Teofilo Antonio II Labor BsPhar 1 – A Lymphoma Lymphoma is a malignancy that starts in the immune system's infection-fighting cells called lymphocytes. The lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and other areas of the body contain these cells. Lymphoma causes lymphocytes to alter and expand out of control. There are two main types of lymphoma: Non-Hodgkin: Most people with lymphoma has this type. Hodgkin Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma involves different types of lymphocyte cells. Every type of lymphoma grows at a different rate and responds differently to a treatment. Etiology or cause Causes In most cases, there is no known cause for lymphoma. However, for a few types of lymphoma, scientists have identified a cause: Helicobacter pylori, a common bacterial infection, causes gastric MALT lymphoma. Helicobacter pylori is known to cause stomach ulcers and indigestion. Helicobacter pylori infection is seen in almost all people who develop stomach MALT lymphoma. Textured breast implants cause breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). BIA-ALCL is a form of lymphoma, not a type of breast cancer, despite the fact that it develops in the breast. It occurs more frequently in patients who have implants with a rough, textured surface than in those who have smooth implants. pet birds like parrots. Also linked to MALT lymphoma around the eyes. Campylobacter jejuni, a common cause of food poisoning. It usually gets better on its own without treatment. It has been linked to MALT lymphoma in the small bowel. Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that causes Lyme disease, is an infection spread by ticks. It might be linked to MALT lymphoma in the skin. Moraxella catarrhalis, a bacteria that can cause chest infections, is linked to an uncommon form of Hodgkin lymphoma. You might also be more at risk if you: Are in your 60s or older for non-Hodgkin lymphoma Are between 15 and 40 or older than 55 for Hodgkin lymphoma Are male, although certain subtypes may be more common in females Have a weak immune system from HIV/AIDS, an organ transplant, or because you were born with an immune disease Have an immune system disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, lupus, or celiac disease Have been infected with a virus such as Epstein-Barr, hepatitis C, or human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (HTLV-1) Have a close relative who had lymphoma Were exposed to benzene or chemicals that kill bugs and weeds Were treated for Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the past Were treated for cancer with radiation Diseases’ Epidemiology Risk factors Epstein–Barr virus (EBV): cause glandular fever. It infects B lymphocytes. After you’ve been infected with EBV, it stays in your body, but it is normally kept under control by your immune system. Hepatitis C virus (HCV): infects the liver .It has been linked to nodal marginal zone lymphoma, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8): infects lymphocytes. Linked with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), mainly affects young people with HIV and system disorders. Chlamydia psittaci, which causes lung infection called psittacosis. It is spread by birds, including Philippines Reviewed all cases of Lymphoma in the Philippines. 68,121 surgical specimens were accessioned, of which there were 21 cases (0.03%). There were 11 males and nine females; sex was unknown in one case. The median age was 22 yr (range, 11 to 64 yr). Thirteen cases occurred in patients less than 30 yr old, including six of 11 males and seven of nine females. Worldwide Incidence Each year, it is estimated that about 74,000 men and women (with a slight preference towards men) will receive a diagnosis of lymphoma. Furthermore, it is estimated that over 21,000 men and women will succumb to lymphoma annually as well. While some lymphoma subtypes are known to affect primarily young people (such as Hodgkin's lymphoma), in general lymphoma strikes older people. In fact, the median age at diagnosis for lymphoma was 64, with three-fifths of all diagnoses striking people between the ages of 55 and 84. Mortality The median age at death for lymphoma is 75. In fact, a full 33 percent of deaths are among people between the ages of 75 and 84. As mentioned, the disease is more prevalent in men than women. The incidence of lymphoma is 27.1 cases per 100,000 men, and 19.1 cases per 100,000 women. Death from the disease is parsed out similarly in that there are 9.3 deaths for every 100,000 men and 5.9 per 100,000 women. Pathophysiology Symptoms That Are Identified Clinical Image The lymph system runs throughout the body, so lymphoma can appear almost anywhere. In your stomach, you might throw up or feel full after even a small meal. Lymphoma can make your skin itchy or give you red bumps. When it's in your chest, it can hurt and cause trouble breathing. The Molecular Pathophysiology of Lymphoma Lymphoma, it is very common to find that a specific gene, known as BCL-2, has undergone chromosomal rearrangement—in other words, a structural change has occurred to that gene and is likely the reason it turned cancerous. As it develops, the pathophysiology of lymphoma often includes mutations of certain proteins that encode certain genes, such as p53 and p16. Since the gene encoded by p53 is a tumor suppressor gene, a mutation in p53 could mean that the ability of that gene to suppress tumor development is compromised. Skin Thyroid Stomach lymphoma Gastric lymphoma Aggressive T-Cell lymphoma Involvement of parotid gland Pancreatic lymphoma Diagnostics and Treatment Diagnosis Physical exam. Your doctor checks for swollen lymph nodes, including in your neck, underarm and groin, as well as a swollen spleen or liver. Removing a lymph node for testing. A lymph node biopsy procedure to remove all or part of a lymph node for laboratory testing. Blood tests. Blood tests to count the number of cells in a sample of blood. Removing a sample of bone marrow for testing. Inserting a needle into your hipbone to remove a sample of bone marrow. The sample is analyzed to look for lymphoma cells. Imaging tests. Look for signs of lymphoma in other areas of your body. Tests may include CT, MRI and positron emission tomography (PET). Treatment Active surveillance. The doctor treats your lymphoma when it causes signs and symptoms. Until then, you may undergo periodic tests to monitor your condition. Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy fast-growing cells, such as cancer cells. The drugs are usually administered through a vein, but can also be taken as a pill, depending on the specific drugs you receive. Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered beams of energy, such as X-rays and protons, to kill cancer cells. Bone marrow transplant. A bone marrow transplant, also known as a stem cell transplant, involves using high doses of chemotherapy and radiation to suppress your bone marrow. Then healthy bone marrow stem cells from your body or from a donor are infused into your blood where they travel to your bones and rebuild your bone marrow. Other treatments. Other drugs used to treat lymphoma include targeted drugs that focus on specific abnormalities in your cancer cells. Immunotherapy drugs use your immune system to kill cancer cells. A specialized treatment called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy takes your body's germ-fighting T cells, engineers them to fight cancer and infuses them back into your body. Prevention and Awareness Exercise and Physical Activity - exercise and physical activity contribute to an overall improved health and provided one is healthy enough, one should discuss the merits with one's doctor. Environmental Exposures - Certain chemicals and their uses have been linked to lymphomas and other cancers and there are some steps that can be taken to limit one's exposure to these chemicals. Diet and Nutrition - They aren't specific to lymphoma, and in reality, there appears to be little evidence that diet and nutrition play a big part in lymphoma. However, there are plenty of good reasons why one should adopt good habits regarding diet and nutrition in addition to preventing cancer. Secondary Cancer and Survivorship - For people who have already beaten lymphoma, one of the best ways to prevent a recurrence of lymphoma or other cancers is through a survivorship plan, something one develops in conjunction with their primary care doctor. References https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/l ymphomacancer#:~:text=Lymphoma%20is%20cancer %20that%20begins,and%20grow%20out%2 0of%20control. https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/aboutlymphoma-what-lymphoma/causes-andrisk-factorslymphoma#:~:text=Causes%20of%20lymph oma,causes%20stomach%20ulcers%20and %20indigestion. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8657716/ https://www.wcrj.net/wpcontent/uploads/sites/5/2020/03/e1520Non-hodgkin%E2%80%99s-lymphoma-inthe-world-an-epidemiological-review.pdf https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/ ss/slideshow-non-hodgkins-lymphoma https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/lymphoma/diagnosistreatment/drc-20352642 The Pathophysiology of Lymphoma: Signs and Symptoms That Are Identified (lymphomainfo.net) https://medicalpicturesinfo.com/lymphoma/ https://www.spandidospublications.com/ijo/42 /3/979 http://popcultureworldnews.com/lymphomacancer/stage-4-lymphoma-cancer How to Prevent Lymphoma: Is It Possible? (lymphomainfo.net)
