BY NADINE ELLIS-HALL
OBJECTIVES
 illustrate that carbon atoms can form single and
double bonds, branched and unbranched chains and
ring compounds;
 write formulae to represent simple organic
compounds;
 list the general characteristics of a homologous series
OBJECTIVES
 write general and molecular formulae for members of
a given homologous series
 deduce the homologous series given the fully displayed
and condensed formulae of compounds;
 write fully displayed structures and names of branched
and unbranched alkanes and unbranched alkenes,
alcohols, and alkanoic acid;
OBJECTIVES
 define structural isomerism;
 write the fully displayed structures of isomers given
their molecular formulae
Properties of Carbon
 The carbon atom have the ability of to form strong
covalent bonds with other carbon atoms in chains, rings
or branched structures
It has the ability of carbon to form 4 bonds
Types of formulae
 Molecular Formula – C4H10
 Condensed formula – CH3CH2CH2CH3
 Structural Formula –
Characteristics of Homologous
series
 All members have the same general formula
 All members have the same functional group (this is
the bond or group of atoms that determines the
reactions/ chemical properties).
 Successive members differ from each other by CH2
Characteristics of Homologous
series
 All members can be made using the same general
method
 All members have similar chemical properties
 Members have gradual changes in physical properties
Homologous series
IUPAC rules for Naming
 Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain.
 Identify and name groups attached to this chain.
 Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end
nearest a substituent group.
 Designate the location of each substituent group by
an appropriate number and name.
IUPAC rules for Naming
 Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical
order using the full name (e.g. cyclopropyl before
isobutyl). The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to
designate several groups of the same kind, are not
considered when alphabetizing
Naming
Number of
carbon
Prefices
Homologous
series
Suffices
1C
meth
Alkane
ane
2C
eth
Alkyl
yl
3C
prop
Alkene
ene
4C
but
Alcohol
ol
5C
pent
Carboxylic Acid
oic acid
6C
hex
Ester
yl oate
7C
hept
8C
oct
9C
non
10C
dec
Structural isomerism
 Structural isomers are molecules with the same
molecular formula but different structural formula
because of difference in the spatial arrangement of the
atoms.
Examples
Examples
Examples