Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for 5G Wireless Communication Applications
2021-2022
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page no
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….........
3
2. Literature survey……………………………………………………………….
6
3. Antennas………………………………………………………………………..
8
3.1. What is an Antenna? ………………………………………………………
9
3.2. Microstrip Antennas ………………………………………………………. 9
3.3. Array Antennas …………………………………………………………… 10
3.4. Basic Characteristics of MPA ……………………………………………. 11
3.5. Different Shapes of Patches ………………………………………………. 12
3.6. Feeding Techniques ………………………………………………………. 12
4. Characteristics of 5G System ………………………………………………….. 16
4.1. Frequency Range of 5G …………………………………………………… 18
5. Design Methodology …………………………………………………………… 19
5.1. Design Process …………………………………………………………….. 20
5.2. Methodology ………………………………………………………………. 21
5.3. Case Study …………………………………………………………………. 22
6. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………… 26
7. Bibliography……………………………………………………………………. 28
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List of Figures
1. Fig 1.1. Antenna Array Under LTE Network
2. Fig 3.1. Microstrip Patch Antenna
3. Fig 3.2. Arrays Antenna Configuration
4. Fig 3.3. Microstrip Antenna and Co-ordination System
5. Fig 3.4. Shapes of Patches
6. Fig 3.5. Microstrip line Feed
7. Fig 3.6. Co-Axial Feed Line
8. Fig 3.7. Aperture Coupling Line Feed
9. Fig 3.8. Proximity Coupled Line Feed
10. Fig 3.9. Branch Line Feed
11. Fig 4.1. LMDS Spectrum
12. Fig 5.1. Top View and Basic Design of Proposed MPA
13. Fig 5.2. Bandwidth Calculation
14. Fig 5.3. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
15. Fig 5.4. Radiation Pattern
LIST OF TABLES
1. Table 5.1.Design parameters for proposed Antenna
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
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2021-2022
The interest for remote versatile correspondences administrations is developing at a
touchy rate, with the expectation that correspondence to a cell phone any place on the globe
consistently will be accessible sooner rather than later. The investigation of microstrip
patch antennas has gained extraordinary ground as of late. Contrasted and customary
antennas, microstrip patch antennas have more points of interest and better possibilities.
They are lighter in weight, low volume, minimal effort, low profile, littler in measurement
and simplicity of manufacture and congruity. Additionally, the microstrip patch antennas
can give double and round about polarizations, double recurrence activity, recurrence
dexterity, wide bandwidth, feedline adaptability, bar filtering omnidirectional designing.
In numerous remote correspondence frameworks it is important to structure
antennas with order qualities (high gains) to fulfill the needs of long separation
correspondence that may not be attainable by a solitary component antenna. The radiation
from the single component is frequently wide in design with huge shaft edges. This isn't
useful for point-to-point interchanges, which requires antennas that are increasingly
mandate in nature for example Radar applications. Likewise, a solitary emanating
component regularly creates radiation designs with unsuitable bandwidth, effectiveness,
and gain parameters. All these and more make the use of a solitary component antenna not
recommendable. In this manner, the execution of antennas in array design defeats these
downsides.
Figure 1.1 Antenna Array under LTE Network
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The growing demand for telecommunications services is stimulating the
development of new call-handling technologies. Each generation of mobile technologies
has brought with it an increase in the data transmission speed along with improved
connection quality and new functionalities. The fourth generation (4G) technology, which
is currently in use, has been available worldwide since 2009. The fifth generation (5G)
network will enable a number of new services, including those related to the Internet of
Things (IoT) and the concept of smart cities. The new technology will make use of low,
medium, and high frequency bands, all of which have their advantages and limitations.
However, wide-scale deployment of a 5G network requires preparation of antenna
infrastructure and implementation of new technological solutions. A significant number of
antennas (apart from antennas used for mobile devices) will be to be installed inside
buildings, especially public utility buildings, including stadiums, railway stations, and
shopping centres. It should be noted, at this point, that antennas installed in locations close
to crowds would be smaller than those used in current macrocell transmitters. This is a
fundamental difference and a common misunderstanding in public discussion. In a
traditional antenna system, the power is radiated according to the established spatial
characteristics. Therefore, the area in which users can be located is predefined. In contrast,
the power in a 5G antenna is radiated directionally, and focused on individual users or
groups of users. Antenna radiation directions can change almost automatically, to focus on
mobile users
5G is the fifth era of cell versatile correspondences. It succeeds the 4G
(LTE/WiMax), 3G (UMTS) and 2G (GSM) structures. 5G execution targets high data rate,
lessened inaction, imperativeness saving, cost decline, higher system limit, and colossal
contraption organize. A fix antenna is made by scratching metal on one side of dielectric
substrate where as in actuality side there is relentless metal layer of the substrate, which
outlines a ground plane.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE SURVEY
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A. Yadav [1] This work displays a structure of 2 × 1 microstrip patch array antenna for
5G C-band passage applications. The array utilizes the component of rectangular microstrip
antenna with U opening on parasitic patch for 5G C-Band (3.4 – 3.8 GHz) application. A
microstrip feed arrange is utilized to bolster the antenna array is likewise actualized in the
plan. The antenna is two layered antenna array and low profile is a decent up-and-comer of
antenna for 5G C band passageway applications. the paper shows consequences of
examination, for example, return misfortune, efficiencies, radiation design, and so forth of
both single component and array antenna.
M. Patriotis [2] This work presents a broadband right hand circularly captivated (RHCP)
16-component antenna array working in the recurrence band of 20 - 32 GHz. The array
components are shortened patches encouraged utilizing a successive pivot power divider
(SRPD). The antenna can be utilized at the same time in the getting mode (Rx) and
transmitting mode (Tx) by choosing the implanted reconfigurable channels. A PIN diode
reconfigurable bandpass channel (BPF) is utilized at the Tx port so as to choose the band
of activity. The antenna array delivers a gain of 12 - 15 dB over its working frequencies
and a pivotal proportion under 0.56 dB over its working bands. This reconfigurable antenna
array can be utilized for K/Ka-band CubeSat correspondence.
A. M. Yusuf [3] Unmanned Aeronautical Vehicle (UAV) is one of the stages which can
bolster Manufactured Gap Radar (SAR) to distinguish an objective in C and X band. The
innovation is generally modest and can be worked in any climate condition. In any case,
constrained capacity of UAV for conveying payload drives specialist to construct SAR
gadget as little and light as conceivable including the sensor, in this term is the antenna. In
this examination, a double band microstrip antenna array 1×8 at C-band (5.8 GHz) and Xband (9.65 GHz) has been planned and fabricated on FR-4 substrate. E-Formed patch has
been actualized in this antenna to accomplish double reaction recurrence.
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CHAPTER III
MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS
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3.1. What is an antenna?
What is antenna? Answer on that question can be little twisted, but it is justify: Piece
of wire is not antenna even ignore that in this wire is flowing current generated by hundreds
or thousands transmitters placed in some close area. In other side, when we plug in this
wire to radio working on VHF and when it fulfill expectations also make better receiving,
then our wire become an antenna.
3.2. Microstrip antennas
Microstrip antennas became very popular in the 1970s primarily for space borne
applications. Today they are used for government and commercial applications. These
antennas consist of a metallic patch on a grounded substrate. The metallic patch can take
many different configurations. However, the rectangular and circular patches, shown in
Figure 3.1, are the most popular because of ease of analysis and fabrication, and their
attractive radiation characteristics, especially low cross-polarization radiation. The
microstrip antennas are low profile, conformable to planar and nonplanar surfaces, simple
and inexpensive to fabricate using modern printed-circuit technology, mechanically robust
when mounted on rigid surfaces, compatible with MMIC (Monolithic Microwave
Integrated Circuit) designs, and very versatile in terms of resonant frequency, polarization,
pattern, and impedance. These antennas can be mounted on the surface of highperformance aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, missiles, cars, and even handheld mobile
telephones.
Figure 3.1. Microstrip Patch antennas
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3.3. Array antennas
Many applications require radiation characteristics that may not be achievable by a
single element. It may, however, be possible that an aggregate of radiating elements in an
electrical and geometrical arrangement (an array) will result in the desired radiation
characteristics. The arrangement of the array may be such that the radiation from the
elements adds up to give a radiation maximum in a particular direction or directions,
minimum in others, or otherwise as desired. Usually the term array is reserved for an
arrangement in which the individual radiators are separate as shown in Figures 3.2(a–c).
(a) Yagi-Uda Array
(c) Microstrip Array
(b) Aperture Array
(d) Slotted-waveguide Array
Figure 3.2. Arrays antennas configuration.
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3.4. Basic characteristics of Microstrip patch Antenna
Microstrip antennas, as shown in Figure 3.3, consist of a very thin (t ≡thickness) (t
<< λ0, where λ0 is the free-space wavelength) metallic strip (patch) placed a small fraction
of a wavelength (h << L < λ0/2. The strip (patch) and the ground plane are separated by a
dielectric sheet (referred to as the substrate), as shown in Figure 3.3.There are numerous
substrates that can be used for the design of microstrip antennas, and their dielectric
constants are usually in the range of 2.2 ≤ €r ≤ 12. The ones that are most desirable for good
antenna performance are thick substrates whose dielectric constant is in the lower end of
the range because they provide better efficiency, larger bandwidth, loosely bound fields for
radiation into space,.but at the expense of larger element size. Thin substrates with higher
dielectric constants are desirable for microwave circuitry because they require tightly
bound fields to minimize undesired radiation and coupling, and lead to smaller element
sizes; however, because of their greater losses, they are less efficient and have relatively
smaller bandwidths. Since microstrip antennas are often integrated with other microwave
circuitry, a compromise has to be reached between good antenna performance and circuit
design.
Figure 3.3. Microstrip antenna and coordination system.
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3.5. Different Shapes of Patches
Figure 3.4. Shapes of Patches.
Often microstrip antennas are also referred to as patch antennas. The radiating
elements and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric substrate. The
radiating patch may be square, rectangular, thin strip (dipole), circular, elliptical, triangular,
or any other configuration. These and others are illustrated in Figure 3.4. Square,
rectangular, dipole (strip), and circular are the most common because of ease of analysis
and fabrication, and their attractive radiation characteristics, especially low crosspolarization radiation. Microstrip dipoles are attractive because they inherently possess a
large bandwidth and occupy less space, which makes them attractive for arrays. Linear and
circular polarizations can be achieved with either single elements or arrays of microstrip
antennas. Arrays of microstrip elements, with single or multiple feeds, may also be used to
introduce scanning capabilities and achieve greater directivities. These will be discussed in
later sections.
3.6. Feeding Techniques
A variety of methods can feed microstrip Patch Antenna. These methods can be
classified into two categories: contacting and non-contacting. In the contacting methods,
the RF power is fed directly to the radiating patch using connecting elements such as a
microstrip line . In a non-contacting scheme, the patch is not directly fed with the RF power,
but instead, power is transferred to the path from the feed line through electromagnetic
coupling. The most commonly used non- contacting feed methods are aperture and
proximity coupled feed.
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3.6.1 Microstrip line feed
In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to the
microstrip patch's edge, as shown in figure 3.5. The conducting strip is smaller in width
than the patch, and this kind of feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed can be
etched on the same substrate to provide a planar structure.
Figure 3.5. Microstrip Line Feed
The purpose of the inset cut in the patch is to match the feed line's impedance to the patch
without the need for any additional matching element
3.6.2 Co-axial Feed
The co-axial feed is a non-planar feeding technique in which z co-axial cable is used
to feed the patch. The inner conductor of the co-axial connector extends through the
dielectric, making a metal contact with the patch, and the outer conductor of the cable is
connected to the ground plane, as shown in figure 3.6. The probe is in direct contact with
the antenna, and it is located at the point where the antenna input is 50 ohms.
Figure 3.6. Co-axial feed line
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3.6.3. Aperture Coupled Feed
The aperture feed technique consists of two dielectric substrates, namely antenna
dielectric substrate, and feed dielectric substrate. These dielectric substrates are separated
by a ground plane, which has a slot at its center. The metal patch is placed on top of the
antenna substrate is shown in figure 3.7. The ground plane is placed on the other side of
the antenna dielectric. The feed dielectric and feed line are placed on the other side of the
ground plane to provide isolation. The disadvantage with this feed is that it requires
multilayer fabrication.
Figure 3.7. Aperture coupling line feed
3.6.4. Proximity Coupled Feed
In proximity feed, the feed line is placed between two dielectric substrates. In the
edge fed technique, it is impossible to choose a 50 ohms feed point since the impedance at
the edges will be very high. To overcome this, the feed line is moved to a lower level below
the patch. The edge of the feed line is located at a point where the antenna input impedance
is 50 ohms. Here the power transfer from the feed to the patch takes place through
electromagnetic field coupling.
Figure 3.8. Proximity Coupled line feed
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3.6.5. Branch Line Feed
In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to the
microstrip patch's edge, as shown in the figure. The conducting strip is smaller in width as
compared to the patch. This kind of feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed can
be etched on the same substrate to provide a planar structure. An inset cut can be
incorporated into the patch to obtain good impedance matching without the need for any
additional matching element. This is achieved by properly controlling the inset position, or
we can cut the slot and etch it from the patch with an appropriate size, as shown in the
figure. Moreover, this technique is used nowadays and named branch feed microstrip line
feed technique.
Figure 3.9. Branch line feed
3.6.6. Comparison of Different Feeding Techniques
Comparisons between different techniques are that the Aperture-coupled feed has
more bandwidth but less directivity. The co-axial feed provides high beam-width but less
bandwidth. We can observe that the Proximity fed antenna has poor radiation performance.
Inset feed has the highest directivity . Aperture feed has the lowest reflection loss. The coaxial feed has the highest beam-width. Aperture feed has the lowest VSWR value.
Comparing the four antennas, we infer that aperture fed antenna has better radiation
performance than all the four antennas. Inset fed antenna has a moderate radiation
performance but has the simplest structure making it easier to fabricate
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CHAPTER IV
Characteristics of the 5G System
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The 5G network makes use of new technological solutions to meet the growing
requirements of users. As a result, the new system will be able to handle an increasing
number of devices, and to satisfy higher quality thresholds required by modern
applications. It is an evolution of the 4G networks of today, which incorporates
technologies capable of handling the rapidly increasing amount of transmitted data and
facilitating data exchange between an ever-growing number of IoT devices. As is typical
for the introduction of any next-generation network, it is expected that until its coverage
and functionality can match or surpass existing 4G networks, the 5G network will need to
coexist with such . In addition to the existing usage scenarios of mobile networks, three
additional scenarios are planned for the emerging 5G network, all of which will be of
particular importance to users and will distinguish the 5G network from previous
generations. The first new usage scenario is an enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), which
enables high-speed internet access (up to 1 Gbps) and will be the defining feature of this
network as compared with existing networks, especially in the initial phase of its
implementation. This advantage of the 5G system over legacy solutions will increase the
efficiency and quality of communications in society. As an example, this will enable
services based on the provision of high-resolution multimedia, attractive methods of
communication (e.g., video, augmented and virtual reality), as well as smart city services
(e.g., transmission of content from high-resolution cameras) . The second use of 5G
networks is based on massive machine type communications (mMTC), where 5G will be
able to support a very large number of connections from low-power devices, referred to as
the Internet of Things (IoT), to the mobile network.
In a 5G system, the following three frequency bands are assumed to be used first :
• From 694 to 790 MHz (700 MHz band);
• From 3400 to 3800 MHz (3.6 GHz band);
• From 27.50 to 28.35 GHz (28 GHz band).
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4.1. Frequency Range for Local Multipoint Distribution Service
Service The technological solutions used in the 5G system eliminate the
disadvantages of LTE. These solutions make use of very high frequencies (in a 28 GHz
millimeter band) and beamforming techniques. In that, several clients within the range of
the same base station can use a 1 Gbps internet connection. The usefulness of the 28 GHz
band is limited, in particular, because of requirements applying to transmission between
the user and the base station (the “upstream” link). The ordered part of the frequency
spectrum has been transformed into a new licensing system based on two 425 MHz wide
blocks (blocks L1 and L2) . The division of the LMDS spectrum in the 5G frequency band
is presented in Figure 5.1.
Figure 4.1. Local multipoint distribution service (LMDS) spectrum.
The 28 GHz band and other millimeter frequency bands (mmWave), such as 24
GHz and 37/39 GHz bands, will play a key role in 5G implementations under the new
Upper Microwave Flexible Use License (UMFUS). The UMFUS bands are standardized
for 3GPP in accordance with 5G New Radio (NR) guidelines, in particular within
Frequency Band 2 (FR2), which includes millimeter frequencies. The 28 GHz band can
also be used for mobile applications, which are currently a key pillar of 5G deployment
championed by national carriers and other organizations.
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CHAPTER V
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
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5.1 Design Process
The design process of a microstrip antenna consists of multiple stages. The main steps of
the project process are presented below. The procedure for designing a single-piece
rectangular microstrip antenna are the following:
• Determine operational frequency
• Determine operational bandwidth
• Choose a substrate
• Choose substrate height
• Determine the dimensions of the patch
• Determine the power supply
• Determine the electrical parameters and characteristics of the antenna
• Optimize the antenna to obtain the best possible parameters in the given frequency range.
5.1.1 Designing Calculations
One of the significant piece of antenna planning is the choice of substrate which has
specific dielectric consistent and ought not change its qualities in any conditions.
5.1.2 Simulation Process
Indeed, even a little change in measurements of patch influences the bordering fields
from the edges. It influences the powerful length, along these lines changing the
reverberation recurrence. In the recreation procedure doling out of waveport is significant.
The feed is nourished with coaxial link with appropriate adjustment of antenna with short
out and open circuit present and legitimate end of transmission line while there is no such
idea of encouraging through link present in the HFSS designing. Along these lines, the
vitality is furnished with the assistance of a sheet called as waveport, put toward the start
of the feedline to give excitation to the waveport.
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5.2. METHODOLOGY
The methodology can be described as following
Choose a suitable substrate, it may depend upon various factor like availability of
material, integration of antenna with other circuit components on board. Dielectric constant
and height of substrate are important for microstrip antenna parameter calculation.
Calculate Microstrip antenna dimension. Most of the time antenna used in wireless
communication is not simple antenna, these are customized structure. Calculate antenna
width and length using standard formula. Draw antenna geometry and define materials.
Define feed-point and radiation boundary Run simulation and check performance
parameters values.
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5.3. CASE STUDY
Design of 2 x 2 Microstrip patch Antenna Array
In figure 5.1., showing top view of proposed Array microstrip patch antenna, one side of a
dielectric substrate acts as a radiating patch and other side of substrate acts as ground plane.
Top view of a rectangular patch antenna with coaxial feed has. Patch and ground plane
together creates fringing fields and this field is responsible for creating the radiation from
the antenna. We proposed 2 X 2 antenna array design due to small size and reference work.
If array size enhance like 2X3, 3X3, 4X4 etc. then overall antenna size is also enhance. But
miniaturization of antenna is also very important factor in antenna research. Resonant
frequency of proposed antenna is 4.9 and 6.01GHz that means it operate under C-band.
Therefore proposed antenna should be useful for all c-band application.
(a)
(b)
Figure 5.1. (a) Top view (b) basic design of proposed microstrip antenna array
5.3.1. SIMULATION AND RESULT
The geometry of the proposed design of 2×2 microstrip patch array for C-band
applications is shown in Fig. 2. The overall size of the design is 65mm × 65mm × 1.64mm
(L × W × H) and printed on Flame Retardant 4(FR4), with a relative permittivity of 4.4,
and a loss tangent of 0.024. Table I lists the dimension of the antenna array. The antenna is
fed by 50-Ω and 0.5W. The antenna array uses the rectangular microstrip structure with
two slots for 5G C-Band applications.
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Table 5.1: Design parameters for proposed Antenna
Sl.no
Parameters
Value
1
Lower Frequency (fL)
4 GHz
2
Higher Frequency (fH)
7 GHz
3
Dielectric constant (€r)
4.4
4
Ground ( L x W )
65 mm X 65 mm
5
Ground Height
0.35 mm
6
Susbrate ( L x W )
65 mm X 65 mm
7
Substrate Height (h)
1.57
8
Single Patch ( L x W )
16 mm X 11 mm
9
Top full design patch ( L x W )
46 mm X 41 mm
10
Line Impedance
50 Ω
11
Tangent Loss
0.06
12
Input watt
0.5 W
5.3.1.1. Bandwidth
The bandwidth of an antenna is defined as “the range of frequencies within which the
performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristic, conforms to a specified
standard.” For broadband antennas, the bandwidth is usually expressed as the ratio of the
upper-to-lower frequencies of acceptable operation
(a)
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(b)
Figure 5.2. Bandwidth calculation
For broadband antennas, the bandwidth is expressed as a percentage of the frequency
difference (upper minus lower) over the center frequency of the bandwidth. The bandwidth
of proposed antenna is 45.7 MHz, (4.9359GHz-4.8902GHz), for first band and 172.77
MHz, (6.0892GHz5.9165GHz), for second band.
5.3.1.2. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
The most common case for measuring and examining VSWR is when installing
and tuning transmitting antennas. When a transmitter is connected to an antenna by a feed
line, the impedance of the antenna and feed line must match exactly for maximum energy
transfer from the feed line to the antenna to be possible. When an antenna and feed line do
not have matching impedances, some of the electrical energy cannot be transferred from
the feed line to the antenna. Energy not transferred to the antenna is reflected back towards
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Figure 5.3. Voltage Standing Wave Ratios
the transmitter. It is the interaction of these reflected waves with forward waves which
causes standing wave patterns.
5.3.1.3. Radiation Pattern
Figure 5.4. Radiation Pattern
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CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION
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6.1 Conclusion
For the next generation wireless technology microstrip patch antenna array are
practically used in the field of advance communication for their compact size, low cost,
flexibility and good efficiency. Various designs and sizes of patch antenna array are
available in the market.A double band, rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed
and simulated using CST simulation software. The simulation results are presented and
discussed. Structure of proposed antenna is simple and compact in size of
65x65x1.64(mm)^3. The minimized size of planned antenna makes it simple to be
consolidated in small gadgets. Results demonstrate that the recurrence bandwidth covers
LTE band (4-7) GHz, at resonant frequencies 4.91 GHz and 6.08 GHz individually for
VSWR under 2, and S11 not exactly - 10dB. In above clarified working band it indicates
great impedance coordinating and bidirectional radiation patterns. These parameters spread
the return loss, VSWR, E-field, H-field and increase directivity. Hence, proposed antenna
is a decent candidate for remote correspondence applications in LTE band. The last
outcomes fulfil every one of the parameters of a proficient antenna. The planned antenna
works proficiently under all conditions with low return loss and improved bandwidth.
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CHAPTER VII
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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References
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Systems and Networks (ISWSN), Lahore, 2017, pp. 1-4.
[3].M. Li et al., "Eight-Port Orthogonally Dual-Polarized Antenna Array for 5G
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no. 9, pp. 3820-3830, Sept. 2016.
[4].S. Faleh and J. B. Tahar, "Optimization of a new structure patch antenna for MIMO and
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