Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Characteristics, Processes and
Ethics of Research
Practical Research 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Characteristics, Processes and Ethics of Research
First Edition, 2020
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Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Characteristics, Processes and
Ethics of Research
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-bystep as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
This module is designed to let you understand the characteristics, processes,
and ethics of research. As a senior high school student, you need to know
these basic considerations in writing a research paper because they will also
serve as your foundation in doing the same in your future career.
At the end of this module, you are expected to learn the following
competencies:
1. describe the characteristics of research;
2. illustrate the processes of research; and
3. define ethics in research.
1
What I Know
Read and analyze the following statements carefully. Write FACT if you think
the statement is correct, and BLUFF if incorrect. Write your answers on your
notebook.
__________ 1. Research should be empirical.
__________ 2. Research should be subjective.
__________ 3. Research follows a system in formulating its components.
__________ 4. Any unusual phenomenon may happen and can turn into a
potential problem.
__________ 5. The first step in writing a research is identifying any problem.
__________ 6. Research can be done in just one sitting.
__________ 7. The research process entails a careful investigation leading to
the discovery of new ideas, methods, or improvements.
__________ 8. Conducting a research may be done individually or
collaboratively.
__________ 9. A researcher must always adhere to the ethical codes and
policies of research.
__________ 10. Proper acknowledgment should only be given to chosen
authors cited and sources used in research.
2
Lesson
1
Characteristics of Research
In the previous lessons, you were oriented with the definition of research along
with its importance in daily life. Aside from them, you also need to know the
characteristics of research because they will guide you in crafting your own.
Let me remind you that characteristics are features or qualities that
distinguish a person, place, or thing.
What’s In
Arrange the following jumbled letters to form the different characteristics of
research. Place the correct letter in each box. Write your answers on your
notebook.
1. E S M T S A C T Y I
2. E O C V J T E B I
3. S F A E I L E B
4. C E P A I R L I M
5. A R C E L
3
Notes to the Teacher
This module prepares the learners to be acquainted with the
different characteristics, processes and ethics of research that will
guide them in writing their own research in the future.
What’s New
As a senior high school student, you are required to study a few research
subjects and conduct a research either individually or collaboratively. But, do
you know how to make a good one? Well, this module will surely help you to
achieve your goal.
In this lesson, you will be oriented about the five basic characteristics of
research (Cristobal & Cristobal 2017). There may be a lot of characteristics
stated by other authors in other references but let us only focus on the
following characteristics rooted from the given definitions of research in the
previous module.
What is It
Characteristics of Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)
1. Research should be systematic.
- The researcher needs to carry out a series of interrelated steps in
conducting the study. Such procedure must follow a well-planned,
sequential and organized structure from beginning to end.
-
The research paper is divided into macrosystem and microsystem.
The former refers to different chapters labeled with main headings,
4
while the latter consists of various elements detailing the contents
of each part.
2. Research should be objective.
- The researcher needs to present information that are purely based
on truths. It should always be anchored on the factual basis in which
the research work is founded, thus being free from any bias or
personal opinion.
3. Research should be feasible.
- The researcher needs to consider the possibility and practicality of
conducting the proposed study. All significant factors like time,
budget and access to resources must be analyzed to determine if the
research can actually be done.
4. Research should be empirical.
- The researcher needs to employ appropriate methods, either
quantitatively or qualitatively, to produce evidence-based
information. They can be drawn from concrete experimentation,
direct or indirect observation, and verifiable experience.
5. Research should be clear.
- The researcher needs to use comprehensible language to present
information and convey explanation throughout the research
process. The factors to be manipulated, measured or described in
the study, also known as variables, must be clarified using literature
from published and unpublished materials. They should be
explained well from the introductory part of the research paper to
ensure a deeper understanding of the study to be conducted.
What’s More
Think of any symbol that
represents each characteristic of
research. Draw them inside the
circles of the given concept map.
Write your answers on your
notebook.
5
Research
What I Have Learned
What are the five basic characteristics of research? Write your answers on
your notebook.
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________
5. ____________________
What I Can Do
Examine the following research scenarios and identify what characteristic of
research is disregarded. Then, suggest how can the researcher improve
his/her work. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. The researcher lacks explanation on the identified variables being studied.
Characteristic disregarded: ____________________________________________
Suggestion: ___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. The researcher does not follow the standard format in writing the research
paper.
Characteristic disregarded: ____________________________________________
Suggestion: ___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. The researcher relies on the opinion of other researchers.
Characteristic disregarded: ____________________________________________
Suggestion: ___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6
4. The researcher thinks of an implausible problem to solve.
Characteristic disregarded: ____________________________________________
Suggestion: ___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. The researcher uses information from a fabricated experimentation.
Characteristic disregarded: ____________________________________________
Suggestion: ___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Assessment
Identify whether the following scenarios show different characteristics of a
good research. Write ACCEPT if it does, and REJECT if it does not. Write your
answers on your notebook.
__________ 1. Organizing the study in a logical manner
__________ 2. Disregarding the basis on which the work is founded
__________ 3. Validating the results of the study
__________ 4. Basing on biases
__________ 5. Analyzing phenomena of importance
__________ 6. Providing fabricated information
__________ 7. Presenting opinions
__________ 8. Considering the extraordinary nature of things
__________ 9. Evaluating sources of information
__________ 10. Counterchecking different evidence
7
Additional Activities
Choose one among the five characteristics of research and explain how you
can apply it in writing your own research. Express your answer in at least five
sentences. Write your brief explanation on your notebook.
systematic
objective
empirical
feasible
clear
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8
Lesson
2
The Research Process
In the previous lesson, you were oriented with the basic characteristics of
research. At this time, you also need to know the process of research because
it will help you in properly conducting your own study.
Let me remind you that process refers to a series of steps or actions taken to
achieve a particular end or goal.
What’s In
Can you help the researcher get out of the maze to achieve his goal?
Great! What you have just done can be compared to the process of research.
It takes you to the correct direction to finish your study and achieve your goal
despite the different challenges along the way.
9
What’s New
As a senior high school student, you are required to accomplish a research
output at the end of the semester. But, do you know the steps to take in
making a research? Well, this module will surely help you to meet your goal.
In this lesson, you will be oriented about the research process. It can be
broken down into five phases, making it more manageable and easier to
understand. This module will give you an idea of what is involved at each
phase in order to give you a better overall picture of where you are in your
research, where you will be going, and what to expect at each step.
What is It
The Research Process
Research process is a systematic manner in which the researcher approaches
his/her area of study to produce knowledge that the community will consider
to be worthwhile within the field (Rao, 2017). Understanding such process is
an important step towards executing any study. The following table shows the
five phases of the research process along with their definition (Whittemore &
Melkus, 2008).
Research Phase
Conceptual Phase
Design and
Planning Phase
Empirical Phase
Analytic Phase
Dissemination
Phase
Definition
Identifying the problem, reviewing the literature,
formulating the hypothesis, developing the research
framework, and determining the research purpose and
objective
Selecting a research design, developing study procedures,
and determining the sampling and data collection plan
Collecting data, and preparing data for analysis
Analyzing data, interpreting the results, and making
conclusions
Communicating results to appropriate audience, and
utilizing the findings
Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need to take in
conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):
10
1. Define the research problem.
To begin your research, you must look at a significant real-life problem.
Factors like area of interest, availability of fund, socio-economic significance
of the study, and the safety measures to be undertaken should be considered
in finding and defining the research problem.
The researcher identifies English language proficiency as a problem of
aspiring maritime students in qualifying for admission to prestigious maritime
institutions.
2. Review the literature.
Read various publications or surf the internet to become aware of the
previous works already done about the chosen topic. You may utilize different
resources like science books, magazines, journals, newspapers, or even in the
internet.
The researcher reviews previous studies conducted about English
language proficiency and the experienced difficulties of aspiring maritime
students.
3. Formulate hypothesis.
A hypothesis is a theoretical statement in solving a logical relationship
between variables. It should be based on the problem being solved.
The researcher hypothesizes that the implementation of English-Only
Policy (EOP) in the classroom can improve the English language proficiency of
Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime students.
4. Prepare the research design.
Identify what is the best means to collect and analyze data in the study
to clarify and improve the research problem, purpose, and questions.
The researcher uses an experimental design on exploring the experiences
of the students in implementing EOP.
5. Collect data.
Use an appropriate data collection method to elicit the needed
information.
The researcher collects data through interview and focus group
discussion.
6. Analyze data.
Utilize strategies and methods that make sense of the data to answer
the research problem.
The researcher analyzes the data by drawing patterns and themes from
the generated data.
7. Interpret and report the findings.
Put the information in perspective and present the solution to the
proposed problem based on the findings of the investigation.
The researcher interprets and reports the findings based on the collected
and analyzed data to solve the research problem .
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For a clearer understanding of the process, study the following schematic
diagram:
Define the
research
problem
Review the
literature
Formulate
hypothesis
Prepare
the
research
design
Collect
data
Analyze
data
Interpret
and report
the
findings
What’s More
Arrange the following steps to illustrate the research process. Use one to seven
(1-7) to indicate the correct chronological order. Write your answers on your
notebook.
1. Prepare the research design
2. Interpret and report the
findings
3. Define the research
problem
4.
5.
6.
7.
Analyze data
Review the literature
Collect data
Formulate hypothesis
What I Have Learned
What are the five phases of the research process?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Will you enumerate the seven significant steps in conducting a study?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
12
What I Can Do
Think of a topic that you’d like to research about. Then, compose a short
narrative essay describing the chronological steps you will take in conducting
your study. Be guided with the given rubric below. Write your essay on your
notebook.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Rubric for Assessing an Essay
VGE
(5)
CRITERIA
1. The essay demonstrates an understanding
of the research process.
2. The essay descriptively narrates the
chronological steps in conducting a study
based on the chosen topic.
3. The essay follows the correct format.
4. The essay is written coherently and
cohesively.
5. The word choice is appropriate.
6. The essay is free from grammatical errors.
TOTAL
OVERALL SCORE
Legend:
VGE – To a very great extent
GE – To a great extent
SE – To some extent
LE – To a little extent
N – Not at all
2
/30
GE
(4)
SE
(3)
LE
(2)
N
(1)
Assessment
Categorize the following steps in which phase of the research process they
belong to. Use the legend below, and write your answers on your notebook.
A – Conceptual Phase
D – Analytic Phase
B – Design and Planning Phase
E – Dissemination Phase
C – Empirical Phase
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Making conclusions
Developing study procedures
Identifying the problem
Selecting a research design
Developing the research framework
Collecting data
Interpreting results
Analyzing data
Reviewing the literature
Determining the sampling and data collection plan
Additional Activities
Which do you think among the five phases of the research process can be
done easily? Choose one from the box and justify your answer in at least five
sentences. Write it on your notebook.
Conceptualizing Phase
Empirical Phase
Design and Planning Phase
Analytic Phase
Dissemination Phase
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3
Lesson
3
Ethics in Research
In the previous lessons, you were oriented with the characteristics of research
and the research process. Aside from them, you also need to know the
importance of ethics because it will guide you in considering the ethical codes
and policies you have to follow in writing and conducting a research.
Let me remind you that ethics is a branch of knowledge that deals with moral
principles on governing a person’s behavior in the conduct of any activity.
What’s In
Search for the terms in the word puzzle below by using the given clues. Write
the ten words you have found on your notebook.
1. Adhering to the facts
2. Being free from biases
3. Exhibiting morality
4. Showing concern
5. Accepting differences
6. Expressing high regard
7. Keeping privacy
8. Taking accountability
9. Having adequate capabilities
10. Observing lawfulness
14
What’s New
Read and analyze the following article comprehensively. This will serve as an eyeopener for you to realize the importance of ethics in research.
Thousands of Indians Die in Unethical Clinical Trials
(Subramanian, 2018)
Thousands of Indians have died in unethical clinical trials over the past decade, even
as a lawsuit to improve regulation of these trials has dragged unresolved through the
Supreme Court for six years.
Between January 2005 and November 2017, 4,967 people died during the course of
drug trials and research, according to government data obtained by a non-profit
called Swasthya Adhikar Manch (SAM). Another 20,000 odd people have suffered
adverse reactions in such trials.
Pharmaceutical companies have offered compensation to the families of the deceased
only in 187 of these cases, said Amulya Nidhi, who founded SAM. At least 475 drugs
have been tested in trials during this time, according to Sanjay Parikh, the lawyer
representing SAM in the lawsuit it filed against the government in 2012.
The trials take advantage of loopholes in rules, loose oversight, and India’s large
population of poor people who are often unaware of their rights as trial subjects, Mr.
Nidhi said. “We need a strong regulatory system, and we need action on violators.”
The number of clinical trials in India rose after 2005, when India relaxed its testing
laws. Drug companies began to recruit clinical research outsourcing firms to conduct
trials in India, where costs are drastically lower.
The annual revenue of these outsourcing firms has grown from $485 million in 201011 to over $1 billion today, according to research from Frost & Sullivan, a market
consultancy.
India’s regulators have been unable to keep up with this explosion of testing. For
instance, Mr. Nidhi said, an ethics committee is supposed to oversee every trial. “At
one point, in Chandigarh, there were 257 trials going on, but only one ethics
committee overseeing them,” he said. “How is that even possible?”
Trials take place under the radar as well, Mr. Parikh said, sometimes by simply
paying poor subjects around 500 rupees a day and enlisting them. The details of the
trials and the data harvested remain with the companies. “There’s no way to find this
stuff out.”
15
In 2013, following an interim order from the Supreme Court, the government made
it mandatory for companies to seek written informed consent from each subject
before a trial, and for the process of seeking this consent to be recorded on video.
In reality, however, this rarely happens. What is more commonplace, Mr. Nidhi said,
is the kind of experience Pradeep Gehlot had. His story, as narrated to SAM, forms
part of the non-profit’s case in court.
Mr. Gehlot drives an auto rickshaw in the city of Indore, and when his father
Srikrishna, a tailor, fell ill with breathlessness and chest pain, he admitted him to a
government hospital.
In the hospital, Mr. Gehlot was given a sheaf of papers to sign. They were in English,
which he couldn’t read very well, but the doctors told him that his father would be
treated, free of charge, with imported drugs, so Mr. Gehlot went ahead and signed.
“Without his consent, Srikrishna was in a clinical trial for nearly two years,” Mr.
Nidhi said. “His health started deteriorating, and he died in 2012.”
When SAM heard about the case and sent a team to talk to Mr. Gehlot, they
confirmed from the documents that a trial had been conducted.
After Mr. Gehlot complained, the doctor’s medical license was suspended for three
months. SAM uncovered other cases of ethical violations in a different Indore hospital
and filed further complaints.
The state government, after investigating the hospital, found that 81 “serious adverse
events”—including 32 deaths—occurred during clinical trials on more than 3,000
people. These adverse events had not previously been reported to regulators. A third
Indore hospital enlisted 1,833 children and 233 mentally ill individuals in trials
without their consent, the investigators’ report found.
The report also suggested that doctors and clinicians running these trials had
frequently been sent on trips overseas, or had been paid out of process, by
pharmaceutical companies.
Punitive measures are weak, however. After its inquiry, the government imposed fines
of $100 apiece on 12 doctors for not cooperating with its investigations. Two doctors
were barred from conducting further trials for a period of six months.
But Chirag Trivedi, the president of the Indian Society for Clinical Research, a
professional body representing pharmaceutical researchers, argued that the
country’s rules are actually over-stringent, and that they have shrunk the number of
ongoing trials.
One regulation, for example, calls for companies to also pay for management of all
medical problems during trials, which is unfair, he said.
16
“There was a cardiovascular drug trial, which is for a heart ailment, where the
company had to pay for tuberculosis treatment for nine months,” Mr. Trivedi said.
“We all know that tuberculosis is caused by bacteria, not by any drug, and not by a
clinical trial for a heart ailment.”
In every case that has warranted compensation, companies have paid out, he said.
Mr. Trivedi admitted that, “as in any industry,” there were companies that indulged
in unethical trials as well. “We cannot condone any irregularities,” he said. “Whatever
protects the rights and safety of individuals, we will support such that. Every life is
precious. We can’t treat Indians as guinea pigs.”
He also pointed out that clinical trials are vital to drug development. “The medicines
that help you and me—they wouldn’t be available without trials.”
The next hearing of SAM’s lawsuit in the Supreme Court has been scheduled for
December 4, but all parties to the suit have been asked to file their suggestions for
an amended law next month, Mr. Nidhi said.
But the regulations before 2005 were both sufficient and comprehensive, Mr. Nidhi
said. “Bring back the law that existed before 2005. That is what we are asking.”
What is It
Importance of Ethics in Research
Resnik (2015), in his article, “What is Ethics in Research & Why is it
important?”, as cited by Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), enumerates the
following reasons why it is important to follow ethical principles in writing and
conducting a research:
1. It promotes the aims of research.
Ethics guides the researchers in obtaining knowledge, truth, and
avoidance of error by prohibiting fabrication, falsification and
misrepresentation of research data.
2. It upholds values that are essential to collaborative work.
Many researchers who are working in different disciplines and
institutions cooperate and coordinate to accomplish a particular research.
With ethics in mind, they also maintain trust, accountability, mutual
respect, and fairness.
17
3. It ensures that researchers can be held accountable to the public.
Ethical norms guarantee the public that researchers are deemed
responsible for committing any form of research misconduct.
4. It builds public support for research.
People express and lend their support by all means if they can trust the
quality and integrity of research.
5. It promotes a variety of moral and social values.
Ethical principles help the researcher avoid practices that can adversely
harm the research subjects and the community. Thus, it encourages social
responsibility, human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, and
public health and safety.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), in their book, “Practical Research 1 for
Senior High School”, lists the following ethical codes and policies that the
researcher needs to consider in conducting a study:
1. Honesty
The researcher should strive to truthfully report data in whatever
form of communication all throughout the study.
2. Objectivity
The researcher should avoid being biased. The study should not be
influenced by his/her personal motives, beliefs and opinions.
3. Integrity
The researcher should establish credibility through the consistency
of his/her thought and action. He/she should act with sincerity especially
on keeping agreements.
4. Care
The researcher should never neglect even the smallest detail of the
study. All information should be critically examined. Records of research
activities should be properly and securely kept.
5. Openness
The researcher should be willing to accept criticisms and new ideas
for the betterment of the study. Research results and findings should be
shared to the public.
18
6. Respect for intellectual property
The researcher should not plagiarize. Credit should be given to who
or where it is due. All authors cited and sources used in the study should
be properly acknowledged.
- Plagiarism refers to the act of illegally using another person’s ideas,
works, processes, and results. Thus, it constitutes claiming an
intellectual property as one’s own that can be penalized through
Republic Act 8293 known as the Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines.
7. Confidentiality
The researcher should take steps to protect all confidential
communications or documents from being discovered by others.
8. Responsible publication
The researcher should ensure that his/her work is clear, honest,
complete, accurate, and balanced, thus avoiding wasteful and duplicate
publication. It should likewise refrain from selective, misleading, or
ambiguous reporting.
9. Responsible mentoring
The researcher should teach responsible conduct of research and
share professional knowledge and skills especially to new or lessexperienced researchers.
10. Respect for colleagues
The researcher should show courtesy to his/her colleagues by
treating them equally and fairly.
11. Social responsibility
The researcher should promote social good by working for the best
interests and benefits of the environment and society as a whole.
12. Non-discrimination
The researcher should not discriminate based on sex, race, ethnicity,
or any factor relating to scientific competence and integrity. Thus,
research should be open to all people or entities who will participate in
research.
13. Competence
The researcher should possess necessary knowledge and skills in
conducting a study. He/she should be equipped with a sense of
professionalism and expertise to ensure competent results.
19
14. Legality
The researcher should know and abide by relevant laws, institutional
and government policies concerning the legal conduct of research.
15. Human Subject Protection
The researcher should protect human lives by preventing and
minimizing harms and risks. He/she should always uphold the human
dignity, privacy, and autonomy of human subjects to be used in the study.
Rights of Research Participants
In every aspect of life, rights and responsibilities are inseparably linked to one
another. This means that both the researcher and the participant have
necessary obligations to perform as a prerequisite of their privileges in
conducting research. According to Trochim (2006), Smith (2003) and Polit
(2006), the following are some of the rights of research participants, as cited
by Cristobal & Cristobal (2017):
1. Voluntary participation
The research participants must be given the privilege to exercise their
free will whether to participate or not. They have the right to refuse
involvement in the study. Thus, any person should not be forced to take
part in any research undertaking.
2. Informed consent
The research participants must be provided with sufficient information
about the procedures and risks involved in the research. It serves as an
initial guide on why and how the study will be conducted. Hence, the
researcher must ensure that they fully understood and agreed upon the
study.
3. Risk of harm
The research participants must be protected from any type of harm
whether it may be physical, psychological, social, or economic. The
researcher must avoid, prevent, or minimize threats especially when they
are exposed and engaged in invasive and risky procedures.
4. Confidentiality
The research participants must be assured of their privacy particularly
on personal information. The researcher must secure that all information
disclosed by them will not be used without authorized access.
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5. Anonymity
The research participants must remain anonymous or unidentified
throughout the study even to the researchers themselves. They have the
right to keep their identities secret as they participate especially in casesensitive studies.
What’s More
Suggest appropriate ethical actions that must be undertaken in order to
correct the unethical practices presented below. Consider the ethical
principles that must be followed in conducting a research. Copy the table and
answer it on your notebook.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Unethical Practices
Bella, a graduating student, claimed
the research work of her classmate.
She erased the name of the original
researcher and placed her own.
Joseph, the class president, forced
his classmates to participate in his
study.
A group of research students secretly
chose their adviser as the subject of
their research.
Sheila, an honor student, ranked last
in the honor roll because of nonparticipation in extra-curricular
activities. A qualitative research
about her is conducted without
informing her.
Delbert, a senior high school student,
is planning to carry out his first
research on the misbehavior of fellow
students during examinations.
However, he has no idea on the
ethical guidelines in conducting such
research.
21
Ethical Actions
What I Have Learned
At this point, you already learned a lot about ethics in research. Now, can you
recall the importance of ethical codes and policies?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
What should you consider most among the different ethical codes and policies
when conducting a study? Why do you think so?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
Complete the following phrases by referring to the ethical principles for
research. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. When I conduct research, I will _________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. The participants of my study will be ____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. To finally arrive at the best findings, I will _______________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
22
Assessment
Identify whether the following actions follow the ethical codes and policies for
research. Write GO if you think it is ethical, and STOP if it is unethical. Write
your answers on your notebook.
__________ 1. Securing the safety of research participants
__________ 2. Rejecting criticisms from others
__________ 3. Exposing personal identity of respondents
__________ 4. Carrying out inconsistent actions
__________ 5. Treating all peers equally
__________ 6. Duplicating other publications
__________ 7. Obeying relevant laws
__________ 8. Keeping agreements
__________ 9. Searching from credible online sources of information
__________ 10. Falsifying reported data and results
Additional Activities
Pick one from the rights of research participants inside the box. Then, explain
how you can personally apply it in conducting your own research in the
future. Express your ideas in at least five sentences. Write your explanation
on your notebook.
Voluntary Participation
Confidentiality
Informed Consent
Anonymity
Risk of Harm
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
23
Additional Activities:
- Answers may vary.
What I Can Do:
- Answers may vary.
(Be guided with the given
rubric in assessing an
essay.)
24
What I Have Learned:
- The five phases of the research process
are conceptual, design and planning,
empirical, analytic and dissemination.
- The seven significant steps in conducting
a study are determining the research
problem, reviewing literature, formulating
hypothesis, preparing the research
design, collecting data, analyzing data,
interpreting and reporting findings.
What’s
More:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
4
7
1
6
2
5
3
What’s In:
Assessment:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
D
B
A
B
A
C
D
D
A
B
Lesson 2
Additional Activities:
What I Can Do:
- Answers may vary.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Assessment:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ACCEPT
REJECT
ACCEPT
REJECT
ACCEPT
REJECT
REJECT
ACCEPT
ACCEPT
ACCEPT
What I Have
Learned:
1. systematic
2. objective
3. feasible
4. empirical
5. clear
Answers may come
in any order.
clear
systematic
objective
feasible
empirical
Suggestions for each
item may vary.
What’s In:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What’s More:
- Answers may vary.
SYSTEMATIC
OBJECTIVE
FEASIBLE
EMPIRICAL
CLEAR
What I Know:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
FACT
BLUFF
FACT
FACT
FACT
BLUFF
BLUFF
FACT
FACT
FACT
Lesson 1
Answer Key
Additional
Activities:
- Answers may
vary.
Assessment:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
GO
STOP
STOP
STOP
GO
STOP
GO
GO
GO
STOP
What I Can Do:
- Answers may
vary.
25
Additional Activities:
1. Bella should avoid plagiarism. She must do her own research
work and not claim the work of others as her own.
2. Joseph should not force his classmates to join in his study,
instead he should invite them formally.
3. The students must employ informed consent. They should
formally notify their adviser regarding their intent on making
him/her as their research subject.
4. Sheila must be properly informed about the research. The
researcher must acquire her approval to participate in the study,
preferably with a signed agreement.
5. Delbert must know and follow appropriate guidelines in order to
conduct a proper research.
What I Have Learned:
- Ethical codes and policies are important because they will guide
the researcher in the pursuit of knowledge, truth and credibility.
- I think all ethical codes and policies are equally important, so we
need to consider all the given guiding principles in conducting a
research.
What’s New:
1. Ethics in research is the practice of principles that place primary
importance on the protection of the human subjects and
participants of the study.
2. It is unethical because the 400 African-American people were
deliberately left untreated and they were not informed about the
study.
3. (Answers may vary.)
What I Know:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Honesty
Objectivity
Integrity
Care
Openness
Respect
Confidentiality
Responsibility
Competence
Legality
Lesson 3
Answer Key
References
Blankenship, Diane C. 2010. Applied Research and Evaluation Methods in
Creation. Maryland: Human Kinetics.
Cristobal, Amadeo Jr. P, and Maura Consolacion D Cristobal. 2017. Practical
Research 1 for Senior High School. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.
DepEd. 2020. "K to 12 Curriculum Final Most Essential Learning
Competencies." Practical Research 1. Department of Education .
—. 2016. "K to 12 Curriculum Guide." Practical Research 1. Department of
Education.
ElYolero. 2016. "Copa Centroamericana Trophy." Wikimedia Commons. April.
Accessed July 2020.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Copa_Centroamericana_Tr
ophy.png.
Orb, Angelica, Laurel Eisenhauer, and Dianne Wynaden. 2004. "Ethics in
Qualitative Research." Journal of Nursing Scholarship. Sigma Global
Nursing Excellence.
Rao, T. V. 2017. SlideShare. July. Accessed June 2020.
https://www.slideshare.net/doctortvrao/research-process-78115675.
Resnik, David B. 2015. "What is Ethics in Research & Why is it important."
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
—. 2015. "What Is Ethics in Research & Why Is It Important?" National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. December 1. Accessed July
2020.
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/ind
ex.cfm#:~:text=There%20are%20several%20reasons%20why,the%20tr
uth%20and%20minimize%20error.
Subramanian, Samanth. 2018. "Thousands of Indians die in unethical
clinical trials." The National. Accessed July 2020.
https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/thousands-of-indians-die-inunethical-clinical-trials-1.770992.
VideoPlasty. 2018. "University Diploma or Certificate Flat Icon Vector."
Wikimedia Commons. March. Accessed July 2020. University Diploma
or Certificate Flat Icon Vector.
Whittemore, Robin, and Gail D'Eramo Melkus. 2008. Designing a research
study. The Diabetes Educator.
26
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Department of Education – Region III,
Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)
Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan
Telefax: (047) 237-2102
Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph