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Chapter 1 Distributes System Introduction.pptx

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Chapter1:Introduction to
Distributed System
Topic of Contents
• Distributed systems
• Definitions,
• Basic Concepts,
• Examples
• Advantages Distributed systems
• Characteristics Distributed systems
• Challenges
System
• Definition
Collection of components that are organized for a common purpose.
Computer System
Education System
Human Body System,etc
History
Centralize System Characteristics
• Single Computer Resource to handle of request
• Single Computer Resource shared by users all the time
• All resources accessible by user all the time
• Software runs in a single process
• Single point of control
• Single point of failure
Distributed systems
• Definition
A distributed system consists of a collection of autonomous
computers, connected through a network and distribution middleware,
which enables computers to coordinate their activities and to share the
resources of the system, so that users perceive the system as a single,
integrated computing facility.
Why DS:Availibility of powerful yet cheap microprocessor,continue advancement in communication technology
Distributed systems Characteristics
•Multiple autonomous components
•Components are not shared by all users
•Resources may not be accessible
• Software runs in concurrent processes on different processors
•Multiple Points of control
•Multiple Points of failure
Examples of Distributed Systems
• Local Area Network and Intranet
• Database Management System
• ATM Network
• Internet/World-Wide Web
• Mobile Computing
• Cloud Computing
8
DBMS:Examples of Distributed Systems
Automatic Teller Machine Network(ATM)
Advantage of Distributed System
• Resource Sharing :Ability to use any hardware, software or data anywhere in the system. .
• Scalability :More nodes can easily be added to the distributed system i.e. it can be scaled as required.
• Fault tolerant : Failure of one node does not lead to the failure of the entire distributed system. Other
nodes can still communicate with each other.
• Redundancy :Several machines can provide the same services, so if one is unavailable, work does not
stop.
• Openness : extensions and improvements of new component in distributed systems.
• Concurrency : Components in distributed systems are executed in concurrent processes.
• Transparency :Distributed systems should be perceived by users and application programmers as
a whole rather than as a collection of cooperating components.
Transparency
Transparency dimensions
Properties
Access Transparency
Enables local and remote information objects to be accessed using same
operations.
Location Transparency
Enables information objects to be accessed without knowledge of their location.
Concurrency Transparency
Enables several processes to operate concurrently using shared information
objects without interference between them.
Replication Transparency
Enables multiple instances of information objects to be used to increase
reliability and performance without knowledge of the replicas by users
Failure Transparency
enable users and applications to complete their tasks despite the failure of
other components
Migration Transparency
Enable movement of information objects within a system without affecting the
operations of users or
Performance Transparency
Enable the system to be reconfigured to improve performance as loads vary.
Scaling Transparency
Enable the system and applications to expand in scale without change to the
system structure
Disadvantage of Distributed System
• It is difficult to provide security in distributed systems because the nodes as
well as the connections need to be secured.
• Some messages and data can be lost in the network while moving from one
node to another.
• The database connected to the distributed systems is difficult to handle as
compared to a single user system.
• Overloading may occur in the network if all the nodes of the distributed
system try to send data at once.
Challenges:
• Increased complexity:
• Synchronization process challenges
• Imperfect scalability:
• More complex security
• Increased opportunities for failure:
• Communication
• Software structure
• System architecture
• Workload allocation
• Consistency maintenance
Grid Computing VS Cloud Computing
What is computing?
Computing is based upon a set of principles and ideas that work
in a hierarchical way ultimately giving way to some kind of
technology depending on the process undertaken to do the same.
The technologies thus produced can be ever-evolving or
constantly climbing the complication ladder but the underlying
ideas behind them remain the same. Computing is an essential
characteristic of today’s highly complex world that requires down
the line and fast interpretations to match everyone’s goals and
desires.
Grid Computing
Grid Computing can be defined as a
network of computers working together to
perform a task that would rather be difficult
for a single machine. All machines on that
network work under the same protocol to
act as a virtual supercomputer. The task
that they work on may include analyzing
huge datasets or simulating situations that
require high computing power. Computers
on the network contribute resources like
processing power and storage capacity to
the network.
Types of grid computing
❖ Data grid : helps to handle, manipulate, discover and publish big masses of data that might be stored in several
heterogeneous systems
❖ Collaboration grid : helps in efficient combining of various data resources
❖ Network grid : is important for better working of software since it increases the fault tolerance of a certain
network and also helps to multiply the productivity of a given system
❖ Utility grid : gets its name from the fact that it not only provides a service for handling data and calculation
cycles but also the software involved. Centralized to and fro movement of information being sent by the clients is
an essential service that this type of grid computing provides.
❖ Information grid : used mainly for business apps and provides peer to peer servings
❖ Service grids : essentially provide a blend between the grid connections and the web-related application
involved. A perfect amalgam of the physical and software-based components.
Cloud Computing
cloud computing is the delivery of
computing services—including servers,
storage, databases, networking,
software, analytics, and
intelligence—over the Internet (“the
cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible
resources, and economies of scale. You
typically pay only for cloud services you
use, helping you lower your operating
costs, run your infrastructure more
efficiently, and scale as your business
needs change.
Types of cloud computing
❖ Public cloud : Public clouds are owned and operated by a third-party cloud service providers, which deliver their
computing resources, like servers and storage, over the Internet. Microsoft Azure is an example of a public cloud.
With a public cloud, all hardware, software, and other supporting infrastructure is owned and managed by the
cloud provider. You access these services and manage your account using a web browser.
❖ Private cloud : A private cloud refers to cloud computing resources used exclusively by a single business or
organization. A private cloud can be physically located on the company’s on-site datacenter. Some companies
also pay third-party service providers to host their private cloud. A private cloud is one in which the services and
infrastructure are maintained on a private network.
❖ Hybrid cloud : Hybrid clouds combine public and private clouds, bound together by technology that allows data
and applications to be shared between them. By allowing data and applications to move between private and
public clouds, a hybrid cloud gives your business greater flexibility, more deployment options, and helps optimize
your existing infrastructure, security, and compliance.
difference between cloud and grid computing
Grid computing
Cloud Computing
S.NO
While it is a Distributed computing architecture.
Cloud computing is a Client-server computing
architecture.
1.
Cloud computing is a centralized executive.
2.
While grid computing is a decentralized executive.
While in grid computing, resources are used in
collaborative pattern.
In cloud computing, resources are used in
centralized pattern.
3.
While it is less flexible than cloud computing.
It is more flexible than grid computing.
4.
While in grid computing, the users do not pay for use.
In cloud computing, the users pay for the use.
5.
While grid computing is a low accessible service.
Cloud computing is a high accessible service.
6.
While grid computing is low scalable in comparison to
cloud computing.
It is highly scalable as compared to grid
computing.
7.
While it is accessible through grid middleware.
It can be accessed through standard web
protocols.
8.
Summary of Grid Computing Vs. Cloud Computing
Both grid computing and cloud computing are network-based computing technologies that involve resource pooling,
but cloud computing eliminates the complexity of buying hardware and software for building applications by
allocating resources that are placed over multiple servers in clusters.
Grid computing, on the contrary, is a computing technology that combines computing resources from various
domains to reach a common goal.
The computers on the network work on a task together and every computer can access the resources of every
other computer within the network.
In simple terms, grid computing is a group of interconnected computers that work together to handle huge volumes
of data.
Cloud Deployment Model:
•
The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment
based on ownership, scale, and access, as well as the cloud’s nature and purpose.
The location of the servers you’re utilizing and who controls them are defined by
a cloud deployment model. It specifies how your cloud infrastructure will look,
what you can change, and whether you will be given services or will have to
create everything yourself. Relationships between the infrastructure and your
users are also defined by cloud deployment types.
Cloud deployment types:
• Different types of cloud computing deployment models are:
•
•
•
•
Public cloud
Private cloud
Hybrid cloud
Community Cloud
Public cloud :
• The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and
services. The public cloud may be less secure as it is open for
everyone.
Advantages:
• Low cost.
• Reliability.
• Scalability.
Disadvantages:
• Low Security.
• Shared resources.
• Performance.
Private Cloud :
• The private cloud is defined as computing services offered either over the
Internet or a private internal network and only to select users instead of the
general public. Also called an internal or corporate cloud.
Advantages:
• More Control.
• Security & privacy.
• Improved performance.
Disadvantages:
• High cost.
• Limited scalability.
• Can't Remote Access.
Hybrid cloud :
• A hybrid cloud—sometimes called a cloud hybrid—is a computing
environment that combines an on-premises datacenter (also called a
private cloud) with a public cloud, allowing data and applications to be
shared between them.
Advantages:
• Flexible.
• Cost effective.
• Security & privacy.
Disadvantages:
• Reliability.
• Low Control.
• Hardware expenses.
Community cloud:
• computing refers to a shared cloud computing service environment
that is targeted to a limited set of organizations or employees (such as
banks or heads of trading firms).
Advantages:
• Flexible and Scalable.
• Cost effective.
• High Security.
Disadvantages:
• Complexity.
• Limited amount of storage.
• Slow adoption to data.
Comparison of Cloud Deployment Models:
Important Factors to
Consider
Public
Private
Community
Hybrid
Setup and ease of use
Easy
Requires professional IT
Team
Requires professional IT
Team
Requires professional IT
Team
Data Security and Privacy
Low
High
Very High
High
Scalability and flexibility
High
High
Fixed requirements
High
Cheaper than private but
more expensive than
public
High
Cost Effectiveness
Most affordable
Most expensive
Cost is distributed among
members
Reliability
Low
High
Higher
❖ Mobile cloud computing architecture
❖ Benefits of Mobile Cloud Computing
Some advantages of Mobile Cloud Computing :
• Mobile Cloud Computing is Fast and sharing
• Do not care about cloud computing for operating systems and
this helps to use it in any mobile device.
• Cloud computing for mobile devices allows users to securely and
quickly gather and integrate information from many sources, no
matter where the data is.
• Economical
• Multiple Platform Availability
• Data back up
• Integrated data
❖ Mobile Cloud Application
Mobile Cloud applications try to reduce the resource requirement and
consumption of an application while keeping the quality of it at the peak. The
application requires very less space and provides maximum availability.
Some advantages of Mobile Cloud Computing Applications :
• Applications enjoy better processing power and data storage capacity
• Applications run more efficiently.
• Applications are more user-friendly.
• Applications are more reliable and scalable.
❖ Mobile Cloud Computing Examples FOR
Applications
• Social Media: Mobile social networking lets users store data and
share videos in real-time, so your friends and followers don’t have to
wait for that new cat video
• Email:This we regularly use in our daily activities to check
mails in Mobile and it is the best example.
• Finance and Commerce: When you use your phone to monitor your
checking account balances with a banking app or make purchases on
eBay or Amazon with your tablet it's a kind of mobile cloud again,
providing scalable processing power.
• Healthcare: In Health care, it plays a major role. It helps in
accessing all the patient records and for tracking and
getting alarms if required.
❖ Conclusion
Mobile Cloud is integrating a lot and it is helping many companies.
Generating high and hardware is expensive and mobile Cloud eliminates the cost of it.
With the help of mobile Cloud, the efforts save and the work is done in the time limit
cloud computing stretch to reduce the maintenance cost and enhance data safety and
privacy.
In mobile Cloud reducing resource consumption achieve by programming architecture
and supporting cloud and mashup.
This leads to the fact that the future generation of the mobile application is highly
dependent on the cloud.
❖ references
https://data-flair.training/blogs/mobile-cloud-computing-tutorial .
https://www.simplilearn.com/what-is-mobile-cloud-computing-article .
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mobile-cloud-computing-architecture_fig7_305715589 .
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