-process theory.
____ 213. The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is
known as the ________ effect.
a. misinformation
b. priming
c. spacing
d. mnemonic
e. serial position
____ 214. The activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why
a. most dreams are realistic portrayals of pleasant life events.
b. dreams typically express unacceptable feelings in a symbolically disguised form.
c. people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep.
d. individuals with sleep apnea are unable to recall any of their dreams.
e. some people experience insomnia throughout their lives.
____ 215. The law of effect refers to the tendency to
a. learn in the absence of reinforcement.
b. repeat behaviors that are rewarded.
c. lose intrinsic interest in an over-rewarded activity.
d. learn associations between consecutive stimuli.
e. enhance conditioning using strict responses.
____ 216. Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently exposed
to external pressures to fight. Natassia's belief most directly exemplifies the ________ perspective.
a. cognitive
b. biological
c. evolutionary
d. psychodynamic
e. behavioral
____ 217. During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly detect
them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's
a. absolute threshold.
b. subliminal threshold.
c. difference threshold.
d. adaptation threshold.
e. auditory threshold.
____ 218. Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes
move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is
a. experiencing a night terror.
b. ready to sleepwalk.
c. entering the third stage of sleep.
d. exhibiting a sleep spindle.
e. dreaming.
____ 219. Kinesthesis refers to the
a. process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.
b. process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural signals.
c. system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.
d. diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.
e. quivering eye movements that enable the retina to detect continuous stimulation.
____ 220. Corbett refuses to take reasonable precautions to protect his health because he believes good health is just a matter of
luck anyway. Corbett's attitude best illustrates
a. the self-reference phenomenon.
b. an external locus of control.
c. the Barnum effect.
d. reciprocal determinism.
e. self-serving bias.
____ 221. Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a
a. positive punishment.
b. positive reinforcement.
c. negative reinforcement.
d. negative punishment.
e. punishing reinforcer.
____ 222. Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?
a. +0.25
b. –0.50
c. –0.12
d. +1.00
e. –0.99
____ 223. In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating
up a Bobo doll
a. did not demonstrate prosocial behavior even when such behavior was modeled later.
b. acted aggressively in the presence of other children.
c. displayed little interest in the experimental situation.
d. behaved aggressively in the presence of their parents.
e. imitated the adult’s actions.
____ 224. A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.
a. iconic
b. implicit
c. long-term
d. echoic
e. short-term
____ 225. Which of the following become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that
action themselves?
a. biofeedback systems
b. mirror neurons
c. operant chambers
d. fixed-ratio schedules
e. cognitive maps
____ 226. To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likel y
to use
a. correlational measures.
b. the case study approach.
c. naturalistic observation.
d. random assignment.
e. experimental research.
____ 227. The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by
a. illusory correlation.
b. the placebo effect.
c. hindsight bias.
d. replication.
e. overconfidence.
____ 228. The threadlike structures that contain genes are called
a. genomes.
b. synapses.
c. chromosomes.
d. hormones.
e. neurons.
____ 229. A sea slug learns to withdraw its gill after repeatedly being squirted by water. After repeated squirting, the withdrawa l
response lessens. Which term would learning theorists use to describe this reaction?
a. law of effect
b. negative reinforcement
c. operant conditioning
d. conditioned stimulus
e. habituation
____ 230. On the first day of class, Professor Kallay tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable
times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Kallay's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a _______ _
schedule.
a. variable-interval
b. fixed-ratio
c. variable-ratio
d. conditioned-response
e. fixed-interval
____ 231. A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face, but not reinforce d
for pecking after seeing other images. By signaling that a pecking response will be reinforced, the image of a human fac e
is a(n)
a. primary reinforcer.
b. discriminative stimulus.
c. unconditioned stimulus.
d. generalized stimulus.
e. partial reinforcement.
____ 232. Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that th e
esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women would consider the findings to
be common sense. This best illustrates the power of
a. illusory correlation.
b. overconfidence.
c. random sampling.
d. the hindsight bias.
e. the double-blind procedure.
____ 233. Receptor cells for kinesthesis are located in the
a. olfactory epithelium.
b. auditory cortex.
c. fovea.
d. inner ear.
e. joints, tendons, bones, and ear.
____ 234. Which of the following types of cells are located in the brain's occipital lobe?
a. feature detectors
b. hair cells
c. rods and cones
d. cochlea cells
e. bipolar cells
____ 235. Which of the following senses is best described as a chemical sense?
a. vision
b. audition
c. kinesthesis
d. touch
e. smell
____ 236. Scotty worked to find the solution to a long-division problem. In solving the problem, Scotty would
engage in
a. divergent thinking.
b. belief perseverance.
c. framing.
d. confirmation bias.
e. convergent thinking.
____ 237. A person with schizophrenia may have an overactive dopamine system. Drugs used to treat this disorder prevent the
action of dopamine by keeping it from binding to its receptors. These drugs are
a. agonists.
b. somatic.
c. selectively permeable.
d. antagonists.
e. sympathetic.
____ 238. Reuptake refers to the
a. movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap.
b. reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron.
c. release of hormones into the bloodstream.
d. inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane.
e. the ending of the refractory period.
____ 239. Reading a romantic novel caused Claudia to recall some old experiences with a junior high school
boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Claudia's memory retrieval is an illustration of
a. automatic processing.
b. chunking.
c. the spacing effect.
d. priming.
e. source amnesia.
____ 240. After having seen many pictures of the Lincoln Monument during his lifetime, Mr. Adams mistakenly
recalled that he had actually visited the site. This best illustrates
a. the self-reference effect.
b. flashbulb memory.
c. source amnesia.
d. implicit memory.
e. proactive interference.
____ 241. Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit
is maintained by a(n) ________ reinforcer.
a. partial
b. negative
c. positive
d. intermittent
e. conditioned
____ 242. At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an
increasing occurrence of
a. sleep talking.
b. REM sleep.
c. hypnagogic sensations.
d. NREM-3 sleep.
e. muscle tension.
____ 243. In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n)
a. unconditioned response.
b. conditioned stimulus.
c. conditioned response.
d. unconditioned stimulus.
e. neutral stimulus.
____ 244. The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how
a. behavior is influenced by environmental conditions.
b. feelings are influenced by blood chemistry.
c. how behaviors and thinking vary across cultures.
d. people try to understand their own unconscious motives.
e. people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
____ 245. A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n)
a. replication.
b. observation.
c. operational definition.
d. control condition.
e. standard deviation.
____ 246. About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken
him, but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears
that Bobby suffers from
a. night terrors.
b. insomnia.
c. narcolepsy.
d. sleep apnea.
e. sleep spindles.
____ 247. The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called
a. sleep spindles.
b. beta waves.
c. theta waves.
d. delta waves.
e. alpha waves.
____ 248. Information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via
a. the sympathetic nervous system.
b. sensory neurons.
c. the circulatory system.
d. interneurons.
e. the endocrine system.
____ 249. Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident
were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the
scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated
a. the spacing effect.
b. the self-reference effect.
c. state-dependent memory.
d. proactive interference.
e. the misinformation effect.
____ 250. The first psychological laboratory was established by
a. Sigmund Freud.
b. John Watson.
c. Wilhelm Wundt.
d. Jean Piaget.
e. William James.
ID: A
FALL 2018 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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ID: A
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B
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ID: A
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ID: A
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ID: A
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ID: A
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C
B
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E
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B
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B
B
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C
A
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D
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C