KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT
TWO WAYS CART CONTROL SYSTEM
A second year project report submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
By:
Shankar Yadav (024189-18)
Satish Kumar Mahaseth (11044)
Nehal Ahmad (11028)
Surendra Pant(22133)
December 2021
CERTIFICATION
SECOND YEAR PROJECT REPORT
ON
TWO WAYS CART CONTROL SYSTEM
By:
Shankar Yadav (024189-18)
Satish Kumar Mahaseth (11044)
Nehal Ahmad (11028)
Surendra Pant(22133)
Approved by:
1. Project Supervisor
___________________
(Signature)
____________________________
(Name)
______
(Date)
____________________________
(Name)
_______
(Date)
2. Head of the Department
___________________
(Signature)
ABSTRACT
This work presents a simulation study and fabrication of Two-way cart control system. The
total system was built using digital logic Integrated Circuits (ICs), similarly various
electronics components are used such as MOSFET for motor driver, IR Sensor and Limit
switch for position detection of cart.
The probable flow of events associated with
movement of a cart had been inspected and used to create a flow chart for the events. This
flow chart had been used to create the logic to control the cart and finally had been
transformed into a digital electronic circuit. This electronic circuit consisted of several sub
circuits which carried out sub routine tasks to ensure smooth operation of the cart as per
the flow chart. Simulation had been carried out in Proteus software. The proposed algorithm
is easily scalable to “N” number of station.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The team would like to express sincere gratitude to the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering of Kathmandu University for granting permission and supporting
the project. The team would like to thank the project supervisor Anil lamichhane for proper
guidance to start through basics and carry on the project. The team is also grateful to our
project co-ordinate Dr. Anup Jung Thapa for providing necessary assistance and motivation
during the project.
Furthermore, we convey regards to all the teachers, non-teaching staff and seniors of the
Department of Electrical and Electronics who helped the team directly or indirectly
throughout the project.
iv
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
A. Symbols
S.N Symbol
Description
First used in page
1
PLC
Programmable Logic Controller
2
PCB
Printed Circuit Board
3
R
Resistor
4
IC
Integrated Circuit
5
MOSFET
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field
Effect Transistor
6
LED
Light Emitting Diode
7
BO
Battery Operated
8
V
Voltage
9
A
Ampere
10
SoC
System on Chips
11
RPM
Revolutions Per Minutes
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
iv
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
v
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background
1
1.2 Motivation
1
1.3 Problem Description
1
1.4 Objectives
2
1.5 Methodology
2
1.6 Limitations
3
1.7 Organisation of report
3
CHAPTER II: TECHNOLOGY AND LITERATURE SURVEY
4
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
5
3.1 Block Diagram
5
3.2 Components and Devices Used
5
CHAPTER IV: SYSTEM ANALYSIS
18
4.1 Conceptual framework
18
4.1.1 Object Detection Using IR Sensor
18
4.1.2 Motor Driver Circuit
19
4.1.3 Seven Segment Display
19
4.1.4 Two- bit asynchronous counter using J-K flip-flop
21
4.2 Gantt chart
24
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4.3 Summary
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
25
CHAPTER VI REFERENCES
26
vi
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The two ways cart control system is a mechanism that controls the movement of cart from
one station to other station. The cart is mostly used to transport larger and heavy substances
in different fields such as hospitals, apartments, agriculture etc.
The cart is generally controlled by using a Programmable Logic Circuit (PLC) or
microcontroller-based circuit. In this project, the control mechanism is carried out by using
logic gates and basic electronics components. Very few works have been carried out using this
mechanism so far. The system is designed for two stations which includes a mid station
and a final station which is monitored by a display.
There will be two stations and in between stations there will be two positions (i.e., position
1 and position 2) IR sensor will be placed in the position 1 and position 2 similarly limit
switch will eb used for the station that sends the information about the cart and the monitor
receives that signal and takes action according to user input through the keypad and the
information will show in displays like cart current direction and its position.
1.2 Motivation
We have seen in many agriculture farm, fruit garden and industries which requires huge
amount of manpower to transport goods in less time for this our project can do these tasks
very effective and cost low budget
1.3 Problem Description
A two-way cart controlling system designed that will count from 0 to 3 and 3 to 0 which
includes the two station (start 0 and end 3) and in between there will be two different
positions (i.e., Position 1 and position 2); these numbers will indicate the position of the
cart and the distance from the stations which will help us to track the position of the cart.
For tracking the position IR sensors will be used and for station we can use limit switch.
Let the number in display be 0 This means the cart is now at the station 1 from where the
cart can only go forward up to station 2. As soon as the call occurs the cart will start upward
counting 0-1-2 till it reaches station 2. Now let’s assume as soon as the cart has served the
call from station 2, calls have occurred on station 1 and its going towards station 1 but call
1
occurred from station 2 again when it is in between two station and call has been occurred
from both stations simultaneously.
In this case if the cart is going toward station 1 it will go on moving in the same direction
until it reaches station 1 and then it will serve station 2. Similarly, the same thing will
happen in the case if the cart is going to station2 it will move in the same direction until it
reaches and only serve another. After all the calls have been done, if no more calls occur,
the cart will be waiting at its last station and will be searching for new calls.
1.4 Objectives
The main objectives of the project are:
1. To design and fabricate the two ways cart controlling system using a logic gate.
Specific Objective:
1. To be familiar with basic electronic apparatus and their working principle.
2. To be familiar with basic logic gates and electronics components and their working
principle.
1.5 Methodology
●
Thorough research is to be done based on the literature review
●
Individual circuits will be designed and all the different parts of the system will
be done in circuit simulation software.
●
All of the parts will be implemented first on a breadboard and troubleshot.
●
After completion of the best implementation of every part, they will be assembled
by joining the breadboards to create a smooth of a system possible by the
hardware available to us.
●
The ready circuit will be further tested for reliability
●
After the finalization of the final system circuit, PCB design will be started for the
monitor unit of the system
● The core of the system will then be fabricated onto the PCB
● The PCB will be fitted on the cart.
● The facility will be armed and prepared for demo.
2
1.6 Limitations
I.
Over-load warning feature is not available in this project. This feature is little
advance for us and also this overload warning feature increases the weight of the
cart that leads to slow movement and decreases the loading capacity of the cart.
II.
The cart will only stop at the stations. It can’t stop in position 1 and 2.
1.7 Organisation of report
This project work is organized in the following order.
Chapter one: Chapter one is an introduction to the research/project. This chapter is all about
the problems which the project intends to solve and the means through which it can be
solved. The relevance of the project, the scope of the project and finally it’s limitations.
Chapter two: This chapter is the literature review. It reviews the relevant works other
researchers have done in the field of overhead protection and the problems they are having
in those researchers. It also reviews the available technology through which the project can
be realized and also the characteristics of the components used.
Chapter three: This chapter deals with the methodology and design of the system. The most
important aspect of this chapter is the block diagram of the system. The mathematical
analysis was also carried out here to determine the components on each block.
3
CHAPTER II: TECHNOLOGY AND LITERATURE SURVEY
Previously Two-Way Cart Controlling System projects have been done by using the PLC
and microcontroller. Using PLC and microcontrollers is easier but with ease, it is costly as
well. So, we have decided to control our system by using logic gates with fully automated
systems. We have looked at similar projects that have been carried out but very few projects
have been done by using the digital logic gates and these projects do not include the IR
Sensor to detect the direction of the cart. so, we will include them in our project.
Our project has the same objective to control the Two-Way Cart but the key difference is,
we have used logic gates instead of PLC or microcontroller. The logic circuit behaves like
a switch, i.e., a two-positive device with ON or OFF states. This is termed as a binary
device, in which the ON state is represented by 1 and the OFF state by 0. As we know, the
fundamental unit of storage is a bit or binary digit, which is similar to a switch. The switch
has two states on or off similarly the bit has two states 1 and 0. A logic gate is an electric
circuit with two inputs and an output that receives two incoming electric currents, compares
them, and sends on a new, outgoing electric current depending on what it finds. The most
common logic gates are AND, OR, and NOT [1].
The similar logic simulation study is done for Elevator Control System for eight stops. The
total system was built by using digital logic Integrated Circuits (ICs). The probable flow of
events associated with the movement of elevator had been inspected and used to create a
flowchart for the events. This flowchart had been used to create the logic to control the
Elevator and finally had been transformed into a digital electronic circuit. This electronic
circuit consisted of several sub-circuits which carried out subroutine tasks to ensure smooth
operation of the Elevator as per the flow chart. Only simulation part was carried which was
done for this Proteus software was used. [2]
4
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
3.1 Block Diagram
DISPLAY
STATION 1
(Limit Switch)
Position 1
(IR Sensor)
Motor 1
Motor 2
Motor 3
Motor 4
Motor
Driver
MONITOR
Position 2
(IR Sensor)
CART
Directional
Signal
STATION 2
(Limit Switch)
fig 3.1 Block Diagram of Two-way Cart Control System
3.2 Components and Devices Used
MOSFET
A metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is a field-effect transistor
(FET with an insulated gate) where the voltage determines the conductivity of the device.
It is used for switching or amplifying signals. The ability to change conductivity with the
amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying or switching electronic signals.
The various types of MOSFET are given below:

Depletion Type: The transistor requires the Gate-Source voltage (VGS) to
switch the device “OFF”. The depletion-mode MOSFET is equivalent to a
“Normally Closed” switch.
5

Enhancement Type: The transistor requires a Gate-Source voltage (VGS) to
switch the device “ON”. The enhancement-mode MOSFET is equivalent to a
“Normally Open” switch.
MOSFET Operation
The working of a MOSFET depends upon the MOS capacitor. The MOS capacitor is the
main part of MOSFET. The semiconductor surface at the below oxide layer which is
located between source and drain terminals. It can be inverted from p-type to n-type by
applying positive or negative gate voltages.
When we apply positive gate voltage the holes present under the oxide layer with a
repulsive force and holes are pushed downward with the substrate. The depletion region
populated by the bound negative charges which are associated with the acceptor atoms. The
electrons reach the channel is formed. The positive voltage also attracts electrons from the
n+ source and drain regions into the channel. Now, if a voltage is applied between the drain
and source, the current flows freely between the source and drain and the gate voltage
controls the electrons in the channel. If we apply negative voltage, a hole channel will be
formed under the oxide layer. [3]
P-Channel MOSFET
Fig 3.2.1 P-channel MOSFET
The drain and source are heavily doped p+ region and the substrate is in n-type. The current
flows due to the flow of positively charged holes also known as p-channel MOSFET. When
we apply negative gate voltage, the electrons present beneath the oxide layer experience
6
repulsive force and they are pushed downward in to the substrate, the depletion region is
populated by the bound positive charges which are associated with the donor atoms. The
negative gate voltage also attracts holes from p+ source and drain region into the channel
region.
N-Channel MOSFET
Fig 3.2.2 N-Channel MOSFET
The drain and source are heavily doped n+ region and the substrate is p-type. The current
flows due to the flow of negatively charged electrons, also known as n-channel MOSFET.
When we apply the positive gate voltage the holes present beneath the oxide layer
experience repulsive force and the holes are pushed downwards in to the bound negative
charges which are associated with the acceptor atoms. The positive gate voltage also attracts
electrons from n+ source and drain region in to the channel thus an electron reach channel
is formed.
Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current
flow, adjust signal levels, divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission
lines, among other uses. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and
electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete
components can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also
implemented within integrated circuits.
7
fig 3.2.3 Resistor
IR Sensor
An infrared sensor is an device that emits to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An
IR sensor can measure the warmth of an object additionally as detect the motion.
These forms of sensors measure only infrared emission, instead of emitting it that's called
a passive IR sensor. Usually, within the spectrum, all the objects radiate some sort
of thermal radiation. These styles of radiations are invisible to our eyes, which might be
detected by an infrared sensor.
Fig3.2.4 IR Sensor
Working Principle
8
The working rule of an infrared sensor is comparable to the item detection sensor. IR
LED is one reasonably transmitter that emits IR radiations. This LED looks like a
customary LED and therefore the radiation which is generated by this can be not visible
to the human eye. Infrared receivers mainly detect the radiation using an infrared
transmitter. These infrared receivers are available in photodiodes form. IR Photodiodes
are dissimilar as compared with usual photodiodes because they detect simply IR
radiation. Different varieties of infrared receivers mainly exist looking on the voltage,
wavelength, package, etc.
Fig 3.2.5 Working of IR Sensor
Once it's used because the combination of an IR transmitter & receiver, then the receiver’s
wavelength must equal the transmitter. Here, the transmitter is IR LED whereas the receiver
is IR photodiode. The infrared photodiode is alert to the infrared emission that's generated
through an infrared LED. The resistance of the photo-diode & the change in output voltage
is in proportion to the infrared obtained. this is often the IR sensor’s fundamental rule.
Once the infrared transmitter generates emission, then it arrives at the article & a number
of the emission will reflect toward the infrared receiver. The sensor output will be decided
by the IR receiver betting on the intensity of the response. [4]
Capacitor
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that stores electrical energy in
an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance
exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a
component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as
a condenser. When two conductors experience a potential difference, for example, when a
capacitor is attached across a battery, an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing
9
a net positive charge to collect on one plate and a net negative charge to collect on the other
plate. No current flows through the dielectric. However, there is a flow of charge through
the source circuit. If the condition is maintained sufficiently long, the current through the
source circuit ceases. [5]
Fig 3.2.6 Capacitor
BO Motor
BO (Battery Operated) light weight DC geared motor which gives good torque and rpm at
lower voltages. This motor can run at approximately 150 RPM when driven by a single
Li-Ion cell. Great for battery operated light weight robots. A specific type of DC geared
motors that can be operated through battery and that why known as Battery Operated
(BO) motors. It is used for light weight applications mostly. Available in different torque
and RPM
Features:

Input Voltage(V): 4.5 - 9 V

Current rating: 0.07A (maximum on load)

Speed (RPM): 100 RPM+-10%
Timer IC
The 555 timer IC is an integral part of electronics projects. Be it a simple project involving
a single 8-bit micro-controller and some peripherals or a complex one involving a system
on chips (SoCs), 555 timer working is involved. These provide time delays, as an oscillator
and as a flip-flop element among other applications. Depending on the manufacturer, the
standard 555 timer package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon
chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual in-line package (DIP-8).
10
Fig 3.2.7 Timer IC
Variants consist of combining multiple chips on one board. However, 555 is still the most
popular. Let us look at the pin diagram to have an idea about the timer IC before we talk
about 555 timers working.
The 555 IC has the following operating modes:
1. A-stable (Free-running mode)
2. Mono-stable (one-shot mode)
3. Bi-stable (flip-flop mode)
4. Schmitt trigger (inverter)
We used this project in a monostable mode that is one- shot mode. When a negative (0V )
pulse is applied to the trigger input (pin 2) of the Monostable configured 555 timer
oscillator, the internal comparator, (comparator No1) detects this input and “sets” the state
of the flip-flop, changing the output from a “LOW” state to a “HIGH” state. [6]
Counter
A counter is used to count the number of clock cycles by using a group of flip-flops
connected together such that their states change in response to the clock input. At any time,
the binary equivalent of the combined state of flip-flops gives the number of clock cycles
passed up to that time. Usually, JK flip-flop is used in toggle mode (J=K=1) for counting
operation.
Type of counters
Counters can be classified in two categories depending on the method of clocking as
asynchronous counters and synchronous counters. The sequence of states is determined by
the flip-flops connection type. Counters may be classified in two categories as per the
sequence of states i.e., up counters and down counters. The modulus of a counter (same as
11
the number of states) is determined by the number of flip-flops used. Counters may have
different bit size depending upon the number of flip-flops required to design them so n-bit
counter has n flip-flops.
Asynchronous counters
Asynchronous counters are simple and easy to design. In an asynchronous counter, clock
input is not same for all flip-flops. As all flip-flops are not triggered together so they do not
change their states together at the same time. The external clock goes to the clock input of
first flip-flop and output of n th flip-flop goes to the clock input of (n+1)th flip-flop i.e.,
output of first flip-flop is given as clock to second flip-flop and output of second flip-flop
is given as clock to third flip-flop and so on. Hence, output of nth flip-flop works as clock
for (n+1)th flipflop. In an asynchronous counter, first flip-flop makes second to change
state and second flip-flop makes third to change state and so on, so it is also called as ripple
counter.
2-bit asynchronous counter
A 2-bit counter having two negative edge triggered JK flip-flops connected in
asynchronous mode is shown in Figure 1. External clock goes to the clock input of first
flip-flop (FF0) and Q0 output of first flip-flop goes to the clock input of second flip-flop
(FF1). First flip-flop (FF0) changes its state at every negative going edge (1 to 0 transition
or falling edge) of the clock input so Q0 output of FF0 is considered as least significant bit
(LSB). Second flipflop (FF1) changes its state at the negative going edge of Q0 output. In
a 2-bit counter, Q1 output of FF1 is considered as most significant bit (MSB).
Initially, all flip-flops are assumed to be reset (Q0=Q1=0, means 00 state). The timing
diagram of 2-bit asynchronous counter is shown in Figure 2 and its stepwise description is
as follows:
1. The first negative going edge of clock changes Q0 output of FF0 from 0 to 1 and
Q1 output of FF1 remains unchanged. So, after first negative going edge of clock
Q0=1 and Q1=0 (means 01 state).
2. The second negative going edge of clock changes Q0 output of FF0 from 1 to 0 and
Q1 output of FF1 changes from 0 to 1. So, after second negative going edge of clock
Q0=0 and Q1=1 (means 10 state).
3. The third negative going edge of clock changes Q0 output of FF0 from 0 to 1 and
Q1 output of FF1 remains unchanged. So, after third negative going edge of clock
Q0=1 and Q1=1 (means 11 state).
12
4. The fourth negative going edge of clock changes Q0 output of FF0 from 1 to 0 and
Q1 output of FF1 changes from 1 to 0. So, after fourth negative going edge of clock
Q0=0 and Q1=0 (means 00 state) and counter goes back to its original state.
Figure 3.2.8. Logic diagram and Timing diagram of 2-bit asynchronous counter using JK flip-flops.
A 2-bit asynchronous counter counts number of clock cycles from zero to three (00 to
11 state) and repeats afterward (Table 3.2.1). So initial count for a 2-bit counter is 00
and terminal count or final count is 11.
After clock edge
Q1 (MSB)
Q0 (LSB)
Count
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
2
1
0
2
3
1
1
3
4
0
0
0
Table 3.2.1. Sequence of states for 2-bit asynchronous counter.
13
Battery
A battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with
external connections for powering electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones,
and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is
the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the
source of electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal.
When a battery is connected to an external electric load, a redox reaction converts highenergy reactants to lower-energy products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to
the external circuit as electrical energy. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred
to a device composed of multiple cells; however, the usage has evolved to include devices
composed of a single cell.
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded, as
the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge; a common example is
the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic
devices. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple
times using an applied electric current; the original composition of the electrodes can be
restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles
and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and mobile phones.
Display
For display we will use seven segment display. Seven segment displays are the output
display device that provide a way to display information in the form of image or text or
decimal numbers which is an alternative to the more complex dot matrix displays. It is
widely used in digital clocks, basic calculators, electronic meters, and other electronic
14
devices that display numerical information. It consists of seven segments of light
emitting diodes (LEDs) which is assembled like numerical 8
Fig 3.2.9 Seven Segment Display
Working
The number 8 is displayed when the power is given to all the segments and if you
disconnect the power for ‘g’, then it displays number 0. In a seven-segment display,
power (or voltage) at different pins can be applied at the same time, so we can form
combinations of display numerical from 0 to 9. Since seven segment displays cannot form
alphabet like X and Z, so it cannot be used for alphabet and it can be used only for
displaying decimal numerical magnitudes. However, seven segment displays can form
alphabets A, B, C, D, E, and F, so they can also used for representing hexadecimal digits.
Fig 3.2.10 Working of Seven Segment Display
15
We can produce a truth table for each decimal digit
Table 3.2.2 Truth Table for Seven Segment Display
Therefore, Boolean expressions for each decimal digit which requires respective light
emitting diodes (LEDs) are ON or OFF. The number of segments used by digit: 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are 6, 2, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 3, 7, and 6 respectively. Seven segment
displays must be controlled by other external devices where different types of
microcontrollers are useful to communicate with these external devices, like switches,
keypads, and memory. [8]
Push Button
For keypad four push button switch will be used for controlling. A Push Button switch is a
type of switch which consists of a simple electric mechanism or air switch mechanism to
turn something on or off. Depending on model they could operate with momentary or
latching action function. The button itself is usually constructed of a strong durable material
such as metal or plastic. Push Button Switches come in a range of shapes and sizes.
16
Fig 3.2.11 Push Button Switch
Limit switch
A limit switch is an electromechanical device operated by a physical force applied to it by
an object.
Limit switches are used to detect the presence or absence of an object.
These switches were originally used to define the limit of travel of an object, and as a result,
they were named Limit Switch.
PCB
Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) can be defined as rugged nonconductive boards built on
substrate-based structure as shown in Fig. 4.1. The PCBs are mainly used to provide
electrical connection and mechanical support to the electrical components of a circuit. They
are prevalent in electronic devices and can be easily identified as the green-colored board
in most cases. Based on the design specifications and requirements, many active (for
example, operational amplifiers and batteries) and passive components (such as inductors,
resistors, and capacitors) are mounted on the PCBs to match the form factor of the final
design. Form factor can be defined as a feature of any hardware design that specifies the
size, shape, and other relevant physical properties of the PCB in its entirety. While
determining a form factor of a PCB design, aspects such as chassis, mounting schemes, and
board configurations are taken into consideration. The connection among the components
on a PCB are established with copper interconnects (routes), which act as the pathway for
the electrical signals. [9]
17
CHAPTER IV: SYSTEM ANALYSIS
4.1 Conceptual framework
This project is into four main parts i.e
i.
Object detection using IR Sensor
ii.
Motor Driver
iii.
Display
iv.
Counter
Display
Keypad
CART
Station 1
Position 1
Position 2
Station 2
Fig 4.1.1 Conceptual Diagram of Two-way cart controlling system
4.1.1 Object Detection Using IR Sensor
The IR sensor have three pins which consists Vcc GND and output where we gave 5V DC
source to the Vcc and ground pin is connected to the ground. The output is pin is connected
18
to the NOT gate to invert the circuit. The output pin of NOT gate is connected to positive
treminal of LED so that the led will turn on when the IR sensor detects the object
4.1.2 Motor Driver Circuit
Fig 4.3 : Testing of motor driver circuit
The circuit given here is of a simple H bridge motor driver circuit using two n-channel
MOSFET and two p-channel MOSFET. The circuit shown here is a typical four MOSFET
H Bridge. The diodes D1 to D4 provide a safer path for the back emf from the motor to
dissipate and thus it protects the corresponding bipolar MOSFET from damage. Resistors
R1 and R2 limit the base current of the corresponding transistors. When terminal D is
grounded and A is pulled to +Vcc, MOSFETs 1 and 4 will be on and current passes through
the motor from left to right. When terminal B is grounded and C is pulled to +Vcc,
MOSFETs 2 and 3 will be on and current passes through the motor from right to right
making the motor to rotate in the opposite direction. A BO motor is connected to check
whether the circuit is working properly.
4.1.3 Seven Segment Display
For seven segment display we have used common cathode display and for decoding IC
7448 is used. The truth table, k-map diagram and circuit simulation is shown below.
X
Y
A
b
c
d
e
f
g
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
Table 4.1.3.1 truth table for seven segment display
19
fig 4.1.3.1 K-map for seven segment display
Fig 4.3.1.2 logic gate diagram for seven segment display
20
Fig 4.3.1.3 Circuit simulation for seven segment display
4.1.4 Two- bit asynchronous counter using J-K flip-flop
For counting we have used two bit asynchronous counter using J-K flipflop. for this IC
7473 is used. The circuit is simulated in proteus software and implemented in breadboard.
Fig 4.1.4.1 circuit simulation of J-K flipflop
The circuit of J Flip flop was configured on the breadboard using required ICs and other
components. +5V was applied as logic 1 and 0 V was applied as logic 0 and output of the
configured circuit was observed through LED. When JK = 00, in the flip flop holds and
when JK = 01, the flip flop reset condition was observed, when JK = 10, in the flip flop set
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condition was observed and when JK = 11, in the flip flop toggle condition was observed.
So, in this way all the possible conditions of JK Flip Flop were observed and studied. We
have tested and implemented in breadboard by following below steps:
I.
II.
Connect the IC as per the given circuit diagram on the bread board.
Apply +5V as logic 1 input and ground as logic 0 input.
III.
Check outputs using LED.
IV.
Tabulated the observations
Fig 4.1.4.2 Breadboard implementation of J-K flipflop
JK flip-flop characteristic table:
J
K
Q(t+1)
Operation
0
0
Q(t)
No change
0
1
0
Reset
1
0
1
Set
1
1
Q’(t)
Complement
t
22
Observation table for JK flip-flop:
SN
J
K
Q(t)
Q(t+1)
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
3
0
1
1
0
4
0
1
0
0
5
1
0
1
1
6
1
0
0
1
7
1
1
1
1
8
1
1
0
0
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4.2 Gantt chart
S.N
Work Progress
1.
Project selection
2.
Literature review
3.
Component selection
4.
Proposal submission
5.
Proposal defence
6.
Porteous implementation
7.
Bread-board implementation
8.
Circuit in Matrix-board
9.
Final Presentation
Mar
24
April
Nov
Dec
Jan
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
During literature review, the two ways cart control system was not available on the internet.
This cart system had similar mechanism as automatic trolly system and elevator system so
we learn there mechanism and applied it on our project. During fabrication of 7 segment
common cathode diplay we created the circiut of 7 segment common anode display. After
realizing our mistake we changed the circuit and obtained required output.
Over-load warnning feature is not available in this project. This feature is little advace for
us and also this overload warning feature increases the weight of the cart that leads to slow
movement and decresases the loading capacity of the cart. At first we designed this project
for only for two stations. Our supervisor helped us to add the position detection feature in
this project. Now this project detects the position of the cart from one station to another
station followed by two positions. As this project is a prototype, we are unable to build
larger space for the cart to carry loads. This project can carry small less weight load.
Applying heavier load to this cart may cause damage in cart system or it might be unable
to move.
We have divided our project into four parts i.e IR sensor, Motor Driver, Counter and
Display. For this we have tested all the parts individually on the breadboard and simulated
on the proteus software. We have planned to display the direction of the cart using arrow
sign by LED which we havent started yet. Since we have tested the parts individually so
the all the parts are not combined together and fabrication part is remaining.
25
CHAPTER VI REFERENCES
[1] K. S. V. V. A. S. Sainath, Automated Shopping Trolly for Supermarket, International
Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) International Conference on
Communication, Computing and Information Tech, 2014.
[2] M. M. R. &. S. Z. &. M. M. &. Z. M. Adnan, A Simulation Study of an Elevator
Control System using Digital Logic, International Journal of Engineering Trends and
Technology, 2017.
[3] https://www.electronicsforu.com/technology-trends/learn-electronics/mosfet-basicsworking-applications, What Is a MOSFET? | Basics for Beginners,
www.electronicsforu.com, 2021.
[4] https://www.elprocus.com/infrared-ir-sensor-circuit-and-working/, What is an IR
Sensor : Circuit Diagram & Its Working, https://www.elprocus.com/, 2021.
[5] https://www.wikipt.org/capacitor, Capacitor, Physics Tomorrow Lectures, 2021.
[6] https://www.pcbway.com/project/sponsor/555_led_rumnning.html, 555 led
rumnning, www.pcbway.com.
[7] https://www.electronics-tutorial.net/sequential-logic-circuits/asynchronous-counter/,
BASIC ELECTRONICS TUTORIALS, https://www.electronics-tutorial.net/, 2021.
[8] https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/seven-segment-displays/, Seven Segment Displays,
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/, 2021.
[9] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/printed-circuit-board,
Printed Circuit Board, www.sciencedirect.com, 2021.
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