PI080S05
GROUP 4
MAT093
GROUP PROJECT REPORT
MONTHLY INCOME RECEIVED BY FEMALE-HEADED
HOUSEHOLDS
PREPARED BY:
BIL.
NAME OF STUDENTS
ID NUMBER
1
HANA HUMAIRA BINTI NASERY
2021870086
2
ANIS SYAHIRAH BINTI AHMAD SHOKRI
2021808134
3
NUR AININ SOFIYA BINTI ISMAIL
2021484324
4
WAN AZRA ARISYA BINTI WAN NADZIM
2021212158
5
NORAINAH BINTI TANSI
2021206974
6
NUR ADLIN ULFAH BINTI MUHAMMAD NADZIR
2021856772
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, we would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to Madam Ainon
Zarina, our mathematics lecturer (MATH093) for her supervision throughout the assignment
project period. Her guidance and advice allowed us to deliver our best quality of work that would
hopefully meet the best criteria condition.
Secondly, to the members of this group, Hana Humaira, Anis Syahirah, Nur Ainin Sofiya,
Wan Azra Arisya, Norainah and Nur Adlin Ulfah for their efforts and commitment in completing
this assignment project. This project can be completed successfully before the deadline thanks to
their contribution and amazing group work. We are very thankful for having a team full of
responsible students.
Finally, to acknowledge our classmates, S05 for sharing some encouragements to each other
to complete this assignment project.
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
2
Introduction
5
Background of Study
7
Objectives of Study
8
Description of Data
8
Description of Variables
8
Method of Data Analysis
9
Analysis and Discussion
10
Conclusion
23
Recommendation
24
Bibliography
25
3
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Description of Variables
8
Table 2: Method of Data Analysis
9
Table 3: Table of Monthly Income Received by Female-headed Households
15
Table 4: Table of Frequency Distribution
16
Table 5: Table of Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Monthly Income Received by Female-Headed
21
Household
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Bar Chart of Respondent’s Age
10
Figure 2: Bar Chart of Education Level
11
Figure 3: Pie Chart of Respondent’s Work Sector
12
Figure 4: Pie Chart of Reasons Being Female-headed Households
13
Figure 5: Pie Chart of Financial Assistant Received by Female-headed Households
14
Figure 6: Histogram of Monthly Income Received by Female-Headed Households
17
Figure 7: Frequency Polygon of Monthly Income Received by Female-Headed Households
17
Figure 8: Less Than Ogive of Monthly Income Received by Female-Headed Households
22
4
MONTHLY INCOME RECEIVED BY FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS
Introduction
This study is carried out to fulfill the objectives of MAT093 assignment project which is
to investigate the financial security of female headed households or commonly known as single
mothers in Malaysia.
There are many ways to describe single mothers, but the most usual definition is women
who are the heads of household, widowed or divorced / permanently separated and have unmarried
children in the same household. The rising number of single mothers is increases more than
800,000 were reported from Department of Welfare Services Malaysia in June 2015 (Siti Yuliandi
Ahmad et al, 2017). Without the presence of husband, the single female-headed households may
face many challenges to balance the work and family responsibilities. The situation will become
more difficult if the job remains unaffordable obtained. These could lead to financial strains and
affect the individual health such as loss of control, anxiety, depression and emotional distress since
financial strains is a factor that could influence the financial security and affect the ability and
psychology of individuals. Financial strains can be explained as a continuous stressor of the
financial situation of an individual that can have a particular impact on individual’s welfare. This
is in contrast with one of other factors which is self-coping mechanisms. The term is defined as
the continuous effort to change cognitive and behavioral by a person to manage specific external
and internal demand. Self-coping during financial strains involved types of strategies to achieve
financial security such as working longer hours and taking on extra jobs or delaying the retirement.
Furthermore, financial security also has relationships by other factors such as financial
literacy and financial practices. Financial literacy is the ability to read, analyze, manage and
communicate about the personal financial situations that affect financial well-being. With high
level of financial literacy, women will tend to have higher level of saving during retirement,
accumulate more wealth and have better employment status. Having higher level of financial
literacy is good because it could help women to make better decision in those matters. Meanwhile,
financial practice is the set of behaviors presented by a person, particularly the planning,
implementing and evaluating. Women that perform upstanding financial practice along with the
high level of financial literacy will have a good level of financial security and achieve satisfaction
5
of life. Therefore, Single Mother Empowerment Action Plan has drafted by The Ministry of
Women, Family and Community Development which covers aspects of empowerment in terms of
economic, social as well research and coordination aspects as an effort to reduce poverty among
single mothers. (KPWKM, 2015)
6
Background of Study
Consumers are concerned about the current economic instability in Asean, particularly in
Malaysia, where the Ringgit exchange rate is volatile. Following suit, China's yuan has depreciated
by 4.4 percent, the largest decrease in decades, in order to boost exports in the global market (New
York Times, 2015), creating a climate ripe for discord and turbulence (Business Insider, 2015).
Furthermore, both global and domestic trends, according to the Central Bank of Malaysia (2015),
influence current Ringgit fluctuations. Investor expectations for major central banks' monetary
policies, as well as changes in crude oil and gas prices, were among the global developments.
Higher living costs disproportionately affect vulnerable groups such as children, women,
individuals with disabilities, and the elderly (Reichert, 2006). On the other hand, Malaysia's growth
domestic product (GDP) has declined somewhat from 2013 (4.7), 2014 (6.0), and 2015 (4.9), with
an inflation rate of 3.0. (United Nation, 2015). Furthermore, GDP was predicted to decline to 4.9
percent in 2015, down from 6 percent in 2014, with declining oil prices a key reason for this oilexporting country. Despite the fact that the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (MP 11) focused on peoplecentered growth with a target of income per capita exceeding US$15,000, nearly 2.7 million
households still live in poverty.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between financial
psychological factors of financial strains in predicting financial security among female headed
households in Malaysia.
7
Objectives of Study
1. To describe the demographic profile of female headed households in Malaysia.
2. To analyze the amount of monthly income received by female headed households in
Malaysia.
3. To analyze the central tendency of the amount of monthly income received by female
headed households in Malaysia.
4. To analyze the measure of dispersion of the amount of monthly income received by female
headed households in Malaysia.
Description of Data
Population
: All female-headed households in Malaysia
Sample
: 521 female-headed households from six single mothers' associations in
Malaysia
Types of data
: Secondary data
Source
: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342148721_Factors_predicting_
financial_security_of_female_headed_households
Description of Variables
Variable
Type of Variable
Age
Qualitative
Education Level
Qualitative
Work Sector
Qualitative
Reasons Being Female Headed Households
Qualitative
Financial Assistant
Qualitative
Monthly Income Received by Female-headed Households
Quantitative
Table 1: Description of Variables
8
Method of Data Analysis
Objectives
Variables
Data Description
To describe the demographic
•
Age
•
Pie chart
profile
•
Education Level
•
Bar chart
•
Work Sector
•
Reasons Being
of
female
headed
households in Malaysia
Female Headed
Households
•
Financial Assistant
•
Monthly Income
•
Frequency distribution
monthly income received by
Received by Female-
•
Histogram
female headed households in
headed Households
•
Ogive
Monthly Income
•
Mean, Mode and
To analyze the amount of
Malaysia
To
analyze
the
central
•
tendency of the amount of
Received by Female-
monthly income received by
headed Households
Median
female headed households in
Malaysia
To analyze the measure of
•
Monthly Income
dispersion of the amount of
Received by Female-
monthly income received by
headed Households
female headed households in
Malaysia
Table 2: Method of Data Analysis
9
•
Variance and
Standard deviation
Analysis and Discussion
1. Age
Figure 1: Bar Chart of Respondent’s Age
Interpretation: From 521 respondents, 41 respondents (7.9% of the respondents) age are below
30 while the majority of the respondents age are above 50 which is 241 respondents (46.3% of the
respondents). In addition, 99 respondents (19% of the respondents) age are in between 31 to 39
years old. Lastly, 140 respondents (26.9% of the respondents) age are in between 40 to 49 years
old.
10
2. Education Level
Figure 2: Bar Chart of Education Level
Interpretation: From 521 respondents, 67 respondents (12.9% of the respondents) did not receive
formal education while only 56 respondents (10.7% of the respondents) received tertiary school
level of education. Next, 198 respondents (38.0% of the respondents) received primary school
level of education and 200 respondents (38.4% of the respondents) received secondary school level
of education.
11
3. Work Sector
Figure 3: Pie Chart of Respondent’s Work Sector
Interpretation: From 521 respondents, 179 female (34.4% of the respondents) are working in the
‘Informal Works’ sector. Next, 203 female (39.0% of the respondents) are working in the ‘Formal
Works’ sector. Lastly, 139 female (26.7% of the respondents) which is the minority, are not
working.
12
4. Reasons being female-headed households
Figure 4: Pie Chart of Reasons Being Female-headed Households
Interpretation: From 521 respondents, the majority of the respondents’ reasons for being the sole
breadwinner were divorcees which is 250 respondents (48% of the respondents) while 215
respondents were widowed (41% of the respondents). Meanwhile, 51 respondents were abandoned
by their husbands (10% of the respondents) while 3 respondents have disabled spouses (0.6% of
the respondents). The other 2 respondents’ reasons for being female-headed households are
because of domestic violence by their spouse (0.4% of the respondents).
13
5. Financial Assistant
Figure 5: Pie Chart of Financial Assistant Received by Female-headed Households
Interpretation: From 521 respondents, 43% of the female-headed households (224 respondents)
received BR1M as their financial assistant and 24% of the female-headed households (125
respondents) received money from their children as financial assistant. Meanwhile, 11.3% of the
female-headed households (59 respondents) received their financial assistant from Department of
Community Welfare while 10.6% of the female-headed households (55 respondents) receiving
financial assistant from financial assistance for children. Other than that, 4.2% of the femaleheaded households (22 respondents) received financial assistant from their former husbands.
Furthermore, 1% of the female-headed households were given zakat as financial assistant. The
other 4% of the female-headed households (21 respondents) are receiving none of the financial
assistants stated in the data above.
14
6. Monthly Income Received by Female-headed Households
Monthly Income (RM)
Percentage (%)
Number of Femaleheaded Households
< RM500
62.1%
243
RM501-RM800
21.3%
83
RM801-RM1,000
16.5%
65
RM1,001-RM1,500
16.5%
65
> RM1,501
16.7%
65
Table 3: Table of Monthly Income Received by Female-headed Households
15
Class
Interval
Lower
Boundary
Upper
Boundary
Frequency
(f)
Midpoint
(x)
x2
fx
fx2
401-500
400.5
500.5
243
450.5
202950.25
109471.5
49316971.5
501-600
500.5
600.5
28
550.5
303050.25
15414
8485407
601-700
600.5
700.5
27
650.5
423150.25
17563.5
11425056.75
701-800
700.5
800.5
27
750.5
563250.25
20263.5
15207756.75
801-900
800.5
900.5
33
850.5
723350.25
28066.5
23870558.25
901-1000
900.5
1000.5
33
950.5
903450.25
31366.5
29813858.25
1001-1100
1000.5
1100.5
13
1050.5
1103550.25
13656.5
14346153.25
1101-1200
1100.5
1200.5
13
1150.5
1323650.25
14956.5
17207453.25
1201-1300
1200.5
1300.5
13
1250.5
1563750.25
16256.5
20328753.25
1301-1400
1300.5
1400.5
13
1350.5
1823850.25
17556.5
23710053.25
1401-1500
1400.5
1500.5
13
1450.5
2103950.25
18856.5
27351353.25
1501-1600
1500.5
1600.5
65
1550.5
2404050.25
100782.5
156263266.3
∑fx=404210.5
∑fx2 =
397326641.1
∑f =521
Table 4:
Table 4: Table of Frequency Distribution
16
Figure 6: Histogram of Monthly Income Received by Female-Headed Households
Figure 7: Frequency Polygon of Monthly Income Received by Female-Headed Households
17
Calculation of Measures of Central Tendency
•
MEAN, 𝑥𝑥̅ =
Solution:
∑fx = 404210.5
∑𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
x = midpoint of the class
f = corresponding frequency
∑𝑓𝑓
∑f = 521
𝑥𝑥̅ =
404210.5
521
𝑥𝑥̅ = 775.8359 ≈ 775.84
•
MEDIAN, M = 𝐿𝐿 + �
Solution:
Median is in the
521
2
𝑁𝑁
−𝐹𝐹
2
𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚
� 𝐶𝐶
L= lower boundary of the median class
N = total number of observations (∑ f)
st
= 260.5 ≈ 261 observation.
Median class: 501 – 600
fm = frequency of the median class
F = cumulative frequency until point L
C = size of the median class
L = 500.5, F = 243, fm = 28, C = 100
521
− 243
𝑀𝑀 = 500.5 + � 2
� 100
28
𝑀𝑀 = 563
•
MODE, M =
Solution:
𝐿𝐿 + (
△1
△1 + △2
)𝑐𝑐
L = lower boundary of the modal class
△1 = difference between the frequency of
the modal class and the class immediately
preceding it (before)
Modal class is 401−500
△2 = difference between the frequency of
L = 400.5, △1 = 243, △2 = 215, c = 100
the modal class and the class immediately
243
𝑀𝑀 = 400.5 + �
� 100
243 + 215
𝑀𝑀 = 453.56
after it
c = size of the modal class
18
Explanation: The mean of monthly income received by female-headed households is RM 775.84.
This indicates that the average amount of monthly income received by female-headed households
is RM 775.84. Furthermore, the median for the monthly income received by female headed
households is RM 563.00. Finally, the mode of the monthly income received by female-headed
households is RM 453.56. This indicates that most of the 243 of female-headed households often
receive their monthly income of RM 453.56. As a justification, we have decided to alter the data
in order to make it more systematic and organized. We have decided to standardize the
measurements of each class interval by 100.
Calculation of Measure of Dispersion
•
Variance, s2
𝑠𝑠 2 =
(∑𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)2
𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 − 1
∑𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 2 −
∑fx2 = 397326641.1, ∑fx = 404210.5, n = 521
𝑠𝑠 2 =
(404210.5)2
521
521 − 1
397326641.1 −
𝑠𝑠 2 = 161010.8213 ≈ 161010.82
•
Standard Deviation, s
2
2 − (∑𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)
∑𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥
�
𝑛𝑛
𝑠𝑠 =
𝑛𝑛 − 1
∑fx2 = 397326641.1, ∑fx = 404210.5, n = 521
(404210.5)2
�397326641.1 −
521
𝑠𝑠 =
521 − 1
𝑠𝑠 = 401.2615 ≈ 401.26
Interpretation: The variance of monthly income received by female-headed households
is RM 161010.82 and the standard deviation is RM 401.26
19
Calculation of Coefficients of Variation and Skewness
•
Coefficient of Variation, CV
CV =
CV =
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
× 100%
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
401.2615
× 100%
775.8359
CV = 51.72%
•
Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness
Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness =
Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness =
3(mean −median)
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3 ( 775.8359−563)
401.2615
Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness = 1.5913
Interpretation: The coefficient of variation, CV for the monthly income received by
female-headed households os 51.72% and it is more than half, hence the data is less
consistent. In addition, the Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness is 1.5913. This indicates that
the Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness is positive, so the distribution is positively skewed.
20
Monthly Income Received by FemaleHeaded Households, RM (Upper Boundary)
Cumulative Frequency
0
0
500.5
243
600.5
271
700.5
298
800.5
325
900.5
358
1000.5
391
1100.5
404
1200.5
417
1300.5
430
1400.5
443
1500.5
456
1600.5
521
Table 5: Table of Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Monthly Income Received by FemaleHeaded Household
21
Less Than Ogive of Monthly Income Received by Female-Headed
Households
600
521
Cumulative Frequency
500
400
300
243
271
298
325
358
391
404
417
430
443
456
200
100
0
0
0
500.5
600.5
700.5
800.5
900.5
1000.5 1100.5 1200.5 1300.5 1400.5 1500.5 1600.5
Upper Boundaries
Figure 8: Less Than Ogive of Monthly Income Received by Female-Headed Households
Analysis: Based on the less than ogive of monthly income received by female-headed
households,
1. Estimate the number of female-headed households who received monthly income below
RM1000.50?
From the ogive, there are 391 respondents of female-headed households who received monthly
income below RM1000.50.
2. Estimate the percentage amount of monthly income received by female-headed households
that exceed RM1200.50?
The percentage amount of monthly income received by female-headed households that exceed
RM1200 is
13+13+13+13+65
521
× 100% = 22.46%
22
Conclusion
The objectives of this study which are to describe the demographic profile of female headed
households in Malaysia, analyse their monthly income and the central tendency of that amount as
well as the measure of dispersion of the amount of monthly income has been fulfilled. Factors
contributed financial security of female headed households includes financial strains, self- coping
mechanisms, financial literacy, financial practices, and financial security with financial strains,
self-coping mechanisms, financial literacy, and financial practices projected 42.3% to the account
of variance in financial security, according to the findings. The most dominant indicators of
financial security in the current study are the self-coping mechanisms and financial practices. The
findings revealed that female-headed households with a better self-coping mechanism such as
focus on important things to do, reduce expenses and trying to increase income were more likely
to have a better financial security. Due to the lack of knowledge in financial instrument to
accumulate income during early years of work, many women face financial crisis in their golden
age. Although women with a better financial psychology tend to experience a higher probability
of frailness such as emotional distress, loss of control and anxiety that can lead to health problem
somehow, they are found to establish a better financial security. Indeed, financial stability is
significant particularly for female-headed households as it is a prerequisite in making informed
financial decisions.
23
Recommendation
Female-headed households with consistency in planning, monitoring, and implementing financial
action plan on a daily basis are more likely to experience a better financial practice. Hence,
adequate self-coping mechanism and financial practices in dealing market temptations in spending
and managing money wisely should be implied. In addition, education in financial practices must
be prioritized in social support group in every single mother’s association to assist female-headed
households in order to improve their monetary budgeting. The inference of sharing financial
information, practices in managing money, and self-coping mechanism during financial strains is
to contribute to a better level of financial stability. The president of single mothers’ association
must play role to plan and execute financial programs to benefit female-headed households by
raising financial knowledge with help from Credit Counselling and Debt Management Agency
(CCDMA). By taking full advantage of a free financial programme, female-headed households’
financial literacy, financial practices, and self-coping mechanism toward financial security could
be improved to enhance their quality of life. On the other hand, other variable such as socialisation
like the media may also impact on how female-headed households save, spend, and invest their
money. Thus, future research should include agents of financial socialisation as a possible
predictor of financial security.
24
Bibliography
Ahmad, S. Y., Sabri, M. F., Rahim, H. A., & Othman, S. (2017). Factors predicting financial
security of female headed households. Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic
Research, 5(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v5i1.8794
25
PI080 S05
GROUP 4
WRITTEN REPORT EVALUATION FORM
Title of
Project
MONTHLY INCOME RECEIVED BY FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS
No.
Name
Student ID
Handphone
Number
1.
HANA HUMAIRA BINTI NASERY
2021870086
011-51809351
2.
ANIS SYAHIRAH BINTI AHMAD SHOKRI
2021808134
011-52786402
3.
NUR AININ SOFIYA BINTI ISMAIL
2021484324
011-39883758
4.
WAN AZRA ARISYA BINTI WAN NADZIM
2021212158
011-71119813
5.
NORAINAH BINTI TANSI
2021206974
014-3519455
6.
NUR ADLIN ULFAH BINTI MUHAMMAD NADZIR
2021856772
011-57545727
26
Assessment on Written Report (PLO7)
Score (S)
(Refer to *)
Assessment criteria for written report
Title
Weightage
(W)
0.5
Background of Study
1
Objectives
1
Description of data & Description of variable
0.5
Method of data analysis
0.5
Data Analysis and Discussion
4.0
Conclusions
1.0
Recommendation
0.5
Independent learning
0.5
Writing Quality & Adherence to Format Guidelines
0.5
TOTAL (FULL MARK: 100)
Percentage from written report evaluation:
27
Total
(S x W)
PI080 S05
GROUP 4
PRESENTATION EVALUATION FORM
Title of Project
MONTHLY INCOME RECEIVED BY FEMALE-HEADED
HOUSEHOLDS
No.
Name
Student ID
Handphone
Number
1.
HANA HUMAIRA BINTI NASERY
2021870086
011-51809351
2.
ANIS SYAHIRAH BINTI AHMAD SHOKRI
2021808134
011-52786402
3.
NUR AININ SOFIYA BINTI ISMAIL
2021484324
011-39883758
4.
WAN AZRA ARISYA BINTI WAN NADZIM
2021212158
011-71119813
5.
NORAINAH BINTI TANSI
2021206974
014-3519455
6.
NUR ADLIN ULFAH BINTI MUHAMMAD NADZIR
2021856772
011-57545727
28
Assessment on Presentation (PLO8)
Assessment criteria for presentation
Scores
1
Introduction of topic
4
3
2
1
2
Content
4
3
2
1
3
Delivery
4
3
2
1
4
Appearance
4
3
2
1
5
Creativity
4
3
2
1
6
Preparedness
4
3
2
1
7
Organization
4
3
2
1
8
Participation
4
3
2
1
9
Conclusions
4
3
2
1
10
Length of Presentation
4
3
2
1
TOTAL (FULL MARK: 40)
Percentage from presentation:
Other Comments (if necessary):
29