Fourth Industrial Revolution: Midterm Study Sheet Topics on Exams: 1. Introduction to industry 4.0 2. Artificial Intelligence 3. Robotics 4. Internet of Things CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Industry 4.0: Introduction: - The 4th industrial revolution represents a fundamental change in the way we live, work, relate to one another. - New chapter in human development Fusing Technologies: - Advanced robots would not exist without new approaches made to artificial intelligence - The digital and physical worlds also collide infields such as; - Autonomous vehicles - 3D printing - Advances in sensors are enabling robots and systems to understand and respond better to their environments - Systems can now access information remotely via cloud - More generations = internet of things - New materials are now routinely being used in medical implants: 1. Tissue engineering 2. Creation of artificial organs 3. 3D printing - Digitals systems world will have widespread impact in the real world - Example: Blockchain, even though it is best known as the framework for the virtual currency, it can provide new ways to manage land records and track deforestation. - Widely-accessible and affordable gene sequencing and editing systems such as; - - - CRISPR/Cas9 Make it possible to reliably and precisely remove or replace sequences in the genome of plants and animals. The biological and digital worlds are also overlapping in the form of sensors used to monitor personal health and behavior, and to understand and influence brain activity Advanced Manufacturing and Production: - Breakthroughs in computing, sensors, mobile connectivity, artificial intelligence, robotics, 3D printing, and more…. - Are transforming manufacturing and production systems - New business models, developing abilities to offer new services rather than simply delivering products - It will change the ways that manufacturing companies operate - Policy-makers and business leaders will need to develop new related approaches and work together - In order to build innovative production systems that they benefit everyone The History of Industrial Revolutions: 1. 1st industrial revolution: 1760-1840 - Railroads and invention of the steam engine - Mechanical production 2. 2nd industrial revolution: 1860-1960 - Electricity and the assembly line - Mass production 3. 3rd industrial revolution: 1960 - early 2000’s - AKA “the computer revolution” or “digital revolution” - Development of semiconductors - Mainframe computing - 1960’s - Personal computing - 1970’s and 1980’s - Internet - 1990’s 4. 4th industrial revolution: 2011 - present - Fusion of the revolutions across the physical, digital and biological domains 3 Major Industrial Revolutions: - 1800 = hydropower and fossil 1890 -1910 = electric energy + mass production 1960 - 1970 = telecommunications + programmable logic The impact of Information and Communication Technology: How is Industry 4.0 different from previous industrial revolutions? - Marked by an integration of technologies and/or disciplines. (biotechnology - science involved with technology) - Acts as a disruptor (a system or a process that used to continuously go on a path, changing) How have the following been disruptors? 1. Airbnb: - Instead of spending money to go to a hotel, this provided a cheaper alternative - Therefore, it disrupted the routine of usually choosing a hotel as the primary option Industry 4.0: - What is it? - Comes from Germany - Defines a new way of organizing factories (AKA smart factories) - Aims to serve customers better through greater flexibility of production and resource optimization Key principles of the factory: 1. The factory becomes digital and flexible (without human use) 2. Simulation tools and powerful data processing 3. An efficient factory regarding energy and resources Cyber-Physical Systems: - A system of collaborating computational elements and controlling physical entities - Physical and engineered systems whose operations are monitored, coordinated, controlled and integrated by a computing, communication score - Allows to add capabilities to physical systems by merging computing and communication with physical processes Development in 3 phases: 1. Identification: - Unique identification is essential in manufacturing - Example: radio-frequency identification - (uses an electromagnetic field to identify a certain tag that's often attached to an object) 2. The integration of sensors and actuator: - Essential for a machine to operate - Means that a certain machine’s movement can be controlled and that it can sense changed in the environment - Use was limited, does not allow them to communicate with each other 3. The development of sensors and actuators: - Allowed machines to store and analyze data - Now is equipped with multiple sensors and actuators that can be networked for the exchange of information Drivers: 1. Connected sensors: - Could detect problems - Sends data, etc.. 2. Predictive analysis: - Predict through historical data What to do if something happens 3. Big data: - Storage from different sources - Use of decision-making Digital Enterprise chain: What are the benefits? 1. Operational efficiency: - Asset utilization - Operational cost reduction - Worker productivity 2. New products and services: - Pay-per-use - Software-based services - Data monetization 3. Outcome economy: - Pay-per-outcome - New connected ecosystems - Platform-enabled marketplace 4. Autonomous, pull economy: - Continuous demand sensing - End-to-end automation - Resource optimization and waste reduction Manufacturing (on demand) and optimize the supply chain in real time: 1. Optimization: - Key advantage to industry 4.0 - Factory containing smart devices that are able to self-optimize production will lead to an almost zero downtime in production - Important for industries that use expensive and high-end ma manufacturing equipment - Utilizing production constantly/consistently = profit the company 2. Customization: - Creating a flexible market that is customer-oriented, helps meet the population’s needs fast and smoothly - It will also destroy the gap between the manufacturer and the customer - Manufacturers would not have to communicate internally (in companies and factories) - And externally (to customers) = will fasten the production and delivery processes 3. Pushing research: - Adaption to industry 4.0 = push research to various fields: 1. IT security 2. Effects on education in particular - New industry = new set of skills - Education and training will take a new shape, it will provide with skilled labor Industry 4.0: Design principles: - Allows manufacturers to investigate a potential transformation to industry 4.0 technologies 1. Interoperability: - Objects, machines and people need to be able to communicate through the: 1. Internet of things 2. Internet of people 2. Virtualization: - CPS’s (cyber-physical systems) must be able to simulate and create a virtual copy of the real world - They should be to monitor objects existing in the surrounding environment 3.Decentralization: - Ability of CPS’s to work independently - Gives room for customized products and problem solving - Created more flexible environment for production If in cases of failure or conflicting goals: - The issue is given to a higher level - But, the need for quality assurance remains important for the entire process 4. Real-time capability: - Smart factory needs to be able to: 1. Collect real time data 2. Store data 3. Analyze data 4. Make decisions according to new findings - Not limited to market research - internal processes (failure of a machine in production line) - Must be able to identify the defect and re-assign tasks to other operating machines 5.Service-orientation: - Must be customer-oriented - People and smart objects/devices must be able to connect efficiently through the Internet of Services to create products based on the customer’s specifications - The Internet of Services becomes essential. 6. Modularity: - Smart factory’s ability to adapt to a new market is essential - Typical case = a week to study the market and change in production - Smart factories = must be able to adapt fast and smoothly to market trends and seasonal changes Challenges facing Industry 4.0: 1. Security: - Most challenging change is IT security risk - Will give room for security breaches and data leaks - Cyber-theft - Therefore, it will cost producers money and might hurt their reputation 2. Capital: - Huge investment = for new technology - Decision to make such transformation will have to be CEO level - Risks must be calculated and taken seriously - Transformation = require huge capital - Alienates small business and might cost them their market share in the future 3. Employment: - Workers will need to acquire different or new set of skills - May help employment rates go up but, - Will also alienate a big sector workers - Different forms of education must be introduces: - But, elder portion of works will not be helped 4. Privacy: - Customer and producer’s concern - Producers need to collect and analyze data, which may seem as a threat to privacy - Small or large companies who have not shared their data in the past will have to work their way to a more transparent environment Consequences for organizations: CHAPTER 2: Artificial Intelligence: Definition: - The stimulation of human intelligence processes by machines, that includes learning, reasoning, self-correction and solving problems - Important part in technology industries - This field is improving more and more over the years - Involves the development of complex algorithms incorporated to the computer infrastructure which can perform tasks like: 1. Visual awareness 2. Speech recognition 3. Discussion making 4. Language translation AKA: 1. Machines that stimulate intelligent behavior 2. Collection of technologies that allow the computers to think for themselves 3. Science of making intelligent machines - Artificial intelligence help us to deal with complex tasks that the human could not do (why we need it) Tasks that can the intelligent machines do: 1. Reasoning and solving problems: - Using algorithms step by step to solve big and hard problems 2. Planning: - Also using algorithms to set goals that will be achieved 3. Learning: - Unsupervised learning when the machines does not need a person to control it 4. Social Intelligent: - The machines that can understand the human emotions and understand what is going on Statistics: - Share of US jobs requiring AI skills = increased A lot of studies appear from AI and still increasing since 2000 Main types of AI: Type 1: - A system that is designed and trained for a particular task - Can not handle unfamiliar tasks - E.g Apple Siri - A virtual assistance that uses natural language and voice queries to answer questions *Weak AI: not intelligent enough and focuses only on ONE task Type 2: - A system with generalized human cognitive abilities - Can handle unfamiliar tasks - E.g Google AlphaGo - Has the ability to train itself purely through self-play *Strong AI: the intelligent machine that has the ability to perform as an intelligent human Different types of AI: 1. Reactive machines: - Fundamental types of AI systems are quite reactive - They are not able to use previous experiences to advise current decisions and to configure memories 2. Limited memory: - Mostly used in self-driving cars - Will detect the movement of vehicles around them constantly - The static data such as; - lane marks - traffic lights - any curves on road Will be added to the AI machine - Nearly, it will take 100 seconds for an AI system to make considered decision in self-driving 3. Theory of mind: - Very advanced technology - Still, this type of AI has not been developed completely in the society - The way to make advancements is to begin by developing robots that are able to identify eye and face movements, and according to looks 4. Self-aware AI: - Supplement of the theory of mind - Not developed yet - It can configure representations about themselves - Particular devices are tuned into cues from humans like 1. Attention spans 2. Emotions 3. Display self-driven reactions 5. Artificial narrow intelligence (ANI): - Most common technology found in daily life - In smartphones (Crtana, Siri) - Responds to users’ problems on request - Referred to as “weak AI” 6. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): - Work like humans, AKA “strong AI” - Most robots are ANI, but few are AGI or above - Pillo robot is an example of AGI - Answers all questions with respect to the health of family, can distribute pills, give guidance 7. Artificial Superhuman Intelligence (ASI): - Ability to achieve everything that a human can do and more - Alpha 2 is an example: - Can manage a smart home - Can operate the things in your home - Notify of the weather conditions - Tells interesting stories Components of AI: Programming languages for building models: - GPUs (graphic processing unit): - GPU computing is the use of SPU as a co-processor to accelerate CPUs for general-purpose scientific and engineering computing - Cloud data storage: used to store data Software/hardware for training and running models: - Java - Python - C++ Types of models: - Machine learning: - The ability of devices to learn without programming - Deep learning: - Is what is based on deep neural networks Advantages: - Error reduction: - Decreasing mistakes - Repetitive jobs: - Speed of computations - Faster than humans, multitasking - Difficult exploration: - Handle tedious tasks in harsh areas - Can be put to mining and different fuel exploration process - Used as digital assistants: - Siri, Cortana - No breaks: - Do not need breaks and refreshments - The absence of the emotional side - AI system think logically Disadvantages: - Risk of loss of important data - Can not think out of the box: - Cannot make the judgments of right or wrong as machines - Do not have emotions and moral values - No improvement with experience: - Can not be improved with expertise - Replacement of human interpretation job: - Leads to unemployment - No original creativity: - Human creativity and imagination is difficult to replicate - Addiction: - Humans can become too dependent - We depend on machines to form everyday tasks - High cost Challenges: - Building trust, higher expectations - Software malfunction: - software/hardware crashes - Removing human responsibility - Technologies and expertise are too expensive AI Applications: 1. Siri 2. Health monitoring: - Wearable health trackers (FitBit) 3. Self-driving cars 4. Health care benefits: - Help doctors diagnose patients 5. Doing repetitive jobs: - Analyzing tests, x-rays, CT scans, etc, will be done quicker AI Development Areas: 1. Expert systems: - Flight tracking systems, clinical systems 2. Natural language processing: - Google now feature, speech recognition 3. Neural networks: - Pattern recognition system: - Face recognition - Character recognition - Handwriting recognition 4. Robotics: - Industrial robots for moving, spraying, painting, drilling, etc. AI Vs Robot: Artificial Intelligence Robot Programmed to think Programmed to do Social Interaction Low level interaction Learns Only as smart as programed Human Intelligence Vs AI: Artificial Intelligence Ability to simulate human behavior and cognitive processes Capture and preserve human expertise Fast Response. The ability to comprehend large amounts of data quickly. Human Intelligence They have limited knowledge bases Humans are unable to retain large amounts of data in memory. processing of serial nature proceed very slowly in the brain as compared to computers Human Intelligence vs Artificial Intelligence The five senses Sensing Having sensors The ability to understand and make decisions interacting Component to perceive, understand and act. The brain mind The processor UAE strategy for AI: 1. Space: - To help conduct accurate experiments, reduce rate of costly mistakes 2. Transport: - To reduce accidents and cut operational costs 3. Renewable energy: - To manage facilities 4. Health: - To minimize chronic and dangerous diseases 5. Water: - To conduct analysis and studies to provide water sources 6. Education: - To cut costs and enhance desire for education 7. Environment: - To increase forestation rate 8. Technology: - To increase productivity and help with general spending Strategy Aims: - Boost government performance at all levels - Create new vital market with high economic value - Make the UAE the first in the field of AI investments in various sectors - Use an integrated smart digital system that can overcome challenges and provide quick efficient solutions Strategy Themes: 1. Provide all services via AI and the full integration of AI into medical and security services 2. Develop capabilities and skills of all staff operating in the field of technology 3. Organize training courses for government officials Google AI: - Google AI is a division of Google dedicated solely to AI - They are conducting research that advances the state-of-the-art in the field, applying AI to products and to new domains and developing tools to ensure that everyone can access AI - They have stories of how AI is helping people everywhere solve problems in exciting new ways - 5041 publications - You can learn from ML experts from Google like intro to machine learning problem framing, data engineering on Google cloud platform specialization, etc. Future of AI: 1. Machine learning as a service (MLaaS) will be deployed more broadly: 2. More explainable or “transparent” AI will developed 3. AI will impact the global political landscape 4. AI will create more jobs than it eliminates 5. AI assistants will become more pervasive and useful 6. AI/ML governance will gain importance 7. AI will help companies solve AI talent shortages CHAPTER 3: Robotics: Definitions: - A machine that can interact with and respond to its environment - Characterized by 3 central capabilities: - The ability to: sense, plan, act - Hence, possess certain characteristics like: - Mechanical arm - Sensors to respond to input - Intelligence to make decisions History of Robotics: - Robotics in the 20th and 21st centuries has advanced radially to include machines capable of assembling other machines - even robots that can be mistaken for human beings - History stretches from Greek philosopher Aristotle's ideas about automated tools, all the through to Henry Ford’s Model T assembly line and beyond Robot Components: 1. Manipulator: - Just like the human arm, the robot consists of what is called a manipulator having several joints and links 2. Actuators: - Are the muscles of the manipulators. Common types of actuators are servo motors, stepper motors, pneumatic cylinders, etc 3. Endeffector: - Is expected to perform tasks normally performed by the palm and finger arrangements of the human arm 4. The Locomotion Device: - The power for the movement (locomation) is provided by the motors - The motors used for providing locomotion in robots are the 3 types depending on the source of energy: - Electric, Hydraulic or Pneumatic 5. The controller: - Receives data from the computer, then controls motions of the actuator and coordinated these motions with the sensory feedback information - The controller functions in a manner analogous to the human (intelligent) brain - With the help of this controller, the robot is able to carry out the assigned tasks 6. The sensor: - Sensors are nothing but measuring instruments which measures quantities such as: - Position, velocity, force, torque, proximity, temperature, etc. - Sensors are used to collect information about the internal state of the robot or to communicate with the outside environment - Robots are often equipped with external sensory devices such as: - Vision system, touch and tactile sensors, etc - Which help to communicate with the environment Importance of Robotics: - Smart technologies and systems which are linked with the internet and/or specific systems - Lightweight and can be transported - Ease and simple to use in many field for example: - Education, hospital, governments, etc - Designed to collaborate with humans in jobs - Made to perform difficult tasks - Example: x-ray devices - Increase economic growth of the country Robotics Skills: 1. a.Gather, collate and validate information b.Synthesise and analyse structured and unstructured data 2. Record and transport information and data 3. Calculate (a position or value) and/or decide (what to do) 4. Communicate with and assist users, clients and customers 5. Orchestrate and manage activities (both robotic and people based) 6. Monitor, detect or report operational performance 7. Learn, anticipate and forecast (behavior or outcomes) Robo Law: 1. A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm 2. A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as much protection does not conflict with the First or Second law Robotics Applications: - Hazardous environments - Farms Assembly Used for processing operations like: - Welding, spray painting, casting, heart treatment, finishing operation Manufacturing Medical application Underwater, space and remote location Industrial Military Material handling Augmented workplace capabilities: - Collaborative robot: - World in direct cooperation with humans inside a defined workspace, both industrial and non-industrial environments - Robotics in Healthcare: - As technology develops faster and better, we will have more opportunities enabled by this technology to live healthier lives - AI and robotics are the future of healthcare - We must not lose the sight of the human element when it comes to healthcare, new skills for healthcare professionals should be taught in schools. NAO: - NAO robots are used in many schools from elementary to post secondary education - Mainly used in Autism sector and shown many advances in the community - NAO Programming Languages: - C++ - Python - .Net - Java - Matlab Advantages: - Better cost effective and faster to use - Greater flexibility, re-programmability - Some are lightweight and can be transported - Accuracy - Low technical barrier - No programming skills necessary to configure a bot - Reliability Productivity Consistency Compliance - Bots follow regulatory compliance rules Improves employee morale - Workers can dedicate more time to engaging, interesting work Disadvantages: - Replacement of human labor - greater unemployment - Re-training costs for both unemployed and users of new technology - Robots can store large amounts of data - but not effective as the human brain - Expensive for maintenance and repair 10 biggest challenges in Robotics: 1. New materials, fabrication methods - Creating new materials, sensing, communication, etc 2. Creating bio-inspired robots - To create robots that perform more like the efficient systems found in nature 3. Better power sources - Improving battery life, especially for drones and mobile robots 4. Communication in robot swarms (groups) - They are tricky because they need to sense not only the environment, but also each robot in the group. Communication is needed with others 5. Navigating unmapped environments - Future robots need to be able to operate in environments that are unmapped and poorly understood 6. AI that can reason - Replication of human intelligence is needed more replication 7. Brain-computer interfaces - Enable devices to be controlled by your mind - The equipment for sensing brain signals is expensive and cumbersome, data processing can be tricky 8. Social robots for long-term engagement - Challenges: - Social dynamics, learning social and moral norms, building a robotics theory of mind 9. Medical robotics with more autonomy - Challenge is building a reliable system with greater levels of autonomy 10. Ethics - 5 ethical problems: - Sensitive tasks that should require human supervision could be delegated entirely to robots - Humans will no long take responsibility for failures - Unemployment and deskilling of the workforce - AI could erode human freedom - Using AI in unethical ways Smart City vision for Dubai: - To turn Dubai into one of the world's most advanced cities - Main focus: to revolutionize government services at the city level - Involves robotics in 2 ways: - Public policy, transportation
