LESSON 8
COVERAGE
General Education 6
Jens
Martensson
LESSON 8 COVERAGE
►
The following topics will be discussed
■ Jose Rizal’s Biography
■ Writings of Dr. Jose Rizal
Jens
Martensson
Rizal’s Birth
_________________________________________
► Born
Rizal’s Birth
on Wednesday, June 19,
1861 between 11 and 12 mn at
the lakeshore town in Calamba,
Laguna.
► Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado
Alonso y Realonda.
► 7th child/ 11th of Don Francisco
Mercado and Dona Teodora
Alonso.
Jens
Martensson
Rizal’s Birth
_________________________________________
►
►
►
His family fondly called him Pepe.
He was christened at the church on June
22, 1861 when he was only 3 years old
by Rev. Fr. Rufino Collantes, and his
godfather was Rev. Fr. Pedro Casanas
His baptism was attested by the parish
priest of the town, Rev. Fr. Leoncio
Lopez.
Rizal’s Birth
Jens
Martensson
Jose Rizal’s Parent
Jens
Martensson
Don Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandra II
►
Was born on May 11, 1818 at Binan, Laguna.
►
Yougest of Cirila Alejandro and Juan Mercado.
►
He was one of the 4th generations of a Chinese immigrant in
the late 1600s named Domingo Lamco.
►
Pepe regarded him as “model of Fathers”
►
He was a tenat and also a landowner of the Dominican state
in Calamba, Laguna.
►
He died on January 5, 1898 at the house of his daughter
Narcisa shortly after the execution of his son Jose.
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Martensson
Dona Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda
y Quintos
►
Born in Meisik, Manila on Nov. 9, 1827.
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A native of Sta. Cruz, Manila.
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She was martinet, devoted, well-mannered
and a diligent mother.
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Studied Spanish at Colegio de Santa Rosa.
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Pepe considred her a remarkable woman.
►
She demonstrated on how to keep families
together despite the turmoil of the Spanish
Regime.
►
She possessed business ability,a refined
culture, literary giant, and the courage of a
frugal woman.
Jens
Martensson
Jose’s Siblings
Dona Saturnina(1850-1913)
►
Also known as “Neneng”
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Married to Manuel Hidalgo
►
Studied at La Concordia College
►
Published Pascual Poblete’s tagalog
translation of Noli Me Tangere.
►
Died in 1913 at the age of 63.
Jens
Martensson
Jose’s Siblings
Paciano (1851-1930)
Elder and only brother of Pepe.
Known as Ciano
Studied at Colgio de San Jose.
Married to Severina Decena and had 2 children
Died at the age of 79 because of tuberculosis.
Jens
Martensson
Jose’s Siblings
Narcisa (1852-1939)
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2nd daughter and 3rd child
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Known as Sisa
►
Believed to be the only sibling that could
narrate the poems of Pepe.
►
Married to a teacher and musician named
Antonio Lopez.
Jens
Martensson
Jose’s Siblings
Olimpia/Olympia (1855-1887)
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Known as Ypia.
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Married to Silvestro Ubaldo.
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Martensson
Jose’s Siblings
Lucia(1857-1919)
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Married to Manuel Herbosa of Calamba,
Laguna.
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Martensson
Jose’s Siblings
Maria (1859-1945)
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Married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Binan,
Laguna.
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She was known as Biang.
Jens
Martensson
Jose’s Siblings
Concepcion(1862-1865)
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She was called as Concha.
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Died at the age of 3.
Jens
Martensson
Jose’s Siblings
Josefa(1865-1945)
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Was an old maid who died at the age of 80.
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Known as Panggoy in her family.
Jens
Martensson
Jose’s Siblings
Trinidad(1868-1951)
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Like her sister Panggoy, she died an old maid
at the age of 83.
►
She was the keeper of Rizal’s dirge Mi Ultimo
Adios.
Jens
Martensson
Jose’s Siblings
Soledad (1870-1929)
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She became a teacher.
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She was known as Choleng.
►
Married to Pantaleon Quintero.
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Martensson
Rizal’s Family Tree
Jens
Martensson
Jose’s Family
Jens
Martensson
Jens
Martensson
Jose’s Ancestors
►Rizal
Family was a mixture of different races.
►Jose Rizal’s parents were of different ancestral origins.
Jens
Martensson
Jens
Martensson
Jose’s Childhood Experiences
►Jose’s
childhood was full of joy and meaningful
memories.
►He was amiable, thoughtful, and loving person.
►His mother was his first teacher who taught him
how to pray, read, and write.
►He wrote a poem regarding his hometown Un
Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo.
Jens
Martensson
Jose’s Childhood Experiences
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His father built him a small nipa hut.
►
He was also served an Aya to attend him.
►
He and his Aya shared a lot of stories about
folklores, myths, legends.
►
He also experience playing alone and jus
watch the birds singing on the trees.
Jens
Martensson
Jose’s Childhood Experiences
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Jose also enjoyed doing some drawings about
animals.
►
He had a pony that he used in visiting some
sceneries in his place.
►
He is used to mold clays and made little
animals-like.
►
He liked to have a night walk together with his
dog Usman (Berganza).
Jens
Martensson
Jose’s Childhood Experiences
He considered his trip to Antipolo to
be one of the happiest moments he
had.
His first trip to Manila was to visit
her sister Saturnina.
His first grief in life was because of
the death of his sister, Concha.
At 8, Jose wrote a poem about his
fellow children entitled Sa Aking
mga Kababata).
Jose also witnessed the brutal
actions of the Guardia civil to some
innocent people. This made and
gave him the idea to offer his life in
the service of his countrymen.
Jens
Martensson
Pepe’s first Teacher
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Pepe was first schooled in their
home.
His mother, Dona Teodora was his
first teacher.
She taught him how to pray and read
the alphabet and the Holy Bible.
Her mother also read him interesting
stories and poetry.
The story of the Moth was the most
memorable and touching story that
Pepe liked the most.
Jens
Martensson
Pepe’s Private Tutor
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The parents of the Mercado siblings assured
the education of their children.
►
They hired private tutors, especially for Pepe,
to provide good and knowledgeable lessons at
home.
►
Maestro Celestino(first tutor)
►
Maestro Lucas Padua(second tutor)
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Martensson
Pepe’s Private Tutor
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Don Francisco later hired dis former
classmate, Leon Monroy, to teach Pepe
Spanish and Latin.
►
He was a hired stay-in tutor but died after five
months.
►
The death of Senor Leon Monroy caused
Pepe’s parents to send him to a private school
in Binan.
Jens
Martensson
First Formal Schooling- Binan, Laguna (1870-1871)
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►
►
Sunday afternoon in June 1870, Pepe
left Calamba for Binan for his first
schooling.
He was accompanied by Paciano and
they rode in a carromata, and headed to
their aunt’s place where Pepe was to
stay.
In Binan, Pepe and his cousin Leandro
went for sightseeing around the town.
Jens
Martensson
Jens
Martensson
First Formal Schooling- Binan, Laguna (1870-1871)
►On
the next day(Monday), Paciano brought Pepe to
Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz’s schoolhouse located
about 30 meters away from their aunt’s house.
►The school was made of a nipa hut.
►Pepe experienced some little difficulties like bullying,
skirmish and fighting.
►His uncle Manuel taught him how to fight that later made
him popular in their school.
Jens
Martensson
First Formal Schooling- Binan, Laguna (1870-1871)
►Pepe’s
life in Binan was marked by happines.
►Pepe nurtured his skills on painting.
►Senor Juancho taught him how to do drawing and
painting.
►His classmate, Jose Guevarra joined Pepe for drawing
and painting lessons during their free time.
Jens
Martensson
First Formal Schooling- Binan, Laguna (1870-1871)
► Pepe,
along with his classmates, concentrated much of their learning on
Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, and Religion.
► They focused on Religion, since it was more rigid and their teacher was
overly strict.
► They were forced to memorize each lessons and discipline was imposed
with a whip.
► Jose excelled on all the subjects and lessons. There well jealousy
occurred among them, and by that they made wrong stories about Pepe
which caused him with five to six blows as he was laid out on a school
bench.
Jens
Martensson
After his Binan experiences
► After
passing all the necessary requirement in his studies, Maestro
Justiniano informed the parents of Pepe that he had learnt everything
that he could teach him, and recommended that Pepe should be sent to
college in Manila.
► Her sister Saturnina wrote to Pepe about the arrival of the steamer Talim
to Binan, saying that he could board bound for Calamba.
► Pepe was sad to left Binan and move for another schooling. He left Binan
at the 17th of December 1870.
Jens
Martensson
After his Binan experiences
Rizal left Binan with
so much
experiences.
He arrived Calamba
in time for the
Christmas season.
He was so happy to
be with his family
again.
Jens
Martensson
The Imprisonment of Dona Teodora
►The
story of Dona Teodora’s imprisonment
started when she tried to help and persuaded
his brother, Senor Jose Alberto, to just forgive
his wife who went along with another man and
then after, abandoning and leaving their
children at home, in order to avoid scandal.
►However, the woman connived with the Spanish
authority and told that Teodora and her
husband tried to poisoned her.
Jens
Martensson
The Imprisonment of Dona Teodora
►Teodora
was arrested and forced to walk for about 50 km
from Calamba to Sta. Cruz and was imprisoned for almost
2 years and a half.
►The incident saddened the whole Mercado family,
especially the 11 year old Pepe, after hearing that his
mother was treated unkindly, no proper medicine and
accommodation.
►The case reached the Manila Roya Audiencia where she
was acquitted.
Jens
Martensson
The Death of the GomBurZa
►A
revolt happened on the night of January 20, 1872,
when about 200 Filipino workers and soldiers were not
given the proper privileges and not being exempted from
tribute and forced labor(polo) at that time.
►The mutiny was suppressed after two days when
reinforcement troops arrived from Manila.
Jens
Martensson
The Death of the GomBurZa
► The
incident was used by the
Spanish authorities to liquidate
the three priests:
■ Mariano Gomez
■ Jose Burgos
■ Jacinto Zamora
► By the orders of Gov. gen. Rafael
de Izquierdo, they were executed
through garrote.
Jens
Martensson
The Connection of the death of the GomBurZa to the
Mercado Family
►Fr.
Jose Burgos was Paciano’s teacher and a good
friend.
►After the execution, Paciano returned to Calamba and
told his younger brother Pepe about the news.
►The event added to the rousing indignation that Pepe
felt for the injustice done to his family and vowed to
fight against the evils of Spanish authority.
►He later wrote the El Filibusterismo , that he dedicated
to the three priests.
Jens
Martensson
Pepe’s experiences in Manila(1872-1877)
►After
the execution of the GomBurZa and the
imprisonment of Dona Teodora, Pepe was sent to Manila
to study at the Ateneo de Municipal.
►On his first day in Manila, he was accompanied by
Paciano. He took the entrance examination at the
College of San Juan de Letran.
►After returning and attending the town fiesta in
Calamba, Don Francisco changed his mind about Pepe’s
education. And decided finally to attend at the Ateneo
de Municipal.
Jens
Martensson
Pepe’s experiences in Manila(1872-1877)
►At
first, he was refused admittance in the said
school for 2 reasons:
■He was already late for registration
■He was so frail and sickly, aside from being too small for
his age.
►Due
to the intervention of Manuel Xeres Burgos,
Pepe was finally admitted.
Jens
Martensson
Ateneo De Municipal Experience
►Pepe
enrolled at Ateneo under the surname “Rizal”.
►Ateneo was ruled by the Jesuits. The system of
education was more advanced than the other
schools during that time.
►The school offered different subjects related to
sciences, arts, agriculture and even mechanics.
Jens
Martensson
Ateneo De Municipal Experience
The students were
divided into two the
externos (nonboarders) and the
internos(boarders).
The best student in
each group was called
the Emperor.
Jens
Martensson
Ateneo De Municipal Experience
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►
►
►
The studenta are required to
wear a hem-fabric uniform
trousers called rayadillo.
Pepe was assigned in the
Carthaginian Empire
because he was an externos.
He progressed rapidly in the
class and then became the
Emperor.
He received his first ever
prize for being the top in
their class, a religious
picture and he was so happy.
Jens
Martensson
Ateneo De Municipal Experience
Pepe attended private lessons in
Spanish at the San Isabel College.
Although he was regarded with
excellent marks in the class, some
professors had remarks about him
and that made Pepe disliked it.
He landed second place at the
end, even with excellent marks.
Jens
Martensson
Ateneo De Municipal Experience
Jens
Martensson
Ateneo De Municipal Experience
Jens
Martensson
Ateneo De Municipal Experience
After graduation, Pepe experienced
his first romance.
He met Segunda Katigbak in his
maternal grandmother’s house.
Segunda studied at La Concordia
College where his sister Olympia
also studied.
Unfortunately, Segunda was
engaged to Manuel Luz Jose.
Jens
Martensson
University of Santo Tomas Experience
► In
April 1877, Don Francisco
asked Paciano to accompany
Pepe to enrol in Manila.
► Pepe was 16 when he enrolloed
in UST because:
■He was not yet certain on what
career he want to pursue
■His father liked the course
Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy
and Letters.
Jens
Martensson
University of Santo Tomas Experience
► Pepe
enrolled to a vocational course- perito agrimensor( expert in
surveying) at Ateneo while studying in UST.
► At the following school year, Pepe was adviced to take up Medicine.
► He like to take Medicine for his mother.
► He decided to take Medicine in UST.
► Even Pepe was a Thomasian, he remained loyal to Ateneo.
► He was still attending his affliations in Ateneo, passing the board of
surveyors(but not granted with the title because he was underage),
president of the two academies he attended, and secretary of the Marian
Congregation.
Jens
Martensson
University of Santo Tomas Experience
►
►
►
►
Pepe’s experience in the school of
medicine was not that better.
He only received the grade fair and good
compared to the grades he got from
Ateneo.
This gave Pepe a heavy heart for he
knew he fared better than his
peninsulares classmates.
He hated his Dominican professors who
were cruel and biased to his Filipino
classmates who just kept quiet in spite
being humiliated.
Jens
Martensson
University of Santo Tomas Experience
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Martensson
University of Santo Tomas Experience
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Martensson
University of Santo Tomas Experience
►Pepe
wrote award winning literary
pieces like:
■A La Juventud Filipina(to the Filipino
Youth)`
■El Consejo delos Dioses(The Council
of the Gods)
■Junta al Pasig (Beside the Pasig)-a
zarzuela written in 1880 on the
occasion of the Feast of the
Immaculate Conception
■A Filipina(sonnet)
Jens
Martensson
University of Santo Tomas Experience
►After
attending the
medical course in UST,
Pepe decided to study in
Spain.
►He could no longer
endure rampant bigotry,
discrimination, hostility
prevailing in UST by the
Friars.
►
►
He informed Paciano, Saturnina, Lucia
and his uncle Antonio Rivera about his
plans and kept it with his parents.
Aside from pursuing strong medical
course, 3 reasons about his plans in
Spain:
■ Biased and hostile treatment of the
OP professors against him.
■ Disgusted with the antiquated
method of instruction in the UST
during his time
■ The racial discrimination that the OP
solons had against the Filipinos.
Jens
Martensson
EDUCATION IN EUROPE
►Studied
MAY 5, 1882 –
Salvadora
“steamer”
Singapore – Suez
Canal –
Marseilles –
Barcelona.
“Philosophy and
Letter and
Medicine. And
other foreign
languages.
Jens
Martensson
EDUCATION IN EUROPE
1884 – received a degree of ►Madrid – Paris (clinic
Licentiate in Medicine @ 24
assistant of Dr. Louis de
(Philosophy and Letters) –
Weckert) (oculist).
University of Madrid
Jens
Martensson
EDUCATION IN EUROPE
1884 – received a degree of ►Madrid – Paris (clinic
Licentiate in Medicine @ 24
assistant of Dr. Louis de
(Philosophy and Letters) –
Weckert) (oculist).
University of Madrid
► Also worked with Jagor, Virchow
(head anthropologist society),
Blumentritt.
Jens
Martensson
EDUCATION IN EUROPE
Heidelberg – Leipzig
Study Psychology,
environment, history and
language.
►1885
– study art, visiting
the various museums and
associating with the
Lunas, Tavernas
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Martensson
EDUCATION IN EUROPE
Noli Me Tangere – printed
and launched on February
21, 1887.
With the help of Maximo
Viola
►Berliener
Burchcdrukrei
Action Gesselchaft Printing
house – 300 for 2,000
copies.
Jens
Martensson
EDUCATION IN EUROPE
In Dresden – Museum of Art ►Went to Vienna
“Prometheus Bound”
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Martensson
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Martensson
Homecoming
Operation in the
►Rizal was summoned by
Philippines was his Mother
GG Terrero to
Dona Teodora.
Malacanang from
►First
■Removal of double cataract.
■Well known young oculist
■Within 7 months (5k
excluding diamonds)
Calamba.
■to be interviewed as the
Author of Noli Me
Tangere
■Gave Him a body guard
“Jose Taviel de Andrade
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Martensson
Homecoming
►- japan – San
April 28, 1888 –
Francisco
Rocky
► 1888 - advised Rizal to
leave the country at once.
Mountains, Chicago.
Niagara Falls,- Albany(
► Search for Leonor Rivera.
train).
► Plan on returning to Europe
via USA
►Dr. Antonio Maria Regidor
► Feb.28, 1888 – sailed from ►Dr. Reinhold Rost
Manila to HK – Macao
(talked with the exiles of 1872) ►Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt
annus hystericus.
Jens
Martensson
Homecoming
Wyler sent
► Juan Luna
troops to CALAMBA.
► Death of Lucia’s husband
►@ HK asked permission
► In Belgium he continued
from his parents and
his writing of El
new gg despojol to
Filibusterismo
return in the island.
► March 29, 1891 in France
► Annotation
of Morga’s book ►General
completed El Fili. Published
@September, 1891
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Martensson
THE EXILE OF JOSE RIZAL
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Martensson
►Arrest
and the Decree of Deportation
►Life in Dapitan
►Plans for Cuba
►Departure from Dapitan
►Voyage to Cuba and Spain
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Martensson
Arrest and Decree of Deportation
► July
7,1892
► Decree of Deportation
■ Pepe was placed under arrest
■ Due to Pepe’s possession of the
leaflet Pobres Frailes.
■ His novels are anti- catholic and
anti-cleric.
■ El Filibusterismo and the
GomBurZa.
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Martensson
Arrest and Decree of Deportation
► Pepe
was not yet exiled but temporarily
detained in Fort Santiago.
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Martensson
Life in Dapitan
► It
was believed that the Jesuits
advised the Governor General to
exile him in Dapitan.
► July 14, 1892(10:00pm)
■ Pepe was scheduled to leave Fort
Santiago.
■ (1:00 am/July 15) Pepe boarded
through a ferryboat Cebu to
Dapitan.
► July
17, 1892
■ Pepe arrived in Dapitan
■ Met Ricardo Carcinero
Jens
Martensson
Life in Dapitan
► Pepe
stayed at the House of Ricardo
Carcinero in Dapitan.
► August 30, 1892
■ Carcinero informed the Gov. Gen, Eulogio
Despujol that Pepe wanted reforms in the
Philippines.
► September
21, 1892
■ Submitted another report about freedom of
religion and of the press.
Jens
Martensson
Life in Dapitan
►September
21, 1892
■Pepe, Carcinero, and Equilor were
informed by a mail boat from Butuan
tthat their ticket won second prize.
■20,000 pesos.
■Pepe used the money to buy a piece of
land and to build his tree houses.
■He asked Ricardo Carcinero to stay in
his house.
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Martensson
Jens
Martensson
Life in Dapitan
►August
1893
■Pepe’s family arrived in
Dapitan.
■Operate his mother’s
eyes.
► Pepe
was also a
discoverer when he
was able to named
certain species and
was named after him.
Jens
Martensson
Life in Dapitan
►August
28, 1893
■Pepe heard about the death of
Leonor Rivera.
■He met Josephine Bracken and
immediately fell in love with her.
■They were not permitted to tie-aknot because of the refusal of
the Bishop of Cebu.
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Martensson
Changes in Leadership
►Don
Antonio Maura (Minister of
Colonies)
►Despujol was replaced by Federico
Ochando and then, Ramon Blanco.
►Ricardo Carcinero was replaced by
Juan Sitges.
►Fr. Pablo Pastells was replaced by Fr.
Juan Ricart.
Jens
Martensson
Plans for Cuba
►Pepe
felt ill because he did not received
any feedback regarding his petitions to
transfer as promised by the Gov. Gen.
Blanco.
►He wrote a letter to his sister Trinidad
that he was beginning to feel ill.
►Pio Valenzuela asked by Andres
Bonifacio to inform Pepe about their
plans of revolution.
►Pepe refused to join the KKK movement.
Jens
Martensson
Plans for Cuba
►There
were other suggestions for Pepe:
■To write a letter to obtain pardon in Madrid.
■To make Pepe as a volunteer military doctor
in Cuba.
Jens
Martensson
Departure from Dapitan
►In
return to his kindness, the people in
Dapitan prepared a celebration for their
adopted son before his return to Manila.
►July 31, 1896
■Pepe left Dapitan at midnight.
■He boarded through Espana
►August
6, 1896.
■Pepe arrived in Manila.
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Martensson
Voyage to Cuba
►August
30, 1896
■Gov. Gen. Blanco gave Pepe some letters;
two for the Minister of Colonies and Minister
of War.
►September
2-3, 1896
■Pepe left the Philippines.
►September
30, 1896
■He was confined in his own cabin
Jens
Martensson
Arrival in Spain
►October
3, 1896
■Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona.
Jens
Martensson
TRIAL
DECEMBER 29, 1896 –
FORMALLY NOTIFIED OF THE COURT’S VERDICT.
6 officers presided over by Colonel Jose Togores Arjona.
Advocate General Enrique de Alcocer – prosecutor
Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade – defendant (1887-1888)
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Martensson
1.
2.
3.
TRIAL
Guilty on Charges : Cap. Francisco de Olive
Preliminary charges was conducted by Col. Rafael Dominguez
November 20 – the investigation was done without a defendant. He
was interrogated for 2 days straight.
La Liga Filipina
1. To Talisay
2. Kundiman
3. Speeches of Katipuneros
“ long live the Philippines, Long live Liberty! Love live Rizal!”
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Martensson
4.
5.
6.
TRIAL
Guilty on Charges : Cap. Francisco de Olive
Membership on Masonry
Dr. Valenzuela’s visit on Dapitan
Cap. Olive – torture Paciano for evidences
Judge Rafael Dominguez – speedy trial
Charge: Rizal was the principal organizer and the soul of the
insurrection in the Philippines, a founder of societies, newspapers and
books devoted to favoring and making public rebellious and sedition
ideas.
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Martensson
His last few days
December 29: visitors
Family member, newspapermen, his defense counsel, priests.
Afternoon: Maria, Trinidad, Narcisa, niece Angelica and little
Maurico
December 30 - confession
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Martensson
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Martensson