Lecture 2
PE
Introduction
Petroleum Production
includes two general systems
• The Reservoir
Porous medium with
unique storage
• Flow characteristics
• The Artificial structures
The Well
The Bottomhole
The Wellhead assemblies
The Surface gathering
The separation
Storage facilities
It attempts to maximize production (or injection) in a costeffective manner
In practice
(emphasizing production or injection
optimization)
• It involves one or more wells
• The focus is often on specific wells and with a
short-time intention
BUT
Reservoir engineering
• Takes a much longer view and is concerned
primarily with recovery
In general there may be occasional conflict in the
industry
International petroleum companies (to accelerate
and maximize)
VS
National oil companies (to manage reserves and
long-term exploitation strategies)
Production engineering
technologies and methods of application
• Formation evaluation
• Drilling
• Reservoir engineering
For Instance:
Modern formation evaluation provides a composite
reservoir description through (3-D) seismic, interwell log
correlation and well testing. Description which leads to
identification of geological flow units, each unit with specific
characteristics. Connected flow units form a reservoir.
Drilling
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3czg-d2NfbY
Multibranched
Laterals
into horizontal hole
Stacked laterals
Forked
Laterals into vertical hole
Dual-opposing laterals
Drilling
• Creates all important wells
Хобот
Соединение
Боковой
Скошенный
Радиальный
Филиал
Careful Drilling
• MWD (measurement while drilling)
• LWD (logging while drilling)
Reservoir Engineering
• Study: Study multiple wells
• In the time duration: long term
Depends one to another
Production and Reservoir
Well performance
Production Engineering
• In developing a petroleum production
Thinking process,
it is first necessary to understand important
parameters that control the performance and
character of the system.
Lecture 3
Components of the Petroleum
Production System
• Volume and Phase of Reservoir Hydrocarbons
Reservoir
Reservoir
Reservoir Height
• Often known as “reservoir thickness”
Reservoir
Field Pool
While appropriate reservoir description and
identification of boundaries, heterogeneities, and
anisotropies is important, it is somewhat forgiving in
the presence of only vertical wells. These issues
become critical when horizontal and complex wells are
drilled.
• Understanding the geological history that preceded the
present hydrocarbon accumulation is essential.
• There is little doubt that the best petroleum engineers
are those who understand the geological processes of
deposition, fluid migration, and accumulation.
Whether a reservoir is an anticline, a fault block, or a
channel sand not only dictates the amount of
hydrocarbon present but also greatly controls well
performance.
Porosity
• Porosity, simply defined as the ratio or the
pore volume, Vp, to the bulk volume, Vb,
Porosity. The void space in rocks not
occupied by solid material may be
filled with water, oil or gas
• Porosity is one of the very first measurements
obtained exploration scheme, and desirable
value is essential for the continuation of any
further activities toward the potential
exploration of a reservoir. In the absence of
substantial porosity there is no need to
proceed with an attempt to exploit a reservoir.
Reservoir Height
Depending on the initial reservoir condition in the phase diagram (Fig. 1.2),
hydrocarbon accumulations are classified as oil, gas condensate, and gas
reservoirs. An oil that is at a pressure above its bubble-point pressure is called an
‘‘undersaturated oil’’ because it can dissolve more gas at the given temperature.
An oil that is at its bubble-point pressure is called a ‘‘saturated oil’’ because it can
dissolve no more gas at the given temperature. Single (liquid)-phase
flow prevails in an undersaturated oil reservoir, whereas
two-phase (liquid oil and free gas) flow exists in a saturated
oil reservoir.
Lecture 4
Production from Undersaturated Oil
Reservoirs
• Steady State flow performance
• Transient Flow (unsteady-state) of
Undersaturated Oil
• Pseudosteady-State Flow
Production from Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs
• Steady State flow performance
For vertical well draining a region with radius re,
• The pressure at the well boundary pe
• The bottomhole flowing pressure pwf
are constant with time
Practically, pe = constant For a production well can remain
constant only in the presence or pressure maintenance, either by
natural water influx from aquifer or by injection to
maintain pressure in the reservoir.
Oil production rate STB/d
K-md; h-ft; B-formation volume factor res
rb/stb; S- Skin effect
• The pressure difference is called drawdown
Transient Flow of Undersaturated Oil
Pseudosteady-State Flow
Appendix A
Transient Flow