Student Name: ____Melissa
Mitchell______________________
ANAT 1052 – Learning Objectives Workbook
PN (S121) – Semester 1
https://image.freepik.com/free-vector/human-anatomy-set_98292-1557.jpg
Units 1 – 15
DISCLAIMER: This workbook was created by the Student Success Program as a helpful guide to
organizing and working through your ANAT1052 Learning Objectives. Please refer to your
professor and ANAT 1052 course materials for the most up-to-date information. Your professor
will guide you on how best to approach the content and studying for your tests and exam.
2
Table of Contents
Unit 1 – Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology ……………………………………………………………... 3
Unit 2 – Body Tissues ........................................................................................................... 9
Unit 3 – The Integumentary System .................................................................................... 14
Unit 4 – The Cardiovascular System .................................................................................... 20
Unit 5 – The Lymphatic System ........................................................................................... 31
Unit 6 – The Respiratory System ......................................................................................... 34
Unit 7 – The Urinary System ................................................................................................ 40
Unit 8 – Fluid and Electrolytes............................……………………………………………………….…..... 44
Unit 9 – The Digestive System .............................................................................................. 48
Unit 10 – The Nervous System ............................................................................................. 57
Unit 11 – The Skeletal System ............................................................................................. 68
Unit 12 – The Muscular System ........................................................................................... 77
Unit 13 – The Endocrine System .......................................................................................... 81
Unit 14 – Special Senses ...................................................................................................... 83
Unit 15 – The Reproductive System .................................................................................... 90
3
Unit 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
1. Differentiate between the sciences of Anatomy & Physiology.
 Anatomy – The study of the structure and shape of organisms
 Physiology – The study of how body parts work and function
2. Define the following terms:
 Pathology – The study of diseases and the changes produced by them
 Pathophysiology – The study of abnormal states associated with disease
 Histology – The study of tissue and cell under a microscope
 Cytology (cell biology) – The structure & function of plant & animal cell
 Embryology – The study of embryos and fetus and how they develop
3. Describe the 6 levels of organization in the human body:
 Chemical (molecular) level – The simplest level of organization in the body atoms
combine to form molecules
 Cellular level – Smallest unit of living things. Various size shape and function in the
body.
 Tissue level – Group of similar cells to accomplish one or more function.
-4 basic types - connective, epithelial, nervous, muscular
4
 Organ level – Group of two or more of the same tissue work together to perform a
certain function
 Organ system level – Group of tissue that work together to perform a certain function
 Organism level – _______________________________________________________
4. Identify the 11 major body systems and state the overall function of each:
Integumentary system is your body's outer layer. It consists of your skin, hair, nails and
glands. These organs and structures are your first line of defence against bacteria and
help protect you from injury and sunlight. Your integumentary system works with other
systems in your body to keep it in balance
 Skeletal system –
The skeletal system works as a support structure for your body. It gives the body its
shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores
minerals. The skeletal system is also called the musculoskeletal system
 Muscular system – The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called
muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to
bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all
movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction
___________________________________
 Nervous system – The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system.
The nervous system is the most complex and highly organized body system. It receives
5
information from the sensory organs via nerves, transmits the information through the
spinal cord, and processes it in the brain
_______________________________________________________
 Digestive system – The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other
organs that help the body break down and absorb food. It is a long, twisting tube that
starts at the mouth and goes through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine and anus. ______________________________________________________
 Endocrine system – Your endocrine system is made up of several organs called glands.
These glands, located all over your body, create and secrete (release) hormones.
Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying
messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues
_____________________________________________________
 Respiratory system – The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that
help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles that
power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to
move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide
___________________________________________________
 Cardiovascular system – The circulatory system (cardiovascular system) pumps blood
from the heart to the lungs to get oxygen. The heart then sends oxygenated blood
through arteries to the rest of the body. The veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the
heart to start the circulation process over.
__________________________________________________
6
 Urinary system – This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen.
It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic
bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten
to empty urine through the urethra.
_______________________________________________________
 Lymphatic system –Tissue and organ produce, store, carry white blood cells fight
infection & disease
 Reproductive system –
-To produce egg & sperm cell
-Transport & sustain cells
-Develop offspring
-Produce hormone
5. Describe the “anatomical position.”
 Anatomical position – Anatomical position, or standard anatomical position, refers to
the positioning of the body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each
arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward. The legs are
parallel, with feet flat on the floor and facing
forward___________________________________________________
6. Describe the 3 directional planes used to study the human body:
7
 Sagittal Plane: Vertical divides body right & left sides
 Frontal (coronal) Plane: Vertical side-to-side divides into anterior & posterior front &
back halve
 Transverse Plane :Horizontal plan divides into upper and lower parts
7. Define the following directional terms that describe relative positions of
body parts:
Figure 1.7
Term
 Superior
 Inferior
 Anterior or Ventral
 Posterior or Dorsal
Meaning
Examples of Usage
Superior or cranial toward the head end of
the body; upper
Inferior or caudal - away
from the head; lower
(example, the hand
is part of the
superior extremity).
(example, the foot is
part of the inferior
extremity)
(example, the
shoulder blades are
located on the
posterior side of the
body).
(example, the
shoulder blades are
Anterior or ventral - front
(example, the kneecap is
located on the anterior
side of the leg). Posterior
or dorsal - back
Posterior (or dorsal)
Describes the back or
8
 Medial
 Lateral
 Proximal
 Distal
 Superficial
 Deep
direction toward the back
of the body. The popliteus
is posterior to the patella.
Superior (or cranial)
describes a position above
or higher than another
part of the body proper.
Medial - toward the
midline of the body
Lateral - away from the
midline of the body
Proximal - toward or
nearest the trunk or the
point of origin of a part
Distal - away from or
farthest from the trunk or
the point or origin of a
part
Close to the surface of the
body.
Away from the surface of
the body
8. Locate and identify the 2 major body cavities
Figure 1.12
 Dorsal – Posterior or dorsal back (example, the shoulder
blades are located on the
posterior side of the body).
_____________________
located on the
posterior side of the
body).
(example, the middle
toe is located at the
medial side of the
foot).
(example, the little
toe is located at the
lateral side of the
foot).
(example, the
proximal end of the
femur joins with the
pelvic bone).
(example, the hand
is located at the
distal end of the
forearm).
9
 Ventral – the front of the
body,
_____________________
Figure 1.12
9. Describe the dorsal body cavity according to the subdivisions and organs
contained within:
 Cranial cavity – The cranial cavity fills most of the upper part of the skull and contains
the brain.________________
10
o Organs contained within –?______The
brain_______________________________
 Vertebral cavity – The vertebral cavity is the posterior portion of the dorsal cavity and
contains the structures within the vertebral column. These include the spinal cord,
the meninges of the spinal cord, and the fluid-filled spaces between them.
__________________________________________________
o Organs contained within – spinal cord
_____________________________________
10. Describe the ventral body cavity according to the subdivisions and organs
contained within:
 Thoracic cavity – hollow space surrounded by the rib cage and the diaphragm The
thoracic cavity contains organs and tissues that function in the respiratory
________________________________
o Organs contained within –_(lungs, bronchi, trachea, pleura), cardiovascular
(heart, pericardium, great vessels, lymphatics), nervous (vagus nerve,
sympathetic chain, phrenic nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve), immune
(thymus) and digestive (esophagus) systems ________
o Abdominopelvic cavity – The abdominopelvic cavity contains the major
organs of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems..
____________________________________________
11
o Organs contained within – Some of the organs found in this cavity include the
stomach, intestines, bladder, kidneys, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, and
appendix _____________________________________
11. Briefly describe the nature and function of the diaphragm.
 Diaphragm – The diaphragm, located below the lungs, is the major muscle of
respiration. It is involuntarily. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens
and the chest cavity enlarges _______________________________________
12. Locate the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic cavity and identify the organs
within each region.
 R. & L. Hypochondriac – Green- The hypochondriac regions are the two superolateral
regions of the abdomen which lie on either side of the epigastric region. The prefix
“hypo” means below or under, while the word “chondriac” means cartilage, referring
to the cartilage of the ribs. Therefore, the hypochondriac region is located beneath
the ribcage. _________________
 Epigastric –yellow- the upper central region of the abdomen
___________________________
 R. & L. Lumbar – Your lower back (lumbar spine , small and large intestine) is the
anatomic region between your lowest rib and the upper part of the buttock.
_______________________
 Umbilical – the central region of the abdomen. Navel or belly button small intestine
bladder ___________Pink_________________
12
 R. ( appendix and lower intestine )& L. Inguinal (iliac) – also known as the groin, is
located on the lower portion of the anterior abdominal wall___________________
 Hypogastric – the lowermost median region of the abdomen located below the
umbilical region of the abdomen _orange________________________
13. Locate & identify the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity:
 Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
green
 Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
yellow
 Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ).
pink
 Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) blue
Figure 1.10
14. Locate the following regions of the body:


















Abdominal
Acromial
Antebrachial
Antecubital
Axillary
Brachial
Buccal
Carpal
Calcaneal
Cephalic
Cervical
Coxal
Cranial
Crural
Cubital
Cutaneous
Deltoid
Digital
 Facial
 Femoral
 Frontal
 Gluteal


















Inguinal
Lumbar
Mammary
Manual
Mental
Occipital
Olecranal
Oral
Orbital
Nasal
Palmar
Patellar
Pedal
Pelvic
Perineal
Plantar
Popliteal
Pubic
Figure 1.10
13
 Sacral








Scapular
Sternal
Tarsal
Temporal
Thoracic
Umbilical
Vertebral
Zygomatic
Figure 1.11
14
15. Define the term “homeostasis.”
 Homeostasis – Homeostasis, from the Greek words for "same" and "steady," refers to
any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions
necessary for survival.
______________________________________________________
16. Describe the components of a “feedback loop.”
 Feedback loop – Feedback loops are biological mechanisms whereby homeostasis is
maintained. This occurs when the product or output of an event or reaction changes
the organism's response to that reaction.
_____________________________________________________
17. Briefly describe the processes that occur and give an example of functioning
of a:
 Negative feedback loop (mechanism) – _______in the opposite direction of the
original disturbance
___________________________________________________________
Review and Reflection
 Positive feedback loop (mechanism) –
o Something I need to review from this unit is:
______in
the same direction of the original disturbance
________________________________________________________________
o____________________________________________________________
A concept that I am having trouble understanding from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o One thing I found interesting was:
________________________________________________________________
 I am comfortable with my knowledge of this unit and with how the
objectives may interrelate.
15
Unit 2: Body Tissues
1. List the four primary tissues of the body.
Type
 Epithelial
 Connective
 Nervous
Definition
Location
The epithelium is a type of body
tissue that forms the covering on all
internal and external surfaces of
your body
Found internal and
external lines body
cavities and hollow
organs and is the major
tissue
Tissue that supports, protects,
and gives structure to other
tissues and organs in the body.
Connective tissue also stores fat,
helps move nutrients and other
substances between tissues and
organs, and helps repair
damaged tissue.
It is responsible for coordinating
and controlling many body
activities. It stimulates muscle
contraction, creates an
awareness of the environment,
and plays a major role in
emotions, memory, and
reasoning.
Connective tissue is
found in between other
tissues everywhere in
the body, including the
nervous system.
Nervous tissue is found
in the brain, spinal cord,
and nerves.
16
 Muscular
The muscular system is
responsible for the movement of
the human body.
Attached to the bones of
the skeletal system.
constructed of skeletal
muscle tissue, blood
vessels, tendons, and
nerves.
2. List the three defining characteristics that differentiate the primary tissues of
the body.
 1. Types and functions of the cell
 2. Size of matrix
 3. Location in the body
3. Describe the epithelial tissue according to:
Epithelial Tissue
 Shape and arrangement of cells – flat sheets closely spaced cells (
 Basement membrane – YES, where they connect with the tissues the
 Apical versus basal – upper surface that is facing the lumen
 Intercellular matrix – N/A
 Blood and nerve supply – N/A
 Ability to regenerate – yes
 Overall functions – protection, secretion, sensation, absorption
4. List the three defining characteristics that differentiate the primary tissues of
the body.
Figure 4.2
17
 Squamous – flat
 Cuboidal – cubelike
 Columnar –rectangle like
5. Differentiate between simple and stratified epithelium.
 Simple epithelium – all cell touching the base, 1 single layer
 Stratified epithelium – multiple layer, not all the cells are touching the base
6. Briefly describe the location, structure and function of the following types of
epithelial tissue.
Figure 4.3
(Question 6 continued on next page)
18
Epithelial Tissue
Type of Tissue
Structure
Function
Single layer flat
Allows rapid
diffusion or
transportation of
substances through
membranes, secretes
lubricating serous
fluid
 Simple squamous
Single layer cube
 Simple cuboidal
Single layer columnar
 Simple columnar
Single layer
 Pseudostratified
columnar
Multi-layer
 Stratified
squamous
Multi-layer
 Stratified cuboidal
 Stratified columnar
 Transitional
Location
Alveoli of the lungs;
glomerular capsules of
kidney; some kidney
tubules ; inner lining
(endothelium) of heart
and blood vessels;
serious membranes of
stomach, intestines and
Viscera; surface layer
of pleura, pericardium,
peritoneum and
mesenteries
Absorption and
Liver, Thyroid,
secretion; production mammary, salivary
of protective mucous and other glands;
coat; movement of
manly glands ducts;
respiratory mucus
most kidney tubules
and bronchioles
Absorption and
Inner line of stomach,
secretion; movement intestines, gallbladder,
of eggs and embryo
uterus, uterine tubes
in uterine tube
and some kidney
secretion of mucus
tubules
Secretes and propels
Respiratory tract from
respiratory mucus;
nasal cavity to
absorbs excess fluid
bronchi; portions of
from parts of the male male reproduce tract
reproductive tract
Resists abrasion;
Epidermis; alms and
retards water loss
soles are especially
through skin; resists
heavily keratinized
penetration by
pathogenic organisms
Contributes to sweat
Sweat gland ducts;
secretion; secretes
egg-producing vesicles
ovarian hormones
(
produces sperm
19
7. Describe connective tissue according to:
Connective tissue:
Connective Tissue
Type of Tissue
Structure
Function
 Fibrous – Loose:
(areolar, reticular)
 Fibrous – Dense:
(dense regular,
dense irregular)
 Adipose
 Bone
 Cartilage
 Blood
 Structural characteristics:
o Cells vs. matrix – ___________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
o Fibres: collagen, elastic, reticular – _____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
 General functions – ____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
8. Differentiate between the following types of connective tissue according to
structure, location, and function:
Locatio
20
9. List the structural & functional characteristics of muscle tissue (skeletal,
cardiac, smooth).
Muscle tissue:
 Structural characteristics:
o Skeletal – _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
o Cardiac – _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
o Smooth – _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
 Functional characteristics:
o Skeletal – _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
o Cardiac – _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
o Smooth – _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
10. List the structural & functional characteristics of nervous tissue.
Nervous tissue:
 Structural characteristics:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
21
 Functional characteristics:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Unit 3: The Integumentary System
1. Define the term membrane.
 Membrane – thin like structure
2. List the functions of body membranes.
 Body membrane functions – maintain the positions of the organs , covers the body and
serves as a burial, compartmentalize
3. Differentiate between the two types of membrane.
 Mucous membranes – have an external exist: mouth, anus, utra, nostril
 Serous membranes – does not have an external exist
4. List the three types of epithelial membrane.
 1. Cutaneous: skin
 2. Mucous
 3. Serous
5. Describe the serous membranes according to:
Serous membrane ( do not have external exit)
 Structural characteristics – simple squamous epithalamium cell
 Basement membrane – mesothelium
22
 Secretion – serous lubricating fluid is secreted by serous membranes.
 Location in the body – thoracic cavity and abnormal cavity
 Function: lubrication and sustentation
6. Define the following terms:
 Peritoneum – serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.
o Parietal – 2 layers serous membrane that around the abdominal wall
o Visceral – wraps around the internal organ
o Mesentery – a double sheets (layer) of visceral peritoneum, caused by invagination
of an organ into the peritoneum. a
 Pleura – serous membranes that separate the lungs and the wall of the thoracic cavity
o Parietal – 2 layers serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
o Visceral – covers/ wraps around the organ
o Mediastinal Septum – 2 layers of parietal
7. Describe mucous membranes according to:
Mucous membrane
 Structural characteristics – Membrane lining body cavities and canals that have an
external exit. Usually stratified columbaner epithelium cell
 Secretions – mucous
 Location in the body – The mouth, nose, eyelids, trachea (windpipe) and lungs,
stomach and intestines, as well as the ureters, urethra, and urine bladder, Nasal cavities
8. Identify and briefly describe the nature of the two layers of tissue of the
cutaneous membrane (skin).
23
 Epidermis – top layer, we can physically see it. We use it for touch, defense, protection,
organ regulation
 Dermis –dense irregular connective tissue: protection, defense and protection of the
organs
9. Describe the functions of the skin according to:
Functions of the skin
 Protection – __________________________________________________________
 Temperature regulation – _______________________________________________
 Sense organ activity – __________________________________________________
10. Briefly describe the hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue) as it is related to the
skin.
 Hypodermis – bottom layers that binds the skin to the muscle
11. Describe the epidermis of the skin according to:
Figure 5.2
 Stratum basale (germinativum) – deep single layer
 Stratum corneum – top layer, 40 layers of Keratinocytes
24
 Keratinocytes – main cells of the skin
 Melanocytes – deep layer and produce melanin
12. Describe the dermis of the skin according to:
Dermis
 Epidermis It is completely avascular.
 Structural characteristics – middle layer, manly of collagen. Blood vessels and
melanocyte
 Dermal papillae – upward waves are finger like extentions of dermis
13. Define cyanosis.
 Cyanosis – abnormal colour diagnostic (blue or green)
14. Describe the location, structure, and function of each of the following
components of a hair:
Figure 5.5
25
Hair component
Location
Structure
Function
Grows inside the
 Follicle
shaft
 Root
Inside of the skin
Visible above the
 Shaft
skin, outside
 Bulb
At the end of the root
 Piloerector muscle
Responsible for the sensation
A bit goes into the bulb and give
 Dermal papilla
source of nutrition
15. Recognize each of the following as sensory receptors of the skin:
 Hair follicle receptors – respond to hair movement
 Lamellar corpuscles – __________________________________________________
 Sensory nerve fibers – __________________________________________________
16. Describe cutaneous glands.
 Cutaneous glands –
o Eccrine Sweat glands
o Apocrine
o Sebaceous
o Ceruminous
o Mammary
17. Describe sweat (sudoriferous) glands according to:
Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
 Merocrine (eccrine) – wide spend in the skin, produce watery perspiration that cools
the body
26
 Apocrine – are scent glands that response especially to stress and sexual stimulation,
the glands go to the fair follicles
 General structure – ____________________________________________________
 Functions – __________________________________________________________
18. List components and functions of perspiration.
Perspiration
 Components – ________________________________________________________
 Functions – ___________________________________________________________
19. Describe sebaceous (oil) glands according to:
Sebaceous (oil) glands
 Location – ____________________________________________________________
 General structure – ____________________________________________________
 Function – produce sebum, short ducts that usually open into a fair follicle
 Please complete the Review and Reflection on the next page.
Review and Reflection
o Something I need to review from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o A concept that I am having trouble understanding from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o One thing I found interesting was:
________________________________________________________________
 I am comfortable with my knowledge of this unit and with how the
objectives may interrelate.
27
28
Unit 4: The Cardiovascular System
The Heart
1. State the components and the overall function of the circulatory (strictly, the
cardiovascular) system.
Circulatory system
 Components – heart, heart vessels and blood
 Function – transportation of blood to the rest of the body, protection, and regulation
Cardiovascular system
 Components – heart and blood vessels
 Function – transportation of blood to the rest of the body, protection, and regulation
2. Differentiate between the systemic and pulmonary
circulation of blood.
 Systemic circulation – supplies blood to all organs
 Pulmonary circulation – carries the blood from the heart to
the lung
3. State the location, size and position of the heart.
Heart
 Location – thoracic cavity in the mediastinum
 Size – ruffly the same size fist
 Position – 2/3 of the heart lays to the left ( lateral )
29
4. Identify the location of the apex and base of the heart.
 Apex –
 Base –
5. Describe and state the function of the pericardium: name of the membrane the
lines the heart
 Parietal pericardium – outer layer, has a tough, superficial fibrous layers of dense irregular
 Visceral pericardium – epicardium
 Pericardial cavity – _______________________________________________________
6. Describe and state the functions of the layers that make up the wall of the heart:
 Epicardium – outer layer of the heart
 Myocardium – ___________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Endocardium – inside the heart
7. Differentiate between arteries and veins.
 Arteries: take blood away from the heart
 Veins – towards the heart
30
Use the image below to complete questions 8 & 9.
8. Identify, describe and state the functions of the chambers of the heart:
 Right atrium – ___________________________________________________________
 Right ventricle – _________________________________________________________
 Left atrium – ____________________________________________________________
 Left ventricle – __________________________________________________________
9. Identify, describe and state the function of the heart valves:
 Atrioventricular valves – makes sure that the blood doesn’t go back
o Tricuspid valve –
o Bicuspid (Mitral) valve – ________________________________________________
o Chordae tendineae – ____________________________________________________
 Semilunar valves – _______________________________________________________
o Pulmonary semilunar valve – right ventricle to pulmonary trunk
31
o Aortic semilunar valve – left ventricle to aorta
10. Describe the action of heart valves and how they promote the movement of blood
through the heart.
 The action of heart valves – prevent blood back flow
11. Differentiate between the term’s diastole and systole.
 Diastole – relaxation of the heart
 Systole – contract
12. Trace the flow of the blood through the heart from the venae cavae to the aorta.
https://www.goodfreephotos.com/vector-images/human-heart-vector-clipart.png.php
13. Identify the location of coronary arteries and cardiac veins and state their
function.
 Coronary arteries – _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
 Coronary veins – ___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
32
The Blood Vessels
14. List the classifications of blood vessels through which blood passes within the
body (include portal vein).
 Classifications of blood vessels – ______________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
15. Describe the structural components of a blood vessel according to:
 Tunica externa or adventitia – ________________________________________________
 Tunica media – ____________________________________________________________
 Tunica interna or intima – ___________________________________________________
16. Differentiate between the structure and functions of the arteries and veins.
Figure 13.10
Arteries
 Structure – _______________________________________________________________
 Function – ________________________________________________________________
Veins
 Structure – _______________________________________________________________
 Function – ________________________________________________________________
33
17. Describe the structure and function of the capillaries.
Capillaries
 Structure – _______________________________________________________________
 Function – _______________________________________________________________
18. Differentiate between the capillary bed and the microcirculation.
 Capillary bed – ____________________________________________________________
 Microcirculation – _________________________________________________________
19. Describe the role of pre-capillary sphincters in the control of blood flow through
the capillary beds.
 Pre-capillary sphincters – ____________________________________________________
20. Define blood reservoir (capacitance vessel).
 Blood reservoir – ___________________________________________________________
21. Describe the factors that promote the return of blood through the veins to the
heart:
 Skeletal muscle pump (valves, muscle contraction) – ______________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
 Thoracic pump (ventilatory action) – ___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
 Vein structure – ___________________________________________________________
22. Briefly describe the Hepatic-Portal circulation.
 Hepatic-Portal circulation – __________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
34
23. Locate the following major arteries of the body:
Figure 13.17
 Abdominal aorta
 Common carotid
 Popliteal
 Anterior tibial
 Common iliac
 Pulmonary
 Aorta
 Coronary
 Radial
 Aortic arch
 External iliac
 Renal
 Axillary
 Femoral
 Splenic
 Brachial
 Hepatic
 Subclavian
 Brachiocephalic
 Inferior mesenteric
 Superior mesenteric
 Celiac
 Internal iliac
 Ulnar
35
24. Locate the following major veins of the body:
Figure 13.18
 Anterior tibial
 Great saphenous
 Popliteal
 Axillary
 Hepatic
 Pulmonary
 Brachiocephalic
 Hepatic-portal
 Radial
 Cardiac
 Inferior mesenteric
 Renal
 Common iliac
 Inferior vena cava
 Subclavian
 External iliac
 Internal iliac
 Superior mesenteric
 External jugular
 Internal jugular
 Superior vena cava
 Femoral
 Median cubital
 Ulnar
36
The Blood
25. List the general functions of blood.
 The functions of blood – _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
26. Differentiate between blood plasma and formed elements.
 Blood plasma – ____________________________________________________________
 Formed elements – _________________________________________________________
27. Describe the percentages of plasma and formed elements.
 Plasma – _______ % of whole blood
 Formed elements – _______ % of whole blood
28. State the approximate number of litres of whole blood in
an average sized adult.
 Amount of blood in average sized adult – __________ Litres
29. State the pH of whole blood.
 pH of whole blood – _______________
30. List the components of blood plasma and state the percentage within
the blood of each.
 Components of blood plasma:
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
o ______________________________
37
31. List and state the functions of the common plasma proteins.
Plasma Protein
Function
 ________________
 ________________
 ________________
32. Define blood serum.
 Blood serum – _____________________________________________________________
33. List the three types of formed elements in the blood.
 1. _________________
 2. _________________
 3. ________________
34. Describe the general structure of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and state their
function.
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
 Structural characteristics –
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
 Function –
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
35. Define hemopoiesis and erythropoiesis.
 Hemopoiesis – _____________________________________________________________
 Erythropoiesis – ____________________________________________________________
38
36. State the location of erythrocyte production.
 Location of erythrocyte production – ___________________________________________
37. Describe leukocytes (white blood cells) according to:
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
 Types – ___________________________________________________________________
 General nature – ___________________________________________________________
 Where produced – __________________________________________________________
 Functions – ________________________________________________________________
38. Describe platelets (do not use thrombocytes) according to the following:
Platelets
 General nature – ___________________________________________________________
 Where produced – __________________________________________________________
 Function – ________________________________________________________________
Review and Reflection
o Something I need to review from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o A concept that I am having trouble understanding from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o One thing I found interesting was:
________________________________________________________________
 I am comfortable with my knowledge of this unit and with how the
objectives may interrelate.
39
Unit 5: The Lymphatic System
1. Identify the two structural components of the lymphatic system.
Lymphatic system
 Structural components – _____________________________________________________
2. Identify the main function of the lymphatic system.
 Main function – ____________________________________________________________
3. Identify its other major function.
 Other function – ____________________________________________________________
4. Describe the general structure and function of the lymphatic capillaries.
Lymphatic capillaries
 General structure – _________________________________________________________
 Function – ________________________________________________________________
5. Describe the general nature of lymph.
 Nature of lymph – __________________________________________________________
6. Identify the general distribution patterns of the lymphatic vessels within the body.
 Distribution patterns of lymphatic vessels – ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
7. Describe the direction of lymph flow.
 Direction of lymph flow – ____________________________________________________
8. Identify the ultimate destination of lymph.
 Ultimate destination of lymph – _______________________________________________
40
9. Describe the location, function, and structure of lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes
 Location – _________________________________________________________________
 Function – _________________________________________________________________
 Structure – ________________________________________________________________
10. Define immune system.
 Immune system – ___________________________________________________________
11. Identify the location and function of:
 Cisterna chyle – _____________________________________________________________
 Lacteals – __________________________________________________________________
12. Describe the location of the following organs:
 Tonsils – __________________________________
 Thymus – _________________________________
 Spleen – __________________________________
 Aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s Patches) –
_________________________________________
 Appendix – _______________________________
Please complete the Review and Reflection on the next page.
41
Review and Reflection
o Something I need to review from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o A concept that I am having trouble understanding from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o One thing I found interesting was:
________________________________________________________________
 I am comfortable with my knowledge of this unit and with how the
objectives may interrelate.
42
Unit 6: The Respiratory System
1. State the overall function of the respiratory system.
Respiratory system
 Function – _________________________________________________________________
2. Describe the importance of the respiratory system as a homeostatic mechanism.
 Homeostatic mechanism – ____________________________________________________
3. Describe secondary functions of the respiratory system.
 Secondary functions – _______________________________________________________
4. List the organs of the respiratory system.
 Organs – __________________________________________________________________
5. Describe the structural characteristics of the respiratory mucosa.
Respiratory mucosa
 Structural characteristics – ___________________________________________________
Use the images below to complete questions 6 & 7.
43
6. Describe the location, structural characteristics and functions of the nose according to:
Location
Structural
Characteristic
Function
 External nares
 Nasal cavities
 Paranasal sinuses
 Lacrimal sacs
 Conchae
7. Describe the location, structural characteristics and functions of the pharynx according
to:
Location
 Nasopharynx
 Oropharynx
 Laryngopharynx
 Pharyngotympanic
(auditory) tubes
 Tonsils
Structural
Characteristic
Function
44
Use the images below to complete questions 8 & 9.
8. Describe the location, structural characteristic and functions of the larynx according to:
Location
Structural
Characteristic
Function
 Vocal cords
 Glottis
 Epiglottis
9. Describe the location, structural characteristic and functions of the trachea, including
cartilage rings and mucosa.
Location
 Trachea
 Cartilage rings
 Mucosa
Structural
Characteristic
Function
45
Use the image below to complete questions 10 & 11.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_39_01_07.jpg
10. Describe the location, structure, and functions of the primary bronchi and secondary
bronchi.
Location
Structural
Characteristic
Function
 Primary bronchi
 Secondary bronchi
11. Describe the location, structure and functions of the bronchioles.
Location
 Bronchioles
Structural
Characteristic
Function
46
12. Describe the location, structure, and functions of the alveoli under the following
headings:
Location
 Alveolar ducts
 Alveolar sacs
 Alveoli
 Alveolar pores
 Type II cells
(surfactant
secreting)
 Alveolar
macrophages
Structural
Characteristic
Function
47
13. Describe the lobes under the following headings:
 Location – _________________________________________________________________
 Lobes – ___________________________________________________________________
 Base – ____________________________________________________________________
 Pleura – ___________________________________________________________________
 Blood supply:
o Pulmonary arteries – ___________________________________________________
o Bronchial arteries – ____________________________________________________
14. Define each of the following respiratory processes:
 Pulmonary ventilation – ______________________________________________________
 External respiration – ________________________________________________________
 Internal respiration – ________________________________________________________
 Cellular respiration – ________________________________________________________
 Summary equation (p. 606) – ___________________________________________
Review and Reflection
o Something I need to review from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o A concept that I am having trouble understanding from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o One thing I found interesting was:
________________________________________________________________
 I am comfortable with my knowledge of this unit and with how the
objectives may interrelate.
48
Unit 7: The Urinary System
1. List the functions of the urinary system and its role in maintaining homeostasis.
Urinary system
 Function – _________________________________________________________________
2. List the organs of the Urinary system.
 _____________________________
 _____________________________
 _____________________________
 _____________________________
Use the images below to complete questions 3, 4 & 5.
3. Describe the location of the kidneys.
Kidneys
 Location – _________________________________________________________________
4. Identify the main artery and vein associated with each kidney.
 Main artery – ______________________________________________________________
 Main vein – ________________________________________________________________
49
5. Describe the kidney according to:
 Renal capsule – ____________________________________________________________
 Renal cortex – _____________________________________________________________
 Renal medulla – ____________________________________________________________
 Renal pyramids – ___________________________________________________________
 Renal papilla – _____________________________________________________________
 Renal pelvis – ______________________________________________________________
 Renal calyces – _____________________________________________________________
 Ureter – __________________________________________________________________
Use the images below to complete questions 6 through 10.
6. Identify the functional unit of the kidney.
 Functional unit – ____________________________________________________________
50
7. Describe the microscopic structures of a nephron according to:
 Renal corpuscle – ___________________________________________________________
o Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule – ________________________________________
o Glomerulus – ________________________________________________________
 Renal tubule – _____________________________________________________________
o Proximal convoluted tubule – ___________________________________________
o Loop of Henle – ______________________________________________________
o Distal convoluted tubule – ______________________________________________
o Collecting ducts – _____________________________________________________
8. Describe blood circulation through the kidneys and nephrons according to:
 Renal artery and renal vein – _________________________________________________
 Afferent arterioles – ________________________________________________________
 Glomerulus – ______________________________________________________________
 Efferent arterioles – _________________________________________________________
 Peritubular capillaries – ______________________________________________________
9. Define the following terms relating to the process of urine formation:
 Filtration – ________________________________________________________________
 Reabsorption – _____________________________________________________________
 Secretion – ________________________________________________________________
10. Describe the location and function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
 Location – ________________________________________________________________
 Function – ________________________________________________________________
51
11. Describe the structure and functions of the ureters.
Ureters
 Structure – ________________________________________________________________
 Function – ________________________________________________________________
12. Describe the location, structure and function of the urinary bladder.
Urinary bladder
 Location – ________________________________________________________________
 Structure – ________________________________________________________________
 Function – ________________________________________________________________
13. Describe the structure and function of the male urethra and female urethra.
Male urethra
 Structure – ________________________________________________________________
 Function – ________________________________________________________________
Female urethra
 Structure – ________________________________________________________________
 Function – ________________________________________________________________
Review and Reflection
o Something I need to review from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o A concept that I am having trouble understanding from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o One thing I found interesting was:
________________________________________________________________
 I am comfortable with my knowledge of this unit and with how the
objectives may interrelate.
52
Unit 8: Fluid and Electrolytes
1. Describe the characteristics of water.
 Characteristics of water – ___________________________________________________
2. Describe and compare the body’s fluid compartment:
 Intracellular – ____________________________________________________________
 Extracellular – ____________________________________________________________
o Interstitial – _______________________________________________________
o Intravascular (plasma) – ______________________________________________
3. Note the % of body weight that is made up of water.
 Percentage (%) of water in the body – _________________________________________
4. List how one’s sex and age influence s water content.
 Female vs. Male – _________________________________________________________
 Age – ___________________________________________________________________
5. Explain the meaning of fluid balance in the body.
 Fluid balance within the body – ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Describe sources of water for the body:
 Ingestion of fluid – ________________________________________________________
 Ingestion of food – ________________________________________________________
 Metabolic water – ________________________________________________________
53
7. Identify the ways in which water is lost by the body.
 Ways water is lost in the body –
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
8. List the 3 main factors that regulate fluid volume
within the body.
 1. ____________________________________________
 2. ____________________________________________
 3. ____________________________________________
9. Differentiate between an electrolyte and a non- electrolyte
(charge & dissociation).
 Electrolyte:
o Charge – _____________________________________________________________
o Dissociation – _________________________________________________________
 Non-Electrolyte
o Charge – _____________________________________________________________
o Dissociation – _________________________________________________________
10. Identify the common electrolytes within the body.
 Common electrolytes within the body:
Cations
Anions
o ________________________
o ________________________
o ________________________
o ________________________
o ________________________
o ________________________
54
11. List the main intracellular and the main extracellular electrolytes.
 Intracellular – ____________________________________________________________
 Extracellular – ____________________________________________________________
12. Describe how electrolytes influence the movement of fluid between the fluid
compartments of the body.
 The influence of electrolytes in the body – _____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
13. Describe capillary blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure) and its effect on the
movement of fluid through capillary walls.
 Capillary Blood Pressure – __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
55
14. Describe colloidal osmotic pressure (the effects of blood proteins and its
effects on the movement of fluid through the capillary walls.
 Colloidal osmotic pressure – ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
15. Describe the characteristics of the following inorganic compounds:
Inorganic
Compound
Characteristics
Example
 Acid
 Base
 Salt
 Buffer
 pH
Review and Reflection
o Something I need to review from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o A concept that I am having trouble understanding from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o One thing I found interesting was:
________________________________________________________________
 I am comfortable with my knowledge of this unit and with how the
objectives may interrelate.
56
Unit 9: The Digestive System
1. Define the digestive tract.
 Digestive Tract – __________________________________________________________
Use the image below to complete questions 2 & 3.
2. List the main organs of the digestive system.
 Main organs – ____________________________________________________________
3. List the accessory organs of the digestive system.
 Accessory organs – ________________________________________________________
57
4. Briefly describe the three processes that food undergoes when digested:
 Digestion – ______________________________________________________________
 Absorption – _____________________________________________________________
 Metabolism – ____________________________________________________________
5. Describe the wall of the digestive tract according to:
 Lumen – ________________________________________________________________
 Mucosa – _______________________________________________________________
 Submucosa – ____________________________________________________________
 Muscularis – _____________________________________________________________
 Serosa – ________________________________________________________________
o Peritoneum – _________________________________________________________
o Mesentery – __________________________________________________________
 Peristalsis – ______________________________________________________________
 Segmentation – __________________________________________________________
58
6. Describe the location, structure, and function of the mouth according to:
Mouth
Structure
Function
Location
 Hard palate
 Soft palate
 Uvula
 Tongue
 Teeth
o Incisors
o Canines
o Premolars
o Molars
 Mastication
 Salivary glands
7. Describe the structure and function of the pharynx.
Pharynx
 Structure – ______________________________________________________________
 Function – ______________________________________________________________
59
8. Describe the esophagus according to:
Esophagus
 Location & length – _______________________________________________________
 Structural characteristics – _________________________________________________
 Epiglottis – ______________________________________________________________
 Esophageal hiatus – _______________________________________________________
 Lower esophageal sphincter – _______________________________________________
9. Describe the location, structure, and function of the stomach according to:
Stomach
Structure
 Fundus, body, &
pylorus
 Pyloric
sphincter
 Greater & lesser
curvatures
 Muscle layers
 Mucosa
 Rugae
 Peristalsis
 Chyme
 Gastric glands
Function
Location
60
10. Describe the location, structure, and functions of the small intestine according
to:
Small Intestine
Structure
 Duodenum,
jejunum, & ileum
 Plicae circularis
 Intestinal villi &
microvilli
 Intestinal glands
 Blood supply
 Lacteals
 Ileo-cecal valve
Function
Location
61
Use the image below to complete questions 11 & 12.
11. Describe the location, structure, and functions of the liver and gallbladder
according to:
Liver & Gallbladder
Structure
 Hepatic duct
 Cystic duct
 Common bile
duct
 Nature of bile
 Bile production
 Function of bile
Function
Location
62
12. Describe the location, structure, and functions of the pancreas according to:
Pancreas
Structure
Function
Location
 Exocrine &
endocrine
portions
 Pancreatic duct
 Relationship to
common bile
duct
 Secretions
(exocrine)
 Hormones
(endocrine)
13. Describe the location, structure, and functions of the large intestine according
to:
63
Large Intestine
Structure
 Ileo-cecal valve
 Cecum
 Appendix
 Colon:
o Cecum
o Ascending
o Transverse
o Descending
o Sigmoid
Colon
 Rectum
 Anus
 Anal sphincters
 Teniae coli
 Haustra
 Digestion of food
 Absorption of
food
 Blood supply
Function
Location
64
14. Briefly describe the location, structural characteristics and function of the
peritoneum.
Peritoneum
 Location – _______________________________________________________________
 Structural characteristics – __________________________________________________
 Function – _______________________________________________________________
15. Briefly describe the location, structure and function of the mesentery and
greater omentum.
Mesentery
 Location – _______________________________________________________________
 Structural characteristics – __________________________________________________
 Function – _______________________________________________________________
Greater Omentum
 Location – _______________________________________________________________
 Structural characteristics – __________________________________________________
 Function – _______________________________________________________________
Review and Reflection
o Something I need to review from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o A concept that I am having trouble understanding from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o One thing I found interesting was:
________________________________________________________________
 I am comfortable with my knowledge of this unit and with how the
objectives may interrelate.
65
Unit 10: The Nervous System
1. State the overall function of the nervous system.
Nervous System
 Function – _______________________________________________________________
2. Describe the structure and functions of the nervous tissue.
Nervous Tissue
 Structure – ______________________________________________________________
 Functions – ______________________________________________________________
3. List the organs of the nervous system.
 Organs – ________________________________________________________________
4. Identify and describe the divisions of the nervous system according to:
 Central Nervous System (CNS) – _____________________________________________
o Brain – _______________________________________________________________
o Spinal Cord – __________________________________________________________
o Interneuron – _________________________________________________________
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – ___________________________________________
o Sensory fibers – _______________________________________________________
o Motor fibers – _________________________________________________________
o Somatic nervous system – _______________________________________________
o Autonomic nervous system – _____________________________________________
o Sympathetic nervous system – ___________________________________________
o Parasympathetic nervous system – ________________________________________
66
5. Identify the two types of cells of the nervous system and describe their overall
functions.
The two types of cells of the nervous system are:
 1. ______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 2. ______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Identify and describe the functions of the neuroglial cells:
 Astrocytes – _____________________________________________________________
 Microglial – ______________________________________________________________
 Oligodendrocytes – _______________________________________________________
 Ependymal – _____________________________________________________________
 Schwann cells – ___________________________________________________________
67
7. Describe neurons according to:
 Cell body – ______________________________________________________________
 Dendrites – ______________________________________________________________
 Axons – _________________________________________________________________
 Schwann cells – ___________________________________________________________
 Neurilemma – ____________________________________________________________
 Myelin Sheath – __________________________________________________________
 Nodes of Ranvier – ________________________________________________________
68
Use the image below to complete questions 8 – 11.
8. Define a nerve.
 Nerve – _________________________________________________________________
9. Describe the structural characteristics of a nerve according to:
 Fascicles – _______________________________________________________________
 Epineurium – ____________________________________________________________
 Perineurium – ____________________________________________________________
 Endoneurium – ___________________________________________________________
 White matter – ___________________________________________________________
 Gray matter – ____________________________________________________________
 Tracts – _________________________________________________________________
 Nuclei – _________________________________________________________________
69
10. Define the term reflex.
 Reflex – _________________________________________________________________
11. Briefly describe the structure and functions of a reflex according to:
 Sensory receptors – _______________________________________________________
 Sensory neurons – ________________________________________________________
 Motor neurons – __________________________________________________________
 Dorsal root – _____________________________________________________________
 Ventral root – ____________________________________________________________
 Dorsal root ganglion – _____________________________________________________
 Synapse – _______________________________________________________________
 Interneuron – ____________________________________________________________
 Motor neuron – __________________________________________________________
 Monosynaptic arc – _______________________________________________________
 Polysynaptic arcs – ________________________________________________________
Central Nervous System
12. List the two main parts of the central nervous system.
 1. ___________________________
 2. _________________________________
13. Identify the regions of the brain (cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum,
brainstem).
 Cerebrum
 Diencephalon
 Cerebellum
 Brainstem
70
14. Describe the structural characteristics of the cerebrum according to:
 Cerebral hemispheres – ____________________________________________________
 Corpus callosum– _________________________________________________________
 Lobes – _________________________________________________________________
 Fissure – ________________________________________________________________
o Longitudinal – _________________________________________________________
o Transverse – __________________________________________________________
 Gyri & Sulci – ____________________________________________________________
o Central sulcus – _______________________________________________________
o Parietal-occipital sulcus – ________________________________________________
o Lateral sulcus – ________________________________________________________
15. Identify the location and structure of the cerebral cortex, and its five lobes.
Cerebral cortex
 Location – _______________________________________________________________
 Structure – ______________________________________________________________
 The five lobes – ___________________________________________________________
71
16. Describe the location and function of the basal nuclei within the cerebrum.
Basal Nuclei
 Location – _______________________________________________________________
 Function – _______________________________________________________________
17. Describe the location and structure of the diencephalon according to:
 Thalamus – ______________________________________________________________
 Epithalamus – ____________________________________________________________
 Hypothalamus – __________________________________________________________
 Pineal gland – ____________________________________________________________
18. Describe the location and structure of the brain stem according and its parts:
 Midbrain – ______________________________________________________________
 Pons – __________________________________________________________________
 Medulla Oblongata – ______________________________________________________
72
19. Identify the location and structure of the cerebellum.
Cerebellum
 Location – _______________________________________________________________
 Function – _______________________________________________________________
20. Identify the spinal cord according to:
Spinal cord
 Approximate length – ____________________________________________________
 Where it starts – _________________________________________________________
 Where it ends – _________________________________________________________
 Regions – _______________________________________________________________
 Cauda equine – __________________________________________________________
 White mater – ___________________________________________________________
 Gray mater – ____________________________________________________________
21. Identify the following parts of the spinal cord:
 Dorsal horn
 Anterior median fissure
 Ventral horn
 Posterior median sulcus
 Lateral horn
 Dorsal root ganglion
 Central canal
73
22. Differentiate between the cranial and spinal nerves.
 Cranial nerves – __________________________________________________________
 Spinal nerves – ___________________________________________________________
23. Describe the meninges according to:
 Dura mater – _____________________________________________________________
 Arachnoid mater – ________________________________________________________
 Pia mater – ______________________________________________________________
 Subdural space – __________________________________________________________
 Subarachnoid space – ______________________________________________________
 Cerebrospinal fluid – ______________________________________________________
 Dural sinuses – ___________________________________________________________
74
24. Describe the location and structure of the ventricles of the brain according to:
 Lateral ventricles – ________________________________________________________
 Septum pellucidum – ______________________________________________________
 Interventricular foramen – __________________________________________________
 Third ventricle – __________________________________________________________
 Cerebral aqueduct – _______________________________________________________
 Fourth ventricle – _________________________________________________________
 Medial apertures – ________________________________________________________
 Lateral apertures – ________________________________________________________
 Arachnoid granulations – ___________________________________________________
25. Describe cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) according to:
 Origin – _________________________________________________________________
 Choroids plexuses – _______________________________________________________
 Components – ____________________________________________________________
 Flow – __________________________________________________________________
 Arachnoid villi – __________________________________________________________
 Dural sinuses – ___________________________________________________________
 Functions – ______________________________________________________________
75
26. Briefly describe the function and structural of the blood-brain barrier.
Blood-Brain Barrier
 Function – ______________________________________________________________
 Structure – ______________________________________________________________
Review and Reflection
o Something I need to review from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o A concept that I am having trouble understanding from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o One thing I found interesting was:
________________________________________________________________
 I am comfortable with my knowledge of this unit and with how the
objectives may interrelate.
76
Unit 11: The Skeletal System
1. Describe the functions of bone according to:
Functions of bone
 Support – _______________________________________________________________
 Protection – _____________________________________________________________
 Movement – _____________________________________________________________
 Storage – ________________________________________________________________
 Hemopoiesis – ___________________________________________________________
2. Define a sesamoid bone.
 Sesamoid bone – _________________________________________________________
3. Identify and describe the following structures of a typical long bone:
Long bone
 Articular cartilage – _______________________________________________________
 Diaphysis – ______________________________________________________________
 Epiphysis – ______________________________________________________________
 Endosteum – _____________________________________________________________
 Epiphyseal line – __________________________________________________________
 Epiphyseal plate – _________________________________________________________
 Foramen – _______________________________________________________________
 Medullary canal – _________________________________________________________
 Periosteum – _____________________________________________________________
 Red bone marrow – _______________________________________________________
 Yellow bone marrow – _____________________________________________________
77
4. List the two main types of connective tissue that make up the skeletal system.
 1. ___________________________
 2. ____________________________
5. Identify and differentiate between compact bona and spongy (cancellous)
bone.
 Compact bone – __________________________________________________________
 Spongy bone – ___________________________________________________________
6. Describe the microscopic structure of bone under the following headings:
 Osteon – ________________________________________________________________
 Lamella – ________________________________________________________________
 Central canal – ___________________________________________________________
 Lacunae – _______________________________________________________________
 Canaliculi – ______________________________________________________________
 Osteocytes – _____________________________________________________________
7. Describe the nature, structure and function of cartilage.
Cartilage
 Nature – ________________________________________________________________
 Structure – ______________________________________________________________
 Function – _______________________________________________________________
78
8. Describe the process of bone formation and growth (osteogenesis) according
to:
 Endochondral ossification – _________________________________________________
 Role of osteoblasts – ______________________________________________________
 Role of osteoclasts – _______________________________________________________
 Epiphyseal plate – _________________________________________________________
 Epiphyseal line – __________________________________________________________
9. Differentiate between the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton, and list
their components.
 Axial skeleton – ___________________________________________________________
 Components – ________________________________________________________
 Appendicular skeleton – ____________________________________________________
 Components – ________________________________________________________
10. Identify the number of bones in the mature human skeleton.
 Number of bones in a mature human skeleton – ________________________________
11. Identify the following cranial bones:
 Ethmoid
 Frontal
 Occipital
 Parietal
 Sphenoid
 Temporal (petrosal)
79
12. Identify the location and function of the following skull features:
 Foramen magnum – _______________________________________________________
 Occipital condyles – _______________________________________________________
 Mastoid process – ________________________________________________________
 Sinus – __________________________________________________________________
13. Define fontanel and locate the main fontanels.
 Fontanel – _______________________________________________________________
 Main fontanels – __________________________________________________________
14. Identify the following bones of the face:
 Hyoid
 Maxilla
 Mandible
 Nasal
 Zygomatic
80
15. Describe the vertebral column according to:
Region
Number of
Bones
Characteristic of
Vertebra
Structural Parts of a
Vertebra
 ___________
 ___________
 ___________
 ___________
 ___________
16. List the components of the thorax.
 Components of the thorax – ________________________________________________
Use the image below to complete questions 17 – 19.
81
17. Identify and describe the parts of the sternum:
 Manubrium – ____________________________________________________________
 Body – __________________________________________________________________
 Xyphoid process – _________________________________________________________
18. Identify and describe and the ribs according to:
Type
Number
Description
 Vertebrosternal
(true)
 Vertebrochondral
(false)
 Vertebral
(floating, but also
false)
19. Identify and describe the pectoral girdle according to:
 Clavicle – _______________________________________________________________
 Glenoid cavity – __________________________________________________________
 Scapula – ________________________________________________________________
 Sternoclavicular joint – _____________________________________________________
20. Identify the bones of the brachium and
antebrachium:
 Humerus (including greater tubercle)
 Radius
 Ulna (including olecranon process)
82
Use the image below to complete questions 21 & 22.
21. Identify the bones of the manus:
 Carpals
 Metacarpals
 Phalanges
22. Identify the numerical designations (I-V) assigned to the phalanges of the
manus.
 Phalanges I
 Phalanges III
 Phalanges II
 Phalanges IV
23. Identify the bones and features of the pelvis:
 Acetabulum
 Coxal bones
 Iliac crest
 Ilium
 Ischium
 Pubis
 Sacroiliac joint
 Symphysis pubis
 Phalanges V
83
24. Identify the bones of the thigh and crus:
 Femur (including head and greater
trochanter)
 Patella
 Tibia (including lateral malleolus)
 Fibula (including lateral malleolus)
Use the image below to complete questions 25 & 26.
84
25. Identify the bones of the pes:
 Metatarsals
 Tarsals (general)
 Phalanges
 Calcaneus (specific)
 Talus (specific)
26. Identify numerical designations (I-V) assigned to the phalanges of the pes.
 Phalanges I
 Phalanges III
 Phalanges II
 Phalanges IV
 Phalanges V
Review and Reflection
o Something I need to review from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o A concept that I am having trouble understanding from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o One thing I found interesting was:
________________________________________________________________
 I am comfortable with my knowledge of this unit and with how the
objectives may interrelate.
85
Unit 12: The Muscular System
1. List the three types of muscle tissue.
 _______________
 _______________
 ______________
2. Differentiate the three types of muscle tissue according to:
 _____________
Overall Shape
Presence of
Striations
Nuclei of the
Muscle cell
Functional
Characteristics
Examples
within the
body
 _____________
 ____________
86
3. Describe the gross structure of the skeletal muscle according to:
 Membranes:
o Epimysium – __________________________________________________________
o Perimysium – _________________________________________________________
o Endomysium – ________________________________________________________
 Fascicles – _______________________________________________________________
4. Describe the following terms relating to muscles:
 Origin & insertion site – ____________________________________________________
 Tendon/Aponeurosis – _____________________________________________________
 Bursa – _________________________________________________________________
 Synovial Membrane – ______________________________________________________
 Tendon sheath – __________________________________________________________
5. List the three primary functions of skeletal muscle.
 Function #1: – _________________________________________________________
 Function #2: – _________________________________________________________
 Function #3: – _________________________________________________________
6. Describe how the contraction of skeletal muscle results in the movement of a
bone.
 Contraction of the skeletal muscle – _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Differentiate the following types of skeletal muscle as to:
 Prime mover – ________________________________________________________
 Synergist – ___________________________________________________________
 Antagonist – __________________________________________________________
87
8. Differentiate between an isotonic and isometric contraction.
 Isometric – ___________________________________________________________
 Isotonic – ____________________________________________________________
9. Identify the location of the following skeletal muscles:
Head
Hamstring
 Frontalis
 Masseter
 Platysma
 Biceps femoris
 Semimembranosus
 Semitendinosus
Shoulders, Anterior extremity, and
Neck






Quadriceps Femoris




Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Deltoid
Triceps brachii
Sternocleidomastoid
Rectus femoris
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Thorax
 Intercostals
 Pectoralis major
 Trapezius
Abdomen and Back





External oblique
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Latissimus dorsi
Rectus abdominis
Thigh and Inferior Extremity




Gastrocnemius
Sartorius
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
(Label the other diagrams on the next page.)
88
Review and Reflection
o Something I need to review from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o A concept that I am having trouble understanding from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o One thing I found interesting was:
________________________________________________________________
 I am comfortable with my knowledge of this unit and with how the
objectives may interrelate.
89
Unit 13: The Endocrine System
1. State the general functions of the endocrine system.
 Functions of the endocrine system – __________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Differentiate between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland.
 Endocrine gland – _________________________________________________________
 Exocrine gland – __________________________________________________________
3. Identify the location of the following structures and glands:
 Adrenal cortex
 Adrenal medulla
 Anterior pituitary
 Posterior pituitary
 Hypothalamus
 Ovary
 Pancreas
 Parathyroid
 Pineal
 Placenta
 Testis
 Thyroid
 Thymus
Please complete the Review and Reflection on the next page.
90
Review and Reflection
o Something I need to review from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o A concept that I am having trouble understanding from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o One thing I found interesting was:
________________________________________________________________
 I am comfortable with my knowledge of this unit and with how the
objectives may interrelate.
91
Unit 14: The Special Senses
1. List the special sense organs.
 The special sense organs – __________________________________________________
2. Identify the general (somatic) sense organs:
 Free nerve endings – ______________________________________________________
 Tactile (Meissner) discs – ___________________________________________________
 Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles– ________________________________________________
 Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles – _____________________________________________
 End-bulbs (Kraus corpuscles) – ______________________________________________
 Golgi tendon receptors – ___________________________________________________
 Muscle spindles – _________________________________________________________
The Eye
3. Identify and describe the accessory organs of the eye according to:
 Conjuctiva – _____________________________________________________________
 Eyebrows – ______________________________________________________________
 Eyelids – ________________________________________________________________
 Extrinsic eye muscles – _____________________________________________________
 Lacrimal apparatus (including lacrimal glands) – _________________________________
 Medial canthus – _________________________________________________________
 Lateral canthus – _________________________________________________________
 Tarsal (Meibomian) glands – ________________________________________________
92
4. Describe the gross structure and functions of the following components of the
eyeball:
 Sclera – _________________________________________________________________
 Cornea – ________________________________________________________________
 Choroid – _______________________________________________________________
o
Ciliary body – ______________________________________________________
o
Iris – _____________________________________________________________
 Lens – __________________________________________________________________
 Retina – _________________________________________________________________
 Anterior chamber – _______________________________________________________
o
Aqueous humour – __________________________________________________
 Posterior chamber – _______________________________________________________
o
Vitreous humour – __________________________________________________
 Optic disc – ______________________________________________________________
 Optic nerve – ____________________________________________________________
93
5. Describe the microscopic structure of the retina according to:
 Pigment layer – ___________________________________________________________
 Neural layer – ____________________________________________________________
o Photoreceptor cells – __________________________________________________
o Bipolar cells – _________________________________________________________
o Ganglion cells – _______________________________________________________
 Rods & cones – ___________________________________________________________
 Macula lutea – ___________________________________________________________
 Fovea centralis – __________________________________________________________
94
6. Locate the visual cortex.
 Visual cortex – ___________________________________________________________
The Ear
7. Identify the two sensory functions of the ear.
 Function #1 – ____________________________________________________________
 Function #2 – ____________________________________________________________
8. List the three anatomical areas of the ear.
 _________________
 _________________
 ________________
9. Describe the structure of the auricle (or pinna).
 Auricle (or pinna) – ________________________________________________________
95
Use the image below to complete questions 10–16.
10. Describe the location and shape of the external auditory canal.
 External auditory canal – ___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
11. Describe the structure and function of the middle ear according to:
 Tympanum – _____________________________________________________________
 Ossicles – _______________________________________________________________
o Malleus – ____________________________________________________________
o Incus – ______________________________________________________________
o Stapes – _____________________________________________________________
 Oval window – ___________________________________________________________
 Round window – __________________________________________________________
 Auditory (pharyngotympanic, eustachian) tube – ________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
96
12. Describe the structure and functions of the inner ear:
 Bony or osseous labyrinth – _________________________________________________
o Perilymph – __________________________________________________________
 Membranous labyrinth – ___________________________________________________
o Endolymph – _________________________________________________________
13. List the three divisions of the bony and membranous labyrinth.
 Cochlea – _______________________________________________________________
 Semicircular canals and ducts – ______________________________________________
 Vestibule – ______________________________________________________________
14. Describe which parts of the inner ear function in:
 Static equilibrium – ________________________________________________________
 Dynamic equilibrium – _____________________________________________________
 Hearing – ________________________________________________________________
15. Describe the basis for how the structures of the middle ear and inner ear
function.
 Middle ear and inner ear function – ___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
97
16. Define the vestibulocochlear (acoustic) nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII).
 Vestibulocochlear nerve – __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Review and Reflection
o Something I need to review from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o A concept that I am having trouble understanding from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o One thing I found interesting was:
________________________________________________________________
 I am comfortable with my knowledge of this unit and with how the
objectives may interrelate.
98
Unit 15: The Reproductive System
1. Define the terms:
 Gamete – ________________________________________________________________
o Ova – ________________________________________________________________
o Spermatozoa – _________________________________________________________
 Zygote – __________________________________________________________________
The Male Reproductive System
Use the image below to complete questions 2–7.
2. Identify the gonads of the male reproductive system.
 Male gonads – _____________________________________________________________
3. List the accessory organs of the male reproductive system.
 Male reproductive accessory organs – __________________________________________
99
4. Describe the location, structure and functions of the following parts of testes:
Location
Structure
Function
 Scrotum
 Tunica
albuginea
 Seminiferous
tubules
 Interstitial cells
 Testosterone
 Epididymis
5. Describe the sequence of the following ducts that carry mature sperm from the
testes to the exterior.
 Ductus (vas) deferens – _____________________________________________________
 Ejaculatory duct – _________________________________________________________
 Urethra – ________________________________________________________________
6. Identify and describe the following glandular structures of the male reproductive
system.
 Seminal fluid (semen) – _____________________________________________________
 Seminal vesicles – _________________________________________________________
 Prostate gland – ___________________________________________________________
 Bulbourethral gland – _______________________________________________________
100
7. Describe the male external genitalia.
 Scrotum – ________________________________________________________________
 Penis – ___________________________________________________________________
o Corpus spongiosum – _____________________________________________________
o Corpora caverosa – ______________________________________________________
o Glans – ________________________________________________________________
o Prepuce – ______________________________________________________________
The Female Reproductive System
Use the image below to complete questions 8–14.
8. List the gonads of the female reproductive system.
 Female gonads – ___________________________________________________________
9. List the accessory organs of the female reproductive system.
 Female accessory organs – ___________________________________________________
101
10. Identify the location and structure of the ovaries.
 Ovaries – _________________________________________________________________
11. List the two functions of the ovaries:
 Gametes – ________________________________________________________________
 Hormones – _______________________________________________________________
o Estrogen – ______________________________________________________________
o Progesterone – __________________________________________________________
12. Identify the location, structure, and function of the ducts of the female
reproductive system:
Location
 Fimbriae
 Uterine
(Fallopian)
tubes
 Uterus
(fundus,
body, cervix)
 Myometrium
 Endometrium
 Vagina
Structure
Function
102
13. Describe the accessory glands associated with the female reproductive system:
 Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands – _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 Breasts – ________________________________________________________________
 Lactiferous ducts – ________________________________________________________
 Areola – _________________________________________________________________
14. Identify and state the function of the following structures of the external
genitalia (vulva) of the female:
 Mon pubis – ______________________________________________________________
 Clitoris – _________________________________________________________________
 Orifice of urethra – ________________________________________________________
 Labia minora – ____________________________________________________________
 Orifice of vagina – _________________________________________________________
 Labia majora – ____________________________________________________________
Review and Reflection
o Something I need to review from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o A concept that I am having trouble understanding from this unit is:
________________________________________________________________
o One thing I found interesting was:
________________________________________________________________
 I am comfortable with my knowledge of this unit and with how the
objectives may interrelate.