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The impact of adopting lean construction in Egypt: Level of knowledge,
application, and benefits
Article in Ain Shams Engineering Journal · July 2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2021.07.005
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Architectural Engineering
The impact of adopting lean construction in Egypt: Level of knowledge,
application, and benefits
E.N. Shaqour ⇑
Architecture Engineering Department, Nahda University, Benisuef City, Egypt
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 10 May 2021
Revised 5 July 2021
Accepted 12 July 2021
Available online xxxx
Keywords:
Lean construction
Lean tools
Waste reduction
Project management
Construction industry
a b s t r a c t
The construction sector in Egypt faces many challenges related to managerial issues. The construction
industry considers a waste generator sector that harms the economy and environment. This study supposes that adopting lean construction approaches is essential in reducing waste and enhancing the
Egyptian construction sector’s performance. Data was collected from one hundred and sixty-two construction professionals who have the experience to design, manage, and construct projects and are
involved in construction sites in the new capital city in Egypt. The overall conclusion of this study is compatible with the same studies worldwide, which are related to the adoption of lean tools in the construction sector affects time, cost, quality, safety, environment, and relationships positively, which is raising
the value of resources and money. Results indicate that construction professionals apply lean tools in
construction sites to manage, monitor, control, and construct projects, although they sometimes do
not know what they are applying lean tools. Results show the knowledge level of lean concepts is less
than the adoption level. Respondents evaluated 31 benefits of adopting lean construction. The major benefits are economic-related. The main Lean Construction ‘‘LC” tools adoption benefits are: Improve process
control, Improved planning, Material storage control (access and inventory), and Time reduction.
Ó 2021 THE AUTHOR. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ncnd/4.0/).
1. Introduction
The construction industry has proven to be considered one of
the critical economic industries in many countries worldwide,
which affects the national income [1]. Construction industry development considers slow in comparison to other industry sectors and
harms the environment [2]. Inefficient project management in
Egypt causes waste of time, cost, and material [3]. Any activity that
increases production process cost and time without adding value is
called waste [4]. The construction sector in Egypt faces many challenges related to managerial issues. The construction industry considers a waste generator sector that harms the economy and
environment [5]. Project quality and target value are achieved by
⇑ Address: Architecture Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Nahda
University, Benisuef City, Egypt.
E-mail address: eman.shaqoor@nub.edu.eg
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
suitable project management tools [6]. New concepts and tools
have been adopted in management to deal with challenges in the
construction industry [7]. Lean construction is a distinguished
new practice compared to traditional construction management
approaches, which will lead to a good transformation in the construction industry [8].
Production industry Preceded construction industry in implementing Lean methods [9,10]. Lean thinking was first used in the
Toyota production system TPS) in the 1950s in Japan [11]. In
1988, John Krafcik described Toyotas Production System TPS as a
‘‘Lean” [12]. Automobile factories adopt Lean concepts as a standard for production [13]. Lean construction considered a new
method to manage construction project which aims to reduce
waste of material to obtain the maximum value from the process
[14]. Lean construction appeared as a term in 1992 [15]. Construction industry developers refused to apply many thoughts related to
the manufacturing sector, such as implementing Lean Construction
[2]. The challenges of the construction sector emphasize the need
to adopt lean concepts in construction projects [16].
The importance of this research is the contribution to the existing knowledge of lean tools and benefits by prioritizing the benefits of adopting Lean Construction in terms of their level of
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.07.005
2090-4479/Ó 2021 THE AUTHOR. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article as: E.N. Shaqour, The impact of adopting lean construction in Egypt: Level of knowledge, application, and benefits, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.07.005
E.N. Shaqour
Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx
that the isolated application of lean techniques will not achieve
sustainable development. The success of the lean system depends
on people’s how to provide energy and intelligence to it. People
influence leadership styles, the organization’s structure, organization memory, and learning, organization culture, which includes
language, cultures, symbols, and beliefs, which made Toyota own
a deep culture depending on sharing these items. Culture improvement supports the basics of leadership. Toyota has a philosophy of
owning a good process defined by principles, not by technology,
and then improved by people [18].
Lean thinking means Identifying the specified value according
to the product, the flow of value, create product flow, aim for perfection, a custom product, zero-time delivery, and stores are
empty. While lean production means transparency, stopping the
line, one-piece flow, product withdrawal, alignment, and sync
[19]. Lean production aims to identify the value of products, ongoing flow of manufacturing process control, good documentation
and transparency of products data to enhance making a decision,
and effective follow-up products during operation by customer
[16,20]. The lean approach has many aims: waste reduction, time
value, values-based approach, improvements, quality management, and flexibility towards required change [21].
Many companies tried to reduce production costs to comply
with the increased competitiveness worldwide by having an effective production process. Thousands of companies worldwide have
implemented ‘‘lean” principles to benefit their positive impact on
performance [22]. Many studies were investigated lean tools, benefits, barriers, and the success factors for implementing lean
approaches. Despite that, organizations, in general, fail to adopt
lean approaches because they focus on short-term plans [13].
Non-value-adding activities can be eliminated by adequate
planning, accurate decision-making, and data availability [9]. Many
organizations adopted a Lean construction tool that is appropriate
to achieve maximum value. Lean principles, which have been
implemented widely in the manufacturing sector, can eliminate
waste in the construction industry sector if applied broadly [5]. A
new delivery system for projects called Integrated Project Delivery
IPD which promotes high efficiency by giving specific information
and new technologies in a collaborative environment where risks
are shared to improve cost, quality, and time [23]. Lean project
delivery is considered IPD with continual improvement and learning, including systems, thinking based on data, demand, shared
and open, etc. [24].
The construction management process and tools are strengthened by implementing Lean Construction in many ways. In Bangladesh, a study shows that project stakeholders are familiar with and
aware of the technique of LC, but they don’t practice it. They
believe that Lean Construction affects cost, safety, quality, and
the environment positively [25]. Many barriers that limit Lean
Construction practices’ implementation were classified as the following: environment barriers, labor barriers, materials barriers,
and exogenous barriers [26].
Although many studies approved that implementing Lean
thinking in construction has many benefits, the construction sector
suffers from inadequate and ineffective adoption of Lean
approaches worldwide. The adoption of lean tools in the early
stages of construction projects faces negative issues according to
retarding information flow and bad visualization of the project
[27].
importance in New Capital construction projects and revealing
how these benefits positively affect socially, economically, and
environmentally aspects of the construction industry. This study
will motivate project stakeholders to learn, investigate, implement,
and be aware of Lean tools.
1.1. Limitations of the study
A wide range of studies discussed several aspects related to
Lean construction such as lean challenges, between lean and BIM
implementation, lean prefabricated project delivery, the barriers
of implementing lean in construction, comparison between prefabrication and convention systems, and integrating many tools with
lean construction such as Six Sigma and Green Construction, etc.
[17]. This study is limited to studying the level of knowledge of
lean tools and the benefits of using Lean Construction in Egypt.
The research supposes that the adoption of Lean Construction tools
is essential in reducing wastes and improving the Egyptian construction sector.
1.2. Aims of the study
The research structure consists of the introduction, lean definition, history, concepts, literature review, research aims and
methodology, results are presented and discussed, and conclusions
are finally presented.
Data was collected from one hundred and sixty-two construction professionals who have experience in designing, managing,
and constructing projects and are involved in construction sites
in the new capital city in Egypt. A qualitative approach was
adopted through a questionnaire survey to achieve research aims.
The data collected by a questionnaire. Then a statistical technique used to analyze data to reach results to achieve study aims;
these aims are:
1. The first aim is to evaluate the causes of construction waste in
Egypt to justify promoting Lean tools and methods to reduce
and control construction project waste to raise the value.
2. The second one is to explore the knowledge level and adoption
of lean tools in managing construction projects, and the
researcher aims to investigate the actual knowledge and the
actual adoption of lean concepts in the construction sector.
3. The third aim is to identify the benefits of using Lean construction in Egyptian construction sites and define the main factors
that comprise the benefits.
The achievement of these aims will help construction project
stakeholders to take a serious step towards mainstream the use
of LC in construction sites in Egypt.
Results of this study aspire to draw attention to Lean Construction and encourage the construction sector to implement lean concepts to achieve a reduction of waste in cost, time, and material in
addition to adding value. It will be considered as a step towards
achieving environmental and economic better performance.
2. Literature review
2.1. Lean concepts and definition
Lean production’s main concerns are quality and performance
achieved by a certain process [12]. NISTMEPLN defines ‘‘Lean” as
an approach aiming to reduce waste to improve production rate
according to customer requirements. The first application to lean
concepts was in manufacturing production by the Toyota production system [17]. Many manufacturing organizations understand
2.2. Lean tools
Experts implemented the tools to apply Lean thinking in industry and construction.
The common aims among these tools are improving quality,
increase safety, reduce project time, reducing effort in production,
2
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E.N. Shaqour
solve the problems related to construction projects, direct attention from stakeholders and managers to add more value [1]. Many
countries believe in Lean Construction as an appropriate method in
the future that will preserve resources, reduce cost, accelerate
activities, shorten time, and improving control [43]. Lean construction methods, techniques, tools, and concepts could face value
challenges in construction and offer a solution for the efficiencybased problem in the construction industry. Many project-related
items could be enhanced after implementing Lean Construction
tools such as time-saving, material waste reduction, labor waste
reduction, and space-cost saving [44]. Many studies discussed
the benefits of implementing Lean Construction; next, Table 2 clarifies the benefits, classified into Economic, environmental, and
social benefits.
and preserve resources. The mentioned aims could be achieved by
adequate documentation to ensure sustainability, make good use
of previous experiences to enhance the ability to predict and solve
problems, increase the life cycle of the product or building, reducing waste, and raising the value of using resources. In general, lean
tools focus on benefits from previous experiences to solve current
problems and save resources for the future.
Many studies discussed and defined these tools. Lean techniques and tools were extracted from previous studies. Table 1 presents the tools.
Previous studies mentioned that many tools also could be
implemented as a lean tool and appropriate for the construction
industry, such as BIM Building Information Modeling [41], Visual
management VM, which makes construction process simple and
transparent for all project stakeholders by using digital billboards,
graphical dashboards, and signs [28]. Yokoten also is a Japanese
lean tool that means sharing the best practice. ‘‘Single Minute
Exchange of Dies” SMED a tool that means methods that cause
rapid tool change. Six Sigma methodology first used in Motorola,
and it concentrates on the non-occurrence of defects. Heijunka
focuses on a mixed production system (production level) [42].
2.4. Lean construction studies in Egypt
Many researchers in Egypt studied ‘‘lean” from different aspects
using different methodologies to reach the results, such as questionnaire surveys, interviews, and case studies. A study suggested
techniques and principles that improve labor productivity and cost
performance by adopting lean thinking in Egypt. It is used data
related to masonry activity in eleven buildings. This study concluded that there is a relationship between the variability in daily
labor productivity and the quality performance of construction
projects [51].
Another study during 2012 develops a tool for assessing the
impact of adopting lean principles to the project’s design process.
The author used the interview method to collect data, and as a simulation model to the design process was built and then applied to a
case study. The results show 40% improvements in the
2.3. Benefits of implementing Lean construction
Many countries have understood that using Lean Construction
tools to gain better performance in the construction industry to
Table 1
Lean tools definitions and aims were extracted from previous studies.
Tool
Code
Lean Tools
Definition
Aims
T01
Prefabrication
T02
Standardization
T03
The 5S process
Prefabricated components
(offsite production) [28].
Regular Repeated Processes are
leading to success [29].
Classifying, ordering, glowing,
regulating, and repeat process
and using the same tools [30].
Improve quality
and safety
Reduce time and
effort
Maintain tools,
supplies,
equipment,
andsaving time
Defining causeand-effect
Reducing time
waste and
maintain a
suitable
inventory
Increase the
operation time
Minimizing
wastes,
increasing
prediction,
increasing
productivity
Optimize
inventory
T04
Five why
T05
VSM
T06
TPM
T07
LPS
T08
JIT
T09
kaizen
T10
TVD Target
value design
T11
Error proofing
(Poka-Yoke)
T12
Pareto analysis
A problem-solving
technique [28].
Value stream mapping material flow mapping
tool [31].
Total productive maintenancepreventative maintenance [32].
The last planner system- a
technique of constructing
workflow [33].
(Just In Time) Maintaining
material flow to keep
work [34].
Continuous improvementevaluate process quality, time,
resources, and demand [30].
Design with constraints [35,36],
Adapting of target costing from
manufacturing product development [37]. Cost predictability
during product progress [38].
Mechatronic device [39].
High impact causes [40].
Table 2
Extracted Benefits of Implementing Lean Construction from previous studies.
Benefits code
Benefits Group
Environmental benefits
B01
Safety control improvements [45]
B02
Time, cost, and material waste reduction [46,47]
B03
Material waste reduction [47,48]
B04
Improve the quality of the environment [21]
B05
Preventing pollution and emissions [49]
B06
Material storage control (access and inventor) [45]
B07
Reduction of energy consumption [49]
B08
Water conservation [48]
B09
Enhancing work environment [4]
Economic benefits
B10
Time reduction [45,50]
B11
Cost reduction [45,47,50]
B12
Improve quality [48,50]
B13
Increase productivity [45]
B14
Rework minimization [4]
B15
Improve prediction of risks [4,43]
B16
Improving safety [4]
B17
Improved planning [43]
B18
Improve process control [43]
B19
Labor cost reduction [43]
B20
Value achievement [43]
B21
improving life-cycle cost [43]
B22
Reduction of rework [43]
Social benefits
B23
Customer satisfaction [45]
B24
Employee satisfaction [45]
B25
Minimization of conflicts [45,47]
B26
Improve communication between project stakeholders [47]
B27
Enhancing transparency [48]
B28
Improving decision making [47]
B29
Continues improvements [47]
B30
Enhancing team work [47]
B31
Valuing relationships [43]
Performance
criteria
Raising value
Avoiding
mistakes,
increasing
quality and
safety
Risk
management
3
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Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx
performance after using the lean process measured in terms of
activity rates [52].
A study during 2013 develop a new technique depending on
lean principles (LPS Last Planner System) and limited to the execution of industrial buildings in Egypt to control risk factors causes
time overrun showed that implementing lean process reduce
industrial process duration by 15.57%. The developed technique
approved to mitigate many risks causes time overrun [53]. A study
in 2013 suggested adopting lean construction to improve productivity and revealed that lean-based tools have been implemented
in construction management successfully and achieved shorten
in time, improving safety and enhancing quality. This study proposed a model for the performance improvement process and recommended future research on translation to lean thinking in
construction [54].
Although the construction industry in Egypt tries to adopt international plans for development, it has a major impact on the environment and is considered the main waste and resource depletion.
This study investigated the role of implementing lean principles in
the Egyptian construction industry. The methodology of this study
was the first literature review, survey questionnaire, and case
study. The conclusion of this study stated that 58 % of the respondents stated that they apply Lean principles in their projects to add
value and eliminate wastes without knowing that it is called Lean
during design and construction phases [55].
Another study in 2020 suggested a framework to adopt the Last
Planner System LPS and addressed the barriers to implementing
lean concepts in Egypt. The questionnaire survey methodology
was used to reach conclusions [56].
By reviewing many studies conducted in Egypt during the previous 15 years, which used several methodologies which dealt with
the ‘‘Lean Construction” from various aspects, but few of them
tried to study the classification of benefits of applying Lean tools
and approaches from the point of view of the project stakeholders
and based on their experiences. Thus we can reach the significance
of this study. This research investigates the benefits of applying
Lean approaches in the construction industry in Egypt to emphasize their importance and motivate implementation them, and also
measures the extent to which the project partners familiar with
Lean tools and the extent to which they apply them in the construction industry in Egypt. This will form a complete perception
of the existing reality of Lean culture in Egypt to be considered a
starting point for deepening the culture further and applying Lean
tools in a systematic way which will be a real contribution to the
original body of knowledge.
3. Material and methods
3.1. Study methodology
Authors used different approaches to study Lean Construction
in previous studies, such as using a structured survey approach
using questionnaires and interviews, using case study approaches,
developing approaches, models, frameworks, theories, and literature review [18]. This research intends to identify and prioritize
the benefits and the knowledge level of adopting Lean Construction tools and approaches in Egypt. Similar studies used the same
methodology, ‘‘a structured survey approach,” to reach conclusions
as in a study to investigate the barriers to implement lean tools in
KSA [57] and also use in a wide range of similar studies such as in
[58]. However. The used method aligns with the qualitative study
methodology, which provides real explanations by using statistical
analysis.
Research methodology can be summarized as follows:
1. The study began with a problem definition, aims definition, and
literature review consisting of lean concepts and definition, lean
tools, and lean benefits, collected from previous studies.
2. The second step is using a structured survey approach by using
a questionnaire survey
3. The study sample was demonstrated, and the required analyses
were defined to reach the results
3.2. Study limits and community
This study is clarifying the use of lean concepts in Egypt. This
study was conducted in Egypt using a questionnaire survey targeting construction project professionals who have a knowledge background about lean construction and concepts and are engaged in
construction sites in the new capital city. The construction project
professionals’ specializations are architects, engineers (civil,
mechanical, and electrical), project managers, site engineers, and
technical office engineers). The sample selection was random from
the study area, and it was not addressed in the survey contract size
and the form of construction that the respondents are dealing with.
The respondents are working on projects within the government
district and the administrative district. The research tool (questionnaire) was distributed to more than 200 respondents from
the study area, and 162 questionnaires were retrieved. Thus, the
recovery rate is 81%, which is an acceptable percentage to complete the research. The following Table 3 presents the basic information of the research sample. A preliminary study was achieved
to examine the validity of the research tool and the targeted
2.5. Literature review summary
Lean thinking first appeared in the Toyota production system
TPS), so Lean construction is considered new in combative to the
industry sector, aiming to reduce waste of material to obtain the
maximum value from the process. Many studies discussed and
defined lean tools. Many Learn tools were extracted from previous
studies; these are Prefabrication, Standardization, The 5S process,
Five why, VSM, TPM, LPS, JIT, Kaizen, TVD Target value design,
Error proofing (Poka-Yoke), Pareto analysis, BIM, VM, Yokoten,
SMED, Six Sigma, and Heijunka.
Many studies discussed and classified the benefits of implementing Lean Construction; this study classified these benefits into
three groups, these are environmental benefits (9 benefits, Economic benefits (13 benefits), and social benefits (9 benefits). In
addition, several studies with different methodologies were conducted in Egypt to investigate ‘‘Lean Construction” from various
aspects, but few or almost none of them explore the reality in
terms of Lean Tools knowledge and application tools and benefits.
Table 3
Respondent’s basic information.
Variables
Classification
Freq.
%
Educational Qualification
Ph.D.
Master
Bachelor
Civil
Electric
Arch
Consultation
Contracting
Technical office
Site engineer
Project manager
Less than 5
From 5 to 10
More than 10
12
31
119
93
8
61
72
89
42
73
47
42
36
84
7%
19%
73%
57%
5%
38%
44%
55%
26%
45%
29%
26%
22%
52%
Profession
Organization Type
Position
Years of experience
4
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E.N. Shaqour
4. Relative importance index was extracted RII are given below, is
used to rank variables within groups [64]:
respondents who will help in offering actual knowledge about Lean
Construction [59].
The summation of
3.3. Preparation of the research tool (Questionnaire)
the total point score
RII ¼
5N
The data collection was conducted by a survey using a questionnaire. The study adopted the electronic delivery of the questionnaires, which was made using google Forms with a web link.
Participants were invited to display their level of agreement with
the knowledge level and the adoption level of lean tools with the
12 tools listed in Table 1 and indicate their level of agreement with
the importance of the 31 benefits of using Lean Construction in
Egyptian construction industry in Table 2. The questionnaire was
structured into three sections based on the literature review
results as follows:
The value of RII ranges from 0 to 1, which is 0 given below, is
used to rank variables within groups h rating (1–5) for each variable [65]. This test was conducted in many previous studies similar
to this study nature, such as in [14,36,40,62].
5. In the investigation of the undelaying dimensions (dimension
reduction) of the benefits of adopting Lean Construction in
Egypt, the principal component analysis extraction method
was used. This test was conducted in many previous studies
similar to this study nature, such as in [44,57,62,66,67].
1. The first part gathered general information about the
participants,
2. The second part collected data related to the level of adoption
and knowledge of lean construction tools, methods in Egypt.
Twelve tools were collected from previous studies and were
explained to participants to evaluate them twice. The first evaluation is according to the participants’ adoption in construction
projects, and the second is according to the participant’s knowledge of the tool and its aims.
3. The third section gathered information about the benefits of
adopting Lean Construction in Egypt from the respondent’s perception. They were asked to evaluate 31 benefits of adopting
lean construction, which was collected from previous studies,
as clarified in Table 2. The evaluation is according to the importance of avoiding or minimizing the waste of time, cost, and
material and raising value. Benefits were divided into three
groups: social, economic, and environmental benefits.
4. Results and discussion
The analysis results based on a questionnaire survey are presented in this part of the study.
4.1. Waste in construction sites
The amount of waste produced from inadequate processes in a
construction site in Egypt was the main reason for studying the
benefits of adopting Lean Construction. Participants in this study
were asked to order the causes of waste in construction sites.
Results show that the first cause of waste is ‘‘rework due to construction defects,” with a higher value of RII equals 0.579. Then
‘‘material transportation” with the value of RII equals 0.496.
Respondent’s answers show that ‘‘overproduction is the weakest
reason on the list with a value of RII equals to 0.263. The next
Fig. 1 shows the results of waste causes in construction sites. See
Table 4 also.
Lean tools and benefits were presented in tabular format. The
ranking process was conducted depending on the Likert fivepoint scale from 1 to 5 (‘‘one” is the lowest scale value and ‘‘five”
is the largest scale value). Participants in this study were requested
to show their level of agreement with the importance of the 31
benefits of using Lean Construction in the Egyptian construction
industry by indicating the level to which they agree with the sentence (benefit). Likert scale weight is given to each statement starts
with 1, then 2, 3, 4, and 5 for totally disagree, disagree, neutral,
agree, and totally agree [60]. The (SPSS) software was utilized to
analyze data.
Many tests were conducted on the collected data to reach
results. These tests were conducted previously in similar studies:
4.2. The knowledge and adoption of Lean construction in Egyptian
construction sites
The second section of the questionnaire survey aims to explore
if construction professionals aware of lean tools adoption in construction sites and the level of knowledge. Lean tools were converted into a set of goals and definitions. Participants were
requested about their knowledge of these tools and the level to
which they apply these tools based on their stated aims. Respondents were asked to evaluate 12 lean tools collected from the previous study twice: the first one was according to their level of
adoption in projects construction in Egypt, and the second accord-
1. To analyze general information related to respondents, percentages, and frequency distribution test was conducted. Many previous studies used the same tests in similar cases, such as in
[44,57,61,62,63]
2. The mean score value shows the average of the scores for each
tool or lean construction benefits divided by the number of
respondents. Many previous studies used the same tests in similar cases, such as in [9,14,35,36,40]. The mean score (MS) for
each variable should be
3. (mean score (MS) for each variable should be owing equation
[57]:
MS ¼
t¼n
X
ð F i Si Þ
N
i¼1
ð2Þ
ð1Þ
Where: S: the rate is given to each variable by the participants,
F: is the frequency of scores to each rating (1–5) for each variable;
and N: the total number of respondents for a certain variable.
Fig. 1. Ranking of waste causes in construction sites.
5
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Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 4
Causes of waste ranking according to participants point of view in construction sites.
Rank
Cause
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
RII
1
Construction defects that cause rework
Material Transportation
3
Storage of material
4
The movement of equipment and workers
5
Delay in the delivery of material and the start of work
6
Overproduction
36
59
23
37
14
22
14
22
9
15
5
7
27
44
32
52
23
37
9
15
5
7
5
7
5
7
14
22
27
44
32
52
9
15
14
22
9
15
9
15
9
15
23
37
36
59
14
22
9
15
14
22
9
15
9
15
27
44
32
52
14
22
9
15
18
29
14
22
14
22
32
52
0.58
2
%
Freq.
%
Freq.
%
Freq.
%
Freq.
%
Freq.
%
Freq.
0.50
0.41
0.39
0.31
0.26
the construction professional’s point of view using the mean score
and RII. Results show that construction professionals adopt the tool
‘‘T08‘‘ JIT, which indicates maintaining material flow to keep work
with high RII equals 0.825, but many don’t know that it is a lean
tool that appears in the level of knowledge which equals 0.658.
The most often applied tools in construction sites areT08, T03,
T07, T02, T04, and T10, which are JIT, the 5S process, LPS, Standardization, Five why, and Target value design, respectively.
As shown in the previous table, the lean tool T01 ‘‘Prefabrication” came first in terms of knowledge with RII 0.770 and came last
in terms of adoption with RII 0.663.
4.3. Benefits of implementing Lean construction
Respondents evaluated 31 benefits of using Lean Construction,
as shown in Table 2. According to the importance of these benefits,
the evaluation was divided into three groups: social, economic, and
environmental. Results show that the group of ‘‘economic benefits”
comes first with RII equals 0.813, then the group of ‘‘Environmental
benefits” with RII equals 0.783; finally, the group of ‘‘Social Benefits” comes last with RII equals 0.733. Fig. 3 presents the ranking
results of benefits groups.
The study also aims to investigate the benefits of the Lean Construction adoption construction industry. The first analysis is to
rank thirty-one ‘‘Lean Construction benefits,” collected from previous studies according to their level of importance using MS and RII.
The great benefit, which was ranked ‘‘1,” is ‘‘B18: EconomicImprove process control,” with a mean score equals 4.72, and an
RII value equals 0.944. The second higher benefit is ‘‘B17:
Economic- Improved planning,” with a mean score equals 4.38
and an RII value equals 0.875. It is also noticed from Table 6 that
economic benefits have the highest values RII and ranked first at
Fig. 2. The differences between lean tools adoption and level of knowledge.
ing to the participant’s knowledge level of lean tools and their
aims. Fig. 2 shows the differences between lean tools adoption
and level of knowledge.
Results indicate that construction professionals apply lean tools
in construction sites in managing, monitoring, controlling, and
constructing projects with a good rate of RII equals 75%, although
they sometimes do not know what they are applying as one of
the lean tools. The knowledge level of lean tools is less than the
adoption level, according to analysis results. The knowledge status
of lean tools was moderate, with RII equals 0.658.
Table 5 presents the analysis results of ranking Lean tools
according to their actual adoption and level of knowledge from
Table 5
Lean tools analysis according to adoption and level of knowledge.
Lean Tool Code
T08
T03
T07
T02
T04
T10
T05
T06
T11
T12
T09
T01
Total
Lean tool actual application
Knowledge level of Lean tool
MS
RII
Rank
MS
RII
4.126
4.056
4.256
3.907
3.804
3.739
3.677
3.595
3.489
3.435
3.395
3.313
3.733
0.825
0.811
0.851
0.781
0.761
0.748
0.735
0.719
0.698
0.687
0.679
0.663
0.747
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
3.289
3.689
3.125
3.113
3.554
3.435
3.185
2.953
3.257
3.125
2.913
3.850
3.291
0.658
0.738
0.625
0.623
0.711
0.687
0.637
0.591
0.651
0.625
0.583
0.770
0.658
6
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E.N. Shaqour
ponent Analysis is used, and the Rotation Method was Varimax
with Kaiser Normalization. The components analysis results were
five components valued for about 85.571% of the total cumulative
variance, and the eigenvalues for the five factors are greater than
one, as appears in Fig. 4 and Table 7.
Table 8 shows the rotated component matrix of Lean Construction benefits shows the variables with a component loading of
more than 0.5. The Five components appear in the rotated matrix:
Component 1 with eight benefits, Component 2 with five benefits,
Component 3 with six benefits, Component 4 with four benefits,
and Component 5 with two benefits.
The next Table 9 clarifies the variable related to the Component
Matrix of Lean Construction benefits. Based on variables characteristics related to each component 1–5 we can rename these components as following: Component 1 ‘‘Relationship-related benefits”,
Component 2 ‘‘Cost-related benefits”, Component 3 ‘‘Work
environment-related benefits, Component 4: Management
values-related benefits”, and Component 500 Time-related benefits”.
Table 9 and Fig. 5 clarify the benefits of Lean Construction adoption
related to each component.
Results show that this study confirmed the results of studies
applied in different countries: lean construction adds value to the
construction industry in many fields as design, manage, construct,
and operate projects and maximize the value of money to clients.
Fig. 3. Groups of Lean Construction benefits ranking.
the top, but social benefits have the lowest values of RII and ranked
last.
The first ten benefits of Lean Construction adoption from the
respondent’s point of view are: Improve process control, Improved
planning, Material storage control (access and inventory), Time
reduction, Improving safety, Improve prediction of risks, Improve
quality, Increase productivity, Reduced rework, and Rework minimization. The last five benefits of Lean Construction adoption also
are: Customer satisfaction, Improving decision making, Employee
satisfaction, Reduction of energy consumption, and Labor cost
reduction. Table 6 shows the analysis results of the Lean Construction adoption benefits.
The last test, which is ‘‘the factor analysis,” was conducted to
explore the benefits of Lean Construction adoption in which the
views of the study participants differ significantly. According to
statistical studies, the number of variables and the sample size is
suitable for conducting factor analysis [68,69]. The Principal Com-
5. Conclusions
This research explores the level of Lean Construction tools
adoption, knowledge, and benefits in the construction sector in
Egypt. Many previous studies encouraged applying the Lean system in the construction industry to achieve many benefits. The
overall conclusion of this research is compatible with the same
studies worldwide, which are related to the application of Lean
Construction has a positive impact on project items such as schedule, cost, quality, safety, environment, and relationships which is
Table 6
Lean construction benefits ranking analysis.
B#
Group
Benefits
MS
RII
Rank
B18
B17
B06
B10
B16
B15
B12
B13
B22
B14
B01
B09
B27
B02
B04
B26
B20
B05
B25
B03
B08
B11
B29
B30
B31
B21
B23
B28
B24
B07
B19
Economic
Economic
Environmental
Economic
Economic
Economic
Economic
Economic
Economic
Economic
Environmental
Environmental
Social benefits
Environmental
Environmental
Social benefits
Economic
Environmental
Social benefits
Environmental
Environmental
Economic
Social
Social
Social
Economic
Social
Social
Social
Environmental
Economic
Improve process control
Improved planning
Material storage control (access and inventory)
Time reduction
Improving safety
Improve prediction of risks
Improve quality
Increase productivity
Reduced rework
Rework minimization
Safety improvements
Enhancing work environment
Enhancing Transparency
Waste Reduction
Improve the quality of environment
Improve communication between project stakeholders.
Value achievement
Preventing pollution and emissions
Minimization of conflicts
Material waste reduction
Water conservation
Cost reduction
Continues improvements
Enhancing team work
Valuing relationships
Improving life-cycle cost
Customer satisfaction
Improving decision making
Employee satisfaction
Reduction of energy consumption
Labor cost reduction
4.72
4.38
4.37
4.33
4.32
4.31
4.25
4.15
4.15
4.11
4.04
4.04
4.02
4.01
4.01
3.89
3.86
3.83
3.82
3.80
3.76
3.67
3.66
3.62
3.57
3.54
3.54
3.46
3.39
3.36
3.04
0.944
0.875
0.874
0.867
0.864
0.862
0.849
0.830
0.830
0.822
0.809
0.807
0.804
0.802
0.801
0.778
0.773
0.767
0.764
0.759
0.752
0.733
0.732
0.723
0.715
0.709
0.709
0.693
0.678
0.672
0.607
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
7
E.N. Shaqour
Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 8
Rotated Component Matrix of Lean Construction benefits.
Benefit Code
B24
B29
B25
B30
B23
B31
B26
B20
B11
B06
B02
B04
B09
B19
B08
B16
B07
B15
B05
B01
B18
B17
B12
B13
B10
B14
Fig. 4. Scree plot of Rotated Component Variance.
Table 7
Total Variance Explained of Rotated Component of Lean Construction benefits.
Component
1
2
3
4
5
Initial Eigenvalues
Total
% of Variance
Cumulative %
15.621
2.444
1.567
1.429
1.173
60.080
9.400
6.028
5.496
4.512
60.080
69.480
75.508
81.004
85.517
Component
1
2
0.802
0.775
0.759
0.740
0.736
0.725
0.715
0.546
0.483
0.383
0.544
0.349
0.467
0.399
0.276
0.214
0.501
0.429
0.296
0.483
0.343
0.511
0.270
0.314
0.239
0.457
0.458
0.414
0.317
0.522
0.288
0.777
0.709
0.686
0.679
0.643
0.255
0.109
0.469
0.239
0.560
0.536
3
0.263
0.273
0.357
0.288
0.295
0.395
0.168
0.131
0.465
0.193
0.524
0.396
0.240
0.833
0.780
0.640
0.631
0.573
0.568
-0.108
0.572
0.272
0.288
0.409
0.272
0.369
4
0.147
0.291
0.287
0.335
0.178
0.136
0.305
5
0.176
0.376
0.249
0.309
0.386
0.494
0.454
0.267
0.203
0.152
0.231
0.364
0.406
0.321
0.107
0.188
0.306
0.934
0.684
0.664
0.627
-0.114
0.280
0.231
0.246
0.806
0.795
tion sites is more planned, and overproduction rarely occurs,
and hence it is considered a weak cause of waste generation.
Implementing Lean Construction could eliminate the wastes
by controlling these reasons by adopting lean tools in construction sites.
2. The level of knowledge and application of Lean Tools: Results
indicate that construction professionals apply lean tools in construction sites in managing, monitoring, control, and constructing projects, although they sometimes do not know that what
they are applying is one of the lean tools. Results reveal that
the knowledge level of lean tools is less than the adoption level.
The knowledge level of lean concepts is less than the adoption
level. The knowledge of lean culture was moderate although
the level of the application comes high in comparing with the
level of adoption. Therefore, the application of Lean tools is
not implemented systematically. In general, there is a tendency
raising the value of resources and money by waste reduction, raising time value, improving construction processes, raising quality,
and flexibility towards required change, reduce projects costs,
and eliminate non-value-adding activities. According to that, many
conclusions can be derived from the research discussions and analysis, these are:
1. Cause of waste in construction sites in Egypt: According to the
participants’ opinions in this study, results show that the first
cause of waste is ‘‘rework due to construction defects” then
‘‘material transportation. However, ”Overproduction‘‘ than
planned in the projects seldom occurs. Production in construc-
Table 9
Lean Construction benefits component-related.
Components
1: Relationship-related benefits
2: Cost-related benefits
3: Work environment-related
benefits
4: Management valuesrelated benefits
5: Time-related
benefit
B24 Employee satisfaction
B06 Material storage control
B08 Water conservation
B18 Improve process control
B29 Continues improvements
B02 Time, cost, and material
waste reduction
B04 Improve the quality of the
environment
B09 Enhancing work
environment
B19 Labor cost reduction
B16 Improving safety
B17 Improved planning
B10 Time
reduction
B14 Rework
minimization
B07 Reduction of energy
consumption
B15 Improve prediction of
risks
B05 Preventing pollution and
emissions
B01 Safety control
improvements
B12 Improve quality
B25 Minimization of conflicts
B30 Enhancing teamwork
B23 Customer satisfaction
B31 Valuing relationships
B26 Improve communication between
project stakeholders
B20 Value achievement
8
B13 Increase productivity
Ain Shams Engineering Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx
E.N. Shaqour
of the importance of deepening the culture of Lean and applying
its tools in the construction industry to eliminate waste and seem
to promote the production of lean construction authors. A previous
study conducted in Egypt in 2014 concluded that 58 % of the
respondents stated that they apply Lean principles in their design
stage in projects without knowing it is called Lean. The results in
this study related to the adoption and knowledge level show that
the adoption level of lean tools in Egypt is 74.7%, where the knowledge level that the adopted tools are lean 65.8%, so the knowledge
level is lower than the application level, which complies with the
mentioned study.
6. Recommendations
It is expected from this study to serve as a benchmark for continuous improvements in the performance of the construction
industry in Egypt. This study recommends implementing Lean
Construction in the Egyptian construction industry in all project
stages to help the industry move away and solve many problems
related to time, cost, and material waste. Also, to improve quality
and the value of using resources and deepening the knowledge of
Lean tools and methods of their practical applications within their
integration into the teaching curricula of the Faculty of Engineering
to spread Lean culture and applying Lean tools in a systematic system to reach better results. Although the construction industry
studies are varied in Egypt, studies that discussed the role of
national culture in the adaption of lean construction are very limited, as well as studying the barriers, challenges, critical success
factors of implementing lean construction in Egypt, integrated
Lean tools, and specific lean tool. According to that, more studies
are necessary to cover these areas. Future studies related to the
actual experiences of the Egyptian organizations in the Lean application must be conducted to address them to take advantage of
them and improve performance in the construction industry. This
study also is limited to Egypt; future studies should be conducted
in other countries.
Fig. 5. The five components names and Variance.
to develop the construction sector and adopt Lean tools according to actual knowledge to reach the best results because of
their positive return on all aspects of the construction project.
Therefore, the culture of Lean Construction tools must be
spread, taking advantage of the experiences of others to gain
familiarity with all its aspects through a precise scientific study
and training courses to obtain better results.
3. Lean Construction Tools which aim to reduce time, maintain
tools, continuous improvement depending on previous experiences, minimizing waste, and follow up inventory, are the most
applicable tools by aim without realizing to some extent that
they are Lean tools such as JIT, The 5S process, LPS, and Standardization. Prefabrication industry and Risk management It
is not applied appropriately in the construction sector despite
its spread and high level of knowledge. Improving project management systems and expanding the use of prefabricated elements (off-site construction) in buildings can lead to better
waste and time reduction.
4. The benefits: Respondents evaluated three groups of expected
benefits of adopting lean construction. The major expected benefits are economic-related. It is concluded that construction
industry professionals in Egypt focusing on economic benefits
at the first level, then the environmental benefits, and at the last
level comes the social benefits. The top ten benefits that can be
gained from the adoption of Lean Construction Tools are:
Improve process control, Improved planning, Material storage
control (access and inventory), Time reduction, Improve safety,
Improve prediction of risks, Improve quality, Increase productivity, Reduced rework, and Rework minimization. Knowing
that previous studies confirmed that many countries focus on
achieving social benefits because the human being is the basis
for the success of Lean Construction. It can be concluded that
construction process stakeholders need to focus on the social
benefits because of their greater return on the project workers,
who can achieve the environmental and economic benefits.
Therefore the tendency to build experiences and improve relationships can lead to more significant benefits.
5. Five groups of benefits that make Lean Construction adoption
more effective and can solve problems related to the construction industry are: ‘‘Relationship-related benefits,” ‘‘Cost-related
benefits,” ‘‘Work environment-related benefits, Management
values-related benefits,” and‘‘ Time-related benefits.” Thus,
the ‘‘Relationship-related” benefits are the most pervasive,
where the ‘‘Time-related benefits” are the least pervasive.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Name: Eman Nabeeh Shaqour Place of Birth: (West
Bank, Palestine) Address: Cairo New Maadi, Egypt Email: eman.shaqoor@nub.edu.eg Diplomas and Education: 2014: May, Ph.D. in Science and building
Technology- Architectural Engineering, Cairo University, Giza-Egypt 2012: May 2nd, Passed the comprehensive exam, Giza-Egypt 2011: March 3st, registered
as a Ph.D. student in Architectural Engineering, Cairo
University. 2010: November 21th, obtained the Master
degree in Science and building Technology, Faculty of
Engineering- Architectural Engineering, Cairo University, Giza-Egypt.
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