LITERARY TREASURES
OF MINDANAO
GEC 014 - PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
MINDANAO is an island in the
Philippines, the southernmost major
island in the country and the second
largest, after Luzon. Mindanao has an
elevation of 664 metres.
MINDANAO is known as the land of
promise because of its rich biodiversity
and natural resources. The land holds an
incredible wealth from nature, but also
has dark moments of truth. As observed,
every traveller who wants to explore
Mindanao would ask about safety.
MINDANAO REGIONS
REGION IX: ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA
REGION X: NORTHERN MINDANAO
REGION XI: DAVAO REGION
REGION XII: SOCCSKSARGEN
REGION XIII: CARAGA
ARMM: AUTONOMOUS REGION OF
MUSLIM MINDANAO
REGION IX:
ZAMBOANGA
PENINSULA
REGION IX: ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA
This region is composed of three (3) provinces:
Zamboanga del Norte,
Zamboanga Sibugay, and
Zamboanga del Sur;
and two autonomous urban areas:
Isabela City and
Zamboanga City.
It is known for the old St. James Parish and the
beach resort of Dakak. Moreover, Zamboanga
del Norte is dubbed as “God’s given land” and
“Orchid City of the South.”
WHAT ARE THE INDIGENOUS
GROUPS FOUND IN REGION IX:
ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA?
SUBANON
YUKAN
TAUSUG
SAMAL
BADJAO
WHO ARE THE SUBANONS?
They are the biggest group of lumad or nonMuslim indigenous cultural community in
Mindanao.
The name itself is derived from the word “soba”
or “suba” which means "river" and “nun”
indicates place of origin.
Subanon means “person or people of the
river” especially from up the river.
The Subanons who were converted to Islam
speak a language which is a mixture of
Kalibugon and Moro.
WHO ARE THE SUBANONS?
Subanons are mainly agriculturists. Their ancestors practiced
dry agriculture and had knowledge of poetry making
Both dry and wet agriculture are practiced by Subanon.
Rice, coconut, and corn are the principal crops.
Aside from these, root crops like camote, cassava, gabi (tubers),
and ube are also grown.
To supplement their income, the Subanon traded for clothes,
blades, axes, betel boxes, ornaments, Chinese pearls,
porcelain, and gongs.
SUBANON'S
SOCIETY
Subanon society is patriarchal with the family as the basic
government unit.
Timuay means a chief or a leader. It has civil and religious
authority.
Marriage in Subanon society is through parental arrangement,
which takes place even before the parties reach the age of
puberty.
the contracting parties discuss the bride price which may be in the
form of cash or goods.
The newlyweds used to stay with the bride’s family. The man is
required to render service to his wife’s parents in the production of
food. After a certain period of time, the couple can select their own
place of residence.
Subanon families have close family ties. The relatives
extend help when it is needed. Even the non-relatives are
expected to give and receive the same kind of help.
The Subanons believe the physical world is inhabited by the
kilawan (visitable mortals) and the kanagkilawan
(supernaturals).
There are four kinds of supernatural: gimuud (souls), mitibug
(spirits), getautelunan (demons), and diwata (deities).
Subanons believe that spirits and deities inhabit in large
trees, huge rocks, peculiarly shaped mounds of earth,
isolated cause and peak of very tall mountains.
SUBANON'S
FAMILY
WHO ARE THE
YAKANS?
Yakan is the major Muslim group in Basilan.
Wulf cited that the Spaniards called these
people as Sameacos and they were
considered as aloof and sometimes hostile
hill people.
Basilan has a mountainous terrain. There are
three (3) main waterfalls that provide
waterpower: Kuamalarang Falls, Busay Falls
and Bulingan Water Falls. Because of illegal
logging, Basilan today is suffering water
shortage.
WHO ARE THE YAKANS?
There are five (5) ethnic groups headed by the Yakan. The other
ethnic groups are Chavacano, Samal, Tausug, Badjao, and
Visayan.
The Yakan have Malay features. They speak Bahasa Yakan which
is a variation of the Samal Sinama or Siama. The proximity of
Basilan to Borneo led to the theory that the Yakan originated from
Dyak.
WHO ARE THE
YAKANS?
The Yakans are agriculturists. They produce rice,
coconut, cassava, abaca, lanzones, cacao, corn, and
rubber tree.
Basilan has a vast mangrove swamp which is ideal for
fishponds and vast grassland for cattle raising.
Yakans also hunt. They use spears and sophisticated
traps. The Yakan women earn additional family income
by weaving traditional Yakan cloth and garments.
The sultan is the supreme chief in the Muslim
Community. He appoints datu and other important
officers.
The Yakan has a judicial court where family conflicts on
land, marriage, and petty crimes are resolved.
WHO ARE THE YAKANS?
Yakan society consists of datu, pakir, and the common tao. The datu must have parents of royal
blood to qualify as sultan. Yakan society is patriarchal. Amana (father) is the head of the family.
Quarrels among relatives are not permitted in Yakan tradition. If any turn out, this is quickly resolved
by the elders.
Traditionally, marriages are arranged by the relatives. To keep family wealth within the group or
clan, marriage between cousins is common.
They believe in various spirits in heaven and in natural environment. Yakan also believe that some
sickness are caused by bad spirits called saytan or djin. A dying yakan calls for a family meeting to
ask forgiveness for offenses committed against family members. They believe that God will not
forgive those who have not received forgiveness from offended parties.
WHO ARE THE TAUSUGS?
Tausug, also spelled Tau Sug or Tausog, also called Joloano,
Sulu, or Suluk, one of the largest of the Muslim (sometimes
called Moro) ethnic groups of the southwestern Philippines.
They live primarily in the Sulu Archipelago, southwest of the
island of Mindanao, mainly in the Jolo island cluster.
There are, however, significant migrant (or immigrant)
communities of Tausug in Malaysia and Indonesia,
particularly on the northeastern coast of the island of Borneo.
In the early 21st century the Tausug in the Philippines
numbered roughly 900,000; in Malaysia they totalled about
200,000, and in Indonesia they amounted to nearly 20,000.
WHO ARE THE SAMALS?
The Samal tribe is divided into two major branches
traceable to their recent geographical origin.
The Western Samals predominate in the islands and
Coastal regions to the west of Job.
The Eastern Samals trace their ancestry to the east
of Job.
Nowadays, a great number of Samals are found in
Zamboanga City, Basilan and even in Zambaonga
del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur who have
migrated in search of better economic clout.
WHAT ARE THE LITERARY WORKS
OF REGION IX: ZAMBOANGA
PENINSULA?
"THE WIDOW'S SON"
"SUBANONS" BY ANTONIO REYES ENRIQUES
"AG TOBIG NOG KEKBOKLOGAN (THE KINGDOM OF KEBOKLOGAN)"
"THE HOUSE OF JUAN" AND "THE DEVIL FLOWER" BY EGMIDIO
ENRIQUES
"WHEN DEATH STRUCK" BY GONZALO VILLA
"SAMAL" BY BEN NILLO
"NO TE VAYAS DE ZAMBOANGA"
"ZAMBOANGA HERMOSA"
REGION X: NORTHERN
MINDANAO
REGION 10: NORTHERN MINDANAO
Composed of five (5) provinces:
Bukidnon,
Camiguin,
Lanao del Norte,
Misamis Oriental, and
Misamis Occidental
A region rich in culture, which can
be seen in their numerous
festivals
WHO ARE THE MANOBOS?
“Manobo” or “Manuvu” means person or
people.
It may also have been originally “Mansuba”
from man and suba (from river); hence, it
means ‘river people.”
A third derivation is from “Banobo,” the name
of the creek that presently flows to Pulangi
River about 2 kms. below Cotabato City.
The fourth is from “man” meaning “first,
aboriginal” and “tuvu” meaning “grow,
growth.” “Manobo” is hispanized form.
WHO ARE THE MANOBOS?
The upland Manobos practice swidden or lash-burn farming, whereas those
inhabiting the valleys practice wet-rice farming.
In the late 1900s, many Manobo groups shifted to corn culture because of the
gradual disappearance of swidden sites.
In times of famine, emergency foods are unripe bananas and wild yam. Other major
means of subsistence are fishing, hunting, and trapping.
Some Manobo villages that have established permanent settlements have shifted to
the cultivation of coconut for copra export.
WHO ARE THE MANOBOS?
The traditional social structure consists of four (4) classes: the bagani, baylan,
commoner, and slave. The bagani class, now gone, defended the community and went
to battle. The baylan, who can still be found, is a male or female priest and healer. The
commoners are farmers; and the slaves, who had been seized in raids, belonged to the
ruler and were usually given away as part of bride’s wealth.
A pregnant woman observes several taboos to protect the infant’s life and health. She
stays indoors when the sky is red at sunset, for the bloodthirsty busaw (ghouls are
around. She must never run or stub her toe to avoid miscarriage.
WHO ARE THE MANOBOS?
Marriage is traditionally by parental
arrangement. On the wedding day, the
groom wearing a white handkerchief and
his party walks to the bride’s home. The
bride is kept hidden behind a curtain in
another room with someone guarding her.
After the negotiations, the grooms family
present the head, cloth, which symbolizes
that the arrangement must be wrapped
tightly to ensure a happy life for the young
people.
LITERARY WORKS OF REGION X:
NORTHERN MINDANAO
THE FLOOD STORY
MANOBO - BY LYDIA MARY DE LEON
THEY SAY FILIPINA IS ANOTHER NAME FOR MAID - BY LUISA A. IGLORIA
ANY WOMAN SPEAKS - BY ANGELA MANALANG GLORIA
DEAD STARS - BY H.O. SANTOS
DISQUISITION - BY KAREN PIOQUINTO
THE LION AND THE DEAR
REGION XI:
DAVAO REGION
REGION XI: DAVAO REGION
Melting pot of many cultural groups; has
18 ethnic groups - Mandaya, B’laan, and
T’boli as the largest groups)
Its principal products are: rice, corn,
coffee, fish, timber, root crops, livestock
and poultry, fruits and vegetables
Famous for its rich mineral resources,
forestland and fertile fields.
ORIGIN AND HISTORY
WHERE DID THE DAVAO NAME CAME FROM?
OBOS (aboriginal tribe) - referred to the Davao river as DAVOH
BAGOBOS - referred to the river as DABU
GUIANGAN TRIBR - called the river as DUHWOW
LANGUAGES
USED IN
DAVAO
REGION
DAVAOENO
CEBUANO
MANDAYAN
DIBABAWON
HILIGAYNON
MANSAKAN
MANOBO
ENGLISH
TAGALOG
PROVINCES IN REGION XI: DAVAO
REGION
COMPOSTELA VALLEY
DAVAO DEL SUR
DAVAO DEL NORTE
DAVAO ORIENTAL
COMPOSTELA VALLEY
NABUNTURAN as the capital
CEBUANO as the language/dialec used
687, 195 population
The province is called COMVAL for short
used to be part if Davao del Norte until it
became independent in 1998.
COMPOSTELA VALLEY
MANSAKAS are the
indigenous natives in
Compostela Valley
COMPOSTELA VALLEY FESTIVALS
ANIBINA BULAWAN FESTIVAL
P'YAGSAWITAN
DAVAO DEL SUR
DIGOS CITY is the capital
CEBUANO/VISAYAN
and
TAGALOG
language/dialect
574, 910 population
they have wet and dry season
the province is outside the typhoon belt.
is
the
DAVAO DEL SUR
AGRICULTURE
DAVAO DEL SUR
DAVAO DEL NORTE
TAGUM CITY is its capital
CEBUANO and TAGALOG
language/dialect
945, 764 population
is
its
DAVAO DEL NORTE
DAVAO DEL NORTE
DAVAO ORIENTAL
MATI is its capital
CEBUANO, TAGALOG, and MANDAYA is its
language/dialect
The province lies outside the typhoon belt.
It does not have dry season although rainfalls at its
maximum from November to January.
It is the eastermost province of the country.
DAVAO ORIENTAL
LITERARY WORKS OF REGION XI: DAVAO
REGION
"DAVAO REGION HYMM MOTHER TOUNGE" BY DIOSCORO VICENTO
BAGOBO RIDDLES ("BOTAO" AND "LAYA")
TUWAANG (EPIC OF BAGOBO)
TITA LAMBRA AYALA WORKS:
CACTUS
SUNFLOWER POEMS
ORDINARY POEMS
ADVENTURES OF A PROFESSIONAL
AMATEUR
ROAD MAP SERIES
WHAT IS EMOTION
"CHIEFTEST MOURNER" BY AIDA RIVERA-FORD
REGION XII:
SOCCSKSARGEN
REGION XII: SOCCSKSARGEN
composed of four (4) provinces: South
Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat,
and Sarangani; and one (1) of its highly
urbanized cities, General Santos City
It is the region that supplies rice, corn,
banana, coffee, sugar, rubber, palm oil,
canned tuna, deboned bangus, white
shrimp, and coconut products to the
whole country.
The regional center of the
SOCCSKSARGEN is located in Koronadal
City in the province of South Cotabato.
RIO GRANDE DE
MINDANAO
Is the longest river in
the Islands of Mindanao
It is the 2nd longest river
in the whole Philippines.
WHAT OS SOCCSKSARGEN
COMPOSED OF?
It is composed of 3
component cities.
It has 1 independent City
1 highly urbanized City
MUSICAL HERITAGE
KULINTANG
A specific music type of a gong that is
commonly found in SOCCSKSARGEN.
The culture of the muslim's and non
muslim's revolves around fascinating
music's.
It is composed of 7-9 bossed or knobbed
bronze or brass pot gongs.
LITERARY WORKS
ULAHINGAN -->Agyu
-->Livunganen Arumanen Manobos
--->Jaime An Lim
INDARAPATRA AT SULAYMAN
MONKI,MAKIL,AND THE MONKEYS
LAMGE
REGION XIII:
CARAGA
REGION XIII: CARAGA
Agusan Del Norte, Agusan Del Sur, Surigao Del
Norte, SurigaoDel Sur, Butuan City
The history of Caraga can be traced back to
the 15th century when explorers discovered
the existence of “Kalagans”, believed to be of
Visayan Origin in one of the three districts in
Mindanao
The word Caraga originated from the
Visayan word “Kalagan”: “Kalag” meaning soul
or people and “An” meaning land. The
“Kalagans have a long history of being brave
and fearless. Thus, the region was called by
early chroniclers as the “Land of the Brave and
Fierce People”.
REGION XIII: CARAGA
The “Kalagans”, called “Caragans” by the Spaniards
occupied the district composed of the two provinces
of Surigao, northern part of Davao Oriental and
Eastern Misamis Oriental.
Caraga is an administrative region of the
Philippines, on the northeastern portion of the island
of Mindanao, also called Region XIII.
The Caraga Region was created through Republic Act
No. 7901 on February 23, 1995. The region is
composed of five provinces: Agusan del Norte, Agusan
del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur and
Dinagat Islands; six cities: Bayugan, Butuan,
Cabadbaran, Surigao, Tandag, Bislig; 67 municipalities
and 1,311 barangays. Butuan City is the regional
center.
LITERATY WORKS
FIVE MATH POEMS
BY EILEEN TUPAZ
The theme of the poem is about mathematical concepts used in the reality. It is
also about the person in the future who are destined to be our partner and the
essence of our life.
The symbols used to convey the message are the mathematical terms and
identities like zero vector, conformity, soulmate, diagonal matrix and identity
matrices. These symbols help in conveying the message of the poem. The poem
convey the message to someone directly or indirectly through your words.
SOLEDAD
BY:ANGELA MANALANG GLORIA
"Soledad" is a poem written by Angela Manalang-Gloria during a time when the
Philippines was steeped in Catholic faith and men ruled the literary arena. The
poem is found in Gloria's only published book titled "Poems" which came out in
the 1940s. Gloria was known as a feminist writer during the Philippines precolonial years. "Soledad" tacitly speaks of society's treatment of women who
went beyond acceptable bounds because of love. An undercurrent of reality
mixed with beliefs that may or may not be present today shows morality as
dictated by faith in Catholicism and love forbidden by norms in the society.
It specifically focused on the idea of pre-marital sex and virginity as the
overriding reason for a Filipino woman's sin and crime and how the idea is
viewed by the participants today. It also looked into common grounds in
terms of the influence of media, beliefs, and society in general to the idea of
chastity and what the participants feel about it as future educators.
THE STEEL BRASSIERE
BY: IRIS SHEILA G. CRISOSTOMO.
SHORT STORY.
The Steel Brassiere is a short story by Irish Sheila G.
Crisostomo, this story takes the story of the life of a woman
who in her day was a victim of oppression for her husband.
The Steel Brassiere story contains elements of patriarchy,
feminism, and gender.
ARMM : AUTONOMOUS
REGION IN MUSLIM
MINDANAO
ARMM - AUTONOMOUS REGION IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
Two geographical areas:
The Mindanao mainland,
where Lanao del Sur and
Maguindanao are
situated.
The Sulu Archipelago,
made up of the island
provinces of Basilan, Sulu
and Tawi-Tawi. The region
covers a total of 12,288 km
SITANGKAI
An island in
Tawi-Tawi,
Philippines
known as the
'Venice of the
East' for its
houses that are
built on stilts
above water.
BULINGAN FALLS
a majestic falls in
Basilan, Philippines
LITERARY
WORKS
TARASUL
Poems of Tausug. Tarasul are both
entertaining and pedagogical.
Although part of oral tradition, they
are also written down. Topics of the
tarasul are various-nature, cooking,
love, among others.
KATAKATA
are stories which are not historical and which are recited
basically for entertainment. There are generally three
types of katakata, one which resembles the legend, the
marchen, and the trickster tale.
EXAMPLE;
"In Duwa bud" (The Two Mountains)
"Hangdangaw" (version of "Tom Thumb")
TUDTUL
Maguindanao tudtul (folktales) are short
stories involving simple events. Two
examples are presented.
EXAMPLE;
"Pat-I-Mata"
"Lagya Kudarat"
BIDASARI
An epic of Mindanao based on a Malayan
epic. It resembles the tales of Snow
White, Cinderella, and Sleeping Beauty
all combined.
REFERENCES
LITERATURE IN REGION 9 ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA BY GES UMBINA
(PREZI.COM)
LITERATURE: POEM: NORTHERN MINDANAO
(LITERATUREPOEM.BLOGSPOT.COM)
REGION 11 BY CHERREY OMENA (PREZI.COM)
REGION 12:BY HTTPS://PREZI.COM/J8TJDXSTXRQ8/LITERATUREIN-REGION-XII/
HTTPS://WWW.STUDOCU.COM/PH/DOCUMENT/UNIVERSAL-COLLEGEOF-PARANAQUE/EDUCATION/DAVAO-REGION-OR-SOUTHERNMINDANAO-REGION/14074304
HTTPS://REFLECTIONSBYMIRA.BLOGSPOT.COM/2012/01/AUTONOMOU
S-REGION-OF-MUSLIM-MINDANAO.HTML
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PARAYO, SHAYNE N.
PASCUA, XYZA MAE T.
RAMISCAL, ALLYSA VERA MAE P.
REMIGIO, ELAINE MAY C.
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RUBANG, KRISTEL SHAYNE ANGELA C.
SANTIAGO, PRECIOUS JOS D.
SINGSON, CHRISTINE C.
ASSESSMENT
LITERARY TREASURES OF MINDANAO