1. There are five (5) civilizations that existed during ancient times. Enumerate
their contributions to science and technology.
A civilization is a complex culture in which a large number of people share a
common set of elements. It focuses on power, allowing people to have control over the
rest of nature, including other humans. An ancient civilization is the first settled and
stable community that created the foundation for succeeding states, nations, and
empires. There were five civilizations in Ancient Times, each of which contributed to
science and technology in its own way. These are the following civilizations and their
contributions to science and technology:
A. Sumerian Civilization
The Sumerians were the first people to settle in Mesopotamia, and they
established a great civilization. The Sumerians created cities along the rivers
beginning around 5,500 years ago, specialized, cooperated, and produced many
technological achievements. They developed the first writing system, known as
"cuneiform," which consists of word images and triangle symbols carved into clay
with wedge instruments and dried. They were also able to construct
infrastructures entirely out of mud or clay combined with reeds and sun-baked
bricks. They built dikes and irrigation systems then invented boats and,
subsequently, sailboats. They invented the wheel, plow, and roadways in the
latter portion of their history.
B. Egyptian Civilization
Ancient Egypt's civilization begun around 3000 BC, when the lower Nile Valley
was united under a single ruler. It is known for its incredible achievements in a
variety of sectors, including art and architecture, engineering, medicine, and
statecraft. It is famous for its legacy, particularly in infrastructures, engineering
technology, and scientific-technological monumental objects that have become
indispensable in today's society. A pyramid is an example of this. They were the
ones who invented paper (or "papyrus") and ink. The Egyptians also developed a
writing system based on symbols known as "hieroglyphics." Cosmetics, wigs,
and a water clock are some of the other inventions.
C. Greek Civilization
In the eighth century BC, the civilization of Ancient Greece was shown to the
world. It is commonly assumed that it came to an end when Greece fell to the
Romans in 146 BC. However, major Greek kingdoms lasted longer than this.
Greek civilization lasted even longer as a culture, continuing until the end of the
ancient world. Greece is credited for the birthplace of western philosophy and
mathematics. The Greek civilization made significant contributions to modern
society, particularly in the domains of science and technology. The Olympics and
the coliseums are two of Greece's most famous features. They were the ones
who invented the watermill and the alarm clock.
D. Roman Civilization
According to mythology, Rome was established in 753 BC. With its wonderful
achievements, Roman civilization proved to be one of the most impactful
civilizations. The Roman Empire served as a model for other civilizations in terms
of legislation and codified laws which is also considered as the cradle of politics
and governance. Newspapers, bound books, codes, Roman architecture, and
Roman numerals are just a few of the contributions and key inventions that are
still relevant today. One of the most visible contributions of the Roman Empire to
the world today is Roman architecture, which includes cathedral and basilica
churches, aqueducts, amphitheatres, and Roman residential buildings. These
structures are still standing today as examples of ancient Roman science and
technology. Despite the fact that the Roman number system is no longer
frequently utilized, it is nevertheless popular among Hindu-Arabic systems
because of its aesthetic and historical value.
E. Chinese Civilization
The Shang dynasty established Chinese civilization around the Yellow River in
1250 BC. The Chinese civilization is widely regarded as the world's oldest living
civilization. Silk trade, tea cultivation, the Great Wall of China, and gunpowder
made it famous. From the 1st century before Christ through the 15th century,
China was the world's leader in many fields of natural science, with their great
inventions having the most global impact.
2. Explain the impacts and influences of these technological advancements in
your daily life.
Science and technology's fruits can be found in every aspect of our life. Scientific
knowledge teaches us how to articulate our civic aspirations, our desire to connect with
people and make a positive difference in the world. Science and technology have a
broad impact the society today, influencing and improving areas such as politics,
diplomacy, defense, the economy, medicine, transportation, agriculture, social capital
improvement, and many others. Our way of living advances because of these
technological advancements. It touched every area of our lives, transforming how we
work, learn, and do other things.
3. How did developments in science and technology affect society and shaped
human history? Elucidate your answer.
Science and technology inventions and discoveries have provided humanity with
numerous insights about human life from civilized and cultural perspectives. It had a
significant impact on the way we think about the world, how we view society, and how
we view nature. These have also led to the building and development of civilizations
throughout history. As time passes, the relationship between science and technology
and society takes on new forms. Addressing the present relationship between science
and society is a challenge for science and technology's advancement. It's important to
continue addressing future issues from historical and civilized perspectives while still
maintaining awareness of the demands of the times.
4. Among the architectural engineering and historical sites discussed in the
chapter, which of those sites do you want to visit in the future? Explain briefly.
The Pyramids of Egypt would be my first choice if I were given a chance to visit one
of the ancient sites in the future. It was built during Egypt's reign as one of the world's
wealthiest and most powerful civilizations. The pyramids are among the most aweinspiring man-made structures ever built in history. It is considered one of the seven
wonders of the world and is one of the oldest ancient civilizations in the world. Given
that it was built thousands of years ago and is still standing today, it is an ancient
wonder that allows you to get a glimpse of Egyptian civilization.