Mr. Johnny L. Mancawan
CDA- II, BENRO
Weather and Climate
Weather is the present
state of the atmosphere
at a certain place and time
1
Climate is the average
condition of the
atmosphere (weather)
for a period of time
over a locality
Philippines mean temperature
0.8
Difference ( C) from 1971-2000)

Annual mean temp
0.6
Smoothed series (5 year running mean)
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
Period
-0.4
Rate
1981-2010 (last 30 yrs)
1951-2010 (60 years)
Years
-0.6
- 0.0164
- 0.0108
C/year
Source: CAD/PAGASA/DOST
-0.8
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year
An increase of 0.648°C from 1951-2010 (60 years)
Climate/Weather
Climate is what you expect.
Weather is what you get.
Characterized by variability and
extremes.
A resource
A hazard
A global common
Image from the EUMETSAT / IODC programme, Meteosat-5 19/03/2006
Colour composite image provided by Meteo-France
Presentation Outline:
1.The Science of Climate Change
2.Impact to Agriculture
3. Adaptation & Mitigation
Saving the environment could be
this century’s biggest challenge
OUR PRECIOUS PLANET
Visualization of the increase in global
average temperature between 1850-2020
global warming?
What is the greenhouse effect?
Greenhouse Gas
 Carbon Dioxide
 Methane
 Nitrous Oxide
Greenhouse Gas
Balance Environment
Greenhouse Gas
Balance Environment
Greenhouse Gas
Enhance
greenhouse
effect
Balance Environment
Greenhouse Gas
Enhance
greenhouse
effect
Unbalance Environment
Greenhouse Gas
Global warming
Sources of Greenhouse Gas
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Industries
Carbon dioxide
 Vehicles
 Cutting and burning of
trees
Carbon dioxide
Coal Power plant
Household Gas Stove
Methane
 Lowland rice
 Cow manure

Piggery waste
 Garbage waste
Nitrous oxides
 Fertilizers
Processing Biofuel
Frying meat at high temperature
 Industrial processess
How ozone is produce
Greenhouse Gas
Ozone Layer
Greenhouse Gas
Ozone Layer
Greenhouse Gas
Ozone Layer
What cause the Ozone layer depletion?
Aerosols
Refrigeration and air conditioning
Industrial solvent cleaning and
dry Cleaning.
Semiconductor and
electronics
Fire extinguishers
Foam Insulation
and padding
Increase in CO2 & Carbon compound Emission
Increase in Green House Gases(GHG)
Increase in Global Temperature
GLOBAL WARMING
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate Change
- is any change in climate over
a period of time, whether due to
natural variability or as a result of
human activity that alters the
composition
of
the
global
atmosphere. (IPCC, 2007)
Impact of
Global Warming
&
Climate Change
Tropical Typhoons
s.
Visited by an average
19 to 20 TYPHOONS
EVERY YEAR
Tracks of tropical cyclones that formed in the Western North
Pacific (WNP) during the period 1948-2010 (1641 TC and 1154 or
70% entered or formed in the Philippine Area of Responsibly
(PAR) (Data used: JMA Data set)
Typhoon Yolanda
Typhoon Yolanda
Typhoon Yolanda
Typhoon Yolanda
Typhoon Sendong
Typhoon Sendong
Typhoon Sendong
Typhoon Pablo
Typhoon Pablo
Typhoon Lawin (Oct. 31, 2016)
LANDSLIDES
MUD FLOWS
Drought
POLAR ICE CAPS MELTING
POLAR ICE CAPS MELTING
No more snow
Disaster Losses in Agriculture
Average Annual Agricultural
Damage: P12.43 B
70.3%
4.5%
Typhoons
Earthquake
Flooding/Flashfloods
Volcanic Eruption
Average annual disasters losses in agriculture by hazard types
Source: NDCC in Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into
Development: Challenges and Experience in the Philippines, Charlotte
Benson, 2009.
Drought
Others
3 factors that affect plant growth
Climatic Factors
•
•
•
•
•
Temperature
Sunlight
Wind
Humidity
Rainfall
1.5
Anomaly
5 year running mean
Temperature Anomalies (°C)
1.0
Linear (5 year running mean)
0.5
0.0
y = 0.0109x - 0.2423
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96
Year
Increase in annual mean temperature by 0.61oC
during the last half century.
(PAGASA, 2010)
01
06
Temperature
• Regulates most plant processes – germination,
flowering, photosynthesis, transpiration,
respiration, breaking of seed dormancy, etc.
Temperature
Effect/Impact to Corn
300 C above
-increasingly impair cell
division and amyloplast
replication in maize kernel
350 C above
-lethal to pollen viability
350 C
-reduce kernel growth rate
and final kernel size
330 C -380 C
-rate of photosynthesis is
high
https://skyros.locean-ipsl.upmc.fr/~ESCAPE/luo2011.climaticchange.pdf
Corn
Temperature
increase by
10 C
Deepak Ray
July 31, 2019
Mean temperature around 29°C
throughout the growing period
Corn
yield
decrease
by 10
percent
RICE
Sensitivity
to Heat
Stress
Sensitivity
to Heat
Stress
LOW
HIGH
Panicle
development
Leaf, tiller and root
development
MEDIUM
Pollination
Grain
filling
Rice
Temperature
increase by
10 C
Peng et.al (2004)
Mean temperature around 22°C
throughout the growing period
Rice yield
decrease
by 15
percent
Temperature
• High air temperature generally affect
transpiration (cooling & water uptake).
• Photosynthesis rapidly decreases (closure of
stomata).
Temperature
o Increase demand of water.
o Longer dry season is favorable to pests &
diseases.
• Quality of fruits affected.
• Excessively low temperatures can also
cause limiting effects on plant growth
and development.
For example, water absorption is inhibited when the soil temperature is low
because water is more viscous at low temperatures and less mobile.
High temperature will affect pollination
Drought/(Hulaw)
Forest & Grass Fire
Sunlight
 Sunlight is needed to produce food
from the leaves.
 Sunlight is needed to transport
food from leaves to roots of plants.
 Sunlight is needed for normal
growth in plants:
- Lack of sunlight will cause lighter color of leaves
than green, will result to low production of flowers
which result to few or no fruits produce.
Sunlight
• Duration of sunlight controls flowering in
many plants.
Relative Humidity
• High RH will cause slow transpiration,
transport of nutrients from roots is
affected.
• High air humidity favors many plant
diseases and insect pests
Wind
• Strong wind result to leaf defoliation, leaf
tearing, stem breakage, loss of flowers &
small fruits.
Wind
• After storm, risk of disease incidence
increase, particularly bacterial disease.
• Strong wind at pollination time induces
sterility.
o excess soil moisture.
- Cause
flooding, water lagging or ponding.
- Slow down
or stop gas
exchange between soil &
atmosphere- oxygen
deficiency.
- Water
lagging reduces nutrient uptake.
o Occurrence of moisture stress during
flowering & pollination is harmful to
most crops.
o Heavy rainfall will cause soil erosion which
will cause decrease soil fertility & affect
nutrient requirements of plants.
o Long period of maturity.
Rising Temperature &
Changes in Rainfall Pattern
Crop Yield
Decrease
Threatens
Food Security
IPCC AR4 (2007): The key findings
“Global warming unequivocal”
“aims to reduce countries’ and communities’
vulnerability to climate change by increasing
their ability to absorb impacts”.
Example of adaptation strategies
Dry Season
Wet Season
Changing Production System: Mixed Cropping
Changing Production System: Organic Farming
Monday, September 27, 2021
Planting of Dragon Fruit
Dragon fruit can adapt to climate change.
Temperature
- Can thrive in high temperature (prefer temperature
of 21-31 degrees C but can also withstand
temperature as high as 38-40 degrees C.
- Drought tolerance
Water
- Need only moderate amount of water (less
thirsty crop).
Improved crop varieties
o Using crops, varieties resistant to stress
environments.
• Drought-tolerant
• Resistant to stresses e.g. water logging, pests.
 Modifying farm management practices (e.g.
changing crops, adjusting planting calendar, changing
planting density, etc.)
Monday, September 27, 2021
 Planting of high yielding varieties.
 appropriate fertilizer application.
 Agroforestry
Plant hedgerows or small wooded plants on
sloping arable land.
 Mulching
1. International Level
(Geneva, 1979)
Geneva Protocol – (1979) discuss on Global Warming
Kyoto Protocol (Kyoto, Japan) – (Dec. 1997) Greenhouse Effect and reduction of greenhouse gas
emission
Montreal Protocol (Montreal, Quebec, Canada) – (Dec.
2015) – formulate the Montreal Action Plan upon the
expiration of Kyoto protocol
Parish Climate Accord (Parish) - to reduce the
greenhouse gas emission, the Philippines committed to
reduce by 70 percent its carbon emissions by 2030.
2. National Government
Climate Change Act of 2009
(Republic Act No, 9729), on October 23, 2009
RA 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Mgt.
3. Local Government Units
 plant trees, encourage others to plant trees and
participate in tree planting activities.
•
Rainforest are the lungs of the world because they absorb vast amount of carbon dioxide and
produce one fourth of the earth’s oxygen supply. In one year, an average tree inhales twelve
(12) kilograms of carbon dioxide (CO2). The amount emitted by a car during an 11,000 miles or
an 18,000 kilometers trip. A tree exhales enough oxygen to keep a family of four breathing for
a year.
 save trees by using both side of paper.
1%
4%
3%
5%
12%
Paper
50%
Food & other
organic
Plastic
25%
1 ton of paper– 17 mature trees
- 24,000 gallons of water
- 1,255 pounds of CO2 released
 advocate the use of renewable energy such as those
from hydrodams, wind, solar radiation.

encourage industries to conduct waste water treatment.
 do waste segregation, recycling & adopt
appropriate waste disposal practices.
 Recyclable products are usually made out of things that already have been used. It usually
takes less energy to make recycled products than to make new ones. The less energy we
use, the better.
 By recycling half of your household waste, you can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide
annually.
 do waste segregation, recycling & adopt
appropriate waste disposal practices.
 Unplug electrical appliances when not in use.
According to studies abroad, 75% of electricity consumed
at home is stand by power to keep electronics running
while they are off.
save energy by using
CFL & LED energy
efficient appliances.
 minimize
use of motor vehicles for short distance travels.
Where We Stand
and
What it Means
Even if the Philippines stops
emitting CO2 there will be little
effect on global warming.
We should reduce emissions
for its other benefits: cleaner
air,less oil dependence, cheaper
energy.
We need to adapt by reducing
our vulnerability and reducing
our carbon footprint.
Key Message
Agriculture is highly exposed to climate change, as
farming activities directly dependent on climate
conditions.
But, agriculture too contributes to the release of
greenhouse gas to the atmosphere.
However, agriculture can also help to provide
solutions to the overall climate change problem.
Laging tandaan, “ang taong
laging handa, sakuna’y
walang panama”
Daghan Salamat