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CONTENTS
Introduction
Page No 2
Overview of Visit
Page No 2
About MIDC
Page No 2
Manufacturing Process
Page No 4
Machining
Page No 4
Casting
Page No 7
Joining
Page No 10
Forming
Page No 11
Services in MIDC
Page No 12
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MIDC
Industrial Visit Report
AIM of Industrial Visit:
Industrial visit is considered as one of the tactical methods of teaching. The main reason behind
this- it lets student to know things practically through interaction, working methods and
employment practices. Moreover, it gives exposure from academic point of view. Main aim
industrial visit is to provide an exposure to students about practical working environment They
also provide students a good opportunity to gain full awareness about industrial practices.
Through industrial visit students get awareness about new technologies. Technology
development is a main factor, about which a students should have a good knowledge. Visiting
different companies actually help students to build a good relationship with those companies. We
know building relationship with companies always will always help to gain a good job in future.
After visiting an industry students can gain a combined knowledge about both theory and
practical. Students will be more concerned about earning a job after having an industrial visit.
Overview Of Visit:
Islam Engineering College and Management Sciences Sialkot had organized an industrial visit
on 9 Dec 2021 to MIDC which is located in Sialkot. The visit was organized with prior
permission. We started travelling from the college campus at 10:30 am via our college bus along
with our teachers. We reached to our destination with in 20 minutes. We were able to see all the
machinery and facilities available in the MIDC.
About MIDC:
Metal Industries Development Center (MIDC) and Institute of Surgical Technology (IST)
Sialkot have Precise / Hi Tech machinery equipment, working under the administrative control
of TEVTA Government of the Punjab. MIDC also registered and accredited with NAVTTC
Government of the Pakistan, Trade Testing Board and Punjab Board of Technical Education.
Objectives of MIDC:
1. Common Facilities Services to industries
2. Technical Trainings to youth
3. Transfer of Technology (TOT) / Advisory Services to industries
Features:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Well Qualified and highly trained Instructors for training.
Professional Management.
Maximum Students Strength.
Prefect Manufacturing of all kind of instruments
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Types of Common Facilities Services (CFS) to industries:
1. CNC Vertical Machining Centre
2. CNC Wire Cutting Machine
3. Surface Grinding Machine
4. Vacuum Heat Treatment Process
5. Annealing Process
6. CNC Laser Welding
7. Forging & Heat Treatment Services
8. Physical Vapor Deposition Coating
9. Gas Fired Heat Treatment Furnaces
10. CNC Spark erosion Machine Services
11. Welding’s (Electric & Arc)
Presently Courses at MIDC-IST:
Sr. No. Name of Course. Duration
1. Safety Inspector. 03 Months
2. CAD/CAM. 06 Months
3. Advance CNC. 06 Months
Regular Courses to be offered at MIDC-IST:
Sr. No Name of Course. Duration
1. Machinist 06 Months
1. (Specialization in Surgical)
2. Industrial Electronics 06 Months
3. Fitter General. 06 Months
4. Draftsman/AutoCAD 06 Months
5. Inspection & Quality Control 06 Months
6. Material Testing & Heat Treatment 06 Months
7. CNC Machinist 06 Months
8. Forging & Press Work 06 Months
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Manufacturing Process
Explanation:
Manufacturing Process is a production method that creates goods by combining supplies,
ingredients or raw materials using a formula or recipe. It is frequently used in industries that
produce bulk quantities of goods, such as food, beverages, refined oil, gasoline, pharmaceuticals,
chemicals and plastics. The production process often requires a thermal or chemical conversion,
such as with heat, time or pressure. As a result, a product created through process manufacturing
cannot be disassembled into its constituent parts. For example, once it is produced, a soft drink
cannot be broken down into its separate ingredients.
Manufacturing Process relies on the flow of sequential steps, with the completion of one step
leading to the start of the next step. Process manufacturers often rely on tracing and scheduling
tools and software to maintain peak operational efficiency.
Types of Manufacturing Process
The following are the different manufacturing processes in mechanical engineering.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Casting
Machining
Joining
Forming
Machining:
Machining is manufacturing process that involves removing materials using cutting tools for
getting rid of the unwanted materials from some workpiece and converting it into the shape you
desire. A large piece of stock is used for cutting the workpiece. The large stock might be in any
shape such as solid bar, flat sheet, beam or even hollow tubes. The process can also be performed
on some existing part like forging or casting.
Types of Machining Tools
Machining is categorized into the types of machining tools explained in detail:
Drilling:
In drilling process holes are created in the metal through circular cylinders. A twist drill is used
for accomplishing this task. 75% of the metal cutting material is removed through the drilling
operation. The drill enters the workpiece and cuts a hole which is equal to the diameter of the
tool that was used for cutting the whole. A drill has a pointed end which can easily cut a hole in
the work piece.
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Turning:
Turning is basically a lathe operation by which the metal is removed from the workpiece outside
its diameter using a cutting tool. This operation is performed on a lathe which is a machine
where the workpiece is adjusted and the tool is kept stationary whereas the workpiece is rotated.
Lathes are specially designed for the turning operation and they help in cutting the metal in the
most precise way. The workpiece is placed on the chuck and the machine rotates the stationary
tool to cut the unwanted parts from the piece.
Milling:
Milling is one of the fundamental operations in machining. This manufacturing process is less
accurate than the turning processes because the degree of freedom is high. Milling fabricates the
object which is not axially symmetric. A milling machine is required for this purpose along with
a fixture, cutter and of course the workpiece. The workpiece here is the material that is already
shaped and it needs milling. It is secured to the fixture, ready for being milled. The cutter is also
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secured to the machine. It has sharp teeth and it rotates at a high speed. The workpiece is fed to
the cutter and it removes the unwanted metal from the piece.
Grinding:
Grinding process is used for improving the finish of the surface and tightening up the tolerance
by removing the remaining unwanted materials from the surface. Grinding machines are used for
this purpose to produce parts of identical shape, size and finish.
Chip Formation:
In chip formation process materials are cut through mechanical means by using tools like milling
cutters, saws and lathes. It is an integral part of the engineering of developing machines and
cutting tools.
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Casting
Definition:
Casting is a manufacturing process by which a molten material such as metal or plastic is poured
into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. This
solidified part is ejected or broken out from mold to make a fabricated part; this process is known
as casting. Casting materials are usually metals or various time-setting materials that cure after
mixing two or more components together; examples are epoxy, concrete, plaster, and clay.
Casting Process:
The metal casting comes in two main categories: processes with reusable molds and processes
with expendable molds. In both processes, the caster melts the metal material in a crucible, pours
it into a mold, then removes the mold material or the casting once the metal has cooled and
solidified. The basic metal casting process involves creating a pattern and a mold, then pouring
molten metal into the mold. You will then extract the solid metal casting and finish your piece.
This process is customizable for different types of metal casting, along with shapes, sizes, and
more.
Step 1: Create The Pattern
Before you make your mold, you must create a pattern to determine the mold’s shape. The pattern
can be a 3-dimensional model of your final cast. It may be shaped in wax, sand, plastic, or even
wood. Some casters use molds made of plaster or silicone, which are materials that could not
withstand a molten metal cast but allow the caster to mass create wax multiples to use in
expendable mold casting.
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When you are shaping your pattern, make sure your account for any anticipated shrinkage when
the metal cools. Patterns may also be gated with sprues to allow the molten metal to flow into the
mold.
Step 2: Make The Mold
After you have created a pattern, it is time to make your mold. As we mentioned above, you may
choose to make a reusable mold, which is typically made from metal, or a single-use mold, which
may be made from sand, plaster, or ceramic shell. Each of these methods for making molds are
optimized for different casting metals and various levels of pattern complexity. If you are working
with a wax or plastic pattern, you can burn out the pattern inside of a kiln.
Step 3: Choose The Metallic Alloy
All metal castings are produced from either ferrous or non-ferrous alloys. Alloys are a mixture of
elements that provide the best mechanical properties for the final cast’s use. Ferrous alloys
include steel, malleable iron, and gray iron.
Non-ferrous alloys that are most commonly used in casting are aluminum, bronze, and copper. If
you are working with precious metals in a jewelry studio, you may work with silver, copper,
gold, and platinum.
Step 4: Melt The Alloy
Melting processes vary between alloys because each alloy will have a different melting
temperature. Essentially, melting consists of placing the solid alloy in a crucible and heating it
over an open flame or inside of a furnace.
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Step 5: Pour Into The Mold
Pour the molten metal into the mold cavity. If it is a small casting, you may simply pour from the
crucible where the metal was heated directly into the mold. A larger casting may require a small
team to support heating the metal inside of a furnace, and transferring the metal into a larger
crucible or ladle before being poured into the mold.
Step 6: Remove The Casting From The Mold
When the metal has cooled and solidified, you can remove it from the mold. If you cast into a
single-use mold, you can break away the mold from the casting. If you used a plaster investment,
you will want to quench the plaster in water after the metal has solidified. The water will help
break away the mold. For reusable molds, you may use ejector pins to extract your casting.
Step 7: Finishing
File and polish your solid metal cast! This may involve cleaning your cast metal object, like
scrubbing away excess mold material in water, breaking off the casting gates with clippers for
small objects, or even an angle grinder for large pieces.
Types of Casting
• Investment Casting
• Sand Casting
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Die casting.
Low pressure casting.
Centrifugal casting.
Gravity die casting.
Vacuum die casting.
Squeezing die casting.
• Lost Foam Casting
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Joining:
Assembly is an important step for manufacturing solid products, especially when the shape of the
product is complicated having multifarious geometrical features. It is neither feasible nor
economical all the times to directly produce a product having intricate shape. In such scenario,
making small simple parts and joining them together is the best possible way. Joining consists of
a large number of processes used to assemble two or more parts together, irrespective of their
composition, properties, features, shapes, etc.
By definition, joining is one of the manufacturing processes by which two or more materials can
be permanently or temporarily joined or assembled together with or without the application of
external element in order to form a single unit. Now-a-days a large variety of such joining
techniques are available to cater the need of assembling a wide variety of materials in various
ways for various processing or applications. Some of the commonly used joining processes are
enlisted below.
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•
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•
•
•
•
Welding
Soldering
Brazing
Fasteners (including nut-bolt, nail, hook, clip, clutch, button, zipper, etc.)
Adhesive bonding
Resin bonding
Cotter joint
Knuckle joint, etc.
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Forming:
Forming is a mechanical process used in manufacturing industries wherein materials (mostly
metals) undergo plastic deformations and acquire required shapes and sizes by application of
suitable stresses such as compression, shear and tension. In the forming process, no material is
removed; it is completely displaced and deformed into the required shape. Some of the
commonly used forming processes in the manufacturing industry are:
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•
•
•
•
•
Forging
Rolling
Extrusion
Thread rolling
Rotary swaging
Explosive forming
Electromagnetic forming
Forming, also known as "metal forming," includes a wide range of manufacturing processes in
which metal is deformed into a required shape by the application of suitable stresses. To make
the metal plastically deformed, forces must be applied that are greater than the yield strength of
the metals. The magnitude of the compression, stretching or bending in the material, is directly
proportional to the force applied.
•
•
•
In industrial processes, forming is characterized by:
High levels of loads and stresses ranging from 50 to 2,500 newtons per square millimeter.
Many parts that are produced in less time, which helps in maximizing the production
economy or reaching economies of scale.
Types of Forming
In the last few years, there has been a considerable increase in the adoption of automated
machine tools, with increasing investment in the industrial manufacturing sector. Not only will
productivity increase, but automation of manufacturing processes helps professionals to be quite
efficient and flexible during emergencies and also helps prioritize overall workflows.
•
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Closed/impression die forging
Electro-upsetting
Forward extrusion
Backward extrusion
Radial forging
Hobbing
Isothermal forging
Open-die forging
Upsetting
Nosing
Coining
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Services In MIDC
CNC Machining:
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining is a manufacturing process in which preprogrammed computer software dictates the movement of factory tools and machinery. The
process can be used to control a range of complex machinery, from grinders and lathes to mills
and CNC routers. The CNC process runs in contrast to — and thereby supersedes — the
limitations of manual control, where live operators are needed to prompt and guide the
commands of machining tools via levers, buttons and wheels. To the onlooker, a CNC system
might resemble a regular set of computer components, but the software programs and consoles
employed in CNC machining distinguish it from all other forms of computation.
How Does CNC Machining Work?
When a CNC system is activated, the desired cuts are programmed into the software and dictated
to corresponding tools and machinery, which carry out the dimensional tasks as specified, much
like a robot.
In CNC programming, the code generator within the numerical system will often assume
mechanisms are flawless, despite the possibility of errors, which is greater whenever a CNC
machine is directed to cut in more than one direction simultaneously. The placement of a tool in
a numerical control system is outlined by a series of inputs known as the part program.
With a numerical control machine, programs are inputted via punch cards. By contrast, the
programs for CNC machines are fed to computers through small keyboards. CNC programming
is retained in a computer’s memory. The code itself is written and edited by programmers.
Therefore, CNC systems offer far more expansive computational capacity. Best of all, CNC
systems are by no means static since newer prompts can be added to pre-existing programs
through revised code.
CNC Machine Programming:
In CNC manufacturing, machines are operated via numerical control, wherein a software
program is designated to control an object. The language behind CNC machining is alternately
referred to as G-code, and it’s written to control the various behaviors of a corresponding
machine, such as the speed, feed rate and coordination. Basically, CNC machining makes it
possible to pre-program the speed and position of machine tool functions and run them via
software in repetitive, predictable cycles, all with little involvement from human operators. In the
CNC machining process, a 2D or 3D CAD drawing is conceived, which is then translated to
computer code for the CNC system to execute. After the program is inputted, the operator gives
it a trial run to ensure no mistakes are present in the coding. Due to these capabilities, the process
has been adopted across all corners of the manufacturing sector, and CNC manufacturing is
especially vital in the areas of metal and plastic production.
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CNC Mills:
CNC mills are capable of running on programs comprised of number- and letter-based prompts
that guide pieces across various distances. The programming employed for a mill machine could
be based on either G-code or some unique language developed by a manufacturing team. Basic
mills consist of a three-axis system (X, Y and Z), though most newer mills can accommodate
three additional axes.
Lathes:
In lathe machines, pieces are cut in a circular direction with indexable tools. With CNC
technology, the cuts employed by lathes are carried out with precision and high velocity. CNC
lathes are used to produce complex designs that wouldn’t be possible on manually run versions
of the machine. Overall, the control functions of CNC-run mills and lathes are similar. As with
CNC mills, lathes can be directed by G-code or unique proprietary code. However, most CNC
lathes consist of two axes — X and Z.
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Plasma Cutters:
In a plasma cutter, a plasma torch cuts the material. The process is foremost applied to metal
materials but can also be employed on other surfaces. In order to produce the speed and heat
necessary to cut metal, plasma is generated through a combination of compressed-air gas and
electrical arcs.
CNC Wire Cut Machine:
CNC wire cutting or electrical discharge electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a
metalworking process in which a tool projects thousands of sparks onto a metal object. An
unconventional process, although not new, the wire EDM machine operates on parts resistant to
conventional machining processes, but only if these parts are electrically conductive; they are
usually non-ferrous and contain steel, titanium, super alloys, brass and many other metals.
Instead of cutting the material, the EDM melts it or vaporizes it, producing relatively small chips
and providing a very accurate cut line. Industry acceptance has led to a wide variety of EDM
applications as it is very versatile, can cut hard metals, and uses a relatively small working space.
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EDM Spark Erosion Machine:
(EDM) Spark Erosion can be used to create specific metal parts, it is also commonly used to
remove broken drill bits, taps, bolts, and studs from within a machine casting without damaging
the threads or casting itself. This is called MDM.
Spark erosion is conducted through metal disintegration machines (EDM). These machines use
electrodes to send low voltage/ high current electrical charges that melts the designated piece of
metal at the same time cold water thermal shocks the molten steel and pulverizes it into micro
size pieces and flushes it away. Because there is no direct contact between the electrodes and the
machine casting, spark erosion allows you to work with even the most intricate sections and
weak materials without risking distortion. It is this precision that makes spark erosion the most
effective way to salvage parts that would otherwise be deemed unusable.
Surface Grinding Machine:
Surface Grinding Machine is a machine in which a grinding wheel is used as a cutting tool for
removing the material from the surface of the workpiece. It is also called an abrasive machining
process where abrasives are placed on the surface and corners of the grinding wheel so as to do
the finishing process with much more accuracy. Each Abrasive particle acts as a single point
cutting tool whereas the grinding wheel, with full of abrasives called a multi-point cutting tool.
Grinding Process is one of the widely accepted finishing operations because of its material
removal capacity in a very small size of chips ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 mm.
It uses a rotating abrasive wheel to remove the material from the surface of the workpiece to
create a flat surface with a high surface finish. The grinding wheel revolves on a spindle and the
workpiece is mounted on a reciprocating table. The reciprocating table moves in a forward or
backward direction and the workpiece is adjusted w.r.t. the grinding wheel position.
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When the power supply is given
and suitable speed is provided to
the grinding wheel, the grinding
wheel rotates on the surface of the
workpiece to remove the material
from the surface of the workpiece
till high accuracy is obtained.
Centerless Grinding Machines:
In centerless grinding, the workpiece is held
between two grinding wheels, rotating in the
same direction at different speeds. One
grinding wheel is on a fixed axis and rotates so
that the force applied to the workpiece is
directed downward. This wheel usually
performs the grinding action by having a
higher linear speed than the workpiece at the
point of contact. The other movable wheel is
positioned to apply lateral pressure to the workpiece and usually has either a rough or rubberbonded abrasive to trap the workpiece. The relative speed of the two wheels provides the
grinding action and determines the rate at which material is removed from the workpiece surface
as shown in Figure 4.79. In the first of three types of centerless grinding, the through-feed type,
the workpiece is fed through the grinding wheels completely, entering on one side and exiting on
the opposite. The regulating wheel in through-feed grinding is canted away from the plane of the
grinding wheel in such a way as to provide a lateral force component, feeding the workpiece
through between the two wheels. Through-feed grinding can be highly efficient because it does
not require a separate feed mechanism; however, it can only be used for a simple cylindrical
shape.
With the end-feed type, the workpiece is fed axially into the machine on one side and comes to
rest against an end stop; the grinding operation is performed, and then the workpiece is fed in the
opposite direction to exit the machine. This type is best for tapered workpieces.
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In-feed centerless grinding is used to grind workpieces with relatively complex shapes, such as
an hourglass shape. Before the process begins, the workpiece is loaded manually into the
grinding machine and the regulating wheel moved into place. The complexity of the part shapes
and grinding wheel shapes required to grind them accurately prevent the workpiece from being
fed axially through the machine.
Jig Boring Machine;
The jig boring is the most accurate machine of all machine tools. This was first developed in the
year 1910 in Switzerland and used as a locating machine. The real jig borer was first built in the
year 1917 by Pratt and Whitney.
Jig boring machine is used for the production of jigs, fixtures, tools, and other parts. That
requires a high degree of accuracy. They are defined by terms of highest accuracy through
rigidity, low thermal expansion, and precise means of measuring distance for locating and
spacing holes. The machining accuracy is high, within a range of 0.0025 mm. A jig boring
machine looks like a vertical milling machine but so far its operation and accuracy are concerned
that there cannot be any comparison between the two. The spindle and other parts of the machine
are much hard to resist deflection and the vibration is low. A Spindle runs in preloaded
antifriction bearings. The spindle housings are made of invar having a very low coefficient of
linear expansion. Jig boring machines need to be operated in temperature-controlled rooms
where the temperature can be kept constant. This is essential to prevent inaccuracy in the
machine and in the work being manufactured due to the thermal expansion of the metal.
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Radial Milling Machine:
The radial drilling machine is an industrial
product and specially designed and
manufactured for large and heavy work items.
A quality radial drilling machine is basically
designed to perform the drilling action on any
specified place and position without moving
the large and heavy work item. The column of
this drilling machine with the help of arm
facilitates the work item by adjusting its
position in upwards and downward directions.
The most amazing feature of the this machine
is its flexibility which has eased out the drilling operations in the industry on large and heavy
work items.
Working Principle of Radial Drilling machine is basically same as of drilling machine wherein
rotating edge attached on the head of the drill applies a force on work item to create a hole and
remove the excess material. Radial drilling machine allows the big and large work item to settle
down without any need to re-position the heavy and big article, again and again, drilling is
performed on different position by adjusting the position of the column with the help of the arm.
Lathe Machine:
Lathe machine is probably the oldest machine tool know to mankind. Its first use date back to
1300 BC in Egypt. The first lathe was a simple Lathe which is now called a two-person lathe. In
this one person would turn the wood workpiece using rope and the other person would shape the
workpiece using a sharp tool. This design was further improved by the Ancient Romans who
added the turning bow and lather the paddle (as there in the sewing machine) was added. Further
during the industrial revolution Steam Engines and water wheel were attached to the Lathe to
turn the workpiece to a higher speed which made the work faster and easier. Then, In 1950 servo
mechanism was used to control the lathe machine. From this crude begging and over a period of
more than two centuries, the modern engine lathe has evolved.
A lathe machine is a machine tool that removes the undesired material from a rotating workpiece
in the form of chips with the help of a tool that is traversed across the work and can be feed deep
into the work. It one of the most versatile and widely used machine tools all over the world. This
is also known as the ‘Mother of all Machines’. Nowadays, Lathe Machine has become a generalpurpose machine tool, employed in production and repair work, because it permits a large variety
of operations to be performed on it.
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Lathe Machine Types:
There are 10 different types of Lathe Machine and those are:
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Engine Lathe or Center Lathe
Speed Lathe
Turret lathe
Capstan Lathe
Toolroom Lathe
Bench Lathe
Gap bed lathe
Hollow spindle Lathe
Vertical Turret Lathe and
CNC Lathe Machine.
Hardness Tester:
Hardness tester, device that indicates the hardness of a material, usually by measuring the effect
on its surface of a localized penetration by a standardized rounded or pointed indenter of
diamond, carbide, or hard steel. ... Vickers hardness is the most accurate for very hard materials
and can be used on thin sheets.
1.
2.
3.
Take out the force gauge to be calibrated and hold vertically up.
Adjust the zero on the force gauge.
Standard Weights are then applied to the hook of force gauge and measure the tension
of the spring on the force gauge.
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Hardness Furnace:
Hardening is the process of heat treatment in which steel is kept at a suitable temperature till it
gets transformed into austenite and then quenching it rapidly. ... By increasing the heating time,
the core gets completely transformed into austenite. The hardness furnaces are temperature
resistant, improvised modernized melting procedures to perform precise quality work and are
widely popular. Hardening is a metallurgical metalworking process used to increase the hardness
of a metal. The hardness of a metal is directly proportional to the uniaxial yield stress at the
location of the imposed strain. A harder metal will have a higher resistance to plastic
deformation than a less hard metal.
The hardening process consists of heating the components above the critical (normalizing)
temperature, holding at this temperature for one hour per inch of thickness cooling at a rate fast
enough to allow the material to transform to a much harder, stronger structure, and then
tempering.
Tempering Furnace:
A tempering furnace is a type of industrial oven designed to heat treat a ferrous metal product
and increase its toughness. In metallurgical terms, the toughness of an alloy describes its capacity
for elastic deformation and energy absorption before the material fractures. Tempering, in
metallurgy, process of improving the characteristics of a metal, especially steel, by heating it to a
high temperature, though below the melting point, then cooling it, usually in air. The process has
the effect of toughening by lessening brittleness and reducing internal stresses.
There is a range of different tempering temperatures. For 1045 steel the range is from 392 to
932°F. The different temperatures lead to differences in mechanical properties. Lower
temperatures give higher yield strength but lower toughness and ductility.
Rockwell Hardness Tester:
The Rockwell hardness test method, as
defined in ASTM E-18, is the most
commonly used hardness test method.
You should obtain a copy of this
standard, read and understand the
standard completely before attempting
a Rockwell test. The Rockwell test is
generally easier to perform, and more
accurate than other types of hardness
testing methods. The Rockwell test
method is used on all metals, except in condition where the test metal structure or
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surface conditions would introduce too much variations; where the indentations
would be too large for the application; or where the sample size or sample shape
prohibits its use.
The Rockwell method measures the permanent depth of indentation produced by a
force/load on an indenter. First, a preliminary test force (commonly referred to as
preload or minor load) is applied to a sample using a diamond or ball indenter.
This preload breaks through the surface to reduce the effects of surface finish.
After holding the preliminary test force for a specified dwell time, the baseline
depth of indentation is measured.
After the preload, an additional load, call the major load, is added to reach the total
required test load. This force is held for a predetermined amount of time (dwell
time) to allow for elastic recovery. This major load is then released, returning to
the preliminary load. After holding the preliminary test force for a specified dwell
time, the final depth of indentation is measured. The Rockwell hardness value is
derived from the difference in the baseline and final depth measurements. This
distance is converted to a hardness number. The preliminary test force is removed
and the indenter is removed from the test specimen.
Friction Power Press:
A vertical screw press with a friction drive between the spindle of the slide block and an electric
motor. It is used for cold and hot closed impression die forging, coining, briquetting, and other
operations. Because of their low efficiency and productivity, friction presses have only limited
application, primarily in manufacturing items from nonferrous metals in small-lot production.
Forging Hammer:
Forging hammers are used in the drop forging to form the metal between two dies. The first half
of the die is attached to the anvil and the second part to the hammer. The material is placed in the
lower die and then hammered with the upper one until the hot metal flows in all directions,
filling the die cavity. Drop forging is the first industrial process which had been developed for
closed die forging, before the introduction of presses. Hammers are classified in single effect
(drop forging), double effect and counterblow hammers, depending on the drive of the ram
movement. These are very flexible and polyvalent tools, and therefore dedicated mostly to small
and medium series production. However, automatic hammers have been developed to produce
automotive parts in big series such as connecting rods for automotive and trucks engines.
Hammers are particularly suited to the forging of thin components (such as con rods, airfoils)
and heavy parts, made of steel, Ni-based alloys or titanium.
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PVT coating Machine:
Working principle of tablet coating machine is relatively simple where the
application of coating material is done on a moving bed of tablets and removing rapidly the
solvent using a current of hot air.Angled baffles are also fitted into the drum and also air flow is
provided which acts as a means to mix the tablets. also known as thin-film coating, is a process
in which a solid material is vaporized in a vacuum and deposited onto the surface of a part.
Profile Projector:
A beam of light from the light source is passed thru the condenser lens(C) and Projection lens(P)
and fall on the Screen. the workpiece will be placed in between the light source and condenser
lens. ... The magnified image will be shown on the screen.
Applications:
Profile projector is widely used for complex shape stampings, gears, cams, threads and
comparing the measured contour model.0.08% contour, 0.12% surface. Equipped with DC-3000
data processing system and foot-switch for measuring. Erect image measuring for different
requirements
3D Printer:
A 3D printer essentially works by extruding molten plastic through a tiny nozzle that it moves
around precisely under computer control. It prints one layer, waits for it to dry, and then prints
the next layer on top. Some self-replicating 3D printers have been created, and there are already
several versions of them. Though, these types of 3D printers can't do the whole job themselves.
You have to 3D print each part of the 3D printer individually, and then assemble them yourself
Types:
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PLA: Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) is the most popular 3D-printing material. ...
ABS: Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is best suited for parts that
require strength and flexibility, like car components or household appliances
Profile Projector CMM:
Profile Projector CMM often simply called a optical comparator is a device that applies the
principles of optics to the inspection of manufactured parts.In a comparator, the magnified
silhouette of a part is projected upon the screen, and the dimensions and geometry of the part are
measured against prescribed limits.
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Applications.
Profile projector is widely used for complex shape stampings, gears, cams, threads and
comparing the measured contour model. It's easy to use and highly efficient
Parts:
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Focus squareness parallel to optical axis.
Table squareness perpendicular to optical axis.
Perpendicularity of X to Y axis.
Magnification and distortion accuracy for all lenses.
X-Y axis lead accuracy for the complete length.
Edge detection accuracy.
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