What is Science?
What is Science?
We all need to know Science because it is closely related to our
lives.
Studying Science helps us to understand the things around us, solve
problems and train our minds to think logically and systematically
TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
It is the systematic study
of nature and how it
affects us and the
environment.
• The way in which scientific
discoveries are used to build
machines and to make our lives
easier & more comfortable.
- It is the application of scientific
knowledge for the benefit of
mankind.
Branches of Science
• Biology
- the study of living things
• Chemistry - the study of substances
• Physics
- the study of matter, energy and natural forces
• Astronomy - the study of the Sun, the Moon, the stars and other
heavenly bodies
• Geology
- the study of the structures of the Earth
Science cannot be used to find an answer to all of
our questions or solve all of our problems.
We can use Science to reduce the damages
caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes
and hurricanes but we can prevent them from
happening.
Quiz
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The Scientific Method
Arrange the images in sequence
B
C
A
Process skills
In carrying out experiments , science process skills are required. These
include :
• Observing carefully and measuring accurately
• Communicating effectively
• Making inference and developing a hypothesis
An inference is a statement one arrives at by reasoning based on
observations or measurements.
• Planning or designing experiments to test the hypothesis
Quiz
Making careful observations or accurate measurements
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Recording the observations or readings in appropriate forms
Coming up with a hypothesis to explain the observations
Planning & designing to carry out experiments
If the results support the
hypothesis, it becomes a theory.
If the results do not
support the hypothesis,
reject it.
If the theory is tested a number of times and is still found to be true, it
becomes a LAW OF SCIENCE.
Come up with a new
hypothesis
Laboratory Safety Rules
• Do not enter the school laboratory without permission.
• Keep all doors and windows opened during the laboratory
session unless instructed otherwise.
• Tests and experiments should not be carried out without the
teacher’s permission.
• Read and understand the experiment before starting.
• Check all labels on the containers before use.
• All apparatus and chemicals must be handled carefully and
correctly.
• Be tidy by washing and returning all apparatus to the proper
places after use and cleaning up your sink and bench.
• Dispose all waste correctly into a waste bin.
• There should be no eating, drinking or playing in the laboratory.
• Do not tamper with any electrical outlets and wirings in the
laboratory.
When heating or mixing chemicals
• The mouth of a test-tube should point away from people.
• Goggles must be worn during mixing or heating chemicals.
• Flammable chemicals should not be placed near naked flames.
• The unused portion of a chemical should not be put back into its
container.
• Chemicals should not be tasted unless the teacher instructs you to do
so.
When accidents occur
If a chemical gets into your mouth by accident, spit it out and wash
with plenty of water.
• If a chemical comes into contact with your skin or clothing, wash
thoroughly with plenty of water.
• All accidents, injuries, spillage and breakage must be reported to the
teacher immediately.
Symbol
Nature of substance and example
Toxic.
e.g : chlorine, mercury, cyanide
Radioactive.
e.g : uranium, plutonium
Corrosive
e.g : strong acids and alkalis.
Explosive
e.g : hydrogen
Flammable
e.g : alcohol, petrol
Irritating
e.G : bromine vapour, chloroform
Symbols of hazardous substances
LABORATORY APPARATUS
• Test tube & Boiling tube
For containing or heating small
amounts of substances
Beaker & Conical flask
For containing chemicals or collecting liquids
Thistle funnel
• For transferring liquids into a
flask
Flat- bottomed flask
For containing chemicals
when preparing gases if the
process requires no heating
Round – bottomed flask
For containing chemicals
when preparing gases if the
process requires heating
Pipette
For measuring very accurately a specific volume of liquid (25 cm3)
Measuring cylinder
For measuring a volume of
liquid to an accuracy of 1 cm3
Burette
For measuring a volume of
liquid to an accuracy of 0.1
cm3
Evaporating dish
For evaporating a liquid from a solution
Filter funnel
• For separating an insoluble solid
from a liquid with the help of a
piece of filter paper
Gas Jar
For collecting gases
Crucible
For heating solids directly over a flame
Bell Jar
For separating an experimental set up
from the outside environment
Water trough
For containing water when collecting
gases
Displacement can
• For displaced liquid to flow out
through its spout
Retort stand
For supporting apparatus during
experiments
Tripod stand
• For supporting apparatus during
heating
BUNSEN BURNER
Bunsen Burner
❑ Robert Bunsen was the first person who
invented Bunsen burner in 1855.
❑ Bunsen burner is used to heat things in
laboratory.
How to light a Bunsen Burner
❑ Place on a heat proof mat
❑ connect to the gas tab
❑ close the air hole
❑ Light the match
❑ Turn on the gas
❑ Hold the match just level with barrel
Types of Bunsen burner Flames
❑ There are three types of flame on Bunsen
Burner flames
O Yellow (safety flame) luminous flame
O Blue flame – non-luminous flame
O Roaring flame
Luminous Flame
O Luminous flame are produced when the gas does not burn
completely (when the Air holes are closed).
O Not very hot
O Produced a lot of light
Type of Flame
Yellow (safety
flame)
Luminous flame
Air Hole
When do we use this
flame
When we are not using for heating
closed
Blue flame
Non – luminous
flame
Half open
( open partially )
To gently heat up things
Roaring flame
Open
To heat things fast
Non-luminous Flame
O Non-luminous flame are produced when the gas burn
completely (when the air holes are
partially opened)