Advanced Placement Chemistry Practice Free-response: Principles of Chemical Bonding
Question 1. Answer the following questions in terms of the principles of molecular bonding.
(a) Draw the Lewis electron-dot structures for CO32-, CO2, and CO, including resonance structures where appropriate.
(b) For each molecule or ion, indicate the hybridization on carbon.
(c) Which of the three species has the shortest C–O bond length? Explain the reason for your answer.
(d) Predict the molecular shapes for the three species. Explain how you arrived at your predictions.
Question 2. Using principles of chemical bonding and molecular geometry, explain each of the following observations. Lewis-dot
structures and sketches of molecules may be helpful as part of your explanation. For each observation, your answer must include
references to both species.
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(a) The bonds in the nitrite ion, NO2 , are shorter than the bonds in the nitrate ion, NO3 .
(b) The CH2F2 molecule is polar, whereas the CF4 molecule is not.
(c) The atoms in C2H4 molecule are located in a single plane, whereas those in C2H6 molecules are not.
(d) The shape of the PF5 molecule is different from that of the IF5 molecule.
(e) HClO3 is a stronger acid than HClO.
Question 3. Answer the following questions that relate to chemical bonding.
(a) Draw the complete Lewis structures for CF4, PF5 and SF4.
(b) On the basis of the Lewis structures drawn above, answer the following questions about the particular molecule indicated.
i)
What is the F–C–F bond angle in CF4?
ii)
What is the hybridization of the valence orbitals of P in PF5?
iii)
What is the geometric shape formed by the atoms in SF4?
(c) Two Lewis structures can be drawn for OPF3, both of which place P in the center and surround it at right angles with F
atoms and O. In one structure, the O is double-bonded to P and possesses two lone pairs, while in the second structure the
O is singly-bonded to P and possesses three lone pairs.
i)
Sketch each molecule.
ii)
How many sigma bonds and pi bonds are in each structure?
iii)
Which of the two structures best represents the molecule? Justify your answer in terms of formal charge.
Question 4. Answer the following questions about the structure of ions that only contain sulfur and fluorine.
(a) The compounds SF4 and BF3 react to form an ionic compound according to the following equation.
SF4 + BF3 → SF3BF4
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i)
Draw a complete Lewis structure for the SF3 cation in the SF3BF4.
ii)
Identify the type of hybridization exhibited by sulfur in the SF3 cation.
iii)
Identify the geometry of the SF3 cation that is consistent with the Lewis structure drawn in part (a)(i).
iv)
Predict whether the F―S―F bond angle in the SF3 cation is larger than, equal to or smaller than 109.5°. Justify
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your answer.
(b) The compounds SF4 and CsF react to form an ionic compound according to the following equation.
SF4 + CsF → CsSF5
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i)
Draw a complete Lewis structure for the SF5 anion in CsSF5.
ii)
Identify the type of hybridization exhibited by sulfur in the SF5 anion in CsSF5.
iii)
Identify the geometry of the SF5 anion that is consistent with the Lewis structure drawn in part (b)(i).
iv)
Identify the oxidation number of sulfur in the compound CsSF5.
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GeCl4
SeCl4
ICl4
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ICl4+
Question 5. The species represented above all have the same number of chlorine atoms attached to the central atom.
(a) Draw the Lewis structure of each of the four species. Show all valence electrons in your structures.
(b) On the basis of the Lewis structures drawn in part (a), answer the following questions about the particular species
indicated.
i)
What is the Cl―Ge―Cl bond angle in GeCl4?
ii)
Is SeCl4 polar? Explain.
iii)
What is the hybridization of the I atom in ICl4 ?
iv)
What is the geometric shape formed by the atoms in ICl4+?
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Question 6. Answer the following questions about ionic compounds and ions.
(a) Identify the compound with the greatest lattice energy in each pair. Justify each choice.
i)
MgO and Na2O
ii)
MgO and Ba2O
(b) The ions of phosphorus and sulfur are isoelectronic with one another.
i)
Identify the number of electrons on the ions.
ii)
Which of the ions is smaller? Justify your choice.