Laser and light treatments for hair removal
UNIT- UV40413
Outcome 1 Be able to prepare for laser and light treatments
1. Explain salon requirements for preparing yourself, the client and work area for laser
treatments ?
Preparation of the workplace
The workplace is adapted to the standards of safety and hygiene (cleaning, sterilization and
disinfection), organizational procedures of the medical protocol and the manufacturer's
instructions. No mirrors in the treatment room, darkened windows and no reflective surfaces.
Prepare the therapist:
Make sure your personal appearance meets accepted industry and organizational requirements.
Clean work clothes, no jewelry, hair tied on the back of the face, reasonable footwear, personal
hygiene and cleanliness (shower / bath), oral hygiene, makeup applied correctly. Always follow
the hygiene and safety procedure throughout your treatment. Wear personal protective
equipment to avoid cross-contamination and to prevent accidental exposure to light / laser of
yourself, customer and other people in the controlled area, e.g. recommended glasses,
disposable gloves.
Client preparation
Correct PPE (optical density glasses), headband and towels. The treatment area is suitable for
the hair reduction treatment, shaved, cleansed, fat-free and dried. The treatment area is clearly
marked using correct methods in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and medical
protocol.
2. Explain the environmental conditions suitable for laser and light treatment for hair removal?
Ensuring the safety of light / laser controlled areas:
The surfaces should be non-reflective, the client and therapist must wear safety glasses (in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions), an enclosed room, properly marked entry and exit points,
appropriate fire precautions and appropriate services (e.g. hand hygiene), appropriate waste
management (e.g. sharps container), extraction (if required), hazardous warning signs on equipment
and entry / exit points or area. There should be a maximum of one IPL / laser system in the room at the
same time, all windows should be covered with roller shutters / shutters (if necessary with blackout
curtains), no flammable materials should be stored in the controlled area.
3. Explain the different consultation techniques used to identify treatment objectives?
Consultation techniques to define treatment goals:
A type of verbal consultation
Open-ended and closed-end questions for answers to help tailor your treatment to your needs
A type of non-verbal consultation
Pay attention to customer responses to find out what they want from the treatment
Type of visual consultation
Looking at the treatment area with a magic lamp from time to time
A type of manual consultation
Touching the treatment area and demonstrating the products on the skin of customers
Written consultation type
Access to questions, visual aids, and instructions, including tips and recommendations
4. Explain the importance of carrying out a detailed skin and hair analysis and relevant tests?
Skin and hair analysis and any appropriate tests to identify any influencing factors:
Do not do the patch test until you have done a thorough consultation (with detailed treatment
recommendations, skin typing, Fitzpatrick Photo scale, relevant questions about skin tanning
history) and the client signs an informed consent form. Performing patch tests depending on
skin type, understanding and explaining the causes and procedure of patch testing (including
test procedure), sensation, recording settings, skin reaction (i.e. depending on skin type, 24
hours for skin type (1,2, 3) and 4 weeks for skin types (4,5,6), recognition of side effects.
A patch test is best done in the treated area as it will give the truest indication of a reaction; if
this is not possible, a discreet area with a similar type of hair and skin can be selected The ideal
result of the patch test is that the skin and hair will react "normally" (there will be no excessive
redness, blistering, swelling or pigmentation changes. (The bikini line may react differently)
Touch and Thermal Safety Tests - Customer's skin is too hot / cold, sharp / soft (understand and
explain the reasons and procedure for each). test to make sure customer feels warm sensation. to
determine if the client is able to distinguish between sharpness and softness Visual inspection
for contraindications, skin conditions, possible skin lesions, moles NB The patch test procedure
should follow the treatment protocol, emphasizing the importance of using a minimum of 30spf
sunscreen after the procedure Learn how important the test pictures are and how to recognize
skin reactions by determining the correct parameters of the procedure.
5. Explain how to select laser and light treatment equipment to suit client skin and hair types and
conditions ?
Adjust the treatments to the client's needs and skin and condition of hair:
Correct skin / hair type according to Fitzpatrick's "photo" scale, adjust equipment to skin / hair
type, work with individual growth patterns (face is treated at different intervals in relation to
body areas), monitor each treatment and reschedule it as quickly, how is it possible to slow
down hair growth, change treatment time, if no results were obtained, stop treatment, if desired
effect is not coming (i.e. not working for 1 in 20 people, client must have realistic expectations
for treatment success – can never say 100 % of depilation due to sleep (bubbles in the body,
which can be activated at any time by hormonal changes or taking medications). After
completion of the treatment cycle, 1 follow-up treatment per year is recommended as dormant
bubbles may appear at any time (it will always depend on the person).
6. Identify the range of equipment used for laser and light treatment for hair removal?
A range of devices for laser and light hair removal treatments: Laser (i.e. laser diode,
alexandrite, ruby), broad spectrum systems (Intensely Pulsed Light and Thermal Energy).
Lighting – must be adequate and sufficient to allow the treatments to be performed. Windows should
have blinds / shutters in the controlled area
Heating – the temperature should ensure comfort of at least 16oC. Heating or cooling can be used to
maintain a comfortable temperature. On extremely hot days, fans or air conditioning will be an option.
Ventilation – Ventilation must be effective with adequately cleaned air in a closed work area. Windows
may provide sufficient ventilation, however, mechanical methods may be used when appropriate and
regularly cleaned, tested and maintained. If laser equipment is used, adequate extraction must be
ensured. When using IPL equipment, maintain the manufacturer's recommended slot on the back of the
machine. This allows air to circulate freely and protects the power cord from over bending.
7.
Explain the contra-indications that prevent or restrict laser and light treatment for hair removal?
Epilepsy (flashes of light can trigger an attack)
long-term diabetes (the client's skin is more sensitive to IPL / laser treatment and may cause
severe bruising),
pacemakers / defibrillators,
metal pins / plates,
hepatitis,
tattoos,
permanent and semi-permanent makeup,
skin cancer,
haemophilia (a bleeding disorder)
cardiovascular diseases (thrombosis, phlebitis, hypertension, hypotension, heart disease),
allergies to the products or materials used,
pregnancy (changes hormones and thus may affect hair growth / pigmentation – the client can
be treated 3-4 months after childbirth),
clients taking anticoagulants (aspirin, warfarin, penediene, hapazine),
clients sensitive to light in the 500nm-900nm range,
pigmentation problems (vitiligo, melasma, pigmented nevus),
clients with keloid scars,
connective tissue disorders (scleroderma),
sunburn, beta carotene,
artificial tan until the product disappears (approx. 7-10 days before the treatment),
tanned skin during the treatment,
customers taking photosensitizing drugs (including drugs or medications that thin the skin),
herbal supplements that cause allergy to light (St. John's wort)
undiagnosed tumours and nodules,
fever,
infectious or infectious diseases,
herpes / skin diseases,
loss of skin sensitivity (touch and thermal testing),
cuts / bruises / abrasions,
under the influence of drugs or alcohol,
golden injections, fillers and Botox.
medical swelling,
osteoporosis,
asthma,
arthritis,
acute rheumatism, paralysis of bells,
inflamed / trapped nerve pinched,
any condition already treated by a GP / dermatologist.
8. Explain the required legislation for laser and light treatment and the importance of compliance
with regulations?
The legislation stipulates that in the UK, aesthetic practitioners using different types of lasers must be
ITEC Level 3 and Level 4 qualified in conjunction with manufacturer certification. (ITEC is the
leading international examining board). This qualification is required by law in the UK so that any
aesthetic medicine practitioner can safely perform IPL, ND YAG lasers and lasers for skin
rejuvenation, hair removal, fat removal and other cosmetic procedures.
These qualifications are required by the industry to ensure that you obtain adequate insurance and
adhere to security measures and professional protocols.
Outcome 2 Be able to provide laser and light treatments
9. Explain how to communicate and behave in a professional manner . Explain health and safety
working practices?
Communicate and behave in a professional manner:
Positive body language, good communication skills, open-ended questions, enthusiastic, friendly, eye
contact, self-confident and knowledgeable, punctual, loyal and confidential to the client, respecting
colleagues, clients and the work environment, follow the salon hygiene rules.
Health and safety:
 Make sure the light / laser controlled area is set up according to legal and safety requirements;
 Verify that the treatment settings are appropriate for the treatment and that there are systems in
place to prevent accidental injury to the client, therapist and others in the controlled areas;
 Follow the manufacturer's and organizational instructions for starting up and shutting down
devices.
 Make sure that the selected equipment meets the requirements and treatment results;
 Check that the equipment is safe and working properly;
10. Explain the importance of using products, tools, equipment and techniques to suit client
treatment needs, skin types and conditions ?
Products - products for the depilation treatment (pre-cooling gel, disposable razors), products applied to
the skin during the depilation treatment (hand disinfection, face make-up removal (if required)),
soothing care after the treatment, SPF factor 30 (minimum), accessories for products (antibacterial
wipes (alcohol-free) for cleaning the machine and applicators before and after the treatment), deionized
water (when using water cooling systems).
Tools - recommended safety glasses, disposable gloves, underwear, aprons, masks, spatulas.
Equipment - Ensure that the correct IPL / laser equipment is selected to meet the requirements and
treatment results. Make sure that the hardware settings, specifications, and variables are correct for the
procedure being performed. Make sure that an appropriate reduction treatment has been selected. Use a
magnifying lamp (to access the area to be treated and make sure all hair on the surface has been
removed), a sharps bin (to discard used razors after treatment - remove sharp tools and debris as
required by law and organizational), a couch / trolley for positioning the client and storing tools /
products for use in the treatment, a camera (before and after photos - to enable registration of growth
before the treatment and to enable the therapist and client to accurately monitor the progress of
treatment, register the patient's skin condition, avoid misunderstandings after treatment, and note and
monitor any side effects).
Safety of the procedure - a pre-cooling gel should be used before the procedure; apply pressure to the
skin during the procedure; the possibility of using two passes during the treatment depending on the
type of skin (1, 2 and 3 with caution, never for higher skin types 4, 5 and 6); during the procedure, the
application technique should be used (approx. 10%); if the skin is sensitive (during the facial hair
removal treatment), apply a layer of gel to your face and shave, then remove the excess gel, clean the
area, apply fresh gel to your face and perform the treatment; do not direct light at any open holes, e.g.
eyes, nostrils, ears, mouth) if necessary, plug with damp cotton wool as a precaution; in the case of
braces / fillings, apply a damp cotton ball to the area (e.g. in the mouth) to reduce sensitivity during the
procedure.
11. Explain the principles of electrical currents and basic electricity?
Principles of electric currents and basic electricity:
Electricity measurement (volts, watts, amps, ohms and ohms laws and their meaning), fuses (how to
identify the correct fuses used in electrical appliances, 3 amps - devices up to 700 watts, 5 amps devices 750-1000 watts, fuses 13 A - devices with a power of 1000-1300 W), resistor, switch, capacitor
or capacitor, potentiometer, rectifier, circuit tensioner, types of currents used in cosmetics, constant,
alternating, transformer function, protons, neutrons, electrons, nucleolus, functions, correct plugs
wiring.
12. Explain the consequences of inaccurate identification of client skin type/colouring according to
the Fitzpatrick scale?
Inaccurate identification of the correct skin type will result in the client being treated with the
wrong treatment settings. The consequences of which are: burns, blisters, discoloration,
hypopigmentation, scars, ineffective treatment, physiological damage.
13. Describe how treatments can be adapted to suit client treatment needs and skin and hair
conditions?
When working with IPL / laser hair reduction systems, it is important that the therapist make the client
aware that the success of the treatment does not depend on the operation of the device itself, but on the
individual hair growth cycle of each person. Therefore, the treatment plan must be flexible to maximize
outcomes and customer satisfaction. The therapist must determine the skin / hair type according to
Fitzpatrick's "photo" scale in order to set the equipment to the appropriate level required for the
treatment (incorrect skin / hair writing will not achieve the client's goals). The therapist must work
closely with the client and monitor the reduction in height achieved with each treatment. As hair
growth slows down, it is important to extend the intervals between treatments to try to catch hair in the
active growth phase (i.e. the anagen phase).
Note Activity is 10-70% all the time. When performing the procedure, make sure that the treatment
pressure is even over each area. If the client performs poorly on one side of the body compared to the
other, the therapist may need to treat each area at different intervals. If you get a bad result even after
changing and adjusting your treatment, stop treatment (1/20 people get no results). The therapist and
the client must be aware that a 100% reduction is impossible due to the bubbles dormant in the body,
which can be activated at any time by hormonal changes or taking medications. Medical changes must
be checked at each procedure as this will affect the way the treatment is performed. If the client is
taking medications, it may be necessary to postpone treatment until treatment is complete (medications
can cause hormonal or pigmentation changes in the hair / skin). Due to the presence of dormant hair
follicles, it will be necessary to undergo an adjuvant treatment 1-2 times a year to monitor the effects
after the end of the treatment cycle.
14. Explain the contra-actions that may occur during and following treatments?
Counteractions that may occur during and after treatment:
Understanding the principles and practice of epilation - (i.e. the purpose of the treatment, the
melanin in the hair follicle and epidermis sensitizes the skin to exposure from IPL / laser
systems). Effective treatment is to raise the temperature of the hair follicle high enough and
long enough to disrupt the hair cycle. This means that we need a balance between the heat in the
treated hair follicles and the absorbing skin layers TRT (thermal relaxation time).
Understanding what type of hair / skin combination is ideal for these treatments (i.e. dark / light
skin). Hair absorbs more light than skin, making skin less susceptible to heat damage.
Possible contra-actions - excessive reddening of the skin (erythema), excessive local swelling
(perifollicular edema), excessive urticaria reactions (e.g. herpes labialis / herpes), blisters (may
only be temporary, but indicate inappropriate treatment settings), long-term complications (e.g.
hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation (a tan skin is more prone to pigmentation changes),
scarring (rarely, but clients must be warned of the risks).
15. Explain the methods of evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment?
Methods of assessing the effectiveness of the treatment:
Visual - visible hair reduction in the treatment area.
Practical - ensuring that the treatment settings are set to ensure maximum treatment
effectiveness (lowering the energy level will give a slower effect) and customer satisfaction.
16. Summarise the aftercare advice that should be provided to prevent post-treatment damage?
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As the treatment provides the skin with light energy, it is important that the client does nothing
to increase the feeling of warmth or irritate the area. You need to emphasize to your client the
importance of post-operative care. Postoperative advice should be given orally (after each
procedure) or in writing (the client should receive a post-operative care leaflet signed by the
client and therapist).
cool the area with soothing gels, moist cotton pads or aloe vera, if you feel hot or warm after the
treatment
avoid sun exposure in the treatment area and always wear a high factor sunscreen (minimum
SPF 30) after and between treatments
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stop using the solarium and self-tanners in the treatment area (artificial tanning can be used 48
hours after the procedure. However, before the next treatment, the self-tanner should not be
used at least 10 days before the treatment)
avoid hot baths, showers or thermal treatments (saunas, steam rooms, heavily chlorinated pools
and jacuzzis) for 24 hours
keep the area free of deodorants, makeup, aromatherapy oils, or perfumed products for 24 hours
avoid vigorous exercise for 12-24 hours
Do not put ice directly on the skin as it may freezerburn
wear loose clothing to avoid rubbing against treated areas (such as the neck, decolet)
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contact the clinic or salon if you experience excessive blisters, scabs or swelling in the
treatment area
17. Explain the suitable methods of dealing with the reappearance of a skin condition between
treatments?
Possible reasons for the reappearance of pigmentation - non-compliance with post / home
recommendations (i.e. non-compliance with the use of sunscreen, no exposure to UV radiation /
sunlight, prescribed medications causing photosensitive reaction, use of St. John's wort)
pigmentation changes. Beta-carotene will cause pigmentation changes - stop the treatment until
it leaves the client's body for about 4-6 weeks. In the event of normal hormonal changes (e.g.
menopause), treatment should be discontinued and a family doctor or a dermatologist should be
consulted.
Possible causes of blood vessel reappearance / telangiesthesia - Lifestyle, diet, and skin care
contribute to the reappearance of telangectasia on the skin. Hereditary, possible ongoing
problem, the veins around the nose are the most difficult to heal and can recur, therefore the
client needs to be aware of ongoing maintenance to maintain the result. Advise clients on this to
extend the effects of IPL treatments. Autoimmune deficiencies (stress) - Exhaustion in these
areas can cause hypo- / hyperpigmentation, discontinue treatment, refer to your GP /
dermatologist for further tests.
18. Explain different skin and hair types, conditions, diseases and disorders?
Skin type
List how do we recognise each skin type? What characteristics are
present?
Oily
open pores, earthy color, there may be coarse texture, thick epidermis, shiny
appearance, discoloration.
Dry
tight, flaky, rough texture of the skin, thin epidermis, sensitive to touch, dull
skin, fine wrinkles,
Combination
prone to breakouts, rough texture, open pores, shiny appearance,
Skin condition
Sensitive & broken capillaries
Dehydrated
Millia
Comedone
Pustules & papules
Open pores
Hyper pigmentation
Hypo pigmentation (vitiligo)
Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra
Keloids
Seborrhoea
thin epidermis, delicate texture, red appearance, reactive to heat
and abrasion, possible damage to capillaries (split capillaries).
Dehydrated skin means a lack of water. It can be dry and itchy as
well as dull. Your complexion and complexion may be uneven and
fine lines may be more visible. Although dehydrated skin can be
bothersome, it is relatively easy to treat by making appropriate
lifestyle changes.
Milia have very small, convex, pearly white or yellowish nodules
on their skin. They are most often seen on the skin around the
cheeks, nose, eyes and eyelids, forehead and chest. However, they
can occur anywhere on the body.
Blackheads: Open lumps on the skin that fill excess sebum and
dead skin cells.
Whiteheads: Lumps that remain closed by oil and dead skin.
Papules: Small red or pink bumps that become inflamed.
Pustules: pimples containing pus.
Any type of skin, whether it's oily, normal or dry, can have large,
open pores. They can make your skin look dull, especially if it's
clogged with dirt, bacteria, oil, or dead skin cells.
Hyperpigmentation a common, usually harmless condition in
which patches on your skin become darker than the normal
surrounding skin. This darkening occurs when an excess of
melanin, the brown pigment that gives skin its normal color, forms
a deposit in the skin.
Skin hippigmentation is the result of a reduction in the production
of melanin. Examples of hypopigmentation include: Vitiligo:
Vitiligo causes smooth, white patches on the skin. In some people,
these spots may appear all over the body.
Dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN) is a harmless skin disease that
usually affects people with darker complexions. It consists of
small, dark lumps that usually appear on the face and neck. While
some people only have a few lumps, others have many.
Keloids are a type of raised scar. They occur where the skin has
healed after the injury. They can grow to be much larger than the
original damage that caused the scar. They are not common at all,
but are more common in people with dark skin. Anything that can
scar can cause keloids.
Seborrhea (or seborrhea) is the name for excessively oily skin. It is
caused by overactive sebaceous glands and can affect both men
and women. The oil that your skin produces is called sebum.
Skin Diseases/Disorders
CONGENITAL (INHERITED
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis is a common skin
disease that causes an itchy rash with scaly
patches. It causes redness on light skin and
light spots on darker skin. It is also called
dandruff, cradle cap, seborrhea, seborrheic
eczema, and seborrheic psoriasis.
Eczema
Atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) is the
most common form of eczema and causes
itching, dryness and cracking of the skin.
It is more common in children and often
develops before their first birthday. But it
can also develop for the first time in
adults. It is usually a long-term (chronic)
condition, although it may improve
significantly and even disappear
completely in some children as they age.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes red,
itchy scaly patches, most commonly on
the knees, elbows, trunk and scalp.
Psoriasis is a common, long-term
(chronic) disease with no cure. It tends to
go through cycles, flaring for a few weeks
or months, then subsiding for a while or
going into remission.
FUNGAL
Ringworm-Tinea Corporis
Ringworm of the body (tinea
corporis) is a rash caused by
a fungal infection . It's usually an
itchy, circular rash with clearer skin
in the middle. Ringworm gets its
name because of its appearance. No
worm is involved.
Yeast infection
Skin yeast infections are called
cutaneous candidiasis. A type of
fungus called candida causes these
infections when it grows too much.
Yeast infections are not contagious.
Infections most often occur in warm,
moist, wrinkled areas of the body,
including the armpits and groin.
BACTERIAL
Acne Vulgaris
Acne vulgaris is the formation of
blackheads, papules, pustules, nodules
and / or cysts as a result of obstruction
and inflammation of the sebaceous
units (hair follicles and accompanying
sebaceous glands). Acne develops on
the face and upper torso. It most often
affects teenagers.
Folliculitis
Folliculitis signs and symptoms
include:
Clusters of small red bumps or
white-headed pimples that
develop around hair follicles
Pus-filled blisters that break
open and crust over
Itchy, burning skin
Painful, tender skin
A large swollen bump or mass
Boil- furuncle
Boils furuncle are painful pus-filled
bumps on the skin resulting from the
deep infection of a hair follicle. The
infection is usually caused by a type of
bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus.
Many people are "carriers" of the staph
germ, meaning that it normally lives on
their skin or in their nose without doing
them any harm. Tiny breaks in the
surface of the skin (such as those
caused by friction or scratching),
however, can help the germ gain entry
into and infect the hair follicle,
resulting in a boils.
Impetigo
Impetigo is a common and highly
contagious skin infection that mainly
affects babies and young children. It
usually presents with reddish sores on
the face, especially around the nose and
mouth, and on the hands and feet. After
about a week, the wounds burst and
form a honey skin.
Acne Rosacea
Rosacea is a common skin condition
that causes blushing or flushing and
visible blood vessels in the face. It can
also cause small, pus-filled lumps.
These signs and symptoms may worsen
for weeks or months and then fade
away temporarily.
VIRAL
Warts
Warts are a type of skin infection
caused by the human
papillomavirus (HPV). The
infection causes rough, skincolored lumps to form on the
skin. The virus is contagious. You
can get warts by touching
someone who has them.
Herpes Simplex- Cold Sore
Cold sores is caused by a virus
called herpes simplex. Once you
have the virus, it stays in your
skin for the rest of your life.
Sometimes it causes cold sores.
Most people are exposed to the
virus in their youth through close
skin contact, such as kissing, to
someone who has cold sores.
Herpes Zoster- Shingles
Shingles is a viral infection that
causes a painful rash. While
shingles can occur anywhere on
the body, it most often appears as
a single strip of blisters that wraps
around the left or right side of the
body.
Infestations
Scabies
Scabies is a skin plague caused by
a mite known as Sarcoptes scabiei.
If left untreated, these microscopic
mites can live on the skin for
months. They breed on the surface
of the skin and then bury
themselves in it to lay their eggs.
This causes an itchy, red rash on
the skin.
Body lice
Lice are tiny insects the size of a
sesame seed. Lice live in clothes
and bedding and travel across the
skin several times a day to feed on
blood. The most common bite sites
are the neck, shoulders, armpits,
waist, and groin - where the seams
of the garment most often touch the
skin.
Pigmentation disorders
Albinism
Albinism is an inherited disease that leads
to very light skin, hair and eyes. This is
because their body has less melanin than
usual. Melanin gives color to the skin, hair
and eyes. Except for vision problems, most
people with albinism are just as healthy as
everyone else.
Vitiligo
Vitiligo is a condition in which the skin
loses pigment cells (melanocytes). This can
cause discoloration in various areas of the
body, including the skin, hair, and mucous
membranes. Vitiligo is a disease that causes
the skin to lose color in spots.
Chloasma/Melasma
Chloasma, also known as melasma or
"pregnancy mask", is a skin pigmentation
disorder characterized by darker patches on
the skin that mainly affect the face and other
sun-exposed areas. Chloasma is more
common in people assigned as female at
birth and in darker-skinned people, and is
often associated with pregnancy and the use
of oral contraceptives.
Ephelides –Freckles
A freckle is a slight pigmentation change
that is clearly related to sun exposure. The
patient may report deterioration with sun
exposure and brightening with avoidance of
the sun. Autosomal dominant inheritance is
likely, so patients can be asked about family
involvement. Freckles are a strong risk
marker for melanoma and non-melanoma
skin cancer; patients should be asked about
new or changing moles and non-healing
changes.
Lentigo-liver spots
Age spots (also called liver spots or sun
lentil spots) are a build-up of pigment
caused by exposure to the sun. Pigment is
deposited in response to an injury, just as a
scar is in response to an injury. Pigment
builds up in damaged areas due to thin skin
or more sun exposure.
Moles-Papilloma
Papillomas are noncancerous, outwardgrowing lumps that might cause problems
in some locations. They do not spread and
are not aggressive.
Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra
Dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN) is a
harmless skin disease that usually affects
people with darker complexions. It consists
of small, dark lumps that usually appear on
the face and neck. While some people only
have a few lumps, others have many.
GENERAL
Broken Capillaries (Telangiectasia)
Telangiectasias (commonly known as
"spider veins") are dilated or broken blood
vessels located near the surface of the skin
or mucous membranes. They often appear
as tiny pink or red lines that temporarily
whiten when pressed. "Dull" telangiectasias
are clusters of these small dilated blood
vessels that form a pink or red spot on the
skin. Healthy people can develop this
condition and it is sometimes associated
with varicose veins.
Crow’s feet
Crow's Feet are wrinkles that form around
the outside of the eyes over time. As the
skin around the eyes is exceptionally thin,
wrinkles in this area can form fairly early
due to constant muscle use and a gradual
reduction in your skin's elasticity.
UV damage
Exposure to UV rays can cause premature
aging of the skin and signs of sun damage
such as wrinkles, leathery skin, liver spots,
actinic keratosis, and solar elastosis. UV
rays can also cause eye problems.
Uticaria-hives,nettle rash
Urticaria- also known as hives, blisters,
stripes or hives - is a raised, itchy rash that
appears on the skin. It can appear in one
part of the body or spread to large areas.
The rash is usually very itchy and ranges
from a few millimeters to the size of a
hand.
Comedones- Black
heads/whiteheads
Blackheads look like black dots that have
formed on your skin. Blackheads are called
open comedones. Blackheads are skincolored bumps that form when you have a
pimple. In the case of blackheads, these
blackheads are made up of hair follicles
under the skin with very large holes or
pores.
Milia
Milia are tiny bumps of white, yellowish or
cream color. We can notice them on our
skin, especially around the eyes, temples,
forehead and nose. They occur in groups
and are often confused with atheromas or
acne. However, the millers are tough and
cannot be squeezed out.
Skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma is usually a
lump with a rolled edge. Basal cell
carcinoma comes in various forms.
It can be flat or flat to the top. It is
also most often flaky and red,
where the skin is exposed to
sunlight. That is why it can most
often be seen on the face, neck, but
also legs, arms and crotch. The
location of basal cell carcinoma
often reduces the quality of life of
patients. The development of basal
cell carcinoma is also possible on
damaged skin.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Skin squamous cell carcinoma
(carcinoma spinocellulare) is an
invasive malignant neoplasm of
keratinocytes. It can appear
anywhere on the skin or in the
mucous membranes. Squamous
cell carcinoma has the appearance
of a long non-healing wound, a
papillary lesion.
Malignant melanoma
Melanoma is the most malignant
neoplasm of the skin and mucous
membranes, originating from
melanocytes of pigmented nevi or
unchanged skin. It arises as a
result of their excessive
stimulation due to exposure to
ultraviolet radiation, and gives
early metastases both through the
lymphatic and blood vessels.
EYE CONDITIONS
CONJUNCTIVITIS
Conjunctivitis is also known as red or
pink eye.
It usually affects both eyes and makes
them:
 red
 burn or feel gritty
 produce pus that sticks to lashes
 itch
 water
BLEPHARITIS
Blepharitis symptoms often come and
go the symptoms of blepharitis include:
 sore eyelids,
 itchy eyes,
 a gritty feeling in the eyes,
 flakes or crusts around the roots
of the eyelashes,
 eyelids sticking together in the
morning when you wake up
STYE
A stye is a small, painful lump on or
inside the eyelid or around the eye. The
skin around the stye may be swollen and
red and the stye may be filled with
yellow pus. The redness may be harder
to see on brown and black skin. Eye
may be red and watery but your vision
should not be affected.
Diseases and disorders of the hair
Alopecia
The cause of hair loss can be any disease that is accompanied by high fever, fatigue or stress. We are
talking then about telogen effluvium, in which the hair growth phase is shortened and the resting phase
(telogen) is extended at the same time. Hair loss then is often sudden, diffuse and profuse. Fortunately,
this is usually a temporary problem. After the cause has been identified and eliminated - and thus the
primary disease has been cured - the hair returns to its natural cycle.
Folliculitis
During folliculitis, redness appears on the skin, which over time can turn into pustules around the hair.
Additionally, the bacteria cause itching. Chronic inflammation can develop when the hair follicles are
in a deep layer of the skin.bb
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis, also known as seborrheic eczema, is a chronic dermatological disease. Its
symptoms include erythema, peeling and itchy skin. The changes appear especially on the face, scalp,
chest and skin folds.
Monilethrix
Monilethrix is a genetic disorder that affects hair growth and structure. People with this condition tend
to have very dry, brittle, short hair in many places on their scalp. On careful examination, the affected
hair tends to resemble beads on a string; thick knots are separated by very thin, delicate sections. There
is no cure for monilethrix, but patients can take preventative measures such as wearing protective wigs
or hats to protect their natural hair.
19. Explain the structure and functions of the skin? (insert a skin diagram)
Skin Appendages
Sweat Glands
Hair Follicle
Dermal Papilla
Sensory Nerve
Endings
Hair Shaft
Bloody Supply
Function
Sweat glands are found all over the body, but most often on the
forehead, armpits, palms, and soles of the feet. Sweat is mostly
water, but it also contains some salt. Its main function is to control
body temperature. As the water contained in the sweat evaporates,
the surface of the skin cools down.
A hair follicle anchors every hair in the skin. The hair bulb forms
the basis of the hair follicle. In the hair bulb, living cells divide and
grow to form the hair shaft. Blood vessels nourish the hair root
cells and provide hormones that modify the growth and structure of
the hair at different times in its life.
The dermal papilla is made up of mesenchymal cells in the hair
follicles that play a major role in regulating hair growth. The
maintenance of the hair induction potential of the DPC and the
dermal sheath during cell culture is the most important factor in in
vitro hair follicle morphogenesis and regeneration.
The sensory nerves in the epidermis are used to sense and transmit
heat, pain, and other harmful sensations. When these nerves aren't
working properly, they can cause sensations such as numbness,
tingling, pain, tingling, or a burning sensation
The hair shaft is the part of the hair that sits above the skin. These
cells attach to antigens that attack damaged skin and alert the
immune system to their presence.
The functions of the blood vessels is to deliver blood to the organs
Sebaceous Glands
Arrector Pili Muscle
and tissues in your body. The blood supplies them with the oxygen
and nutrients they need to function. Blood vessels also carry waste
products and carbon dioxide away from organs and tissues.
The normal function of the sebaceous glands is to produce and
secrete sebum, a group of complex oils containing triglycerides and
breakdown products of fatty acids, wax esters, squalene,
cholesterol, and cholesterol esters. Sebum moisturizes the skin,
protecting it from friction and making it more impervious to
moisture.
Is a small muscle that attaches on one side to the base of the hair
follicle and on the other side to the skin tissue. To generate heat
when the body is cold, the flukes muscles contract simultaneously,
causing the hair to "stand straight" against the skin.
Function of skin
Lette
r
S
What it stands
for
Sensation
H
Heat Regulation
A
Absorption
P
Protection
E
Excretion
How it works
an important function of the dermis is to detect various
sensations of heat, cold, pressure, contact and pain. The
sensation is detected by the nerve endings in the dermis,
which are easily damaged. This feeling in the skin plays a
role in protecting us from burns.
The skin's immense blood supply helps regulate
temperature: dilated vessels allow for heat loss, while
constricted vessels retain heat. The skin regulates body
temperature with its blood supply. The skin assists in
homeostasis. Humidity affects thermoregulation by limiting
sweat evaporation and thus heat loss.
Absorption through the skin occurs when a chemical passes
through the skin and enters the body. Many chemicals used in
the workplace can damage organs if they penetrate the skin
and enter the bloodstream. Examples of these chemicals
include pesticides and organic solvents.
Absorption through the skin (percutaneous, dermal) is the
transport of chemicals from the outer surface of the skin to
both the skin and circulation. Absorption through the skin
refers to the degree of exposure and possible effects of a
substance that can enter the body through the skin.
The skin plays a role in excretion through the production of
sweat by the sweat glands. Sweating eliminates excess water
and salt, as well as a small amount of urea, a by-product of
protein catabolism. The liver is a very important excretion
organ. The liver breaks down many substances in the blood,
S
Secretion
V
Vitamin D
Production
including toxins
skin secretions come from glands located in the skin layer of
the epidermis. Sweat, a physiological factor that helps
regulate body temperature, is secreted by the eccrine glands.
The sebaceous glands secrete sebum which oils the skin.
Sebum is released on the hair shaft and prevents split ends.
Vitamin D is integrally bound to the skin for the purpose of
its synthesis, metabolism and activity. Regulates many
physiological processes in the skin, from cell proliferation,
differentiation and apoptosis to maintaining the protective
barrier and immune functions
20. Explain the principles of skin healing ?
Principles of skin healing:
Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process of rebuilding the cellular structures of the skin and
tissue layers.
Wound Healing - Bleeding usually follows tissue damage from an incision. The cascade of
vasoconstriction and coagulation begins with the immediate saturation of the wound with clotted blood,
leading to hemostasis, and when dehydrated, a scab is formed. Inflammatory cells move with the
release of cellular substances and mediators. Angiogenesis (blood vessel growth) and reepithelialization
occur, as well as the deposition of new cellular and extracellular components.
Skin healing phases - the inflammatory phase (occurs immediately after the injury and lasts about 6
days), the fibroblastic phase (occurs at the end of the inflammatory phase and can last up to 4 weeks),
the scar maturation phase (begins at week 4 and may last for years).
Disruption of wound / trauma healing - initial or recurrent burns and burns (both physical and
chemical), animal bites or insect stings, pressure disorders, vascular, arterial, venous or mixed
disorders, immunodeficiency, malignant neoplasms, connective tissue disorders, nutritional deficiencies
, psychosocial disorders, drug side effects.
21. Explain the structure and function of the endocrine system and its effect on hair growth?
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemicals produced in
the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate body growth,
metabolism (the body's physical and chemical processes), and sexual development and function.
Hormonal skin fluctuations are manifested by lumps, dehydration, sticky sebum, dryness, loss of
elasticity, wrinkle formation, severe inflammation, or a combination of these factors. One of the biggest
challenges for skincare professionals is dealing with the effects of hormonal fluctuations.
22. Explain growth patterns and causes of hair growth?
Causes of Hair growth
Mechanical stimulation
Normal systemic
Important sexual characteristics include the
place of growth and the type of hair, which
distinguish a man from a woman.
Young men develop stubble on the chin, hair
grows under the armpits, in the genital area,
and on the chest. Sometimes the hair on the
legs is also more lush than before.
In women in adolescence, hair also appears
in the genital area - on the labia and on the
pubic mound. Hair appears in the armpits and
on the legs.
Abnormal systemic
Hypertrichosis is hirsutism in men that is
often found all over the body or in specific
areas. Hirsutism occurs in women and is
characterized by hair growth in areas typical
of men. Excessive body hair is usually
associated with a hormonal imbalance in the
body.
In both women and men, excessive hair
growth may also occur as a result of the use
of steroids, anticonvulsants, psychotropic
drugs and drugs lowering blood pressure.
Plucking (including waxing, threading,
sugaring and abrasions.
shaving with a razor,
depilatory cream,
mechanical epilators,
sugar paste,
wax depilation (warm and cold)
IPL/Laser
23. Explain the structure and function of circulatory and lymphatic systems.
Circulatory system:
Plasma (55%)
a straw
coloured fluid
Erythrocytes
(red blood
cells)
Leucocytes
(white blood
cells)
Thrombocytes
(platelets)
Structure
Plasma is the liquid part of the blood
that makes up about 55% of its volume.
It consists of 90% water, 7% proteins,
while the remaining 3% are organic and
inorganic substances. Plasma transports
electrolytes, proteins, nutrients,
metabolic products and drugs in the
body
Function
The functions of the blood plasma
include the distribution of oxygen,
nutrients and the removal of metabolic
products, which enables the efficient
operation of this complex factory,
which is our body. In addition, plasma,
and especially the proteins dissolved
in it, are responsible for maintaining
an appropriate osmotic pressure in the
body.
Erythrocytes are one of the major blood The primary function of erythrocytes
cells. They are cells filled with enzymes is to transport oxygen from the lungs
and hemoglobin. These cells are diskto the tissues mediated by hemoglobin.
shaped with a central concave on both
Hemoglobin combines with oxygen in
sides. They do not have a cell nucleus,
the alveoli and then releases it into the
therefore their cellular abilities are
tissues. Red blood cells are also
severely limited. Red blood cells do not involved in the transport of carbon
contain mitochondria and do not exhibit dioxide and, in addition, play an
aerobic metabolism, and the main
important role in the acid-base balance
source of ATP is glycolysis.
mechanism.
Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBC
Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are
blood cells) are mononuclear cells (so- cells that cling to the blood. These
called monokaryocytes) with a
include neutrophils, basophils,
spherical form. They reside in the
eosinophils, lymphocytes and
peripheral blood, like several people
monocytes. They are a diverse group,
who differ in value, and change through but their common structure is the
several points that differ in renewal.
body's defense against harmful
pathogens.
Platelets do not have a nucleus; these
Thrombocytes. Thrombocytes
are fragments of cytoplasm from
(platelets) play an important role in
megakaryocytes in the bone marrow or hemostasis, clogging and repair of
lungs which then enter the circulation.
damaged blood vessels, thus
Circulating inactivated platelets are
preventing blood loss. They are also
biconvex, discoidal (lenticular)
involved in a cascade of events that
structures with a maximum diameter of lead to blood clotting, triggering many
2-3 µm.
clotting factors.