READING PRACTICE TEST 1
READING PASSAGE I
Questions 1–13 are based on Reading Passage 1
The True Cost of Food
A
For more than forty years the cost of food has been rising.
It has now reached a point where a growing number of
people believe that it is far too high, and that bringing it
down will be one of the great challenges of the twenty
first century. That cost, however, is not in immediate cash.
In the West at least, most food is now far cheaper to buy
in relative terms than it was in 1960. The cost is in the
collateral damage of the very methods of food production
that have made the food cheaper: in the pollution of water,
the enervation of soil, the destruction of wildlife, the harm
to animal welfare and the threat to human health caused
by modern industrial agriculture.
B
First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers
and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic
engineering — the onward march of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in
the last half-century, as the yields of produce have soared. But the damage it has
caused has been colossal. In Britain, for example, many of our best-loved farmland
birds, such as the skylark, the grey partridge, the lapwing and the corn bunting,
have vanished from huge stretches of countryside, as have even more wild flowers
and insects. This is a direct result of the way we have produced our food in the last
four decades. Thousands of miles of hedgerows, thousands of ponds, have disappeared
from the landscape. The faecal filth of salmon farming has driven wild salmon from
many of the sea Lochs and rivers of Scotland. Natural soil fertility is dropping in
many areas because of continuous industrial fertiliser and pesticide use, while the
growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertiliser run-off.
C
Put it all together and it looks like a battlefield, but consumers rarely make the
connection at the dinner table. That is mainly because the costs of all this damage
are what economists refer to as externalities: they are outside the main transaction,
which is for example producing and selling a field of wheat, and are borne directly by
neither producers nor consumers. To many, the costs may not even appear to be
financial at all, but merely aesthetic — a terrible shame, but nothing to do with
money. And anyway they, as consumers of food, certainly aren’t paying for it, are
they?
D
But the costs to society can actually be quantified and, when added up, can amount
to staggering sums. A remarkable exercise in doing this has been carried out by one
of the world’s leading thinkers on the future of agriculture, Professor Jules Pretty,
Director of the Centre for Environment and Society at the University of Essex. Professor
Pretty and his colleagues calculated the externalities of British agriculture for one
particular year. They added up the costs of repairing the damage it caused, and
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PRACTICE TESTS – Reading
came up with a total figure of £2,343m. This is equivalent to £208 for every hectare
of arable land and permanent pasture, almost as much again as the total government
and EU spend on British farming in that year. And according to Professor Pretty, it
was a conservative estimate.
E
The costs included: £120m for removal of pesticides; £16m for removal of nitrates;
£55m for removal of phosphates and soil; £23m for the removal of the bug
cryptosporidium from drinking water by water companies; £125m for damage to
wildlife habitats, hedgerows and dry stone walls; £1,113m from emissions of gases
likely to contribute to climate change; £106m from soil erosion and organic carbon
losses; £169m from food poisoning; and £607m from cattle disease. Professor Pretty
draws a simple but memorable conclusion from all this: our food bills are actually
threefold. We are paying for our supposedly cheaper food in three separate ways:
once over the counter, secondly through our taxes, which provide the enormous
subsidies propping up modern intensive farming, and thirdly to clean up the mess
that modern farming leaves behind.
F
So can the true cost of food be brought down? Breaking away from industrial
agriculture as the solution to hunger may be very hard for some countries, but in
Britain, where the immediate need to supply food is less urgent, and the costs and
the damage of intensive farming have been clearly seen, it may be more feasible.
The government needs to create sustainable, competitive and diverse farming and
food sectors, which will contribute to a thriving and sustainable rural economy, and
advance environmental, economic, health, and animal welfare goals.
G
But if industrial agriculture is to be replaced, what is a viable alternative? Professor
Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices
for many farmers. Furthermore, the price premium would put the produce out of
reach of many poorer consumers. He is recommending the immediate introduction
of a ‘Greener Food Standard’, which would push the market towards more sustainable
environmental practices than the current norm, while not requiring the full commitment
to organic production. Such a standard would comprise agreed practices for different
kinds of farming, covering agrochemical use, soil health, land management, water
and energy use, food safety and animal health. It could go a long way, he says, to
shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a more sustainable system of
agriculture.
Questions 1–4
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A–G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A–G, in boxes 1–4 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1
a cost involved in purifying domestic water
2
the stages in the development of the farming industry
3
the term used to describe hidden costs
4
one effect of chemicals on water sources
PRACTICE TESTS – Reading
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Questions 5–8
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 5–8 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO
if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN
if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
5
Several species of wildlife in the British countryside are declining.
6
The taste of food has deteriorated in recent years.
7
The financial costs of environmental damage are widely recognised.
8
One of the costs calculated by Professor Pretty was illness caused by food.
Questions 9–13
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 9–13 on your answer sheet.
Professor Pretty concludes that our (9) ……………….. are higher than most people realise,
because we make three different types of payment. He feels it is realistic to suggest
that Britain should reduce its reliance on (10)……………….. .
Although most farmers would be unable to adapt to (11) ……………….., Professor Pretty
wants the government to initiate change by establishing what he refers to as a (12)
……………….. . He feels this would help to change the attitudes of both (13) ………………..
and……………….. .
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PRACTICE TESTS – Reading
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
DELIVERING
THE
GOODS
The vast expansion in international trade owes much to a revolution in the business of moving freight
A
International trade is growing at a startling pace. While the global economy has been expanding
at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about
twice that. Foreign products, from meat to machinery, play a more important role in almost
every economy in the world, and foreign markets now tempt businesses that never much worried
about sales beyond their nation’s borders.
B
What lies behind this explosion in international commerce? The general worldwide decline in
trade barriers, such as customs duties and import quotas, is surely one explanation. The economic
opening of countries that have traditionally been minor players is another. But one force behind
the import—export boom has passed all but unnoticed: the rapidly falling cost of getting goods
to market. Theoretically, in the world of trade, shipping costs do not matter. Goods, once they
have been made, are assumed to move instantly and at no cost from place to place. The real
world, however, is full of frictions. Cheap labour may make Chinese clothing competitive in
America, but if delays in shipment tie up working capital and cause winter coats to arrive in
spring, trade may lose its advantages.
C
At the turn of the 20th century, agriculture and manufacturing were the two most important
sectors almost everywhere, accounting for about 70% of total output in Germany, Italy and
France, and 40—50% in America, Britain and Japan. International commerce was therefore
dominated by raw materials, such as wheat, wood and iron ore, or processed commodities,
such as meat and steel. But these sorts of products are heavy and bulky and the cost of
transporting them relatively high.
D
Countries still trade disproportionately with their geographic neighbours. Over time, however,
world output has shifted into goods whose worth is unrelated to their size and weight. Today, it
is finished manufactured products that dominate the flow of trade, and, thanks to technological
advances such as lightweight components, manufactured goods themselves have tended to
become lighter and less bulky. As a result, less transportation is required for every dollar’s worth
of imports or exports.
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154
E
To see how this influences trade, consider the business of making disk drives for computers.
Most of the world’s disk-drive manufacturing is concentrated in South-east Asia. This is possible
only because disk drives, while valuable, are small and light and so cost little to ship. Computer
manufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives
from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market. Distance therefore poses
no obstacle to the globalisation of the disk-drive industry.
F
This is even more true of the fast-growing information industries. Films and compact discs cost
little to transport, even by aeroplane. Computer software can be ‘exported’ without ever loading
it onto a ship, simply by transmitting it over telephone lines from one country to another, so
freight rates and cargo-handling schedules become insignificant factors in deciding where to
make the product. Businesses can locate based on other considerations, such as the availability
of labour, while worrying less about the cost of delivering their output.
G
In many countries deregulation has helped to drive the process along. But, behind the scenes, a
series of technological innovations known broadly as containerisation and inter-modal
transportation has led to swift productivity improvements in cargo-handling. Forty years ago,
the process of exporting or importing involved a great many stages of handling, which risked
portions of the shipment being damaged or stolen along the way. The invention of the container
crane made it possible to load and unload containers without capsizing the ship and the adoption
of standard container sizes allowed almost any box to be transported on any ship. By 1967,
dual-purpose ships, carrying loose cargo in the hold* and containers on the deck, were giving
way to all-container vessels that moved thousands of boxes at a time.
H
The shipping container transformed ocean shipping into a highly efficient, intensely competitive
business. But getting the cargo to and from the dock was a different story. National governments,
by and large, kept a much firmer hand on truck and railroad tariffs than on charges for ocean
freight. This started changing, however, in the mid-1970s, when America began to deregulate
its transportation industry. First airlines, then road hauliers and railways, were freed from
restrictions on what they could carry, where they could haul it and what price they could charge.
Big productivity gains resulted. Between 1985 and 1996, for example, America’s freight railways
dramatically reduced their employment, trackage, and their fleets of locomotives — while
increasing the amount of cargo they hauled. Europe’s railways have also shown marked, albeit
smaller, productivity improvements.
I
In America the period of huge productivity gains in transportation may be almost over, but in
most countries the process still has far to go. State ownership of railways and airlines, regulation
of freight rates and toleration of anti-competitive practices, such as cargo-handling monopolies,
all keep the cost of shipping unnecessarily high and deter international trade. Bringing these
barriers down would help the world’s economies grow even closer.
*hold : ship’s storage area below deck.
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PRACTICE TESTS – Reading
Questions 14—17
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A–I.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A–I, in boxes 14–17 on your answer sheet.
14
a suggestion for improving trade in the future
15
the effects of the introduction of electronic delivery
16
the similar cost involved in transporting a product from abroad or from a local supplier
17
the weakening relationship between the value of goods and the cost of their delivery
Questions 18–22
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 18–22 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN
if there is no information on this
18
International trade is increasing at a greater rate than the world economy.
19
Cheap labour guarantees effective trade conditions.
20
Japan imports more meat and steel than France.
21
Most countries continue to prefer to trade with nearby nations.
22
Small computer components are manufactured in Germany.
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156
Questions 23—26
Complete the summary using the list of words, A—K, below.
Write the correct letter, A—K, in boxes 23—26 on your answer sheet.
THE TRANSPORT REVOLUTION
Modern cargo-handling methods have had a significant effect on (23) ……………….
as the business of moving freight around the world becomes increasingly
streamlined. Manufacturers of computers, for instance, are able to import
(24) ………………. from overseas, rather than having to rely on a local supplier.
The introduction of (25) ………………. has meant that bulk cargo can be safely
and efficiently moved over long distances. While international shipping is now
efficient, there is still a need for governments to reduce (26) ………………. in order
to free up the domestic cargo sector.
A tariffs
B components
C container ships
D output
E
F
insurance costs
G trade
H freight
I
fares
J
K international standards
software
employees
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PRACTICE TESTS – Reading
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
The Birth of Scientific English
important scientific revolution of them all
- the new theories of astronomy and the
movement of the Earth in relation to the
planets and stars, developed by Copernicus
(1473-1543).
World science is dominated today by a
small number of languages, including
Japanese, German and French, but it is
English which is probably the most popular
global language of science. This is not just
because of the importance of Englishspeaking countries such as the USA in
scientific research; the scientists of many
non-English-speaking countries find that
they need to write their research papers
in English to reach a wide international
audience. Given the prominence of
scientific English today, it may seem
surprising that no one really knew how to
write science in English before the 17th
century. Before that, Latin was regarded
as the lingua franca for European
intellectuals.
England was one of the first countries
where scientists adopted and publicised
Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some
of these scholars, including two with
interests in language -John Wallis and John
Wilkins - helped Found the Royal Society
in 1660 in order to promote empirical
scientific research.
Across Europe similar academies and
societies arose, creating new national
traditions of science. In the initial stages
of the scientific revolution, most
publications in the national languages were
popular works, encyclopaedias, educational
textbooks and translations. Original science
was not done in English until the second
half of the 17th century. For example,
Newton published his mathematical
treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin,
but published his later work on the
properties of light - Opticks - in English.
The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th
century) is sometimes called the ’revival
of learning’, a time of renewed interest in
the ’lost knowledge’ of classical times. At
the same time, however, scholars also
began to test and extend this knowledge.
The emergent nation states of Europe
developed competitive interests in world
exploration and the development of trade.
Such expansion, which was to take the
English language west to America and east
to India, was supported by scientific
developments such as the discovery of
magnetism (and hence the invention of
the compass), improvements in
cartography and - perhaps the most
There were several reasons why original
science continued to be written in Latin.
The first was simply a matter of audience.
Latin was suitable for an international
audience of scholars, whereas English
reached a socially wider, but more local,
audience. Hence, popular science was
written in English.
*** lingua franca: a language which is used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages
PRACTICE TESTS – Reading
158
A second reason for writing in Latin may,
perversely, have been a concern for
secrecy. Open publication had dangers in
putting into the public domain preliminary
ideas which had not yet been fully exploited
by their ‘author’. This growing concern
about intellectual property rights was a
feature of the period - it reflected both the
humanist notion of the individual, rational
scientist who invents and discovers
through private intellectual labour, and the
growing connection between original
science and commercial exploitation. There
was something of a social distinction
between ’scholars and gentlemen’ who
understood Latin, and men of trade who
lacked a classical education. And in the
mid-17th century it was common practice
for mathematicians to keep their
discoveries and proofs secret, by writing
them in cipher, in obscure languages, or
in private messages deposited in a sealed
box with the Royal Society. Some scientists
might have felt more comfortable with
Latin precisely because its audience,
though inte national, was socially
restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly
to Latin as an ’insider language’.
Fortunately, several members of the Royal
Society possessed an interest in language
and became engaged in various linguistic
projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to
establish a committee for improving the
English language came to little, the
society’s members did a great deal to
foster the publication of science in English
and to encourage the development of a
suitable writing style. Many members of
the Royal Society also published
monographs in English. One of the first was
by Robert Hooke, the society’s first curator
of experiments, who described his
experiments with microscopes in
Micrographia (1665). This work is largely
narrative in style, based on a transcript of
oral demonstrations and lectures.
In 1665 a new scientific journal,
Philosophical
Transactions,
was
inaugurated. Perhaps the first international
English-language scientific journal, it
encouraged a new genre of scientific
writing, that of short, focused accounts of
particular experiments.
The 17th century was thus a formative
period in the establishment of scientific
English. In the following century much of
this momentum was lost as German
established itself as the leading European
language of science. It is estimated that
by the end of the 18th century 401 German
scientific journals had been established as
opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England.
However, in the 19th century scientific
English again enjoyed substantial lexical
growth as the industrial revolution created
the need for new technical vocabulary, and
new, specialised, professional societies
were instituted to promote and publish in
the new disciplines.
A third reason why the writing of original
science in English was delayed may have
been to do with the linguistic inadequacy
of English in the early modern period.
English was not well equipped to deal with
scientific argument. First, it lacked the
necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it
lacked the grammatical resources required
to represent the world in an objective and
impersonal way, and to discuss the
relations, such as cause and effect, that
might hold between complex and
hypothetical entities.
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PRACTICE TESTS – Reading
Questions 27–33
Complete the summary.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 27–33 on your answer sheet.
In Europe modem science emerged at the same time as the nation state. At first, the
scientific language of choice remained 27 .................... It allowed scientists to
communicate with other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from
unwanted exploitation. Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been
stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of
mathematicians and 28 .................... In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English
had neither the 29 .................... nor the 30 .................... to express their ideas.This
situation only changed after 1660 when scientists associated with the 31 ....................
set about developing English. An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing
based on short descriptions of specific experiments. Although English was then
overtaken by 32 .................... it developed again in the 19th century. as a direct result
of the 33 .....................
Questions 34–36
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 34-36 on your answer sheet, write
YES
if the statement agrees with the writer’s claims
NO
if the statement contradicts the writer’s claims
NOT GIVEN
if there is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
34
There was strong competition between scientists in Renaissance Europe.
35
The most important scientific development of the Renaissance period was the discovery of
magnetism.
36
In 17th-century Britain, leading thinkers combined their interest in science with an interest in
how to express ideas.
PRACTICE TESTS – Reading
160
Questions 37-40
Complete the table.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 37–40 on your answer sheet.
SCIENCE WRITTEN IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY
Language used
Latin
English
Type of science
Original
37 ....................
Examples
38 ....................
Encyclopaedias
Target audience
39 ....................
40 .................... , but socially wider
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PRACTICE TESTS – Reading
WRITING PRACTICE TEST 2
WRITING TASK 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The chart below give information about travel to and from the UK, and about the most
popular countries for UK residents to visit.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of living and working in a foreign country.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.
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