Laser and light treatments for hair removal UNIT- UV40413 Outcome 1 Be able to prepare for laser and light treatments 1. Explain salon requirements for preparing yourself, the client and work area for laser treatments ? Preparation of the workplace The workplace is adapted to the standards of safety and hygiene (cleaning, sterilization and disinfection), organizational procedures of the medical protocol and the manufacturer's instructions. No mirrors in the treatment room, darkened windows and no reflective surfaces. Prepare the therapist: Make sure your personal appearance meets accepted industry and organizational requirements. Clean work clothes, no jewelry, hair tied on the back of the face, reasonable footwear, personal hygiene and cleanliness (shower / bath), oral hygiene, makeup applied correctly. Always follow the hygiene and safety procedure throughout your treatment. Wear personal protective equipment to avoid cross-contamination and to prevent accidental exposure to light / laser of yourself, customer and other people in the controlled area, e.g. recommended glasses, disposable gloves. Client preparation Correct PPE (optical density glasses), headband and towels. The treatment area is suitable for the hair reduction treatment, shaved, cleansed, fat-free and dried. The treatment area is clearly marked using correct methods in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and medical protocol. 2. Explain the environmental conditions suitable for laser and light treatment for hair removal? Ensuring the safety of light / laser controlled areas: The surfaces should be non-reflective, the client and therapist must wear safety glasses (in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions), an enclosed room, properly marked entry and exit points, appropriate fire precautions and appropriate services (e.g. hand hygiene), appropriate waste management (e.g. sharps container), extraction (if required), hazardous warning signs on equipment and entry / exit points or area. There should be a maximum of one IPL / laser system in the room at the same time, all windows should be covered with roller shutters / shutters (if necessary with blackout curtains), no flammable materials should be stored in the controlled area. 3. Explain the different consultation techniques used to identify treatment objectives? Consultation techniques to define treatment goals: A type of verbal consultation Open-ended and closed-end questions for answers to help tailor your treatment to your needs A type of non-verbal consultation Pay attention to customer responses to find out what they want from the treatment Type of visual consultation Looking at the treatment area with a magic lamp from time to time A type of manual consultation Touching the treatment area and demonstrating the products on the skin of customers Written consultation type Access to questions, visual aids, and instructions, including tips and recommendations 4. Explain the importance of carrying out a detailed skin and hair analysis and relevant tests? Skin and hair analysis and any appropriate tests to identify any influencing factors: Do not do the patch test until you have done a thorough consultation (with detailed treatment recommendations, skin typing, Fitzpatrick Photo scale, relevant questions about skin tanning history) and the client signs an informed consent form. Performing patch tests depending on skin type, understanding and explaining the causes and procedure of patch testing (including test procedure), sensation, recording settings, skin reaction (i.e. depending on skin type, 24 hours for skin type (1,2, 3) and 4 weeks for skin types (4,5,6), recognition of side effects. A patch test is best done in the treated area as it will give the truest indication of a reaction; if this is not possible, a discreet area with a similar type of hair and skin can be selected The ideal result of the patch test is that the skin and hair will react "normally" (there will be no excessive redness, blistering, swelling or pigmentation changes. (The bikini line may react differently) Touch and Thermal Safety Tests - Customer's skin is too hot / cold, sharp / soft (understand and explain the reasons and procedure for each). test to make sure customer feels warm sensation. to determine if the client is able to distinguish between sharpness and softness Visual inspection for contraindications, skin conditions, possible skin lesions, moles NB The patch test procedure should follow the treatment protocol, emphasizing the importance of using a minimum of 30spf sunscreen after the procedure Learn how important the test pictures are and how to recognize skin reactions by determining the correct parameters of the procedure. 5. Explain how to select laser and light treatment equipment to suit client skin and hair types and conditions ? Adjust the treatments to the client's needs and skin and condition of hair: Correct skin / hair type according to Fitzpatrick's "photo" scale, adjust equipment to skin / hair type, work with individual growth patterns (face is treated at different intervals in relation to body areas), monitor each treatment and reschedule it as quickly, how is it possible to slow down hair growth, change treatment time, if no results were obtained, stop treatment, if desired effect is not coming (i.e. not working for 1 in 20 people, client must have realistic expectations for treatment success – can never say 100 % of depilation due to sleep (bubbles in the body, which can be activated at any time by hormonal changes or taking medications). After completion of the treatment cycle, 1 follow-up treatment per year is recommended as dormant bubbles may appear at any time (it will always depend on the person). 6. Identify the range of equipment used for laser and light treatment for hair removal? A range of devices for laser and light hair removal treatments: Laser (i.e. laser diode, alexandrite, ruby), broad spectrum systems (Intensely Pulsed Light and Thermal Energy). Lighting – must be adequate and sufficient to allow the treatments to be performed. Windows should have blinds / shutters in the controlled area Heating – the temperature should ensure comfort of at least 16oC. Heating or cooling can be used to maintain a comfortable temperature. On extremely hot days, fans or air conditioning will be an option. Ventilation – Ventilation must be effective with adequately cleaned air in a closed work area. Windows may provide sufficient ventilation, however, mechanical methods may be used when appropriate and regularly cleaned, tested and maintained. If laser equipment is used, adequate extraction must be ensured. When using IPL equipment, maintain the manufacturer's recommended slot on the back of the machine. This allows air to circulate freely and protects the power cord from over bending. 7. Explain the contra-indications that prevent or restrict laser and light treatment for hair removal? Epilepsy (flashes of light can trigger an attack) long-term diabetes (the client's skin is more sensitive to IPL / laser treatment and may cause severe bruising), pacemakers / defibrillators, metal pins / plates, hepatitis, tattoos, permanent and semi-permanent makeup, skin cancer, haemophilia (a bleeding disorder) cardiovascular diseases (thrombosis, phlebitis, hypertension, hypotension, heart disease), allergies to the products or materials used, pregnancy (changes hormones and thus may affect hair growth / pigmentation – the client can be treated 3-4 months after childbirth), clients taking anticoagulants (aspirin, warfarin, penediene, hapazine), clients sensitive to light in the 500nm-900nm range, pigmentation problems (vitiligo, melasma, pigmented nevus), clients with keloid scars, connective tissue disorders (scleroderma), sunburn, beta carotene, artificial tan until the product disappears (approx. 7-10 days before the treatment), tanned skin during the treatment, customers taking photosensitizing drugs (including drugs or medications that thin the skin), herbal supplements that cause allergy to light (St. John's wort) undiagnosed tumours and nodules, fever, infectious or infectious diseases, herpes / skin diseases, loss of skin sensitivity (touch and thermal testing), cuts / bruises / abrasions, under the influence of drugs or alcohol, golden injections, fillers and Botox. medical swelling, osteoporosis, asthma, arthritis, acute rheumatism, paralysis of bells, inflamed / trapped nerve pinched, any condition already treated by a GP / dermatologist. 8. Explain the required legislation for laser and light treatment and the importance of compliance with regulations? The legislation stipulates that in the UK, aesthetic practitioners using different types of lasers must be ITEC Level 3 and Level 4 qualified in conjunction with manufacturer certification. (ITEC is the leading international examining board). This qualification is required by law in the UK so that any aesthetic medicine practitioner can safely perform IPL, ND YAG lasers and lasers for skin rejuvenation, hair removal, fat removal and other cosmetic procedures. These qualifications are required by the industry to ensure that you obtain adequate insurance and adhere to security measures and professional protocols. Outcome 2 Be able to provide laser and light treatments 9. Explain how to communicate and behave in a professional manner . Explain health and safety working practices? Communicate and behave in a professional manner: Positive body language, good communication skills, open-ended questions, enthusiastic, friendly, eye contact, self-confident and knowledgeable, punctual, loyal and confidential to the client, respecting colleagues, clients and the work environment, follow the salon hygiene rules. Health and safety: Make sure the light / laser controlled area is set up according to legal and safety requirements; Verify that the treatment settings are appropriate for the treatment and that there are systems in place to prevent accidental injury to the client, therapist and others in the controlled areas; Follow the manufacturer's and organizational instructions for starting up and shutting down devices. Make sure that the selected equipment meets the requirements and treatment results; Check that the equipment is safe and working properly; 10. Explain the importance of using products, tools, equipment and techniques to suit client treatment needs, skin types and conditions ? Products - products for the depilation treatment (pre-cooling gel, disposable razors), products applied to the skin during the depilation treatment (hand disinfection, face make-up removal (if required)), soothing care after the treatment, SPF factor 30 (minimum), accessories for products (antibacterial wipes (alcohol-free) for cleaning the machine and applicators before and after the treatment), deionized water (when using water cooling systems). Tools - recommended safety glasses, disposable gloves, underwear, aprons, masks, spatulas. Equipment - Ensure that the correct IPL / laser equipment is selected to meet the requirements and treatment results. Make sure that the hardware settings, specifications, and variables are correct for the procedure being performed. Make sure that an appropriate reduction treatment has been selected. Use a magnifying lamp (to access the area to be treated and make sure all hair on the surface has been removed), a sharps bin (to discard used razors after treatment - remove sharp tools and debris as required by law and organizational), a couch / trolley for positioning the client and storing tools / products for use in the treatment, a camera (before and after photos - to enable registration of growth before the treatment and to enable the therapist and client to accurately monitor the progress of treatment, register the patient's skin condition, avoid misunderstandings after treatment, and note and monitor any side effects). Safety of the procedure - a pre-cooling gel should be used before the procedure; apply pressure to the skin during the procedure; the possibility of using two passes during the treatment depending on the type of skin (1, 2 and 3 with caution, never for higher skin types 4, 5 and 6); during the procedure, the application technique should be used (approx. 10%); if the skin is sensitive (during the facial hair removal treatment), apply a layer of gel to your face and shave, then remove the excess gel, clean the area, apply fresh gel to your face and perform the treatment; do not direct light at any open holes, e.g. eyes, nostrils, ears, mouth) if necessary, plug with damp cotton wool as a precaution; in the case of braces / fillings, apply a damp cotton ball to the area (e.g. in the mouth) to reduce sensitivity during the procedure. 11. Explain the principles of electrical currents and basic electricity? Principles of electric currents and basic electricity: Electricity measurement (volts, watts, amps, ohms and ohms laws and their meaning), fuses (how to identify the correct fuses used in electrical appliances, 3 amps - devices up to 700 watts, 5 amps devices 750-1000 watts, fuses 13 A - devices with a power of 1000-1300 W), resistor, switch, capacitor or capacitor, potentiometer, rectifier, circuit tensioner, types of currents used in cosmetics, constant, alternating, transformer function, protons, neutrons, electrons, nucleolus, functions, correct plugs wiring. 12. Explain the consequences of inaccurate identification of client skin type/colouring according to the Fitzpatrick scale? Inaccurate identification of the correct skin type will result in the client being treated with the wrong treatment settings. The consequences of which are: burns, blisters, discoloration, hypopigmentation, scars, ineffective treatment, physiological damage. 13. Describe how treatments can be adapted to suit client treatment needs and skin and hair conditions? When working with IPL / laser hair reduction systems, it is important that the therapist make the client aware that the success of the treatment does not depend on the operation of the device itself, but on the individual hair growth cycle of each person. Therefore, the treatment plan must be flexible to maximize outcomes and customer satisfaction. The therapist must determine the skin / hair type according to Fitzpatrick's "photo" scale in order to set the equipment to the appropriate level required for the treatment (incorrect skin / hair writing will not achieve the client's goals). The therapist must work closely with the client and monitor the reduction in height achieved with each treatment. As hair growth slows down, it is important to extend the intervals between treatments to try to catch hair in the active growth phase (i.e. the anagen phase). Note Activity is 10-70% all the time. When performing the procedure, make sure that the treatment pressure is even over each area. If the client performs poorly on one side of the body compared to the other, the therapist may need to treat each area at different intervals. If you get a bad result even after changing and adjusting your treatment, stop treatment (1/20 people get no results). The therapist and the client must be aware that a 100% reduction is impossible due to the bubbles dormant in the body, which can be activated at any time by hormonal changes or taking medications. Medical changes must be checked at each procedure as this will affect the way the treatment is performed. If the client is taking medications, it may be necessary to postpone treatment until treatment is complete (medications can cause hormonal or pigmentation changes in the hair / skin). Due to the presence of dormant hair follicles, it will be necessary to undergo an adjuvant treatment 1-2 times a year to monitor the effects after the end of the treatment cycle. 14. Explain the contra-actions that may occur during and following treatments? Counteractions that may occur during and after treatment: Understanding the principles and practice of epilation - (i.e. the purpose of the treatment, the melanin in the hair follicle and epidermis sensitizes the skin to exposure from IPL / laser systems). Effective treatment is to raise the temperature of the hair follicle high enough and long enough to disrupt the hair cycle. This means that we need a balance between the heat in the treated hair follicles and the absorbing skin layers TRT (thermal relaxation time). Understanding what type of hair / skin combination is ideal for these treatments (i.e. dark / light skin). Hair absorbs more light than skin, making skin less susceptible to heat damage. Possible contra-actions - excessive reddening of the skin (erythema), excessive local swelling (perifollicular edema), excessive urticaria reactions (e.g. herpes labialis / herpes), blisters (may only be temporary, but indicate inappropriate treatment settings), long-term complications (e.g. hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation (a tan skin is more prone to pigmentation changes), scarring (rarely, but clients must be warned of the risks). 15. Explain the methods of evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment? Methods of assessing the effectiveness of the treatment: Visual - visible hair reduction in the treatment area. Practical - ensuring that the treatment settings are set to ensure maximum treatment effectiveness (lowering the energy level will give a slower effect) and customer satisfaction. 16. Summarise the aftercare advice that should be provided to prevent post-treatment damage? As the treatment provides the skin with light energy, it is important that the client does nothing to increase the feeling of warmth or irritate the area. You need to emphasize to your client the importance of post-operative care. Postoperative advice should be given orally (after each procedure) or in writing (the client should receive a post-operative care leaflet signed by the client and therapist). cool the area with soothing gels, moist cotton pads or aloe vera, if you feel hot or warm after the treatment avoid sun exposure in the treatment area and always wear a high factor sunscreen (minimum SPF 30) after and between treatments stop using the solarium and self-tanners in the treatment area (artificial tanning can be used 48 hours after the procedure. However, before the next treatment, the self-tanner should not be used at least 10 days before the treatment) avoid hot baths, showers or thermal treatments (saunas, steam rooms, heavily chlorinated pools and jacuzzis) for 24 hours keep the area free of deodorants, makeup, aromatherapy oils, or perfumed products for 24 hours avoid vigorous exercise for 12-24 hours Do not put ice directly on the skin as it may freezerburn wear loose clothing to avoid rubbing against treated areas (such as the neck, decolet) contact the clinic or salon if you experience excessive blisters, scabs or swelling in the treatment area 17. Explain the suitable methods of dealing with the reappearance of a skin condition between treatments? Possible reasons for the reappearance of pigmentation - non-compliance with post / home recommendations (i.e. non-compliance with the use of sunscreen, no exposure to UV radiation / sunlight, prescribed medications causing photosensitive reaction, use of St. John's wort) pigmentation changes. Beta-carotene will cause pigmentation changes - stop the treatment until it leaves the client's body for about 4-6 weeks. In the event of normal hormonal changes (e.g. menopause), treatment should be discontinued and a family doctor or a dermatologist should be consulted. Possible causes of blood vessel reappearance / telangiesthesia - Lifestyle, diet, and skin care contribute to the reappearance of telangectasia on the skin. Hereditary, possible ongoing problem, the veins around the nose are the most difficult to heal and can recur, therefore the client needs to be aware of ongoing maintenance to maintain the result. Advise clients on this to extend the effects of IPL treatments. Autoimmune deficiencies (stress) - Exhaustion in these areas can cause hypo- / hyperpigmentation, discontinue treatment, refer to your GP / dermatologist for further tests. 18. Explain different skin and hair types, conditions, diseases and disorders? Skin type List how do we recognise each skin type? What characteristics are present? Oily open pores, earthy color, there may be coarse texture, thick epidermis, shiny appearance, discoloration. Dry tight, flaky, rough texture of the skin, thin epidermis, sensitive to touch, dull skin, fine wrinkles, Combination prone to breakouts, rough texture, open pores, shiny appearance, Skin condition Sensitive & broken capillaries Dehydrated Millia Comedone Pustules & papules Open pores Hyper pigmentation Hypo pigmentation (vitiligo) Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra Keloids Seborrhoea thin epidermis, delicate texture, red appearance, reactive to heat and abrasion, possible damage to capillaries (split capillaries). Dehydrated skin means a lack of water. It can be dry and itchy as well as dull. Your complexion and complexion may be uneven and fine lines may be more visible. Although dehydrated skin can be bothersome, it is relatively easy to treat by making appropriate lifestyle changes. Milia have very small, convex, pearly white or yellowish nodules on their skin. They are most often seen on the skin around the cheeks, nose, eyes and eyelids, forehead and chest. However, they can occur anywhere on the body. Blackheads: Open lumps on the skin that fill excess sebum and dead skin cells. Whiteheads: Lumps that remain closed by oil and dead skin. Papules: Small red or pink bumps that become inflamed. Pustules: pimples containing pus. Any type of skin, whether it's oily, normal or dry, can have large, open pores. They can make your skin look dull, especially if it's clogged with dirt, bacteria, oil, or dead skin cells. Hyperpigmentation a common, usually harmless condition in which patches on your skin become darker than the normal surrounding skin. This darkening occurs when an excess of melanin, the brown pigment that gives skin its normal color, forms a deposit in the skin. Skin hippigmentation is the result of a reduction in the production of melanin. Examples of hypopigmentation include: Vitiligo: Vitiligo causes smooth, white patches on the skin. In some people, these spots may appear all over the body. Dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN) is a harmless skin disease that usually affects people with darker complexions. It consists of small, dark lumps that usually appear on the face and neck. While some people only have a few lumps, others have many. Keloids are a type of raised scar. They occur where the skin has healed after the injury. They can grow to be much larger than the original damage that caused the scar. They are not common at all, but are more common in people with dark skin. Anything that can scar can cause keloids. Seborrhea (or seborrhea) is the name for excessively oily skin. It is caused by overactive sebaceous glands and can affect both men and women. The oil that your skin produces is called sebum. Skin Diseases/Disorders CONGENITAL (INHERITED Seborrheic Dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis is a common skin disease that causes an itchy rash with scaly patches. It causes redness on light skin and light spots on darker skin. It is also called dandruff, cradle cap, seborrhea, seborrheic eczema, and seborrheic psoriasis. Eczema Atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) is the most common form of eczema and causes itching, dryness and cracking of the skin. It is more common in children and often develops before their first birthday. But it can also develop for the first time in adults. It is usually a long-term (chronic) condition, although it may improve significantly and even disappear completely in some children as they age. Psoriasis Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes red, itchy scaly patches, most commonly on the knees, elbows, trunk and scalp. Psoriasis is a common, long-term (chronic) disease with no cure. It tends to go through cycles, flaring for a few weeks or months, then subsiding for a while or going into remission. FUNGAL Ringworm-Tinea Corporis Ringworm of the body (tinea corporis) is a rash caused by a fungal infection . It's usually an itchy, circular rash with clearer skin in the middle. Ringworm gets its name because of its appearance. No worm is involved. Yeast infection Skin yeast infections are called cutaneous candidiasis. A type of fungus called candida causes these infections when it grows too much. Yeast infections are not contagious. Infections most often occur in warm, moist, wrinkled areas of the body, including the armpits and groin. BACTERIAL Acne Vulgaris Acne vulgaris is the formation of blackheads, papules, pustules, nodules and / or cysts as a result of obstruction and inflammation of the sebaceous units (hair follicles and accompanying sebaceous glands). Acne develops on the face and upper torso. It most often affects teenagers. Folliculitis Folliculitis signs and symptoms include: Clusters of small red bumps or white-headed pimples that develop around hair follicles Pus-filled blisters that break open and crust over Itchy, burning skin Painful, tender skin A large swollen bump or mass Boil- furuncle Boils furuncle are painful pus-filled bumps on the skin resulting from the deep infection of a hair follicle. The infection is usually caused by a type of bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus. Many people are "carriers" of the staph germ, meaning that it normally lives on their skin or in their nose without doing them any harm. Tiny breaks in the surface of the skin (such as those caused by friction or scratching), however, can help the germ gain entry into and infect the hair follicle, resulting in a boils. Impetigo Impetigo is a common and highly contagious skin infection that mainly affects babies and young children. It usually presents with reddish sores on the face, especially around the nose and mouth, and on the hands and feet. After about a week, the wounds burst and form a honey skin. Acne Rosacea Rosacea is a common skin condition that causes blushing or flushing and visible blood vessels in the face. It can also cause small, pus-filled lumps. These signs and symptoms may worsen for weeks or months and then fade away temporarily. VIRAL Warts Warts are a type of skin infection caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). The infection causes rough, skincolored lumps to form on the skin. The virus is contagious. You can get warts by touching someone who has them. Herpes Simplex- Cold Sore Cold sores is caused by a virus called herpes simplex. Once you have the virus, it stays in your skin for the rest of your life. Sometimes it causes cold sores. Most people are exposed to the virus in their youth through close skin contact, such as kissing, to someone who has cold sores. Herpes Zoster- Shingles Shingles is a viral infection that causes a painful rash. While shingles can occur anywhere on the body, it most often appears as a single strip of blisters that wraps around the left or right side of the body. Infestations Scabies Scabies is a skin plague caused by a mite known as Sarcoptes scabiei. If left untreated, these microscopic mites can live on the skin for months. They breed on the surface of the skin and then bury themselves in it to lay their eggs. This causes an itchy, red rash on the skin. Body lice Lice are tiny insects the size of a sesame seed. Lice live in clothes and bedding and travel across the skin several times a day to feed on blood. The most common bite sites are the neck, shoulders, armpits, waist, and groin - where the seams of the garment most often touch the skin. Pigmentation disorders Albinism Albinism is an inherited disease that leads to very light skin, hair and eyes. This is because their body has less melanin than usual. Melanin gives color to the skin, hair and eyes. Except for vision problems, most people with albinism are just as healthy as everyone else. Vitiligo Vitiligo is a condition in which the skin loses pigment cells (melanocytes). This can cause discoloration in various areas of the body, including the skin, hair, and mucous membranes. Vitiligo is a disease that causes the skin to lose color in spots. Chloasma/Melasma Chloasma, also known as melasma or "pregnancy mask", is a skin pigmentation disorder characterized by darker patches on the skin that mainly affect the face and other sun-exposed areas. Chloasma is more common in people assigned as female at birth and in darker-skinned people, and is often associated with pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives. Ephelides –Freckles A freckle is a slight pigmentation change that is clearly related to sun exposure. The patient may report deterioration with sun exposure and brightening with avoidance of the sun. Autosomal dominant inheritance is likely, so patients can be asked about family involvement. Freckles are a strong risk marker for melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer; patients should be asked about new or changing moles and non-healing changes. Lentigo-liver spots Age spots (also called liver spots or sun lentil spots) are a build-up of pigment caused by exposure to the sun. Pigment is deposited in response to an injury, just as a scar is in response to an injury. Pigment builds up in damaged areas due to thin skin or more sun exposure. Moles-Papilloma Papillomas are noncancerous, outwardgrowing lumps that might cause problems in some locations. They do not spread and are not aggressive. Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra Dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN) is a harmless skin disease that usually affects people with darker complexions. It consists of small, dark lumps that usually appear on the face and neck. While some people only have a few lumps, others have many. GENERAL Broken Capillaries (Telangiectasia) Telangiectasias (commonly known as "spider veins") are dilated or broken blood vessels located near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. They often appear as tiny pink or red lines that temporarily whiten when pressed. "Dull" telangiectasias are clusters of these small dilated blood vessels that form a pink or red spot on the skin. Healthy people can develop this condition and it is sometimes associated with varicose veins. Crow’s feet Crow's Feet are wrinkles that form around the outside of the eyes over time. As the skin around the eyes is exceptionally thin, wrinkles in this area can form fairly early due to constant muscle use and a gradual reduction in your skin's elasticity. UV damage Exposure to UV rays can cause premature aging of the skin and signs of sun damage such as wrinkles, leathery skin, liver spots, actinic keratosis, and solar elastosis. UV rays can also cause eye problems. Uticaria-hives,nettle rash Urticaria- also known as hives, blisters, stripes or hives - is a raised, itchy rash that appears on the skin. It can appear in one part of the body or spread to large areas. The rash is usually very itchy and ranges from a few millimeters to the size of a hand. Comedones- Black heads/whiteheads Blackheads look like black dots that have formed on your skin. Blackheads are called open comedones. Blackheads are skincolored bumps that form when you have a pimple. In the case of blackheads, these blackheads are made up of hair follicles under the skin with very large holes or pores. Milia Milia are tiny bumps of white, yellowish or cream color. We can notice them on our skin, especially around the eyes, temples, forehead and nose. They occur in groups and are often confused with atheromas or acne. However, the millers are tough and cannot be squeezed out. Skin cancer Basal cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma is usually a lump with a rolled edge. Basal cell carcinoma comes in various forms. It can be flat or flat to the top. It is also most often flaky and red, where the skin is exposed to sunlight. That is why it can most often be seen on the face, neck, but also legs, arms and crotch. The location of basal cell carcinoma often reduces the quality of life of patients. The development of basal cell carcinoma is also possible on damaged skin. Squamous cell carcinoma Skin squamous cell carcinoma (carcinoma spinocellulare) is an invasive malignant neoplasm of keratinocytes. It can appear anywhere on the skin or in the mucous membranes. Squamous cell carcinoma has the appearance of a long non-healing wound, a papillary lesion. Malignant melanoma Melanoma is the most malignant neoplasm of the skin and mucous membranes, originating from melanocytes of pigmented nevi or unchanged skin. It arises as a result of their excessive stimulation due to exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and gives early metastases both through the lymphatic and blood vessels. EYE CONDITIONS CONJUNCTIVITIS Conjunctivitis is also known as red or pink eye. It usually affects both eyes and makes them: red burn or feel gritty produce pus that sticks to lashes itch water BLEPHARITIS Blepharitis symptoms often come and go the symptoms of blepharitis include: sore eyelids, itchy eyes, a gritty feeling in the eyes, flakes or crusts around the roots of the eyelashes, eyelids sticking together in the morning when you wake up STYE A stye is a small, painful lump on or inside the eyelid or around the eye. The skin around the stye may be swollen and red and the stye may be filled with yellow pus. The redness may be harder to see on brown and black skin. Eye may be red and watery but your vision should not be affected. Diseases and disorders of the hair Alopecia The cause of hair loss can be any disease that is accompanied by high fever, fatigue or stress. We are talking then about telogen effluvium, in which the hair growth phase is shortened and the resting phase (telogen) is extended at the same time. Hair loss then is often sudden, diffuse and profuse. Fortunately, this is usually a temporary problem. After the cause has been identified and eliminated - and thus the primary disease has been cured - the hair returns to its natural cycle. Folliculitis During folliculitis, redness appears on the skin, which over time can turn into pustules around the hair. Additionally, the bacteria cause itching. Chronic inflammation can develop when the hair follicles are in a deep layer of the skin.bb Seborrheic Dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis, also known as seborrheic eczema, is a chronic dermatological disease. Its symptoms include erythema, peeling and itchy skin. The changes appear especially on the face, scalp, chest and skin folds. Monilethrix Monilethrix is a genetic disorder that affects hair growth and structure. People with this condition tend to have very dry, brittle, short hair in many places on their scalp. On careful examination, the affected hair tends to resemble beads on a string; thick knots are separated by very thin, delicate sections. There is no cure for monilethrix, but patients can take preventative measures such as wearing protective wigs or hats to protect their natural hair. 19. Explain the structure and functions of the skin? (insert a skin diagram) Skin Appendages Sweat Glands Hair Follicle Dermal Papilla Sensory Nerve Endings Hair Shaft Bloody Supply Function Sweat glands are found all over the body, but most often on the forehead, armpits, palms, and soles of the feet. Sweat is mostly water, but it also contains some salt. Its main function is to control body temperature. As the water contained in the sweat evaporates, the surface of the skin cools down. A hair follicle anchors every hair in the skin. The hair bulb forms the basis of the hair follicle. In the hair bulb, living cells divide and grow to form the hair shaft. Blood vessels nourish the hair root cells and provide hormones that modify the growth and structure of the hair at different times in its life. The dermal papilla is made up of mesenchymal cells in the hair follicles that play a major role in regulating hair growth. The maintenance of the hair induction potential of the DPC and the dermal sheath during cell culture is the most important factor in in vitro hair follicle morphogenesis and regeneration. The sensory nerves in the epidermis are used to sense and transmit heat, pain, and other harmful sensations. When these nerves aren't working properly, they can cause sensations such as numbness, tingling, pain, tingling, or a burning sensation The hair shaft is the part of the hair that sits above the skin. These cells attach to antigens that attack damaged skin and alert the immune system to their presence. The functions of the blood vessels is to deliver blood to the organs Sebaceous Glands Arrector Pili Muscle and tissues in your body. The blood supplies them with the oxygen and nutrients they need to function. Blood vessels also carry waste products and carbon dioxide away from organs and tissues. The normal function of the sebaceous glands is to produce and secrete sebum, a group of complex oils containing triglycerides and breakdown products of fatty acids, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters. Sebum moisturizes the skin, protecting it from friction and making it more impervious to moisture. Is a small muscle that attaches on one side to the base of the hair follicle and on the other side to the skin tissue. To generate heat when the body is cold, the flukes muscles contract simultaneously, causing the hair to "stand straight" against the skin. Function of skin Lette r S What it stands for Sensation H Heat Regulation A Absorption P Protection E Excretion How it works an important function of the dermis is to detect various sensations of heat, cold, pressure, contact and pain. The sensation is detected by the nerve endings in the dermis, which are easily damaged. This feeling in the skin plays a role in protecting us from burns. The skin's immense blood supply helps regulate temperature: dilated vessels allow for heat loss, while constricted vessels retain heat. The skin regulates body temperature with its blood supply. The skin assists in homeostasis. Humidity affects thermoregulation by limiting sweat evaporation and thus heat loss. Absorption through the skin occurs when a chemical passes through the skin and enters the body. Many chemicals used in the workplace can damage organs if they penetrate the skin and enter the bloodstream. Examples of these chemicals include pesticides and organic solvents. Absorption through the skin (percutaneous, dermal) is the transport of chemicals from the outer surface of the skin to both the skin and circulation. Absorption through the skin refers to the degree of exposure and possible effects of a substance that can enter the body through the skin. The skin plays a role in excretion through the production of sweat by the sweat glands. Sweating eliminates excess water and salt, as well as a small amount of urea, a by-product of protein catabolism. The liver is a very important excretion organ. The liver breaks down many substances in the blood, S Secretion V Vitamin D Production including toxins skin secretions come from glands located in the skin layer of the epidermis. Sweat, a physiological factor that helps regulate body temperature, is secreted by the eccrine glands. The sebaceous glands secrete sebum which oils the skin. Sebum is released on the hair shaft and prevents split ends. Vitamin D is integrally bound to the skin for the purpose of its synthesis, metabolism and activity. Regulates many physiological processes in the skin, from cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis to maintaining the protective barrier and immune functions 20. Explain the principles of skin healing ? Principles of skin healing: Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process of rebuilding the cellular structures of the skin and tissue layers. Wound Healing - Bleeding usually follows tissue damage from an incision. The cascade of vasoconstriction and coagulation begins with the immediate saturation of the wound with clotted blood, leading to hemostasis, and when dehydrated, a scab is formed. Inflammatory cells move with the release of cellular substances and mediators. Angiogenesis (blood vessel growth) and reepithelialization occur, as well as the deposition of new cellular and extracellular components. Skin healing phases - the inflammatory phase (occurs immediately after the injury and lasts about 6 days), the fibroblastic phase (occurs at the end of the inflammatory phase and can last up to 4 weeks), the scar maturation phase (begins at week 4 and may last for years). Disruption of wound / trauma healing - initial or recurrent burns and burns (both physical and chemical), animal bites or insect stings, pressure disorders, vascular, arterial, venous or mixed disorders, immunodeficiency, malignant neoplasms, connective tissue disorders, nutritional deficiencies , psychosocial disorders, drug side effects. 21. Explain the structure and function of the endocrine system and its effect on hair growth? The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemicals produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate body growth, metabolism (the body's physical and chemical processes), and sexual development and function. Hormonal skin fluctuations are manifested by lumps, dehydration, sticky sebum, dryness, loss of elasticity, wrinkle formation, severe inflammation, or a combination of these factors. One of the biggest challenges for skincare professionals is dealing with the effects of hormonal fluctuations. 22. Explain growth patterns and causes of hair growth? Causes of Hair growth Mechanical stimulation Normal systemic Important sexual characteristics include the place of growth and the type of hair, which distinguish a man from a woman. Young men develop stubble on the chin, hair grows under the armpits, in the genital area, and on the chest. Sometimes the hair on the legs is also more lush than before. In women in adolescence, hair also appears in the genital area - on the labia and on the pubic mound. Hair appears in the armpits and on the legs. Abnormal systemic Hypertrichosis is hirsutism in men that is often found all over the body or in specific areas. Hirsutism occurs in women and is characterized by hair growth in areas typical of men. Excessive body hair is usually associated with a hormonal imbalance in the body. In both women and men, excessive hair growth may also occur as a result of the use of steroids, anticonvulsants, psychotropic drugs and drugs lowering blood pressure. Plucking (including waxing, threading, sugaring and abrasions. shaving with a razor, depilatory cream, mechanical epilators, sugar paste, wax depilation (warm and cold) IPL/Laser 23. Explain the structure and function of circulatory and lymphatic systems. Circulatory system: Plasma (55%) a straw coloured fluid Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leucocytes (white blood cells) Thrombocytes (platelets) Structure Plasma is the liquid part of the blood that makes up about 55% of its volume. It consists of 90% water, 7% proteins, while the remaining 3% are organic and inorganic substances. Plasma transports electrolytes, proteins, nutrients, metabolic products and drugs in the body Function The functions of the blood plasma include the distribution of oxygen, nutrients and the removal of metabolic products, which enables the efficient operation of this complex factory, which is our body. In addition, plasma, and especially the proteins dissolved in it, are responsible for maintaining an appropriate osmotic pressure in the body. Erythrocytes are one of the major blood The primary function of erythrocytes cells. They are cells filled with enzymes is to transport oxygen from the lungs and hemoglobin. These cells are diskto the tissues mediated by hemoglobin. shaped with a central concave on both Hemoglobin combines with oxygen in sides. They do not have a cell nucleus, the alveoli and then releases it into the therefore their cellular abilities are tissues. Red blood cells are also severely limited. Red blood cells do not involved in the transport of carbon contain mitochondria and do not exhibit dioxide and, in addition, play an aerobic metabolism, and the main important role in the acid-base balance source of ATP is glycolysis. mechanism. Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBC Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are blood cells) are mononuclear cells (so- cells that cling to the blood. These called monokaryocytes) with a include neutrophils, basophils, spherical form. They reside in the eosinophils, lymphocytes and peripheral blood, like several people monocytes. They are a diverse group, who differ in value, and change through but their common structure is the several points that differ in renewal. body's defense against harmful pathogens. Platelets do not have a nucleus; these Thrombocytes. Thrombocytes are fragments of cytoplasm from (platelets) play an important role in megakaryocytes in the bone marrow or hemostasis, clogging and repair of lungs which then enter the circulation. damaged blood vessels, thus Circulating inactivated platelets are preventing blood loss. They are also biconvex, discoidal (lenticular) involved in a cascade of events that structures with a maximum diameter of lead to blood clotting, triggering many 2-3 µm. clotting factors.