PROPERT 1ES
lone pur ot
Follows ctek rule
Central
atom
1
N
Rutherfor
Model
Bohr Model
Planetany
eouble bonn
clo
Signifier thi's
Brackets
- Dense Positie nacles vhere
electons oroit arsne it
lite
Vaaue
planctS orßit.ng the SunPriociple
nucdeus
Hgdroqen
fixe shells, and
HTom
more between orbris
Positive nucleus witm
asorbing ur
releasin enere
electons 6ccupyng o76
molecda i s a resonance
he maleele hus
bri.Doule bond
dostit ochuly exst Mitep
ck 3veiall thopme
orbital Shalowest Eheray
2.0rhital-shage Guastustonbi
fS*
partiularsSed6ials
i c Guatan unr
S p i n sf elcccron
speahc
Elect tds fill
empty ordals
and then puir Hp.
RULE (EXCLUS TON
1s
2P
25
Carbon-C
State Gnd p hsial proçeltie
olar covaleyt
oni
Intramoleculor
force
hoh-pola
Polar covlent
weak
Lon attraces to
Dispersion
D-induced-D
dipole
hrak tPafrary torre
wak forue wiên a poar
molecde tauses a dipde in
anen-Por molecule.
Tonic solis
2.D-D bonds
-brite
3.I-D &on
4. Tnduced bonds
-hgh
5Dispecsion
-hard
H
Attactian of opposte pertial chovgd
-D
SOLTDS
stong 1t-bonds
ionic
chemical poperties
ntramaleculor For: Detennihe
Force
by Shtength.
Evey intermoleaudo
m-P
Low Cond uctivir
u Molecular Solis
hydragen
H
bonds
Tri poral Bipgrinidal
Bent
-ftias louest m-P
- weakest metal
-
Loy
can
duchivity
E:Lone eairs
n:tof 1e pairs
Trigonal Bipymial|
Trigonal flana
opposite spih
Values of+72 or - 7
Detemine
Lntermolecular Forcer:
hoh-polor
mut have
m #of bonding seBs
AXs
AX Ez
-The max of 2electrons in an
AXmEn
A:cedral atom
T-ShoedX:Bonding Sets
Octahe dral
S
VSE PR NOTA TTON
Octa hedrel
Octa he dral
HUNDS PAULI
orbital
aton has a ftull valence
AX
AX
NUMBERS PRINCIPLE
elemonts bond sethat eosh
bon hybrid chweenh2 Jiagrass.Shell
and hanrq a Spin preperty
QUANTUM AUFBAU
Octet Rule:
are used waen
=enerqy leel Electons i l
quatun Nuner
chorge
of
Model
lectron
-Elecrons ocbit în
ovtrall
N
:O
Quantumn Mechonical
Model
elecar
LTQVIs
Metalic soLids
-
high m.P
when intadeculor
forte 'nCtease ,liquis
Maleask ani duchle 9ain more odhesion,
cosity and
COvalent Nehuork sui ohesiah,vis
Hgh canduchivity
hard
-high m-f
-Low condutiy
higSucface fension
--
ORGANIC COMPOUND CLASSES ,PROPERTIES &IUPAC SUFFIX,PREFIX & INTRAMOLECULAR FORES
high
bn
lOwb.p
high bplèlCarbon
sUFFIX
bP
PREFLX TME
or ad doubk A D COMPOU ND
Alkans Alkenes
Bon type Sngle
Alkyhs|banded to oxygen
triple
doule
Extremely hign &pP
Solubt lity
Empirical
OH
petanaic
acid
Sane as
aldehydes & alcahols
Formua
Cnht2 CaH,n
Chftn-
Shot aguecs,long Salid
Carboxyle+ alcohol
iag romH
C-H
H-Et-
HCEC-H.hier bpthan alkans,
lauer tan alcool and
Solubility insolule inSante i inSdlabe
State Bfane an ber2g5.The iot liqu)
eOH Sie group
ot verg high b-p
H
Solli 1y
H-C-OH
lang chais,
Liouid
Lak
e
or
H
efono
dn Carbaxytie acid.
Oxggen
2
oryen
Chain, 5+ is unsolube
slig tHy Sduble same
al Jehydes
Popan-2-one
as estrs
solid
palar,D-0 bond
Aldehydes
-al
Kerones
One
GX
plar
Amins
amine
Amino
laD-D bon
-OXA
pola
-Rther
non
-pslar, London
pola
Oxo
CH C Alkgns
Alkans
ane
hsa-pslr,Lanton
GEOMETRIC SIDE 6ROUP
REACTIONS
of copouds. Longer
bp enen more
BENZEV
ci'S
Picny
Replage Hdoable bond on on alkee Substitatron)
CH
M,N-nchy eig
1 Te hiahot b.p
Thigh b-p, Saneas
Carbamoyl-
CH
Stsolid
Carboryle ocid t omine
Any Carbon in the idle
iS dorusle boned to
oygen
-am+de
Remove
CH3 AA t,otor
stde halazen
group to(adarhian)
fann caulke bard(elimuastian)
3-4 liqid
1ca doon is 915, 2t is liui.
Same olabct*s allehyles
Short=gas,
Ani s
Decreates b-p
Sowets ecrease
ether
higer thuy
e
polar, D-b bond
|Waer + allene alcbh» l (hykcstian)
short-vey soluble
ethana
allokyarbonyl-
hon-polor Lond on
wLqur
sng= insolubl
alkyl-octe
-ye
ethy metny
alkane.
Thigh bp but hmac
loer thwn alcshol.
Solable in 1-4 caton
awbp
aler to
alkans
p
EsAers
Alkens -Rne
Shat aliguidlanga Solia
Ammoni a Siugap
kist carbon
sare as albehyds
sligktly solusle,ess 5o
bsaded to
carbsxy-
Ether s
Short-solble long =isoldle
i doube bonded to
Same
acis.
alky graups
Shat Carbon, Chans,
n
Carboryi
nethr ehanooe
polar, D-b bond
- oit a
Corboxylic aid
Aldehye+H =1 alcahol (Reductian)
uketntt H 2
olcohal (ReAucion)
l'alahol -Hz aldehzde (oxiduckton)
Rich oe ncher: The cas
with the mote hon 6snds
etaias thoe bands.
Ror get poarer: The carban
win louer hyicagen bonds
loSer hase 6onds,
Zalkshol-H =Ketone (xidehion)
al cohal t carboxylic acid ester + rter (ranverstin)
MH, eser t water =alchsl tcartoryic acd Chydatan)
pentan amide
DERIMODYNAICS
aA theat>bB tcC
(K3)
-Heat lEcay
is
lost fescapine
Lnquiny
CO2
Proucts ore (ode
AH=S8kT/ms
Aa +29
HqKJlmol
H of
4H-231 kT/msl
Protuds oe hetter
-
Benes are forhed
t Pruay
K
CH
Heat/enecgy gauncd/ rtaind
the
The tstul AH of ateactjon t e Sum bt
each Step
Epegy rieaENDOTHE RAIC: Enegy iS absathed HESS'S LAw:
EXOTtRML.
82kT/mol
CO2c9)+ CHyc9) 9 CHioadH
Bonds are brok¢n
TABLE OF STANDARD ENTHALPIES CE FORMATION
Ngt 34o
2NH
AH=-8.8AIKI
CALORI METER evice that can
eaSufe te
heit inyolued
ín a
feathan
Tlo tenpesahute Chanfo
ngity: #reatian du@ein a
ane he het capacity of the stn ll.6kT/°c.Cacdae
by5
KATE LAw: Instananeas foe ofceacfion
n S c : Since there S
no
K CA
eron, dt
mass, eusethis
facmda
q= CAT
Consknt
eacton
U.6J/°C 6.tc
AVERAGE ROR:
Equation
hent transfer:
foc
heat
In Sone inques,
Ino Ss is calcul ehed
wth fhis:
(g Imol)
mo
(h l)
eanting
molecale B
Concetrahion
=
xsum ot exders.
r-4C
Fininq Conenkfatn on mass or oune
Chagein Concestrotian
MASS
volume
nMxmn
41-Chage in ayerature
Cngpe*|CoLTSTONTHEORY: POTENTIAL EEROY DIAGRAM| ROR FACTORS
m*C
(
secthi hea
mass
transfecred(J)
spacity/g-
Rate of reaschian is
depepdent on NuaMber
enthapylJer k
colie w proper
ORTENTATTON
and KINETIC
Tocaleudahe molar enthaley (AH
molor entholpy
(KTmel)
Transition Ste
nENERGY (Ea)
caalyst:
Fwd
Thcreases ror by
Streching bend%.
Ea
Rvere
Fa Cohcestration: Tncreased
ofefectie colliSiohs.|
Moleculer MUsT
To calculae 44: 442hholarmaSs
of mole ule"A"
L mol
Unt for
7s.4K
Concetatton
bubles, the rue quainyps.
c4T
.The hcatofthe reachion is 75k ( sigfics)
coefficicit of "A an'B
CBT
Coentabin has has an Otder of2,
cate
rate of
eeg refease.
AHAMprokacs-dHceaskarts)
DH=2(-3o. 841kTI l) -0(»)
QH-IG1.7skSlnal
bowó calosinckr.
the
dheo
Concentratan cauwes orto ieare2
Reachnis
Surface area: Increase urfnce
enthalc
Produchs
Time
Dattel live zcatahred reachian
area
CausS
for
t
ncrease
Tempecaure : Tnereased teocat.
Caues ror +
incicuSe
DYNAMICSEQUTLIRRIUM +heot
To
7is eqyal to
Reerse
Fwd
reachn
rate
Rcacri
ns
D.E o
pne
chg
occurs
ore
i
ConStany
closcd
Reacticn
rat
stil
Sysens
RICE tabe
ocua Tia) durng ilbriun.
SSkem
Locta
aA tbB
Recucion R
Lhtial
heat only estapes
- LProducts
Eeg>1,
Caluuate reaehaut or Pradud conCentratioS,use the RICE tube
COncetrahi an
prous have geater
aA+bBcCtdD
kerCe
CDT
CA1 C0
1,preeis ax eahuts hae qal aentatan
TfK
cuse teprsents
I ka,3, reados kae garer tontetation upper
Concentrotin at
X Solies aid leui ds are gnofe ia te equlikniwn
eailíbrium.
C
if Hhe
X-x
+2X
ke
Concentytfon
Eaya lioun
COncentratHn
T-X
E
2%
-*
using the
eqyilubrium Corstast 1s
needes to solve for XK,
I
change to
(eesrefan
intanc6,
ke, is given
TATCT
2.X
Ke C-ca-x
Kunts are in mol/L or M
I f ke
ke has no unit
xiboo
initial oncentat (on
of a reuctot,the x value for that
Teactont Cah be writen o f
Le Chatlier's Pinciple: When a reversible reactian in a clostd In acodance totne Brgnste-Lowy theory: An acid ir a proton ) |
sySten. experiehts a disturbance, the equlibrun will Shitt tste donor and a base is a protun accetsr.
sice that dimiaishs tre effest*.
TPressre lvVO'm
eguilibiun
teer
ructia,tstal
WTrmass
Stron
MalS reuctiay u
t s topasls
Vprssare/ Avsiue = equliten Ps t u r repcian whnore tal ms
LatalSSpeees up both reaias,hS
HTlewpecatge
no
tal
More enlbthenmic reackins oceur
chfecton egulibreum
Stcon9
OLarge ka Values (rgst egailiatam)
OLarge k, valueslrigdepuliiun|
Nearly 99.9% JsoáaBe inuater
USualy are a brnany acid (e. HCI)
Almast 451% oiahian in waer
falvaufin otkeric Sie OProJu
a
wakconjue
base
han reacing with a baSe.
dtur, tqvauri endolieoi Side. Weoak
OTiay ka valua (aestered egihii
Mote potuets
=
Product
50% dissociaterin wate
iodut/NReactant More Reactois Rendrs/V
cC tD + heát
ta3e
tb8
DProduc a
lemperahure
L
=
BASES
ACTDS
-
Mlore exohyernic tadirs
Strony cnjugahe
gA
in
exoThermie síce,
endothe mic Side
a
reachn win
a
bSe.
Reacts ih adiés ta prsuce
a
eak
onjugate ac id.
weak
OSnall k, ales (centerel eguliiusm)
50% dhssociattan in woter
Praducs acona tonjucyte acid
in a rCackio wth an aci
T
REDOX
REDOX
RE ACTION:
Reactant
Oxidized
ion tut wil
SOLVIN6/BALANCING REDOX : 2 ways
RED + OX
Reuced ReactantProducts USTNG OXIDATION NUNBE RS
beneral Steps For beth qcidíc ard basit
4(ionthatwllgain e)
ACIDIC
or
BASIC conditis?
tondihíons and neither.
OCal alate oxidation numbers fom eath elemeN on reactust ard prodsatsi
Also caled the feduane aqtt 4(Ass cailed the oxidi zis uot)
Calculate he dispary ine perml& per Compoud (recctat site)
HALF REACTIONS : Thee's 2 tys
Use te lowet conpondaoninokur of He oxidizad tad redced elemeatS mol pe
half reachon = feactat elenert loses
Oxidi zed
reacton= Teactaht element
Recuel half
EXAMPLE:
Fes *u9) 7
gains
e.
Compydectran dispaty
2
Oridat íon number
Calcul atm
Balance Ormen y odhing weter to one site.
o is reduced
Oxygen
h
in
in
a
covdent
a
y adg picton(H) to oe i
2.But
in
in wetl
H0,
huaride>i
hiyhe* EN >Charge the element uo
I n covalet Compeud Sum of oxiàadionO
Charge
Sum of oxidat
I n jonic Cowpound,
Oxidation
educhin
e NaH)
1
horoly hoye
oxidation Mumber
Ca Soy breaks apat
Acd OH on hah Sier,equa to the amat of Halded. and as c
H0 md
Sinplity
in íoní« form
ot Compound.
USTNG HALF REACTIONS;
General
eps:
DEtabhsh okidchion
6lacE
Also indus extra steps fur aci
(bsie coano
hnunbers ofeach tldrent and spt Ae teadian iato 2,cheel ond
oxidizcd.
alance reactians
I f acidic / bo5ic, balance oryjen by cddihq H0 b1 sile.
If
gains
ele ctons, it turhs
H20.
For ksh conditins G7 Balance charse 6y adding e.
compound,the elemet
Woridurion nuber
BASTC condtion Everyfhing okae and 2 mote Seps.
Combne oH witn H toferm
:
Comgound+1 . But
conigound
canpand
Chote an dr
ffs
The
or
Was made up of ony tonS,
OPare elemets>O
Ton
Chaqe of Said ion
Hydrogeh
QUALT TATWE EXAMPLE
In ACTDIC Conditrons :2 extra Steps
Salonce hdrgan
OXTOATION NUMBE R :
coeficiestS.
Balance the produets
e.
Fe is ondized a
3+
as
aati-/basic, balance
byloen by adiing *t 1 side
.
I f bsic, odd OH tho boih sids equal to fhe amu of bgkrgen aea.
IF basic, ¬ombie
ON wn H to forn Ho
Obalance Teactiar chargs sy addng e.
and
sihpi
Multiply each reaction by lowet cOnmman denoindtar fat
@Combine bsth reackons.
i.0
wh
Cancel aut elecons