The objective of this presentation is to bring
forth the history , campaign and consequences
of Brexit in a simple yet informative manner.
INTRODUCTION
◦ ‘Brexit’ is the name given to the United Kingdom’s departure from the European Union. It is a
combination of ‘Britain’ and ‘exit’.
◦ The European Union (EU) is a grouping of 28 countries that trade and allow their citizens to move
freely between nations to work and live. Initially, it was built on the ruins of World War II to end
centuries of bloodshed and to integrate economic power.
Why is Brexit such a big deal?
For Britain, Europe is the most important source of foreign investment and its membership
in the EU has helped London cement its position as a global financial center. Threats from
major businesses to leave Britain over Brexit have become quite frequent. According to
government estimates, the country's economy would be four to nine per cent smaller
under Brexit (subject to how it leaves the bloc). While a successful Brexit could be a boon
for the working-class that sees immigration as a threat to their jobs, young Britons who
dream of studying abroad are apprehensive.
HISTORY
Great Britain- Scotland, England and Wales
UK- Scotland England Wales and Northern Ireland
1. Whales a congeries of Celtic kingdoms lying in
Great Britain south-west was formally united with England
by the act of union of 1536 and 1542
2. Scotland subsequently entered into political
union with the kingdom of England on first May 1707 to
create a new kingdom of Great Britain
3. Whales joined the union with the government of
Ireland act 1920 in 1921
1.E U was born with the Treaty of Paris in 1951
2. Later with the Treaty of Rome single European act and the
Treaty of Lisbon A lot of power was cited in the European
Union
3. And finally UK joined Eu in the year 1973
CAUSES
◦ Rules and regulations for so many countries together makes it extremely difficult to
keep everyone happy
◦ Disagreement arises
◦ So to a large extent the European Union gives choices to each country
◦ It does not imposes its opinion on them always
◦ Or example regarding the adoption of euro as a currency every state as a choice if
you want to use euro as a currency in your country they may different countries like
Denmark Poland and Hungary euro is still not used
◦ But in some areas the European Union made certain laws that was not liked by some
people
EXAMPLE
For example the refugee crisis of 2015
◦ The European Union stated that every country has to take a
fixed number of refugees within the country in proportion of
the population
◦ This upset a lot of people
◦ Thereafter feelings of not staying a part of the European
Union begin to take root in some people so that they would
be empowered to take the decision for the country on their
own
◦ We do not want refugees or immigrants within our country
◦ The Brexit referendum took place in 2016 in which 52% of the
people voted to leave the European Union
◦ 2016-20 a few govt in Britain formed and collapsed but
policies were built for the Brexit and finally it happened on
31.01.2020
TIMELINE
REMAINING VS LEFT
Starting on 20th February 2016, an unofficial campaigning started regarding the 2016
referendum.
TEAM “REMAIN IN EU”
TEAM “LEAVE EU”
THE POLITICAL CHAOS
DAVID (2015-2016)
• SUPPORTED “REMAIN”
CAMPAIGN
• CONSIDERED BREXIT AN ACT
OF ECONOMIC SELF HARM
• BELIEVED “BRITAIN IS
STRONGER, SAFER AND BETTER
OFF INSIDE THE EU”
• RESIGNED AFTER THE
REFERRENDUM WAS DECIDE
IN FAVOUR OF ”LEAVE” EU
THERESA MAY (2016-2019)
• TOOK OVER FROM
DAVID CAMERON
• ALSO KNOWN AS NEW
KIND OF IRON LADY
• CALLED FOR A SNAP
ELECTION IN 2017
• ULTIMATELY RESIGNED
AFTER FAILING TO
SECURE A PROPER BERUIT
DEAL
BORIS JOHNSON (2019- ACTING
PRESENTLY)
• TOOK OVER FROM THERESA MAY
• PROMISED BREXIT WITH OR WITHOUT
A DEAL
• WON THE SNAP ELECTION OF 2019
• FINALLY RATIFIED THE WITHDRAWAL
AGREEMENT
IMPACT ON THE WORLD
ADVANTAGES
IMMIGRATION: One of the major outcomes of Brexit has been the implementation of a new
immigration system. From the beginning of January this year, free movement came to an How the new
system might affect the well-being and integration of both migrants and wider communities in the UK
has received less attention. This commentary outlines a few of the ways in which the landscape facing
policymakers and practitioners working on migrant integration might change as a result of the new
immigration system. Overall, the introduction of the new immigration system brings both challenges
and opportunities for integration processes, defined as a “two-way process of mutual
accommodation” between migrants and the rest of the population end and EU citizens coming to live
or work in the UK will need to apply for a visa.
◦ DEMOCRACY: The UK’s democratic arrangements were strained
significantly during the Brexit process, with the proper roles of
parliament, government, the courts, and the general
public all strongly contested. At the 2019 general election, all of the
major parties’ manifestos called for some kind of constitutional
review. Since then, the COVID-19 pandemic has stretched the
system afresh. Greater understanding of how people across the UK
want the country's democracy to work is badly needed. This ESRCfunded research project is designed to provide that, through a
combination of large-scale public opinion surveys and a citizens'
assembly.
◦ SUPPLY CHAIN: While the agreement provides some significant freetrade arrangements, it marks the end of an era for most of the free
market access benefits that the UK had been reaping as an EU
member state. The good news is the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation
Agreement will not impose any tariffs or quotas on goods imported
and exported between the two entities. However, this is only
applicable to goods that meet the agreement’s rules of origin.
DISADVANTAGES
LOSS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
SHORTAGE OF SKILLED LABOUR
LOSS OF TRADING PARTNERS
INCREASE IN AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD COST
IMPACT ON INDIA
◦ As per PM Modi, the UK is an entry point for India to the EU. With the UK’s withdrawal from the EU, no
one can predict anything with certainty. However, some experts believe that the move of BREXIT will
be an opportunistic event for India. It is expected that it will act as a catalyst between India and the UK
and also for India and the EU to modify or reset the legal terms of its trade with both.
◦ On the other hand, some believe that the Indian companies or Indian-owned companies in the UK will
be highly affected due to BREXIT especially if the UK does not end up with a Free Trade Agreement
with the European Union.
◦ The ‘GREAT Ready to Trade’ campaign which was launched on 1 February 2020 also included
Mumbai, India in its list of 18 cities across 13 countries. Various other countries include the USA, China,
Hong Kong, Australia, etc. The campaign aims at increasing and deepening the relationship of the
United Kingdom with its future global partners and also to make the UK the main hub of foreign direct
investment (FDI) in Europe. It is being headed by the Department of International Trade.
CONCLUSION
The future of the EU is in question, and not just because of Brexit, which is just one of the many crises
that has hit the EU in recent years, including the Eurozone, refugee, and security crises. But how Brexit
occurs may have a significant impact on future European integration, just as the future of EU
integration will have an impact on UK engagement with the EU. This chapter begins with the UK’s
reasons for exit and its history of opting out of EU policies before considering the many crises
challenging the EU, including Brexit. It then discusses the current already highly differentiated state of
the EU, followed by the likely future of even greater differentiation. The chapter argues that only by
conceiving of the future EU as consisting of a ‘soft’ rather than hard core with different clusters of
members in overlapping policy communities is the UK likely to be able continue to have a productive
relationship with the EU through some of its various policy communities, or is the EU itself most likely to
move forward in a positive direction.
THANK YOU