DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF MOBILE FIRE
ALARM SYSTEM WITH WATER SPRINKLER
BY
KOKORI, Adize Abdulkareem
2015/1/56558EE
A FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY,
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA,
NIGER STATE.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(B.ENG) IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.
AUGUST, 2021
DECLARATION
I KOKORI ADIZE ABDULKAREEM with matriculation number 2015/1/56558EE hereby
declare that this project titled “Mobile Fire Alarm System with Water Sprinkler” was done based
on my original work except for citations and quotations which have been duly and fully
acknowledged and referenced. I also declare that such a project has not been previously and
concurrently submitted for any other degree or award at the Federal University of Technology
Minna or other institutions.
Kokori Adize Abdulkareem
2015/1/56558EE
_______________________
(Signature and Date)
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the project “MOBILE FIRE ALARM SYSTEM WITH WATER
SPRINLKER” was carried out and submitted to the department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering by KOKORI, Adize Abdulkareem with matriculation number 2015/1/56558EE and
have been approved having met the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng)
in Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Federal University of Technology Minna.
Engr. Dr. U. S Dauda
_________________
(Project Supervisor)
(Signature and Date)
Engr. Prof. Jacob Tsado
_________________
(Head of Department)
(Signature and Date)
_________________
__________________
(External Examiner)
(Signature and Date)
DEDICATION
I dedicate this project with love to my family, friends, and mentors for their encouragement,
sacrifice, and endless support. I especially dedicate this project to my ameer and mentor, Late Asp
Cadet Ruffai Tijjani Diko and 5 others who lost their lives in a tragic car fire accident on the 6th of
May 2018, (THE ACADEMY BLACK SUNDAY), and also, to Turkey and all other countries
suffering from forest fire.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My utmost gratitude goes to Allah (SWT), for His endless mercies, blessings, and guidance all
through my life and with whose mercy and grace enabled the completion of this project. All Praise
and adoration is to Allah the lord of the world.
My heartfelt gratitude goes to my supervisor Engr. Dr. U. S. Dauda for his time, patience and
guidance. He was not only a project supervisor but a teacher and a mentor. I pray you continue to
achieve greater heights. I am grateful to my technical supervisor Mrs. Asindi for her contribution
and support. I also sincerely appreciate my mentors and advisors Prof. Abiodun Musa Aibinu, Dr.
A. Daniyan, Engr. A. A. Isah for their direct and indirect support and motivation.
I shall forever remain grateful and indebted to my parents Engr. K. O. Suberu and Mrs. Kokori A.
Aminat, my siblings Abdukadir, Farouk, Nimat, and Habibat, for their belief in me and unending
support, financially, morally, spiritually, and emotionally. I pray ALLAH (SWT) gives me the
strength to make you all proud. May Allah reward you all abundantly, and make yours bigger and
better (Ameen).
My profound appreciation goes to my technical support team, my friends Sulleiman Mariam,
Abdullahi Sani, Aromose Qudus, Abdulkadir Kolos, Sadiq Hassan and others that encouraged and
assisted me through my stay in FUTMINNA.
I also extend my appreciation to my project colleagues, the members of the department of electrical
and electronics engineering (both staff and students), for their assistance and support throughout
the program. May God reward you all.
ABSTRACT
Detecting fire and extinguishing it, is a hazardous job for a fire fighter - it poses great risks to the
lives of the firefighters. This project aims at giving a technical solution to the aforementioned
problem The aim of this project is to design and construct a mobile fire alarm system with water
sprinkler. The system uses the Arduino Uno microcontroller on a printed circuit board. The
ultrasonic sensor, 5 channel flame sensor, the pump and dc motors are all connected to the board.
The system is a simple design that not only assists in individually detecting fire, but also
extinguishes it with a mounted water sprinkler without an operating personnel required. The
system is simple to use, with low power consumption and cost effective. The reliability of the sensor
segment, control segment and overall reliability of this device was evaluated to be 0.78, 0.80 and
0.956 respectively, Thus, it is effective in preventing fire outbreak through early detection of fire
or flame and extinguishes it to save lives and properties.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGES
Cover Page
i
Title Page
ii
Declaration
iii
Certification
iv
Dedication
v
Acknowledgement
vi
Abstract
vii
Table of Contents
viii
List of Figure
ix
List of Plate
x
List of Table
xi
CHAPTER ONE- INTRODUCTION
1.1
General Introduction
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Aim and Objectives
3
1.4
Methodology
3
1.5
Scope and limitation of the work
4
1.5.1 scope of the work
4
1.5.2 limitations of the work
4
chapter organization
5
1.6
CHAPTER TWO- LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
6
2.2
Review of Automatic Fire Emergency
7
2.3
Review of Related Work
8
2.4
Conclusion
16
2.5
Chapter Summary
17
CHAPTER THREE- DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
3.1
Introduction
18
3.2
Description of Hardware Components
18
3.2.1
Arduino UNO
18
3.2.2
Ultrasonic Sensor
19
3.2.3
5-Channel flame sensor
21
3.3
3.2.4 buzzer
22
3.2.5 Resistor
23
3.2.6 Capacitor
23
3.2.7 Transistor
24
3.2.8
Diode
26
3.2.9
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
27
3.2.10 Push Buttons
27
3.2.11 IC & IC Sockets
28
3.2.12 DC Motors
29
Description of Software Components
30
3.3.1
Arduino Integrated Development Environment(IDE)
30
3.3.2
Program Codes
30
3.4
Design and Implementation
30
3.5
Mode of Operation/Working Principle
32
3.5.1 The control Unit
33
3.5.2 The Fire Detection Unit
33
3.5.3
34
The Extinguishing Unit
3.6
Area of Application
34
3.7
Chapter Summary
34
CHAPTER FOUR- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Hardware Development
35
4.2
Software Development
35
4.3
System Testing and Performance Evaluation
36
4.3.1
Power Supply Segment
36
4.3.2
Connectivity Segment
37
4.3.3
Sensitivity Segment
37
4.3.4
Sensitivity of flame Sensor at Day and Night
39
4.3.5
Change of Output of Flame Sensor
42
4.3.6
MFASWWS
43
4.4
Discussion of Result
45
4.5
Chapter Summary
45
CHAPTER FIVE- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Conclusion
46
5.2
Recommendation
REFERENCES
47
49
APPENDIX:
Program Code
51
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
PAGE
3.13
System Block Diagram
31
3.14
Circuit Diagram
32
4.1
Circuit Design on Proteus
36
4.2
Effect of Sensitivity of Flame Sensor at Day
40
4.3
Effect of Sensitivity of Flame Sensor at Night
40
4.4
Change of output of flame sensor
41
4.5
MFASWWS Hardware unit without flame detected
42
4.6
MFASWWS Hardware unit with flame detected
43
LIST OF PLATES
PLATE
PAGE
3.1
Arduino Uno
19
3.2
HC SR04 Ultrasonic sensor
20
3.3
Flame Sensor
22
3.4
Buzzer
22
3.5
Resistor
23
3.6
capacitor
23
3.7
Transistor
25
3.8
Diode
26
3.9
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
27
3.10
Push Buttons
28
3.11
Microchip Integrated circuit
29
3.12
DC Motors
29
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
PAGE
2.1
Review of Related Work
11
4.1
Voltage Results obtained from Power Supply Segment Test
37
4.2
Result Data for 5 channel Flame Sensor
38
4.3
Result Data for HC SR04 Ultrasonic sensor
38
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
General Introduction
Most of the fire accidents occurring in industries like nuclear power plants, petroleum refineries, gas
tanks, chemical factories and other large-scale fire industries result in quite serious consequences.
Fire-fighting is an important but dangerous occupation. A fire-fighter must be able to get to a fire
quickly and safely extinguish the fire, preventing further damage and reducing fatalities.
Technology has finally bridged the gap between firefighting and advanced machines, allowing for
a more efficient and effective method of firefighting. Robots designed to find a fire, before it rages
out of control, could one day work with fire fighters, thereby greatly reducing the risk of injury to
victims. Our world is currently facing global warming, whereby the average temperature of our
earth’s atmosphere and oceans is increasing year by year. According to an ongoing temperature
analysis conducted by scientists at National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)’s
Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), the average global temperature on Earth has increased
by a little more than 1◦ C since 1880, two thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate
of roughly 0.15-0.20◦ C per decade [1]. Global warming of the earth may lead to more forest fire
and fire disasters occur as everything gets more flammable due to the high temperature of our
earth’s atmosphere. Therefore, fire extinguishing robots are needed to reduce to the minimum or
subsequently erase all the damages caused by natural or human made fire disasters.
1
With the advancement in the field of Robotics, human intervention is becoming less every day and
robots are used widely for the purpose of safety. This project integrates auto technology for
autonomous operation using an Arduino microcontroller.
Sometimes it is almost impossible to intervene in these situations without the help of a robot.
Because robots have certain advantages such as sensing, size, resistance to fire and flexibility –
these features are an advantage to achieving efficient human works. It is not safe to appoint a
person to patrol for accidental fire where a robot can do the patrolling. Therefore, robots are made
to patrol for fire detection and give early warning for infant fire detected, in domestic, industrial
and environmental cases before the fire escalates. These robots may be used in industrial
environment and even in residential areas where there is more probability of an accidental fire
occurring.
Different sensors are used in the fabrication of this project and the fusion of their performances is
ensured by an intelligent algorithm in Arduino computing platform or by soft computing
techniques. Our effort is to develop an autonomous fire fighter robot which is constructed by
locally available fire resistant and water-proof materials and performs on an Arduino based fire
detection and extinguishing algorithm. The robot is also fabricated so that it can save itself from
fire by keeping safe distance from the source. At different distances from the fire, the performance
of the robot is evaluated by performing sensitivity tests on the sensors taking serial monitor
readings in Arduino.
Therefore, Arduino based mobile fire alarm system with water sprinkler is designed to control fire
through a robotic vehicle. The put forward vehicle has a water jet spray which is capable of
sprinkling water. The sprinkler can be moved in all four cardinal directions. The arrival of new
2
high-speed technology using DC motors provides a realistic opportunity for robot control. The
main controlling devices of the whole system are; smoke sensor, water jet spray, DC motors and
buzzer interfaced to the Arduino micro-controller.
1.2
Problem Statement
Detecting fire and extinguishing it, is a hazardous job for a fire fighter - it poses great risks to the
lives of the firefighters. This project aims at giving a technical solution to the aforementioned
problem. A robot is a mechanical design that is capable of carrying out complex series of actions
automatically, especially one programmable by a computer [2]. The device has a fire extinguishing
unit attached to it. Using DC motors for free obstacle navigation, the device individually detects
fire, and the buzzer unit sounds an alarm which triggers the extinguishing unit to spray water from
a safe distance relative to the actual location of the fire.
1.3
Aim and Objectives
The aim of this work is to design and construct an Arduino based mobile fire alarm system with
water sprinkler that is controlled using a flame sensor.
The objectives are;
i.
To design and construct a prototype capable of free obstacle navigation using DC motors
and ultrasonic sensor.
ii.
To design and construct a prototype capable of detecting fire, and successfully
extinguishing it.
iii.
1.4
To evaluate the effectiveness of the device in curbing fire accidents.
Methodology
3
The methodology used for the design and construction of this project are; software programming,
online research on fire alarm systems, taking Nigeria as an area of concentration and construction
of the device to draw conclusions on the impact of the device in effectively arresting fire incidents
and saving human lives and properties.
The software programs that will be used for simulating all the hardware devices for the
construction of this project are C and C++ programming languages. The micro-controller to be
employed in this design is the Arduino UNO (ATmega328P). These programming languages were
chosen because of their compatibility with the Arduino UNO micro-controller used, its ease of
simulation and feasibility of design.
An online research on fire accidents and fire alarm systems - especially in Nigeria - its societal and
economic impact. Also, another research will be done on embedded systems and how to implement
it in the design of the mobile fire alarm system with water sprinkler.
1.5
Scope and Limitations of the Work
1.5.1
Scope of the Work
Here, an Arduino based mobile fire alarm with sprinkler is fabricated providing an extinguishing
platform. There is about a 1-liter water reservoir capacity. An Arduino based simple algorithm is
used for mobility, detection of fire and measurement of distance from fire source while the robot
is on its way to extinguish fire. When the fire is detected and the robot is at a distance near to the
fire, a centrifugal pump is used to throw water for extinguishing purpose. A water spreader is used
for effective extinguishing. It is seen that velocity of water is greatly reduced due to the use of
water spreader. Two sensors: LM35 and Arduino Flame Sensors are used to detect the fire and
distances on its way towards the fire. Sensitivity of these sensors at different day times and
distances is tested through analog reading of the serial monitor.
4
1.5.2
Limitations of the Work
This project is targeted at individually arresting infant fire, buzzing an alarm and extinguishing the
fire. However, in residential areas, pedestrians may serve as obstacles to free navigation and the
device would be more efficient with fire accident in industries/factories, warehouses, fuel stations
and general outdoor/forest fire. Also, water sprinkler used in the extinguishing unit may be less
effective in arresting class B and class C fires.
1.6
Chapter Organization
The work is organized as follows:
Chapter One contains; the background of the study, problem statement, aim and objectives, scope
and limitation of the study and the chapter organization. Chapter two discusses the literature
review, the proposed model and highlights the theoretical background of the various electronic
components used in the fabrication of the device. Chapter three is the methodology: how the
electronic components work and relate with each other and the implementation of the theory.
Chapter four discusses the testing of the fabricated device showing the algorithm and flow chart.
It also entails the result and the discussion of the result. Chapter five concludes the overall project
work and also provides recommendations for future work.
5
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
Ermst Meili, a Swiss physicist, invented an ionization chamber system capable of detecting
combustible gases in mines in 1939, which sparked the invention of these life-saving devices.
Meili's invention of a cold-cathode tube, which could amplify the tiny electronic signal produced
by the detection mechanism to a strength strong enough to trigger an alarm, was the real
breakthrough [3].
Despite the fact that Ionization Chamber Smoke Detectors (ICSDs) have been available in the
United States since 1951, they were initially only used in factories, warehouses, and public
buildings due to their high cost. Residential ICSDs were commercially available by 1971, costing
about per detector and selling at a rate of a few hundred thousand per year [3].
Over the next five years, a flurry of new technological developments reduced the cost of the
detectors by 80% and increased sales to 8 million in 1976 and 12 million in 1977 [3]. Solid-state
circuitry had replaced the earlier cold-cathode tube by this time, significantly reducing the size and
cost of the detectors. Design improvements, such as more energy-efficient alarm horns, enabled
the use of commonly available battery sizes rather than the previously required hard-to-find
specialty batteries.
6
Circuitry advancements enabled the monitoring of both voltage drop and internal resistance buildup in the battery, either of which would trigger a signal to replace the power source. The new
generation of detectors could also work with less radioactive source material, and the sensing
chamber and smoke detector enclosure were redesigned for greater effect.
2.2
Review of Automatic Fire Emergency
An automatic fire alarm is a device that detects smoke in a building and alerts the occupants,
allowing them to escape the fire and preventing smoke inhalation or burns. Equipping a home
with at least one smoke detector reduces the chances of the residents dying in a fire by half.
Home smoke alarms were named one of the "30 Products That Changed the World" by R&D
Magazine readers in 1992 [3]. "In the early 1970s, smoke detectors became widely available and
relatively inexpensive" [3].
Prior to that date, home fire fatalities averaged 10,000 per year, but by the early 1990s, the figure
had dropped to less than 6,000 per year [3].
For residential use, two basic types of smoke detectors are currently available. To detect smoke,
the photoelectric smoke detector employs an optical beam. When smoke particles obscure the
beam, a photoelectric cell detects the drop in light intensity and sounds an alarm. This type of
detector responds most quickly to smoldering fires that produce a significant amount of smoke.
The second type of automatic fire alarm, known as an ICSD, detects flaming fires that produce
little smoke more quickly. It uses a radioactive material to ionize the air in a sensing chamber; the
presence of smoke affects the flow of ions between a pair of electrodes, causing the alarm to sound.
In the United States, between 80 and 90 percent of smoke detectors installed in homes are of this
type [3]. Although most residential models are self-contained units that run on a 9-volt battery,
7
building codes in some parts of the country now require installations in new homes to be connected
to the house wiring and have a battery backup in case of a power outage.
The typical ICSD radiation source emits alpha particles, which remove electrons from air
molecules, resulting in positive oxygen and nitrogen ions. The electrons attach to other air
molecules during the process, forming negative oxygen and nitrogen ions. Within the sensing
chamber, two oppositely charged electrodes attract positive and negative ions causing a small
current flow in the air space between the electrodes. When smoke particles enter the chamber, they
attract some of the ions, causing the current flow to become disrupted. A similar reference chamber
is built to prevent smoke particles from entering. The fire emergency constantly compares the
current flow in the sensing chamber to the flow in the reference chamber; if there is a significant
difference, an alarm is triggered.
2.3
Review of Related Work
The prototype of [4] describes the design of a home fire alarm with Arduino based system, by
means of GSM module. The project purposely was for house safety, where the main point is to
avoid the fire accidents occurred to the residents and the properties inside the house as well. It
utilizes Arduino Uno board in conjunction with ATmega328 chip. The controller used is an
ATmega328 which controls the home fire alert subjected to the temperature sensor. An LM35
temperature sensor is used to detect the heat from the fire.an alert would be sent to the user via
Short Message Service (SMS) via GSM module. Through this system, it can help users to improve
their safety standards by having immediate response in preventing accidents. This will eventually
allow the users protect their lives and properties as well, from disasters. However, this design was
not implemented, the design would be less effective in rural areas where there is limited or no
8
service network, and the design gave more priority to detecting the fire with no prevention or
protection scheme.
The method employed by [5] worked on the design of a wireless automatic fire alarm system,
using 2.4G wireless networking technology, represented by ZigBee. This design requires no
through-wall ducting and wiring, with no damages done to buildings. Although 2.4G transmission
advantage lies in the long range of visibility, obstacles still present pose significant influence to its
transmission. For some large scale and complicatedly separate buildings, to ensure better
transmission quality of 2.4G network, large number of relays or radiation power increase would
be needed, which will result in increased cost, conflicting with the low cost and low power target
of wireless fire alarm systems.
The concept in [6] employed the use of multiple sensors (infrared thermopile array to detect
temperature, photoelectric smoke detector to detect smoke particles, carbon monoxide sensor to
detect level of carbon monoxide) for early and effective fire detection. Buzzers are used to alert
residents. Device is relatively sensitive, however, it is stationary with no extinguishing feature as
well.
The function and design of [7] is similar to [5] except that gas sensors were not employed in [5].
Zigbee transmission technology is used to build wireless network and random forest and E chart
for data visualization to identify smoke. The project work is less effective in detecting fire because
gas sensors were not employed. Device is stationary with no water sprinklers or extinguishing
feature.
Gas and fire detector alarm system with water sprinkler using SMS feedback was designed by [8].
This system makes use of a microcontroller along with sensing circuit which will detect gas
leakages and fire. With the aid of a buzzer the system gives alert about fire or gas leakage, GSM
9
modem installed makes it possible to send a Short Message Service (SMS) to notify the user of
fire or gas leakage. In a case of fire, the water sprinkler sprinkles water on the affected area to
reduce the effect of the fire. A Liquid Crystal Display(LCD) displays the status of the system. This
device is stationary, the lack of its mobility makes it more efficient in preventing fire in residential
buildings, stores, small rooms, offices etc. and less effective with outdoor or forest fire. The
presence of GSM module limits the use of this device in rural areas where there are no network
service facilities.
The design of [9] is also similar in concept to[4],[8], and [9] , it aimed at proposing a prototype of
a fire detection system using multi-sensor approach. The prototype used an MQ2 gas sensor, a
groove temperature sensor, a groove light sensor, and an Arduino microcontroller, a GSM and
GPS shield. In the event of a fire outbreak, the device would be able to send an SMS alert to the
home owner as well as the firefighting department with GPS coordinates of the residence.
However, the device is stationary and has no water sprinklers or extinguishing feature.
A fire alarm system that integrates the use of affordable instruments, connectivity and wireless
communication was proposed by [10]. The device is a real time monitoring system that detects the
presence of fire and capture images via a camera and displays it on a screen. Using an automatic
triggering by connecting one more Arduino along with relay, the screen switching would be
automated. As soon as the output of the sensors, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide and fire is
increased above the threshold value, the controller 1 would send the signals to GSM and controller
2. The key feature of the system is the ability to remotely send an alert whenever a fire is detected.
The system will also alert the user by using a GSM module. When the presence of smoke is
detected, the system will display the live feed of the area under surveillance. The advantage of
using this system is that it can detect early fire. The system is also power efficient as the screen
10
will only be ON when fire is detected, however, the design is more effective in outdoor or forest
fire cases. Dust particles, fog and shadows are interferences that can trigger false alarms.
The purpose of [11] like other related work, is to design a GSM based fire sensor alarm using
Arduino. It employs the use of GSM module for interaction with users. Multiple sensors (including
resistance temperature detector, thermistor and thermocouple) for early and effective fire
detection. This design is effective, but like others, it is stationary, feedback is limited to GSM alert
and buzzers, with no water sprinklers or extinguishing feature.
Similar in function and design is [12] to [8]. The project has three main systems, the first is the
detection system, the second is the monitoring system and the third is the controlling system. It
employs the use of fire, smoke and heat sensors to automatically detect fire, buzz the alarm as well
as sprinkling water to put out the fire. The proposed system is designed by using GSM technology
and PIC16F877A microcontroller along with sensors. The GSM module is used to interact with
users during fire incidents. The entire system is controlled by microcontroller. However, gas
sensors were not used, thereby reducing fire detecting efficiency. This device is also stationary.
Unlike others, [13] designed a firefighter robot dubbed QRob. QRob is designed to be compact in
size than other conventional fire-fighting robot in order to ease small location entry for deeper
reach of extinguishing fire in narrow space. QRob is also equipped with an ultrasonic sensor to
avoid it from hitting any obstacle and surrounding objects, while a flame sensor is attached for fire
detection. This resulted in QRob demonstrating capabilities of identifying fire locations
automatically and ability to extinguish fire remotely at particular distance. QRob is programmed
to find the fire location and stop at maximum distance of 40 cm from the fire. A human operator
can monitor the robot by using camera which connects to a smartphone or remote devices. This
device requires a human operator a maximum of 40meters away from fire incident which poses
11
risk to the life of the human operator, absence of a human operator during a fire outbreak could be
disastrous. Remote control limits the usage of this device to the limited population exposed to the
use of appliances and gadgets using remote control.
The review of related work is summarized in Table2.1.
Table 2.1: Review of related work
Author/year
Title
Advantages
Limitations
N N Mahzan, 2018.
Design of an Arduino Use of Arduino
The device is
based home fire
boards.
stationary, SMS
alarm system with
Increased efficiency
feedback without
GSM module.
using multiple
sprinkler/extinguishing
sensors.
feature.
Feedback/response
through SMS using
GSM module
W Dong, 2016.
Design of wireless
Uses wireless
The device is
automatic fire alarm
transmission, low
stationary and
system.
data consumption.
Feedback is limited to
buzzers (sound alarm)
only
12
Author/year
Title
Advantages
Limitations
Low power
consumption since it
uses batteries.
No wiring required,
so no damages done
to the wall.
Jens Foyer 2016.
Smart fire detector
Employed the use of
The device is more
multiple sensors, (CO effective but
sensor, photoelectric
stationary.
sensor, the
Response limited to
thermopile array) for
sound alarm.
more effective
No extinguishing
sensing, and users
feature
interacts using 3
buttons.
Qin Wu, 2018.
Intelligent smoke
Using ZigBee
No gas sensors
alarm system with
transmission
employed.
sensor network using
technology to build
The device is
ZigBee.
wireless network,
stationary.
Uses random forest
and E chart for data
13
Author/year
Title
Advantages
Limitations
visualization to
No water pumps or
identify smoke
sprinklers attached.
The response is
limited to sound alarm.
R O. Okeke, 2017.
Z S. Obanda, 2017.
Design and
GSM module for
The device is
simulation of gas &
SMS feedback using
stationary.
fire detector and
fire and gas sensors
Feedback is limited to
alarm system with
to detect fire, and
sound alarm, SMS &
sprinkler.
automatic sprinklers.
water sprinklers for
Arduino Uno
fire cases.
development
Response to gas
microcontrollers for
incidents is limited to
control.
sound alarms only.
Multi sensor fire
IoT-based invention,
The device is
detection system
using multiple
stationary.
using Arduino Uno
sensors for smart fire
No extinguishing
microcontroller.
detection with GPS
feature.
and GSM module to
Feedback/response
interact with user
system is limited to
during fire outbreak.
SMS.
14
Author/year
Title
Advantages
Limitations
Digvijay Singh,2017.
Development of
Employs video
More reference to
system for early fire
surveillance system,
outdoor/forest fire.
detection using
video camera
Dust particles, fog &
Arduino.
sensitive to smoke at
shadows are
daytime and fire
interferences that can
flame at night,
trigger false alarms.
multiple sensors for
Feedback is limited to
detection accuracy,
sound alarms
D Paul, 2016.(IJSE)
GSM Based fire
GSM module for
The device is
sensor alarm using
interaction with
stationary.
Arduino.
users.
No sprinklers/
Multiple sensors for
extinguishing feature.
efficient detection
Feedback is limited to
using Resistance
sound alarms and
Temperature
SMS.
Detector(RTD)
thermistor and
thermocouple.
Guyita Gunchato, 2018.
GSM based
Employs the use of
The device is
automatic fire
fire, smoke and heat
stationary.
sensors to
15
Author/year
Title
Advantages
Limitations
detection and water
automatically detect
Gas sensors not
sprinkler system.
fire and triggers the
employed.
buzzer and alarm
Feedback is limited to
system, as well as the
sound alarm, SMS and
water sprinkler to put
water sprinkler system
out the fire.
employed.
GSM module to
interact with users
during fire incidents.
Mohd Aliff, 2019.
Development of
Automatic fire
The remote control
firefighting robot
detection using fire,
allows the user a
gas and flame
maximum of 40m
sensors.
away from the fire
Independently
scene.
putting out the fire
Feedback is limited to
using water pumps,
sound alarm & water
interacts with user
sprinklers for fire
through a remote
incidents.
control.
No feedback for gas
cases.
16
2.4
Conclusion
The summary of the limitations from Table 2.1 which this project aims to address are;
i.
The device is stationary, thereby limited to detecting only nearby fire.
ii.
Use of complex methods and outdated components.
iii.
Increased risk since robots require a manual operator within the fire incident area.
iv.
Presence of water sprinklers for fire incidents but inability to detect actual position of fire.
v.
SMS feedback using GSM module limits the use of device to urban areas where there is
mobile network.
vi.
The implementation is more effective handling large/outdoor/forest fire and less effective
with infant fire.
The above listed limitations will be considered and solutions implemented in the design and
construction of the project; Mobile fire and gas detector with water sprinklers.
2.5
Chapter Summary
The theoretical background of the research was presented in this chapter, starting from the
historical background of fire alarms systems to the review of fire emergency. Some of the related
works were also reviewed with their limitations exposed.
17
CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
3.1
Introduction
This chapter explains in details the methodology of the project work using block diagram and flow
chart to show how this project is being designed and implemented. It presents the various electrical
components used for the design and construction of the prototype, as well as the mode of operation
and its application area.
This project is divided into two parts, the hardware and the software.
3.2
Description Of Hardware Components
This project comprises of hardware and software unit. The hardware system is divided into the
following parts in this project;
i.
Arduino Uno
ii.
Ultrasonic sensor
iii.
Flame sensor
iv.
Buzzer
v.
Resistor
18
vi.
Capacitors
vii.
Transistors
viii.
Diodes
ix.
LED
x.
Cables and connectors
xi.
Switches
xii.
Push buttons
xiii.
IC and IC sockets
xiv.
DC motor
xv.
Water tank and nozzle
3.2.1 Arduino Uno
The Arduino UNO is a micro controller. It is an open source - which makes development very
easy - micro controller board based on the microchip ATmega328P. It has 14 digital input and
output pins, out of which 6 outputs are Pulse Width Modulated (PWM). It is programmable with
the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and usually comes with a type B USB
cable which can be used to power it or it can be powered externally. Plate 3.1 shows an Arduino
Uno.
Its operating voltage is 5 volts while its input voltage ranges from 7 to 20 volts. The Arduino UNO
has a flash memory of 32 kilobytes of which 0.5 kilobytes is used by the bootloader. It includes a
USB cable, a power jack, serial port and a reset button [14].
19
Plate 3.1: Arduino Uno [14]
3.2.2 Ultrasonic Sensor
The HC-SR04 sensor as shown in Plate 3.2a, is a 4pin module whose pin names are Vcc, Trigger,
Echo and Ground respectively. This sensor is widely used in applications involving distance
measuring or sensing objects is required. The module has two eye like projects in the front, which
forms the ultrasonic transmitter and receiver. The sensor works with the formula, Distance =
Speed × Time.
20
Plate 3.2a: HC SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor [15]
The Ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels in air and when it gets
reflected back towards the sensor , this reflected wave is observed by the ultrasonic receiver
module as shown in Plate 3.2b.
Plate 3.2b: Ultrasonic Receiver Module [15]
21
The utltasonic sensor is commonly used with both microcontroller and microprocessor platforms
like Arduino, Raspberry Pie, PIC, etc. Vcc powers the sensor with +5V, trigger pin is an input pin
and is connected to the input pins of the microcontoller, while the echo pin is an output pin and
can be connected to the output pins of the microcontroller, the ground pin is connected to the
ground of the system [15].
3.2.3
5 Channel Flame Sensor
The flame sensor is able to detect a flame by sensing light wavelength between 760 –1100
nanometers. The test distance depends on the flame size and sensitivity settings. The detection
angle is 60 degrees, so the flame does not have to be right in front of the sensor. The sensor is built
with an electronic circuit using a receiver like electromagnetic radiation. This sensor uses the
infrared flame flash method, which allows sensor work through a coating of oil, dust, water vapor,
otherwise ice etc. [16].
Pin 1 is the Vcc pin, connected to the voltage supply, usually 3.3V to 5.3V, pin 2 is the Ground
Pin, connected to the ground. Pin 3 and pin 4 are the analog output and digital output pins
respectively, usually connected to the output pins of the microcontroller [16].
There are two sensor outputs
i.
Digital – sending either zero for nothing detected or one for a positive detection
ii.
Analog – sending values in a range representing the flame probability/size/distance; must be
connected to a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) capable input. Plate 3.3 shows a flame sensor.
22
Plate 3.3: flame sensor [16]
3.2.4
Buzzer
A buzzer is a small significant component to add sound system to our work. It is used in
communication eqipments and alarming circuits, where a user has to be alarmed about something.
It is a very small and compact 2-pin structure, which makes it a widely used component in most
electronic applications. Powering the buzzer by applying DC power supply ranging from 4V to
9V causes the internal circuit to oscillate, hence, producing a beep, beep, beep sound[17]. Plate
3.4 shows a buzzer.
23
Plate 3.4: A Buzzer [17]
3.2.5 Resistor
The resistor is a passive electronic component that provides resistance to electrical current. They
are basically used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, divide voltages etc. A resistor can
either be fixed or variable [18]. This project uses fixed resistors of 1 kilo ohms, 2 kilo ohms and
10 kilos ohms’ resistors. Plate 3.5 shows a diagram of a resistor.
Plate 3.5: A Resistor [18]
3.2.6 Capacitor
A capacitor is a two terminal passive electrical component that stores electrical energy in an
electric field. A capacitor consists of two conductors seperated by a non conducting medium, the
meduim could be either a vacuum or an electrical material known as the dielectric. From coulomb’s
law, a charge on one conductor will exert a force on the charge carriers within the other conductor,
attracting opposite polarity charge and repelling like polarity charge, thus an opposite polarity
charge will be induced on the surface of the ther conductor [19]. Each device in the series
is designed for voltages of 450 V DC to 1300 V DC and comes with a capacitance range of 6.5 µF
to 260 µF. These DC-link capacitors are designed for a maximum hotspot temperature of 105 °C.
24
The current handling capacity of IRMS is up to 27.6 A (10 kHz, 60 °C) and the minimal ESR is
2.4 mΩ[20].
Measuring 35 mm x 53 mm and 60 mm x 120 mm, these devices come with plastic housing that
corresponds to UL 94 V-0. The tall insertion height of these new DC-link capacitors enables them
to meet low footprint requirements on the PCB in relation to their capacity [20].
The devices in the new series feature five pins ensuring high current capability as well as high
stability on the PCB. These devices can be used as frequency converters for drives, converters for
photovoltaic and air conditioning systems, and critical UPS systems. A capacitor is represented by
Plate 3.6.
Plate 3.6: A capacitor [19]
3.2.7 Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical
power. Transistors are one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics.] It is composed
of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external
circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current
through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the
25
controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged
individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits[21].
There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit.
A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base
terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger
current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are
labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and
drain [21].
Transistors are commonly used in digital circuits as electronic switches which can be either in an
"on" or "off" state, both for high-power applications such as switched-mode power supplies and
for low-power applications such as logic gates. Important parameters for this application include
the current switched, the voltage handled, and the switching speed, characterized by the rise and
fall times [21]. Plate 3.7 shows a transistor.
Plate 3.7: A Transistor[21]
26
3.2.8
Diode
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction
(asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally
infinite) resistance in the other. A diode vacuum tube or thermionic diode is a vacuum tube with
two electrodes, a heated cathode and a plate, in which electrons can flow in only one direction,
from cathode to plate. A semiconductor diode, the most commonly used type today, is a crystalline
piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical
terminals.Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of
asymmetric electrical conduction across the contact between a crystalline mineral and a metal was
made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but
other semiconducting materials such as gallium arsenide and germanium are also used. Plate 3.8
shows an image and electrical symbol of a typical diode [22].
Plate 3.8: A diode [22]
3.2.9 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
27
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows
through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the
form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined
by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is
obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the
semiconductor device.
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
LEDs are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, fairy lights, automotive headlamps,
advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper, horticultural grow
lights, and medical devices. LEDs are shown in Plate 3.9 .
Plate 3.9: Light Emitting Diodes [23]
3.2.10 Push Buttons
A push button is used in this project to put on and off the device. It is basically used to cut the
supply of voltage to the device. It is shown in Plate 3.10
28
Plate 3.10: Push Button [22]
3.2.11 Ic & Ic Sockets
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a
microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor
material, usually silicon. Large numbers of tiny MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor fieldeffect transistors) integrate into a small chip. This results in circuits that are orders of magnitude
smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete electronic components. The
IC's mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to integrated circuit
design has ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete
transistors. ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the
world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now
inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size and low
cost of ICs such as modern computer processors and microcontrollers [23]. An IC is shown by
Plate 3.11 .
29
Plate 3.11: A microchip Integerated circuit [23]
3.2.12 Dc Motors
A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic
fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or
electronic, to periodically change the direction of current in part of the motor [24]. For the purpose
of mobility of this system, two dc motors are used, each on the left and right side respectively.
Two Servo motors are employed, to rotate or change the direction of the ultrasonic sensor when
an obstacle is in front of the device, and the other to rotate or chane the direction of the water pump
so as to extinguish fire from all angles. Plate 3.12 shows a dc motor.
Plate 3.12: DC motor [24]
30
3.3
Description Of Software Components
The software component of this project is divided into two parts;
i.
Arduino IDE
ii.
Program code.
3.3.1 Arduino Integerated Development Environment (IDE)
The Arduino IDE is an open source arduino software used to program of the arduino
microcontrollers,it is the main text editing program used for arduino programming. It makes it
easy to write codes and upload it to the board. The arduino is fundamentally a C/C++ environment,
while processing’s underlying language is java, python may be used for applications that require
integeration with sensors and other physical devices. Once the arduino code is compiled, it is then
uploaded to the board’s memory.
3.3.2 Program Codes
These are arduino codes used to program the microcontroller,The name given to arduino code files
is called a sketch, the arduino IDE supports C/C++ languages with an addition of special methods
and functions.
The program code used to implement the design of this project is sited in the appendix ;
3.4 Design And Implementation
The design of this project work is illustrated by the system block diagram in Figure 3.13 below.
Before carrying out any project, the block diagram must be drawn and fully understood. Block
31
diagram gives a pictorial understanding of any work. The block diagram of the system is shown in
Figure 3.13 while Figure 3.14 shows the circuit diagram implemented in this project design.
Figure 3.13 : System Block Diagram
32
Figure 3.14: Circuit Diagram
3.5 Mode of Operation/Working Principle
The working principle or mode of operation of the mobile fire alarm system with water sprinklers
as depicted by the system block diagram in Figure 3.13 can be described in three units.
i.
The control unit
ii.
Fire detection unit
iii.
Fire extinguishing unit
33
3.5.1 The Control Unit
The logic control unit of the device is solely the Arduino Uno. Arduino Uno provides an Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) which provides a base of programming for the C and C++
languages. The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. The
input/output pins are connected in different ways with the motor, pump and sensors. In this way,
it establishes control over each component of the device. The power supply control unit is solely
a LiPo battery. To power the motor, pump and the whole circuit a Lithium polymer battery is used.
It is a 2200 mAH and 12V battery. It is a rechargeable battery of lithium-ion technology in a pouch
format. This type of batteries is lighter but also less rigid. To power the Arduino, the voltage of
the battery is stepped down to 8V by 7808IC. Because Arduino operates best at this voltage.
Motors and pump selected for the robot can be best powered at 12V. So choosing a 12V LiPo
battery was efficient.
3.5.2 The Fire Detection Unit
The fire detection unit comprises of the dc motors, ultrasonic servo motor and the sensors
(ultrasonic sensor and 5 channel flame sensors), the dc motors rotate on its axis, causing the device
to move, while the ultrasonic sensor detects obstacles on its path. With the help of the ultrasonic
servo, the device is able to change direction and move away from the obstacle. Therefore, the
device navigates freely while searching for flame, smoke or fire.
34
3.5.3 The Fire Extinguishing Unit
This unit comprises of the water tank, water sprinkler/pump and the pump servo motor. The
presence of fire detected by the fire detection unit buzzes an alarm, thereby causing the pump to
sprinkle water on the fire. The pump servo motor slightly adjusts or change the direction of the
water pump, so the fire is put out from various angles, resulting in effective fire extinguishing.
3.6
Area of Application
The use of the mobile fire alarm system with water sprinklers is applicable in both domestic and
industrial areas, where there is likelihood of fire outbreak. Areas ranging from homes, offices,
stores/malls to warehouses, fuel stations, factories, oil and gas plants etc.
3.7 Chapter Summary
The design and construction of a mobile fire alarm system with water sprinkler is the highlight of
this chapter. The device navigates freely, independently detecting fire, and extinguishes the fire
using water sprinklers or pump.
35
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Hardware Development
The construction of the hardware part of this project work involves the implementation of the
design using proteus professional application version 8, carrying out continuity test and finally
printing the circuit diagram on a Printed Circuit Board(PCB). all segments of the project were
tested and results tabulated.
4.2
Software Development
The software part of this project work involves the writing of the program codes, these codes are
written on a C/C++ friendly environment called the Arduino IDE. The codes are compiled and
errors are corrected. The successfully compiled codes are converted to executable code in
hexadecimal codes used to simulate the circuit diagram on the professional proteus application.
These codes are finally uploaded to the memory of the Arduino UNO microcontroller used. Figure
4.1 shows the simulation of the circuit design on the professional proteus application.
36
Figure 4.1 circuit design on proteus
4.3 System Testing and Performance Evaluation
4.3.1 Power Supply Segment
The power supply segment was tested. During testing the following steps were achieved;
i.
AC input mains was measured to ensure correct voltage value.
ii.
Stepped down transformer output voltage was also measured and recorded.
iii.
The input and output of the bridge rectifier was also measured and recorded.
iv.
All soldering connections were done with precision to prevent connectivity errors.
37
v.
Table of results obtained are shown in table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Voltage Results obtained from Power Supply Segment Test.
Component Name
4.3.2
Input
Value Output
Expected Value
(V)
Obtained (V)
of Output
1
Step-down Transformer
230
12.57
12.00
2
Bridge Rectifier Circuit
12.57
16.89
15.77
3
LM2576
16.89
12.25
12.00
Connectivity Segment
i.
All interconnection with the Arduino Uno were properly done and pins were firmly
fixed.
ii.
DC motors were serviced lubricated to reduce friction to ease mobility.
iii.
Translational motion from the DC motors to the mechanical wheels was ensured
iv.
Data sheets were consulted to acquire the needed ratings.
Reliability of Connectivity Segment, Rcs =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
(4.1)
Number of successful connections =7
Total Number of Trials = 9
Rcs =
4.3.3
7
9
= 0.78 or 78%
Sensitivity Segment
The sensitivity segment of the project work consists of the HC SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor and
the 5 channel flame sensor. During testing of the sensitivity unit, the following steps were
taken.
38
i.
The flame sensor was tested by varying the distance of the sensor from fire source.
ii.
The HC SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor was tested by varying the position of the sensor from
obstacles.
iii.
Interconnections were checked again to avoid pins partial connection.
iv.
Data sheets were also conducted to acquire accurate sensor ratings.
Table 4.2 result data for 5 channel flame sensor.
Data
Operating
Distance from
Detection
voltage (V)
fire
angle (◦)
source(nm)
1.
Manufacturers Data
3.30 – 5.00
760 – 1100
180
2.
Measured Quantity
3.59
749 - 1088
180
Table 4.3 result data for HC SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor.
Data
Operating
Operating
Voltage (V) Current
Measuring
Accuracy
distance (cm)
(mA)
1.
Manufacturers Data
5.00
15.00
2.00 – 450.00 3.00
2.
Measured Quantity
4.89
14.81
27.00
- 3.41
447.73
The reliability of the sensitivity unit (Flame sensor and HC SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor) was
calculated by finding the ratio of successful operations to the total number of trials.
39
Reliability of Sensitivity Segment, Rss =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
(4.2)
Number of successful sensing = 8
Total Number of Trials = 10
Rss =
4.3.4
8
10
= 0.80 or 80%
Sensitivity of flame sensor at day and night:
Sensitivity of Arduino Flame Sensor is tested at day and night without any fire and from 3 feet
distance away from the fire source and the results are demonstrated in Figure 4.2 and 4.3
respectively. It is seen from Figure 4.2 that at 7 am, the sensor gives higher output with or without
fire source. But as the time goes on, the reading keeps falling. This is because of the presence of
infrared rays from sunlight. Nearly at 12 noon to 1:00 pm, the intensity of sunlight increases to the
highest of the day and thus increases the availability of infrared rays to which the flame sensor
responds. So, the output reading is the lowest at this time of the day with or without fire source.
But after 3:00pm, the sun’s intensity starts to reduce and as a result the output reading starts to
increase. It reaches the maximum value at the end of the day when the Sun sets off.
Figure 4.2: Effect of sensitivity of flame sensor at day
40
Figure 4.3: Effect of sensitivity of flame sensor at night
In Figure 4.3, it is evident that the readings are almost similar throughout the night with and
without the fire source. As the effect of Sun ceases to exist around 11pm to 3:00 am, the output
reading without the fire source is the highest and it becomes the lowest with the fire source. So
the gap between these two readings is highest in this portion of the night. This range of time gives
the most adequate difference for the proper distinctiveness between fire source and normal
condition. So it is fact that flame sensor detects fire irrefutably without any inconvenience at night.
41
4.3.5
Change of output of flame sensor when the robot moves towards fire:
Figure 4.4 shows the effect in output of the flame sensor at 10am and 10pm when the robot detects
a fire and starts moving towards the source. When it starts moving towards the source, the analog
output will decrease because of the increase in the intensity of the source. It is also observed that
the readings at 10am are higher than that at 10am at the highest distance away from the source.
The fall of the reading is steeper at 10pm than at 10am. Because at 10am, the infrared rays from
the Sun disturbs the analog reading of the sensor. But it is also found that near the safe possible
distance to fire source, the readings at both day and night are almost same. Because the effect of
the fire source becomes dominant. It is also observed that at near distance to the fire source, the
curve becomes equally steeper for both the cases. Because there are increased infrared rays with
the increase of the intensity of the source. So, there is a rapid attenuation for the output reading in
case of 10pm and in the case of 10am, the attenuation is slight.
Figure 4.4: Change of output of flame sensor when the robot starts moving towards fire Source.
4.3.6 Mobile Fire Alarm System with Water Sprinkler (MFASWWS)
All segments of the mobile fire alarm system with water sprinkler were individually tested. After
42
individual testing was conducted, the system was assembled as a whole unit. Thus, systems
objectives realized. Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6 shows the final result of the MFASWWS working
as a unit.
Thus, to calculate the reliability of the system, the Relay segment and Sensitivity segment
combined using the equation:
RMFASWWS = 1− (1− RSS) (1− RCS)
(4.3)
RHAACS = 1− (1− 0.78) (1− 0.80)
RHAACS = 0.956 or 95.6%
Figure 4.5: MFASWWS Hardware Unit without flame detected
43
Figure 4.6: MFASWWS Hardware Unit with flame detected
4.4
Discussion of Results
From the results obtained, it was demonstrated that the mobile fire alarm system with water
sprinkler is capable of performing all proposed aim and objectives. Indoor (home, offices, hotels,
warehouses, factories etc.) and outdoor fires (e.g. forest fires) can be effectively detected
individually and extinguished using water. The performance of the sensor and connectivity
segment as well as the overall performance of the project was evaluated to be 0.78, 0.80 and 0.96
respectively.
4.5 Chapter Summary
The tests and results on the performance of each segment of the system were reported in this
section. This chapter provides the tests performed on the whole system, and results discussed.
44
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
5.1
Conclusion
The performance of the sensitivity segment, control segment, as well as the overall device
performance evaluated to be 0.80, 0.78, and 0.956 respectively. A mobile fire alarm with sprinkler
also known as Fire Fighting Robot is effective enough to fight against fire on a small scale. It can
sense fire flame better at darker places. It is made as a preventer robot. Because it can detect fire
instantly and can extinguish it before spreading. This multisensory based robot may be a solution
to all fire hazards. With enough funding and scope, this design of robot can also fight against large
fire with larger reserving capacity and an improved sensing unit can provide even an earlier
detection of fire at all circumstances.
5.2
i.
Recommendation
The presence of pedestrians in domestic areas (classrooms, homes, offices, stores etc.) serve
as obstacles to the ultra-sonic sensor, thereby restricting free navigation.
ii.
The water container is made of white plastic material which is waterproof. This provides
resistance to water leakage.
iii.
The system is able to effectively extinguish one fire source at a time.
iv.
The use of multiple sensors (smoke sensors, temperature sensors, hazardous gas sensors)
alongside the 5channel flame sensor would ensure effective detection of flame and other likely
cause of fire outbreak such as gas leakages, electric arcs/sparks, abnormal temperature rise etc.
both at night and during the day.
v.
Raspberry pie microcontroller should be used for better efficiency, more complex algorithm
and functionality, because of its larger memory and relatively higher processing power.
45
vi.
In presence of daylight, the analog output readings are the least. So, an efficient algorithm can
be made at this circumstance even with the worst possible output reading.
vii.
In day, sunlight is absolutely a dominant factor to control the values of the output reading.
viii.
At night, the readings have quite large value without fire source and the least value is obtained
without the presence of fire. This provides a good range of detection.
46
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APPENDIX
Program code:
#include <Servo.h>
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////ultrasonic obstacle detection variables///////////////////////////////////////
Servo myservo; // create servo object to control a servo
Servo myservo2;
// twelve servo objects can be created on most boards
int pos = 0; // variable to store the servo position
int M11 = 9;
int M12 = 10;
int M13 = 11;
int M14 = 12;
long duration, distance;
const int trigger = 4;
const int echo = 3;
bool servo_0deg = 0;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////fire detection variables//////////////////////////////////////////////////
const int pump = A5;
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void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
Serial.begin (9600);
myservo.attach(5); // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object
myservo2.attach(6); // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object
pinMode(M11, OUTPUT);
pinMode(M12, OUTPUT);
pinMode(M13, OUTPUT);
pinMode(M14, OUTPUT);
pinMode(trigger, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echo, INPUT);
pinMode(pump, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pump, HIGH);
stop();
delay(3000);
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
myservo.write(90);
myservo2.write(90);
delay(100);
// read the sensor on analog A0:
int s0 = analogRead(A0);
int s1 = analogRead(A1);
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int s2 = analogRead(A2);
int s3 = analogRead(A3);
int s4 = analogRead(A4);
Serial.print(s0);
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.print(s1);
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.print(s2);
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.print(s3);
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.println(s4);
int direction;
if ((s0 < 30) && (s1 < 30) && (s2 < 30) && (s3 < 30) && (s4 < 30))
direction = 0;
else if (s2 > 985)
direction = 6;
else if ((s0 > s1) && (s0 > s2) && (s0 > s3) && (s0 > s4))
direction = 1;
else if ((s1 > s0) && (s1 > s2) && (s1 > s3) && (s1 > s4))
direction = 2;
else if ((s2 > s0) && (s2 > s1) && (s2 > s3) && (s2 > s4))
direction = 3;
else if ((s3 > s0) && (s3 > s1) && (s3 > s2) && (s3 > s4))
direction = 4;
else if ((s4 > s0) && (s4 > s1) && (s4 > s2) && (s4 > s3))
direction = 5;
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switch (direction) {
case 0:
Serial.println("No fire detected");
forward();
delay(200);
stop();
digitalWrite(pump, HIGH);
break;
case 1:
Serial.println("Right +");
right();
delay(400);
stop();
break;
case 2:
Serial.println("Right");
right();
delay(200);
stop();
break;
case 3:
Serial.println("Forward");
forward();
delay(200);
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stop();
break;
case 4:
Serial.println("Left");
left();
delay(200);
stop();
break;
case 5:
Serial.println("Left +");
left();
delay(400);
stop();
break;
case 6:
Serial.println("Fire Detected! Launch water cannons!");
stop();
delay(200);
digitalWrite(pump, LOW);
while ((s0 > 10) && (s1 > 10) && (s2 > 10) && (s3 > 10) && (s4 > 10))
{
Serial.println("Firing water cannons!");
s0 = analogRead(A0);
s1 = analogRead(A1);
s2 = analogRead(A2);
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s3 = analogRead(A3);
s4 = analogRead(A4);
for (pos = 60; pos <= 140; pos += 1) // goes from 0 degrees to 180 degrees
{
// in steps of 1 degree
myservo2.write(pos);
// tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos'
delay(15);
// waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position
}
for (pos = 140; pos >= 60; pos -= 1) // goes from 180 degrees to 0 degrees
{
// in steps of 1 degree
myservo2.write(pos);
delay(15);
// tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos'
// waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position
}
}
myservo2.write(90);
delay(5000);
digitalWrite(pump, HIGH);
stop();
delay(30000);
break;
}
if ((s0 < 150) && (s1 < 150) && (s2 < 150) && (s3 < 150) && (s4 < 1570))
{
ultrasonic();
if (distance <= 40)
{
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stop();
delay(2000);
myservo.write(0);
delay(2000);
ultrasonic();
if (distance <= 40)
{
servo_0deg = 1;
}
else
{
right();
delay(1900);
stop();
}
myservo.write(90);
delay(1000);
if (servo_0deg == 1)
{
myservo.write(180);
delay(1000);
ultrasonic();
if (distance <= 40)
{
right();
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delay(1900);
stop();
}
else
{
left();
delay(1700);
stop();
}
}
}
}
}
void ultrasonic()
{
/* The following trigPin/echoPin cycle is used to determine the
distance of the nearest object by bouncing soundwaves off of it. */
digitalWrite(trigger, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigger, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigger, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echo, HIGH);
//Calculate the distance (in cm) based on the speed of sound.
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distance = duration / 58.2;
Serial.println("distance=");
Serial.println(distance);
}
void forward()
{
digitalWrite(M11, HIGH);
digitalWrite(M12, LOW);
digitalWrite(M13, HIGH);
digitalWrite(M14, LOW);
delay(500);
}
void left()
{
digitalWrite(M11, LOW);
digitalWrite(M12, HIGH);
digitalWrite(M13, HIGH);
digitalWrite(M14, LOW);
}
void right()
{
digitalWrite(M11, HIGH);
digitalWrite(M12, LOW);
digitalWrite(M13, LOW);
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digitalWrite(M14, HIGH);
}
void stop()
{
digitalWrite(M11, LOW);
digitalWrite(M12, LOW);
digitalWrite(M13, LOW);
digitalWrite(M14, LOW);
}
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