GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURES 315 –
GDT 711S
HARBOURS, DOCKS AND PORTS
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
HARBOURS, DOCKS AND PORTS
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Water transportation system consists of
Sea‐route or River,
Harbour, Dock and Port,
Ships
PORTS
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
DEFINITION
• A harbour is any body of water of sufficient depth where ships can enter to find shelter or
refuge from storms, waves or other types of water turbulence or a halt point for
ships/water vessels
• A true harbour must be in contact with the land part and cannot be surrounded on all
sides by deep water
• The modern harbour is a place where ships are;
– Built,
– Launched,
– Repaired, as well as
– A terminal for incoming and outgoing ships
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DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF HARBOURS – BASED ON THE USE
• Based on the use of harbours, we can classify four principal classes of harbours
– Commercial
– Naval (Defence purposes)
– Fishery
– Refuge for small craft
CLASSIFICATION OF HARBOURS – BASED ON WATER BODY
• Based on the type of the water body, we have four classes of harbours
– Sea Harbour
– Lake Harbour
– River or Estuary Harbour
– Canal Harbour
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DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF HARBOURS – BASED ON THE HARBOUR FORMATION
• Based on the way how the harbour has been formed, we have three classes of harbours
– Natural Harbours (also referred to as Land‐Locked Harbours)
– Semi‐Natural Harbours
– Artificial Harbours
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
THE THREE TYPES OF HARBOURS
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EXAMPLE OF NATURAL HARBOUR – WALVIS BAY HARBOUR
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
VILLEFRANCHE BAY, FRANCE
• This bay is one of the most
beautiful bay in France.
• A top place for divers and
biggest cruise boats. The bay of
Villefranche is one of the
deepest natural harbours of any
port in the Mediterranean Sea
and provides safe anchorage for
large ships, reaching depths of
95 m (320 ft) between the Cape
of Nice and Cap Ferrat; it
extends to the south to form a
500 m (1700 ft) abyss known as
the undersea Canyon of
Villefranche at about one
nautical mile off the coastline.
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
SKETCH OF A NATURAL HARBOUR
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
SKETCH OF A SEMI‐NATURAL HARBOUR
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
SKETCH OF AN ARTIFICIAL HARBOUR
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
DUN LAOGHAIRE HARBOUR IN DUBLIN, IRELAND
DUN LAOGHAIRE FROM THE SOUTHEAST
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
DOCKS
• A dock is an artificial place within a harbour (normally along the Landside) built to provide
berthing or halting of ships for specific purposes
• There are two types of docks;
• Wet Docks
– Docking ship remains floating in the water
– Docking is for loading and/or unloading for cargo ships or Embarking and/or
disembarking for passenger ships
• Dry Docks
– All sea water can be removed after the ship has entered
– Docking is for specific purpose of ship inspection or repair
– It can be flooded again when repaired ship is to leave
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
PORTS
• A port is a complex created along the shore, which includes both, a harbour and the docks
within (the harbour)
• It is built with the necessary terminal facilities to expedite the moving of cargo and
passengers at any stage of a journey
• A good harbour must have a safe anchorage and a direct channel to open water, and must
be deep enough for large ships
• An efficient port must have enough room for;
– Docks,
– Warehouses (i.e. storage for cargo),
– Loading and unloading machinery (cargo handling equipment),
– For handling international cargo ports need customs facility
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
PORTS
• Ports consist of;
– Quays,
– Wharves,
– Jetties
– Piers
– Slipways
• A port is best when it has deep water and protection from winds and waves
• Various types of ports include;
– Port and/or seaport
– River port
– Fishing port
– Inland port
– Dry port
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
CARGO HANDLING FACILITIES
• Cargo can be transported in various ways
– Bags ‐ Materials in smaller quantities
– Pallets ‐ Bags and items that can be stacked
– Containers ‐ Suites a wide range of shipments
– Bulk Cargo ‐ Transported in specialised ships
• General cargo facilities handle non specialised cargo in bags or on pallets, like;
– Fruits,
– Coffee,
– Fish,
– Metals,
– Rubber, and
– Wood
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
PALLETS
ITEMS PACKED ON A PALLET
A PALLET
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PALLETS
ITEMS PACKED ON A PALLET
A PALLET
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
• Unloaded cargo is transported to and from shipside by trucks or train to a temporary
storage
• Containerisation has become the most efficient mode of cargo transport
• It has resulted in the design and building of specialised type of ships (container ships)
• Containers can be carried by trucks (road), railway wagons (rail) and ships (water
transport)
• They are therefore suitable for what is known as multi‐modal Transport (also called
inter‐modal transport)
• Containers are expressed in units of 20 ft Equivalent Units – TEU
• One TEU measures W x H x L = 8ft x 8ft 6in x 20ft≈ 2.44m x 2.59m x 6.1m
• Increased use of containers has called for specialised facilities at the port to handle them,
which include;
– Cranes for loading and unloading them
– Trucks for moving them
Geometric Design of Transportation Infrastructures 315 – GDT 711S
– Terminals for storage
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
PALLETS
ITEMS PACKED ON A PALLET
A PALLET
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
USE OF CONTAINERS IN INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION
ITEMS PACKED ON A PALLET
A PALLET
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
USE OF CONTAINERS IN INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION
ITEMS PACKED ON A PALLET
A PALLET
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
CONTAINER TERMINAL AND PORT FACILITIES ‐ MACHINERY
• Container terminals require significant open upland paved areas to store containers
temporarily
• Containers are brought to nearby upland holding areas (container yards) by trucks or train
• A specialised type of crane lifts the individual container from the truck or train vertically
and then moves it horizontally to the appropriate storage location on a ship
• A container yard must be organised and managed carefully to ensure that any and all
containers can be accessed in the minimum amount of time
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
CONTAINER TRUCKS
• Specially designed for quick loading and unloading of containers
• Used for transporting containers between the quay and the yard
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
RAIL MOUNTED GANTRY – RMG
• Run on rail tracks (of very wide railway gauge)
• Used as quay crane (also known as Ship‐to‐Shore Gantry Cranes or simply STS cranes)
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
RAIL MOUNTED GANTRY – RMG
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
MOBILE HARBOUR CRANES
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
MOBILE HARBOUR CRANES
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
MOBILE HARBOUR CRANES AND CONTAINER TRUCKS
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
RUBBER TYRED GANTRY – RTG
• Run on rubber tyres
• Used at the container yard
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
RUBBER TYRED GANTRY – RTG
• Run on rubber tyres
• Used at the container yard
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
STRADDLE CARRIERS
• Run on rubber tyres
• They can be used for;
– Loading and unloading of container trucks
– Stacking containers
– Move containers from STS cranes to a yard
• A single straddle can lift two 20ft containers at the same time
• A straddle can stack;
– Containers one over two
– Three or even four containers high
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
STRADDLE CARRIERS
• Run on rubber tyres
• They can be used for;
– Loading and unloading of container trucks
– Stacking containers
– Move containers from STS cranes to a yard
• A single straddle can lift two 20ft containers at the same time
• A straddle can stack;
– Containers one over two
– Three or even four containers high
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
REACH STACKERS
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Run on rubber tyres
Used in small and medium container operations
They are widely used in intermodal operations as they are flexible
They can be used for all functions;
– Loading and unloading of railway wagons and road trucks
– Transporting containers
– Stacking containers in the yard
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
FRONT HANDLING MOBILE CRANES
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TRANSPORT INFRASTUCTURE 315 – GTD711S
CONTAINER TERMINAL
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