SCIENCE IN THE PARK: ROCK POOLS
SPECIES BIODIVERSITY LAB
Purpose: To understand the importance of biodiversity, calculate the indices of the Simpson’s
Index, and quantify the biodiversity of a sample.
Developed by E. A. Betts
Time: 40 minutes
BACKGROUND:
Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure of diversity. In ecology, it is often used to quantify the
biodiversity of a habitat. It takes into account the number of species present, as well as the
abundance of each species.
Before looking at Simpson's Diversity Index in more detail, it is important to understand the
basic concepts. Biological diversity can be quantified in many different ways. The two main
factors taken into account when measuring diversity are richness and evenness. Richness is
a measure of the number of different kinds of organisms present in a particular area. For
example, species richness is the number of different species present. However, diversity
depends not only on richness, but also on evenness. Evenness compares the similarity of the
population size of each of the species present.
Richness - The number of species per sample is a measure of richness. The more species
present in a sample, the 'richer' the sample.
Species richness as a measure on its own takes no account of the number of individuals of
each species present. It gives as much weight to those species which have very few individuals
as to those which have many individuals. Thus, one daisy has as much influence on the
richness of an area as 1000 buttercups.
Evenness - Evenness is a measure of the relative abundance of the different species that
make up the richness of an area.
To give an example, we might have sampled two different fields for wildflowers. The sample
from the first field consists of 300 daisies, 335 dandelions and 365 buttercups. The sample
from the second field comprises 20 daisies, 49 dandelions and 931 buttercups (see the table
below). Both samples have the same richness (3 species) and the same total number of
individuals (1000). However, the first sample has more evenness than the second. This is
because the total number of individuals in the sample is quite evenly distributed between the
three species. In the second sample, most of the individuals are buttercups, with only a few
daisies and dandelions present. Sample 2 is therefore considered to be less diverse than
sample 1.
Flower Species
Daisy
Individuals in Sample #1
300
Individuals in Sample #2
20
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SCIENCE IN THE PARK: ROCK POOLS
Dandelion
335
49
Buttercup
365
931
Total
1000
1000
A community dominated by one or two species is considered to be less diverse than one in
which several different species have a similar abundance.
As species richness and evenness increase, diversity increases. Simpson's Diversity Index is a
measure of diversity which takes into account both richness and evenness.
Simpson’s Index (D) measures the probability that two individuals randomly selected from a
sample will belong to the same species (or some category other than species). There are two
versions of the formula for calculating D. In this class we will use the following
Where ni is the number of each individual species, N is the total number of individuals, and D
ranges between 0 and 1. With this index, 0 represents infinite diversity and 1, no diversity. That
is, the bigger the value of D, the lower the diversity.
To calculate Simpson's Index for a particular area, the area must first be sampled. The number of
individuals of each species present in the samples must be noted. For example, the diversity of the
ground flora in a woodland, might be tested by sampling random quadrates. The number of plant
species within each quadrant, as well as the number of individuals of each species is noted. There
is no necessity to be able to identify all the species, provided they can be distinguished from each
other.
As an example, let us work out the value of D for a single quadrat sample of ground vegetation in
a woodland. Of course, sampling only one quadrat would not give you a reliable estimate of the
diversity of the ground flora in the wood. Several samples would have to be taken and the data
pooled to give a better estimate of overall diversity.
Species
Abundance (ni)
Woodrush
2
Holly Seedlings
8
Bramble
1
Willow
1
Sedge
3
Totals
15
Then to solve for Simpson’s Index
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SCIENCE IN THE PARK: ROCK POOLS
So Simpson’s Index = 0.3
Pre-lab Questions
Species
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
1
10
20
100
2
10
20
1
3
10
10
1
4
10
10
1
5
10
2
1
1. Why would we want to rate the amount of biodiversity in a location?
It's essential that biodiversity should be measured because a high level of biodiversity is seen as
a sign of ecosystem health. Diverse communities are seen to have improved stability, production,
and resistance to invasion and other disturbances in general. Biodiversity plays an important role in
ecosystem functions that provide supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural services. These
services are essential for human well-being.
2. Examine the charts below and calculate the diversity indices for the three samples.
Sample 1 = ___0.18_____
Sample 2 =___0.25______
Sample 3 = ____0.92____
3. Use the results from the previous question to describe the biodiversity of each sample.
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SCIENCE IN THE PARK: ROCK POOLS
Procedure
1. Using a small net, take a bottom sample from the simulated waterbody. Empty the sample
and inventory the different “species” and the abundance of each species in the sample. Site 1
(Sea)
“Species”
Number
Starfish
7
Sea urchin
6
Sea grass
10
Hermit crab
2
Corals
25
Small fishes
30
Site 2
“Species”
Number
Hermit crab
7
Crab (kagang)
8
Pillbugs
4
Sea conch
4
Frog
2
fishes
10
Site 3
“Species”
Number
Crab (kagang)
3
Hermit crab
11
Fishes
3
Frog
5
Pillbugs
1
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SCIENCE IN THE PARK: ROCK POOLS
Sea snails
14
Site 4 River
“Species”
Number
Starfish
5
Sea urchin
10
Sea grass
38
Sea conch
3
Corals
5
Small fishes
15
2. Use the data to calculate the Simpson diversity index for each sample.
Site
Simpson Diversity Index
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
0.26
0.18
0.24
0.31
Site 4
3. Which site had the greatest amount of biodiversity? Site 2.
4. Which site had the least?
Site 4. We think it has the least number of biodiversity because of the site we observed
was the estuaries part.
5. Which “species” were present and abundant at every site? Fishes.
6. Which “species” were only found at certain sites?
The corals, because it can be only found on deep and rock part of the sea.
7. Why do you think some species were not found at all sites? What could have caused their
disappearance from the site?
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SCIENCE IN THE PARK: ROCK POOLS
There are factors such as the availability of food, their habitat, salinity of water, temperature,
etc. that affects their presence on an area. For example, corals can only form when
freeswimming coral larvae attach to submerged rocks or other hard surfaces. Therefore, they
can’t grow on the part of a sea where there is only plain seafloor below. Another example are
frogs. They can only be found on the coastlines and on the river part where sea and river
meet because they can’t handle the salinity of water as well as the waves of the sea. Due to
that reason, you can’t see frogs in the sea.
8. What were some problems or errors associated with the simulation?
We don’t have an accurate instrument in counting the actual numbers of species such as the
corals, fishes, and sea grass. We just estimated the number of species based on what we saw
on the surface of water. In the case of school of fishes, we've also just guessed its number.
SOLUTIONS:
2.
Sample 1:
Sample 2:
𝐷𝑠 =
𝐷𝑠 =
90 + 90 + 90 + 90 + 90
𝐷𝑠 =
2450
450
== 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖
2450
380 + 380 + 90 + 90 + 2
𝐷𝑠 =
3782
942
= = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
3782
Sample 3:
𝐷𝑠 =
9900 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
𝐷𝑠 =
10712
9904
== 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐
10712
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SCIENCE IN THE PARK: ROCK POOLS
SITE 1
𝐷𝑠 =
42 + 30 + 90 + 2 + 600 + 870
1634
== 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔
6320
𝐷𝑠 =
6320
SITE 2
𝐷𝑠 =
42 + 56 + 12 + 12 + 2 + 90
𝐷𝑠 =
1190
214
== 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖
1190
SITE 3
𝐷𝑠 =
6 + 110 + 6 + 20 + 1 + 182
𝐷𝑠 =
1332
325
== 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒
1332
SITE 4
𝐷𝑠 =
20 + 90 + 1406 + 6 + 20 + 210
𝐷𝑠 =
5700
1752
== 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏
5700
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SCIENCE IN THE PARK: ROCK POOLS
DOCUMENTATION
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