Assalamualaikum!
I am Abdul-Rehman
I’m glad to be here with you today. Now let’s get
started.
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GROUP
MEMBERS
AbdulRehman
BSF-1903931
Hamza Tahir
BSF-1904036
Taqveem Anwar
BSF-1903784
Shan Abdullah
BSF-1903600
Waleed Qayyum
BSF-1904011
Hammad Ahmed
BSF-1903718
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CULTURE
Culture Similarities & Differences
Ethnocentrism
Close or Open Socities & Social
Mobility
Social Change
Social Stratification
Cultural Relativism
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Culture can be defined as all
the ways of life including;
DEFINITION
OF CULTURE
⦿
Arts & Architecture
⦿
Beliefs
⦿
Language
⦿
Norms
⦿
Way of Thinking
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⦿
These all are passed down
from generation to generation.
DEFINITION
OF CULTURE
⦿
Culture has been called “The
identity of an entire society."
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CULTURE
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⦿ Can be termed as “Culture Variation”
⦿ When comparing cultures, common
CULTURAL
SIMILARITIES
&
DIFFERENCES
characteristics can similar and different
among many cultures.
⦿ Hence, relationship between cultures
has its similarity and differences.
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⦿
Differences & Similarities can
depend upon multiple factors i-e
CULTURAL
SIMILARITIES
&
DIFFERENCES
Religion & Nationality.
⦿
Something maybe considered
Good Etiquette in one, but Bad in
other Culture.
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HELLO EVERYONE!
My Name is Hamza Tahir
I’m looking forward to talking with you today
about Ethnocentrism
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⦿ Derived from two words:
⦿ Ethno (Nation) & Centrism (Center)
⦿ Believed in Superiority of own Culture.
ETHNOCENTRISM
⦿ Language, Costoms, Religion e-t-c
⦿ For Example; Hijab System in
Pakistan.
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ADVANTAGES OF
ETHNOCENTRISM
⦿
Sense of Unity.
⦿
Source of Security.
⦿
Increase in Cooperation.
⦿
Increase of Confidence.
⦿
Protection of Culture.
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⦿
Increase in Social Problems.
⦿ Restrictions
DISADVANTAGES
OF
ETHNOCENTRISM
in International
Relations
⦿ Restrictions
in new thoughts
⦿ Restrictions in
the Progress of
Society
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Assalamualaikum!
I am Waleed Qayyum. I’m glad to
be here with you today. My topic of
discussion is Close or Open Socities &
Social Mobility
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OPEN
SOCIETIES
⦿ History:
(French: Société ouverte) is a
term coined by French
philosopher Henri Bergson in
1932
⦿ Describes open society
as dynamic system
Inclined to Moral
Universalism.
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⦿ Idea further developed
Austrian-born British
philosopher Karl Popper.
DEVALOPMENT
OF
IDEA
by the
⦿ Popper
Said:
“It is a society in which individual is
confronted with personal decisions
as opposed to a tribal / Collectivist
society"
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⦿ Popper considered,
only
democracy provides an
DEVALOPMENT
OF
IDEA
institutional mechanism for reform
and leadership change without the
need for
bloodshed, revolution or coup
d'état.
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OPEN
SOCIETIES
⦿ In open society, certain inequalities
may exist, but individuals can move
up to a higher social class or down to
a lower social class.
⦿ A truly open society, is an ideal
type, one that exists in theory only.
⦿ The United States has an open
society system.
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⦿ High Social Status Persons simply have
not sufficient ability and experience So
they face feeling of loss and frustration.
Disadvantages
⦿ Competing Persons may feel they are
giving up their principles, reducing Family
Times, or surrendering other values in
order to devote more energy to achieving
higher status.
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⦿ Once a person reaches a goal,
he/she may experience downward
mobility.
Disadvantages
⦿ Persons moving from a lower to
a higher social class may change
their interests and behavioral
patterns, thereby losing some of
their friends.
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⦿ In Closed Societies, a person’s
social status is assigned at birth and
set for life with no possibility of
CLOSED
SOCIETIES
moving either up or down.
⦿ This condition is referred to as
ascribed status.
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⦿ A caste stratification system is an
example of a closed system.
CLOSED
SOCIETIES
⦿ The caste system of India which
was officially abolished by the
government in 1949, was basic part of
life for 2500 years.
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CASTE
SYSTEM IN
INDIA.
1-Brahmins
2-Kshatriyas
3-Waishyas
4-Shudras
Brahmins
Highest and most esteemed
Priest or teacher
Kshatriyas
Second caste
Traditionally known warriors
Wasshyas
Third caste
Farmer, trader, or merchant
Shudars
Fourth caste
Labours, Sweepers
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⦿ Movement of individuals, families,
or groups through a system of
social hierarchy or stratification.
SOCIAL
MOBILITY
⦿ In modern societies, social mobility
is typically measured by career and
generational changes in the
socioeconomic levels of occupations.
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⦿ Horizontal mobility.
⦿ Vertical mobility.
TYPES OF
SOCIAL
MOBILITY
Further Types :
⦿ Upward mobility.
⦿ Downward mobility.
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Assalamualaikum!
Myself Hammad Ahmed
And I’m looking forward to talking with you today
about Social Change.
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“ Social change is a term use to
describe variation or modification
SOCIAL
CHANGE
in any aspect of social process,
social pattern, social interaction
and social organization.”
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1. Planned social change
2. Unplanned social change
TYPES OF
SOCIAL
CHANGE
Planned
Social
Change
Unplanned
Social
Change
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⦿
Physical/Geographical/Natural
factor
FACTORS
OF
SOCIAL
CHANGE
⦿
Biological factor
⦿
Cultural factor
⦿
Technological factor
⦿
Economic factor
⦿
Political factor
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⦿
CHARACTERSTICS
OF
SOCIAL
CHANGE
Universal in nature
⦿
Continuous process
⦿
Speed of social change is
different in various societies
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⦿
Social change involves
community change.
CHARACTERSTICS
OF
SOCIAL
CHANGE
⦿
Social change shows a chain
reaction sequence.
⦿
No one can predict social
change.
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Assalamualaikum!!
My Name is Shan Abdullah.
I’m looking forward to talking
with you today about Social
Stratification.
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⦿
Division of society in different
groups based on different factors
such as income, wealth, education,
SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
occupation etc
Upper
Class
Middle
Class
Lower
Class
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1 : Cast system
2 : Class system
TYPES OF
SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
Cast
System
Class
System
3 : Estate system
4 : Slavery
Estate
System
Slavery
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1 : Universal
2 : Ancient
CHARACTERISTICS
OF SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
3 : Diverse forms
4 : Social
5 : Dynamic in nature
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1 : Persist over generation
2 : Universal but variable
PRINCIPLES
OF SOCIAL
3 : Trait of society
STRATIFICATION
4 : Involves not just inequality
but beliefs as well
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Assalamualaikum!
Myself Taqveem Anwar
I’m here to conclude this
presentation after
discussing Cultural
Relativism.
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Cultural Relativism
Beliefs Customs Ethics
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RIGHT and WRONG
ARE CULTURE-SPECIFIC
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MORAL
IMMORAL
NO UNIVERSAL STANDARD OF MORALITY EXIST
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“
NO ONE HAS THE RIGHT
TO
JUDGE ANOTHER SOCIETY’S
CUSTOMS
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Todays
anthropologist
consider
all cultures to be
equally legitimate
expressions of
human existence.
Modern
Anthropologist
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Cultural
Ethical
Relativism
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⦿
Understanding of other’s cultural
practices.
Goals
⦿Practices make sense when
contextualized within their cultural
framework.
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Examples
Sawi Tribe of Netherlands
(1962)
Cannibalism
Immolating widows
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THANKYOU!
Your Queries are appreciated!
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